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id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationality_and_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality_and_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Nationality and citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality_and_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 History of immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cultural events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bergerac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bergerac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Bergerac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bergerac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Food and drink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Public services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Emergency services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supply_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Supply services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cattle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Cattle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jersey</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" > 123 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9A" title="ጀርዚ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርዚ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्सी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्सी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93sar%C4%93a" title="Cēsarēa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cēsarēa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="جيرزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيرزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rri" title="Jèrri – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jèrri" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rz%C3%AA" title="Jèrzê – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Jèrzê" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xers%C3%A9i" title="Xerséi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xerséi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapotowan" title="Kapotowan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kapotowan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cersi" title="Cersi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cersi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جرسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C)" title="জার্সি (দ্বীপপুঞ্জ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্সি (দ্বীপপুঞ্জ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96" title="Джэрсі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэрсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Джэрзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэрзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्सी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्सी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Джърси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джърси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzenez" title="Jerzenez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jerzenez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beil%C3%AFaeth_Jersey" title="Beilïaeth Jersey – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Beilïaeth Jersey" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%AD" title="ޖާސޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖާސޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Βαϊλάτο του Τζέρσεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαϊλάτο του Τζέρσεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4erzejo" title="Ĵerzejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĵerzejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="جرزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geirs%C3%AD" title="Geirsí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Geirsí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersee" title="Jersee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jersee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Jersey" title="Illa de Jersey – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa de Jersey" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%A7%80%EC%84%AC" title="저지섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저지섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB" title="Ջերսի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերսի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्सी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्सी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_Jersey" title="Oblast Jersey – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oblast Jersey" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্সি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জার্সি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Джерси – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Джерси" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliato_di_Jersey" title="Baliato di Jersey – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baliato di Jersey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99" title="ג'רזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'רזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಸಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಸಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ჯერზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯერზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Джерси (арал) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джерси (арал)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersi" title="Jersi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jersi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жерси аралы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жерси аралы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_insula" title="Caesarea insula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caesarea insula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C4%93rsija" title="Džērsija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džērsija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEersis" title="Džersis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džersis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Bailiffs%C3%A9g" title="Jersey Bailiffség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jersey Bailiffség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Џерси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џерси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Drehe" title="Tōrehe – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tōrehe" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्सी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्सी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%89" title="جيرزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جرسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جرسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_(eiland)" title="Jersey (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jersey (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्सी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्सी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" title="ジャージー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャージー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailliage_d%C3%A9_J%C3%A8rri" title="Bailliage dé Jèrri – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bailliage dé Jèrri" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baili%C3%A1_de_Jersey" title="Bailiá de Jersey – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bailiá de Jersey" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਰਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جرسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Jersey" title="Insula Jersey – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula Jersey" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Джерси (остров) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джерси (остров)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B)" title="Джерси (арыы) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Джерси (арыы)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhersi" title="Xhersi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhersi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Џерзи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џерзи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_(otok)" title="Jersey (otok) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jersey (otok)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="யேர்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யேர்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Җерси – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җерси" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="ၵျႃႇသီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵျႃႇသီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80" title="జెర్సీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జెర్సీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เจอร์ซีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจอร์ซีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A8%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏨᎵᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏨᎵᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96" title="Джерсі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джерсі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="جرزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF" title="澤西 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="澤西" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF%E5%B3%B6" title="澤西島 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="澤西島" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF%E5%B3%B6" title="澤西島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="澤西島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Jersey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF" title="澤西 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="澤西" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rsi" title="Jèrsi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jèrsi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q785#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jersey&params=49_11_24_N_2_6_36_W_">49°11′24″N 2°6′36″W / 49.19000°N 2.11000°W / 49.19000; -2.11000</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Crown Dependency in the English Channel and country in Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the island in the English Channel. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jersey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jersey (disambiguation)">Jersey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Crown Dependency in United Kingdom</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Jersey</div><div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Jèrri (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jèrriais language">Jèrriais</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">British <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Bailiwick of Jersey</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jersey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Jersey"><img alt="Flag of Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/100px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/150px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/200px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jersey" title="Flag of Jersey">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Jersey"><img alt="Official seal of Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="271" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jersey" title="Coat of arms of Jersey">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Island anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Island_Home_(anthem)" title="Island Home (anthem)">Island Home</a>"<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Jersey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Jersey (green) in Europe (dark grey)"><img alt="Location of Jersey (green) in Europe (dark grey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe-Jersey.svg/250px-Europe-Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe-Jersey.svg/375px-Europe-Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe-Jersey.svg/500px-Europe-Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-pol-div-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Jersey (green)in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a> responsible for Jersey<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Separation from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1204</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and largest parish<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jersey&params=49_11.4_N_2_6.6_W_type:city">49°11.4′N 2°6.6′W / 49.1900°N 2.1100°W / 49.1900; -2.1100</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li><li><a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>95.8% <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> <ul><li>44.4% <a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersey</a></li> <li>30.5% British</li> <li>9.4% <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a></li> <li>3.0% <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a></li> <li>2.1% Irish</li> <li>1.4% Romanian</li> <li>5% Other <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>1.9% <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a></li><li>0.9% <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">African</a></li><li>1.3% multiracial</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-pol-div-religion"> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>52.3% Christianity <ul><li>23% <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a></li> <li>22.5% <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li>6.8% Other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> </li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li>39% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></li><li>3% Other religion</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Islanders</a>, Jerseyman, Jerseywoman, Jersey bean, Jersey crapaud, Jèrriais(e)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_in_right_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" title="Sovereign in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Sovereign</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant governor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Kyd" title="Jerry Kyd">Jerry Kyd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Jersey" title="Bailiff of Jersey">Bailiff</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Le_Cocq" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Le Cocq">Sir Tim Le Cocq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey" title="Chief Minister of Jersey">Chief minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Farnham" title="Lyndon Farnham">Lyndon Farnham</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">States Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">119.6<a href="#cite_note-figures-9">[6]</a> km2 (46.2 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">unranked</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">469 ft (143 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jersey" title="Demographics of Jersey">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">103,267<a href="#cite_note-facts-10">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">859/km2 (2,224.8/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2015 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">billion (£4.57 billion)<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">not ranked</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">(£45,783) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">not ranked</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£4.885 billion (US billion)<a href="#cite_note-National_accounts:_GVA_and_GDP-12">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£45,320</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2014)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.3<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-13">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.985<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">not ranked</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey pound</a> (£) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±00:00">UTC±00:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">Mains electricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">230 V–50 Hz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Jersey">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom#Jersey" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">+44</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom#British_Crown_Dependencies" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">UK postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/JE_postcode_area" title="JE postcode area">JE1 – JE5</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:JE" title="ISO 3166-2:JE">JE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.je" title=".je">.je</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jersey (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒɜːrzi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">JUR-zee</a>; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a>: Jèrri <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʒɛri]</a>), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey,<a href="#cite_note-15">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a> and a self-governing British <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a> near the coast of north-west France.<a href="#cite_note-Worlddata-2019-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gov_Jersey-2019b-21">[17]</a> It is the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> and is 14 miles (23 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> in Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-Gov_Jersey-2019a-22">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a> consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including <a href="/wiki/Les_Dirouilles" title="Les Dirouilles">Les Dirouilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Les Écréhous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Les Minquiers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierres_de_Lecq" title="Pierres de Lecq">Les Pierres de Lecq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsar-2018-23">[19]</a> Jersey was part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">dukes</a> became kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">English Crown</a>, though it never became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Jersey was at the frontline of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars">Anglo-French Wars</a> and was invaded a number of times, leading to the construction of fortifications such as <a href="/wiki/Mont_Orgueil" title="Mont Orgueil">Mont Orgueil Castle</a> and a thriving smuggling industry. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the island was invaded and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied</a> for five years by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. The island was <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Channel_Islands)" title="Liberation Day (Channel Islands)">liberated</a> on 9 May 1945, which is now celebrated as the island's national day.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> Jersey is a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, with its own <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey" title="Economy of Jersey">financial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey" title="Law of Jersey">legal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Jersey" title="Courts of Jersey">judicial</a> systems,<a href="#cite_note-facts-10">[7]</a> and the power of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-External_policy-25">[21]</a> Jersey's constitutional relationship is with the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a>; it is not part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Gov-2018-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mut_Bosque-2020-28">[24]</a> The Bailiff is the civil head, president of the states and head of the judiciary; the lieutenant governor represents the head of state, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch</a>; and the chief minister is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. Jersey's defence and international representation – as well as certain policy areas, such as <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">nationality law</a> – are the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK government</a>, but Jersey still has a separate international identity.<a href="#cite_note-Torrance-2022-29">[25]</a> The island has a large financial services industry, which generates 40% of its <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-figures-9">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British cultural influence</a> on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> as its primary currency. Additional British cultural similarities include: driving on the left, access to British television, newspapers and other media, a school curriculum following that of England,<a href="#cite_note-Curriculum-30">[26]</a> and the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">British sports</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Football_Association" title="Jersey Football Association">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Facts_about_Jersey-31">[27]</a> The island also has a strong Norman-French culture, such as its historic dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> language, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a>, being one of only two places in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> with government status for the language (the other being <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>), as well as the use of standard French in legal matters and officially in use as a government language, strong cultural ties to <a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">mainland Normandy</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy region</a>, and place names with French or Norman origins. The island has very close cultural links with its neighbouring islands in the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a>, and they share a good-natured rivalry. Jersey and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">its people</a> have been described as a nation.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan_2000_349-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quayle_1815_48-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-IdentityBoard-34">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Jersey" title="Name of Jersey">Name of Jersey</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary">Antonine Itinerary</a> as the following: Sarnia, Caesarea, Barsa, Silia and Andium, but Jersey cannot be identified specifically because none corresponds directly to the present names.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> The name Caesarea has been used as the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name for Jersey (also in its French version Césarée) since <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>'s Britannia,<a href="#cite_note-Balleine-36">[32]</a> and is used in titles of associations and institutions today. The Latin name Caesarea was also applied to the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> as Nova Caesarea.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> Andium, Agna and Augia were used in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Scholars variously surmise that Jersey and Jèrri derive from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C7%ABr%C3%B0#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:jǫrð">jǫrð</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> for 'earth') or <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">jarl</a> ('earl'), or perhaps the Norse personal name Geirr (thus Geirrsey, 'Geirr's Island').<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> The ending <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ey#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ey">-ey</a> denotes an island<a href="#cite_note-Lepelley-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surtsey" title="Surtsey">Surtsey</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">History of Jersey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology of the Channel Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime history of the Channel Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assize_d%27Heritage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Assize_d%27Heritage.jpg/290px-Assize_d%27Heritage.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Assize_d%27Heritage.jpg/435px-Assize_d%27Heritage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Assize_d%27Heritage.jpg/580px-Assize_d%27Heritage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>An 1893 painting of the Assize d'Heritage by <a href="/wiki/John_St_Helier_Lander" title="John St Helier Lander">John St Helier Lander</a></figcaption></figure> Humans have lived on the island since at least <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory#Holocene" title="Timeline of prehistory">12,000 BCE</a>, with evidence of habitation in the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Palaeolithic</a> period (<a href="/wiki/La_Cotte_de_St_Brelade" title="La Cotte de St Brelade">La Cotte de St Brelade</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> dolmens, such as <a href="/wiki/La_Hougue_Bie" title="La Hougue Bie">La Hougue Bie</a>. Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> settlements can be found in many locations around the island.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">Archaeological</a> evidence of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> influence has been found, in particular at <a href="/wiki/Les_Landes" title="Les Landes">Les Landes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c. fifth – sixth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-BHJ8-46">[42]</a> In the sixth century, the island's patron saint <a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Helier</a> lived at the Hermitage on L'Islet (now <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Castle" title="Elizabeth Castle">Elizabeth Castle</a>). Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> In the ninth century the island was raided by <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> and in 933 it was annexed to <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William Longsword</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lempiere-1976-48">[44]</a>: 22  When Duke <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> became King of England in 1066, the island remained part of the Norman possessions. However, in 1204, when Normandy was returned to the French king, the island remained a possession of the English crown, though never incorporated into England.<a href="#cite_note-BHJ8-46">[42]</a>: 25  Traditionally it is said that Jersey's self-governance originates from the Constitutions of King John, however this is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Lempiere-1976-48">[44]</a>: 25  Nevertheless, the island continued to follow Norman customs and laws. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King</a> also appointed a <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Jersey" title="Bailiff of Jersey">Bailiff</a> and a Warden (now <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant-Governor</a>). The period of English rule was marked by wars between England and France, as such a military fortress was built at <a href="/wiki/Mont_Orgueil" title="Mont Orgueil">Mont Orgueil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BHJ8-46">[42]</a>: 25–8  During the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a>, the split between the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth</a>, French refugees brought strict <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> to the island, which remained the common religion until 1617.<a href="#cite_note-BHJ8-46">[42]</a> In the late 16th century, islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> gave Vice Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a>, bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> in between the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware</a> rivers, which he promptly named <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. It is now a state in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_81.jpg/220px-Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_81.jpg/330px-Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_81.jpg/440px-Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3979" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>Liberation Day celebrations in Jersey, 9 May 2012</figcaption></figure> In 1769, the island suffered food supply shortages, leading to an insurrection on 28 September known as the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Riots" title="Corn Riots">Corn Riots</a>. The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King. However, in 1771 the Crown demanded reforms to the island's governance, leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the <a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BHJ8-46">[42]</a> In 1781, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the island was invaded by a French force which captured <a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a>, but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peirson" title="Francis Peirson">Major Peirson</a>'s army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">Battle of Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> The 19th century saw the improvement of the road network under General Don,<a href="#cite_note-Kelleher-1991-53">[49]</a> the construction of two railway lines, the improvement of transport links to England, and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier.<a href="#cite_note-BHJ8-46">[42]</a> This grew a tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents, leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture. Island politics was divisively split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party, as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-BHJ8-46">[42]</a> In the 1850s, the French author <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> lived in Jersey, but was expelled for insulting the Queen, so he moved on to <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BHJ8-46">[42]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, 6,500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-Bunting-54">[50]</a> Jersey was <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied by Germany</a> from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using <a href="/wiki/Slave_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave labour">slave labour</a> imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunting1995151–154-56">[52]</a> After 1944, supplies from France were interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day landings</a>, and food on the island became scarce. The <a href="/wiki/SS_Vega_(1913)" title="SS Vega (1913)">SS Vega</a> was sent to the island carrying <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. During the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Nazi occupation</a>, a resistance cell was created by communist activist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Le_Brocq" title="Norman Le Brocq">Norman Le Brocq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Communist_Party" title="Jersey Communist Party">Jersey Communist Party</a>, whose communist ideology of forming a 'United Front' led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> The Channel Islands had to wait for the German surrender to be liberated. 9 May is celebrated as the island's <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Channel_Islands)" title="Liberation Day (Channel Islands)">Liberation Day</a>, where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. After Liberation, the States was reformed, becoming wholly democratically elected, and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal franchise</a> was implemented. Since liberation, the island has grown in population and adopted new industries, especially the finance industry.<a href="#cite_note-BHJ8-46">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Politics of Jersey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:States_Building_in_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/States_Building_in_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg/170px-States_Building_in_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/States_Building_in_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg/255px-States_Building_in_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/States_Building_in_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg/340px-States_Building_in_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>The States building in St. Helier</figcaption></figure> Jersey is a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Dependency">Crown Dependency</a>, and is not part of the United Kingdom, being officially part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a>. As one of the Crown Dependencies, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Jersey's government has described Jersey as a "self-governing, democratic country with the power of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>".<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> Because Jersey is a dependency of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> reigns in Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a>" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> The King's representative and adviser in the island is the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor of Jersey</a> – Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Kyd" title="Jerry Kyd">Jerry Kyd</a> since 8 October 2022. He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the UK Government and carries out some functions in relation to immigration control, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalisation</a> and the issue of passports.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_12.jpg/250px-Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_12.jpg/375px-Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_12.jpg/500px-Jour_d%27la_Lib%C3%A9th%C3%A2tion_J%C3%A8rri_9_d%27Mai_2012_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3237" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_McColl_(British_Army_officer)" title="John McColl (British Army officer)">Sir John Chalmers McColl</a> as Lieutenant Governor of Jersey</figcaption></figure> In 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Constitution_(United_Kingdom)" title="Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)">Royal Commission on the Constitution</a> set out the duties of the Crown as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey#Sources_of_law" title="Law of Jersey">island legislation</a> by Order-in-Council (<a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislature_and_government">Legislature and government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legislature and government">edit</a>]</div> Jersey's <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> legislature is the <a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">States Assembly</a>. It includes 49 <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jersey" title="Elections in Jersey">elected</a> members: 12 <a href="/wiki/Conn%C3%A9table_(Jersey_and_Guernsey)" title="Connétable (Jersey and Guernsey)">connétables</a> (often called "constables", heads of <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">parishes</a>) and 37 deputies (representing constituencies), all elected for four-year terms as from the <a href="/wiki/2011_Jersey_general_election" title="2011 Jersey general election">October 2011 elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> Jersey has one of the lowest voter turnouts internationally, with just 33% of the electorate voting in <a href="/wiki/2005_Jersey_general_election" title="2005 Jersey general election">2005</a>, putting it well below the 77% European average for that year.<a href="#cite_note-Shaxson,_N._2011-65">[61]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/2022_Jersey_general_election" title="2022 Jersey general election">2022 elections</a>, the role of senators was abolished and the eight senators were replaced with an increased number of deputies. The 37 deputies are now elected from nine super constituencies, rather than in individual parishes. Although efforts were made the remove the connétables, they will continue their historic role as states members.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> There are also five non-voting members appointed by the Crown: the <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(Channel_Islands)" title="Bailiff (Channel Islands)">bailiff</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor of Jersey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Jersey" title="Dean of Jersey">Dean of Jersey</a>, the attorney general and solicitor general.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> The Bailiff is President (presiding officer) of the States Assembly,<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> head of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Jersey_(list)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Jersey (list)">judiciary</a> and as civic head of the island carries out various ceremonial roles.<a href="#cite_note-Gindill-2022-69">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Jersey">Council of Ministers</a>, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey" title="Chief Minister of Jersey">chief minister</a> and nine ministers, makes up the leading body of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">government of Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> A chief executive is head of the civil service.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Some governmental functions are carried out in the island's <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">parishes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Legislation_Committee-2001-74">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey" title="Law of Jersey">Law of Jersey</a></div> Jersey is a distinct <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a> for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">conflict of laws</a>, separate from the other Channel Islands, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular <a href="/wiki/Norman_law" title="Norman law">Norman customary law</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_common_law#Common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/French_civil_law" class="mw-redirect" title="French civil law">French civil law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ref1-76">[72]</a> Jersey's <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_legal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country legal systems">legal system</a> is therefore described as 'mixed' or '<a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">pluralistic</a>', and sources of law are in French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working language</a> of the legal system is English.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The principal court is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Court of Jersey">Royal Court</a>, with appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Court of Appeal">Jersey Court of Appeal</a> and, ultimately, to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RC2-78">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(Channel_Islands)" title="Bailiff (Channel Islands)">Bailiff</a> is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey#Judiciary" title="Law of Jersey">appointed</a> by the Crown. Other members of the island's <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Jersey_(list)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Jersey (list)">judiciary</a> are <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey#Judiciary" title="Law of Jersey">appointed</a> by the Bailiff.<a href="#cite_note-Gindill-2022-69">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_relations">External relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/External_relations_of_Jersey" title="External relations of Jersey">External relations of Jersey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg/300px-Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg/450px-Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Jersey_Airport_signage_in_J%C3%A8rriais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">Jersey Airport</a> greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" sign in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></figcaption></figure> The external relations of Jersey are overseen by the External Relations Minister of the Government of Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey" title="Chief Minister of Jersey">chief minister</a> and the UK <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> signed an agreement that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-gov.je-81">[77]</a> Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years. It negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters: for example, <a href="/wiki/Tax_information_exchange_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax information exchange agreements">tax information exchange agreements</a> (TIEAs) have been signed directly by the island with several countries.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> The government maintains offices (some in partnership with Guernsey) in <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> London<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Jersey is a member of the <a href="/wiki/British-Irish_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="British-Irish Council">British-Irish Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/External_relations_of_Jersey#Separation_debate" title="External relations of Jersey">Jersey independence</a> has in the past been discussed in the States Assembly. Former external relations minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bailhache" title="Philip Bailhache">Philip Bailhache</a> has at various times warned that the island may need to become independent.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> It is not Jersey government policy to seek independence, but the island is prepared if needs to do so.<a href="#cite_note-External_policy2-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> Jersey is a third-party European country to the EU. Since 1 January 2021, Jersey has been part of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement_between_the_EU,_Euratom_and_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EU, Euratom and the UK">UK-EU Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement</a> for the purposes of goods and fishing. Goods exported from the island into Europe are not subject to <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, and Jersey is solely responsible for management of its <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a>; however, permits may be granted to EU fishermen who have a history of fishing in the Bailiwick's waters. The management of this permit system has caused tension between the French and Jersey authorities, with the French threatening to cut off Jersey's electricity supply in May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Before the end of the transition period after the UK withdrew from the EU in 2020, Jersey had a special relationship with the EU.<a href="#cite_note-95">[e]</a> It was part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU customs union</a> and there was <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">free movement of goods</a> between Jersey and the EU, but the single market in financial services and <a href="/wiki/Free_movement_of_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Free movement of people">free movement of people</a> did not apply to Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Jersey also has close relations with Portugal, including the exchangement of tax information; these relations are specifically strong with the <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Autonomous Region of Madeira</a>, where St. Helier has one of its sister cities, (<a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">Parishes of Jersey</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; padding: 8px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_parishes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jersey_parishes.svg/400px-Jersey_parishes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jersey_parishes.svg/600px-Jersey_parishes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jersey_parishes.svg/800px-Jersey_parishes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="650" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:39px; top:67px"><a href="/wiki/St_Ouen,_Jersey" title="St Ouen, Jersey">Saint Ouen</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:126px; top:51px"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary,_Jersey" title="St Mary, Jersey">Saint Mary</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:184px; top:57px"><a href="/wiki/St_John,_Jersey" title="St John, Jersey">St John</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:254px; top:102px"><a href="/wiki/Trinity,_Jersey" title="Trinity, Jersey">Trinity</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:329px; top:117px"><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Jersey" title="St Martin, Jersey">St Martin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:94px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Jersey" title="St Peter, Jersey">St Peter</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:159px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence,_Jersey" title="St Lawrence, Jersey">St Lawrence</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:204px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:281px; top:155px"><a href="/wiki/St_Saviour,_Jersey" title="St Saviour, Jersey">St Saviour</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:306px; top:202px"><a href="/wiki/Grouville" title="Grouville">Grouville</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:54px; top:182px"><a href="/wiki/St_Brelade" title="St Brelade">Saint Brelade</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:279px; top:247px"><a href="/wiki/St_Clement,_Jersey" title="St Clement, Jersey">St Clement</a></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Parishes of Jersey</div></div></div> Jersey is divided into twelve parishes (which have civil and religious functions), the largest being Saint Ouen and the smallest St. Clement. They are all named after their parish church. The connétable is the head of the parish. They are elected at island general elections and sit ex oficio in the States Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Legislation_Committee-2001-74">[70]</a> The parishes have various civil administrative functions, such as roads (managed by the Road Committee) and policing (through the <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Police" title="Honorary Police">Honorary Police</a>). Each parish is governed through direct democracy at parish assemblies, consisting of all eligible voters resident in the parish. The <a href="/wiki/Procureur_du_Bien_Public" title="Procureur du Bien Public">Procureurs du Bien Public</a> are the legal and financial representatives of these parishes.<a href="#cite_note-Legislation_Committee-2001-74">[70]</a> The parishes of Jersey are further divided into <a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">vingtaines</a> (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes).<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Geography of Jersey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jersey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Jersey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jersey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/330px-Jersey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jersey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/440px-Jersey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of Jersey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey-islands.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jersey-islands.png/220px-Jersey-islands.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jersey-islands.png/330px-Jersey-islands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jersey-islands.png/440px-Jersey-islands.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Map of islands of <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a> of Jersey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey2021OSM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jersey2021OSM.png/220px-Jersey2021OSM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jersey2021OSM.png/330px-Jersey2021OSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jersey2021OSM.png/440px-Jersey2021OSM.png 2x" data-file-width="6091" data-file-height="4254" /></a><figcaption>Large, detailed map of Jersey</figcaption></figure> Jersey is an island measuring 46.2 square miles (119.6 km2) (or 66,436 <a href="/wiki/Verg%C3%A9e" title="Vergée">vergées</a>),<a href="#cite_note-figures-9">[6]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclaimed</a> land and <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>. It lies in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, about 12 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (22 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 14 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> in Normandy, France, and about 87 nautical miles (161 km; 100 mi) south of Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-100">[f]</a> It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands and part of the British Isles, with a maximum land elevation of 143 m (469 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-peakbagger-101">[95]</a> About 24% of the island is built-up. 52% of the land area is dedicated to cultivation and around 18% is the natural environment.<a href="#cite_note-Jersey-2020-102">[96]</a> It lies within longitude <a href="/wiki/2nd_meridian_west" title="2nd meridian west">-2° W</a> and latitude <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49° N</a>. It has a coastline that is 43 miles (70 km) long and a total area of 46.2 square miles (119.6 km2). It measures roughly 9 miles (14 km) from west to east and 5 miles (8 km) north to south, which gives it the affectionate name among locals of "nine-by-five".<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> The island is characterised by a number of valleys which generally run north-to-south, such as Waterworks Valley, Grands Vaux, Mont les Vaux, although a few run in other directions, such as Le Mourier Valley. The highest point on the island is Les Platons at 136 m (446 ft).<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> There are several smaller island groups that are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey, such as Les Minquiers and Les Écrehous, however unlike the smaller islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, none of these are permanently inhabited.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Settlements">edit</a>]</div> The largest settlement is the town of St Helier, including the built-up area of southern St Helier and neighbouring areas such as Georgetown, which also plays host to the island's seat of government. The town is the central business district, hosting a large proportion of the island's retail and employment, such as the finance industry.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> Outside of the town, many islanders live in suburban and rural settlements, especially along main roads leading out of town, and even the more rural areas of the island have considerable amounts of development (St Ouen, the least densely populated parish, still has 270 persons per square kilometre<a href="#cite_note-JerseyCensus-2001-107">[101]</a>). The south and east coasts from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Aubin,_Jersey" title="Saint Aubin, Jersey">St Aubin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gorey,_Jersey" title="Gorey, Jersey">Gorey</a> are largely urbanised. The second smaller urban area is the Les Quennevais area in St Brelade, which is home to a small precinct of shops,<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Les_Quennevais_School" title="Les Quennevais School">a school</a>, a park, and a leisure centre.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> Most people across Jersey regularly travel from the rural settlements to St Helier and from the town to the rural areas for work and leisure purposes.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Housing costs in Jersey are very high. The Jersey House Price Index has at least doubled between 2002 and 2020. The mix-adjusted house price for Jersey is £567,000, higher than any UK region (UK average: £249,000) including London (average: £497,000; highest of any UK region).<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> The island has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, with cool to mild winters and lukewarm to warm summers.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-112">[106]</a> The highest temperature recorded was 37.9 °C (100.2 °F), on <a href="/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_heatwaves#July_heatwave" title="2022 United Kingdom heatwaves">18 July 2022</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> and the lowest temperature recorded was −10.3 °C (13.5 °F), on 5 January 1894. 2022 was the warmest (and sunniest) year on record; the mean daily air temperature was 13.56 °C.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> For tourism advertising, Jersey often claims to be "the sunniest place in the British Isles", as Jersey has over 1,900 hours of sunlight. Jersey is indeed one of the sunniest places in the British Isles, especially during the warmer months, as it is subject to more influence from the <a href="/wiki/Azores_High" title="Azores High">Azores High</a>, which acts as a blocking mechanism for <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">depressions</a> that originate in the North Atlantic and that produce stratiform clouds and rain; these are deflected northwards towards the UK mainland. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Azores_High" title="Azores High">Azores High</a> further reduces the type of convective cloud formations (particularly <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud">Cumulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud" title="Stratocumulus cloud">Stratocumulus</a>) that are common over more northern and inland areas of the UK during summer through <a href="/wiki/Subsidence_(atmosphere)" title="Subsidence (atmosphere)">subsidence</a>. In 2011, Jersey generated controversy for calling itself "the warmest place in the British Isles" during an advertising campaign, as Jersey is neither the place with the highest maximum temperature in the British Isles (40.3°C was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Coningsby" title="Coningsby">Coningsby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> in July 2022<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a>) or the highest winter temperatures in the British Isles (which would be the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>).<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> Typical wind speeds vary between 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph) and 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph). During the cooler months, <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</a> can produce <a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">gales</a> somewhat regularly. Snow is very rare in Jersey. The last significant snowfall event occurred in March 2013, when 5.5 inches (14cm) of snow fell.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> However, the most recent measurable snowfall event occurred on 8-9 January 2024, when 3-5cm of snow fell, significantly more than forecasted.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> Extreme weather is rare due to the island's mild climate. Spring and summer thunderstorms originating from the European mainland occasionally occur, but are usually not severe. Thunderstorms advecting north from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> tend to occur during the summer if the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Azores_High" title="Azores High">Azores High</a> temporarily weakens and a <a href="/wiki/Cut-off_low" title="Cut-off low">cut-off low</a> develops in the region. Cool season thunderstorms are more common compared with other parts of Europe, as the relatively warm sea surface temperatures drive moderate surface based convection into the cold, dry air aloft. This tends to result in <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">small hail</a> and weak <a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">waterspouts</a> driven by convection and frequent shear brought on by <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a>. In November 2023, Jersey was hit by extratropical <a href="/wiki/Storm_Ciar%C3%A1n" title="Storm Ciarán">Storm Ciarán</a>, causing heavy rainfall, extremely high winds with gusts of up to 104mph.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercell thunderstorm</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold front</a> of this system hit Jersey at around midnight on 2 November 2023. With severe <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a>, exceptional <a href="/wiki/Storm-relative_helicity" title="Storm-relative helicity">storm-relative helicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_instability" title="Atmospheric instability">temperature contrast of the upper atmosphere and sea surface</a>, the storm produced extremely large hail and a tornado, which devastated the eastern half of the Island and was subsequently <a href="/wiki/TORRO_scale" title="TORRO scale">rated T6/EF3 by TORRO</a>, making it one of the most severe tornadoes ever recorded in the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> The Government of Jersey's official meteorological department provides an accurate five-day forecast for Jersey and Guernsey, including detailed shipping forecasts and aviation forecasts. The following table contains the official data for 1981–2010 at Jersey Airport, located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from St. Helier – <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">Jersey Airport</a>, elevation 84m, 1981–2010 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9 (100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.9 (100.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 (65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.3 (13.5) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−10.3 (13.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.1 (3.67) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.9 (2.71) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.1 (2.60) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.4 (2.22) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.6 (2.19) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.5 (1.87) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.6 (1.76) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (1.95) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9 (2.52) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103.4 (4.07) </td> <td style="background: #5CFF5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.4 (4.15) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.3 (4.38) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">865.8 (34.09) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #787878; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.1 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.6 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.5 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">236.7 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">252.7 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.6 </td> <td style="background: #B5B563; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.8 </td> <td style="background: #969696; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.9 </td> <td style="background: #737373; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.2 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,904.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Met Office<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> and Voodoo Skies<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey" title="Economy of Jersey">Economy of Jersey</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_Jersey" title="Financial services in Jersey">Financial services in Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jersey" title="Tourism in Jersey">Tourism in Jersey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_finance_centre_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jersey_finance_centre_2021.jpg/220px-Jersey_finance_centre_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jersey_finance_centre_2021.jpg/330px-Jersey_finance_centre_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jersey_finance_centre_2021.jpg/440px-Jersey_finance_centre_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Central Business District of St Helier</figcaption></figure> Jersey's economy is highly developed and services-focused, with a <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> of £45,320<a href="#cite_note-National_accounts:_GVA_and_GDP-12">[9]</a> in 2019. It is a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed market economy</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> principles and an advanced <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">social security</a> infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> 53,460 people were employed in Jersey as of December 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit">[update]</a>: 24% in financial and legal services; 16% in wholesale and retail trades; 16% in the public sector; 10% in education, health and other private sector services; 10% in construction and quarrying; 9% in hotels, restaurants and bars.<a href="#cite_note-figures-9">[6]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Economic sectors in Jersey by GVA (2019)<a href="#cite_note-Gov_Jersey-2019-124">[118]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Sector </th> <th colspan="2">Gross value added </th></tr> <tr> <th>% of total </th> <th>£millions </th></tr> <tr> <th>Financial services </th> <td>39.5% </td> <td>1,966 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rental income </th> <td>15.5% </td> <td>771 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other business activities </th> <td>11.7% </td> <td>580 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Public administration </th> <td>8.6% </td> <td>426 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Construction </th> <td>7.0% </td> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wholesale and retail </th> <td>6.4% </td> <td>319 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hotels, bars and restaurants </th> <td>4.2% </td> <td>210 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transport, storage and communication </th> <td>3.5% </td> <td>176 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Electricity, gas and water </th> <td>1.3% </td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Agriculture </th> <td>1.2% </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Manufacturing </th> <td>1.0% </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>4,972 </th></tr></tbody></table> Thanks to specialisation in a few high-return sectors, at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> Jersey has high economic output per capita, substantially ahead of all of the world's large developed economies. <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">Gross national income</a> in 2009[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] was £3.7 billion (a mean of about £40,000 per head of population).<a href="#cite_note-figures-9">[6]</a> However, there is wide variation, and the typical (median) individual resident's purchasing power and standard of living in Jersey is comparable to that in the UK outside central London.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> Jersey is one of the world's largest offshore finance centres. The UK acts as a conduit[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] for financial services between European countries and the island.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> But there has been some controversy about this sector: some critics and detractors have called Jersey a place where the "leadership has essentially been captured by global finance, and whose members will threaten and intimidate anyone who dissents."<a href="#cite_note-Shaxson,_N._2011-65">[61]</a> Tourism is an important economic sector for the island, however travel to Jersey is very seasonal. Accommodation occupancy is much higher in the summer months, especially August, than in the winter months (with a low in November). The majority of visitors to the island arrive by <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">air</a> from the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Jersey_Business-2017-127">[121]</a> On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_Town" title="Fairtrade Town">Fairtrade Island</a> status.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_fields_in_St_Clement,_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_fields_in_St_Clement%2C_Jersey.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_fields_in_St_Clement%2C_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_fields_in_St_Clement%2C_Jersey.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_fields_in_St_Clement%2C_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_fields_in_St_Clement%2C_Jersey.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_fields_in_St_Clement%2C_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="3288" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of fields in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Clement,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Clement, Jersey">Saint Clement, Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> In 2017, 52% of the Island's area was agricultural land (a decrease since 2009).<a href="#cite_note-Jersey-2020-102">[96]</a> Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce.<a href="#cite_note-figures-9">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey cattle</a> are a small breed of cow widely known for their rich milk and cream; the quality of their meat is also appreciated on a small scale.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> The herd total in 2009 was 5,090 animals.<a href="#cite_note-figures-9">[6]</a> Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey's marine resources to a total value of over £6 million in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-figures-9">[6]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, Jersey has its own lottery called the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Lottery" title="Channel Islands Lottery">Channel Islands Lottery</a>, which was launched in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey#Taxation" title="Economy of Jersey">Economy of Jersey § Taxation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_Jersey#'Tax_haven'_status" title="Financial services in Jersey">Financial services in Jersey § 'Tax haven' status</a></div> Jersey is not a tax-free jurisdiction. Taxes are levied on properties (known as 'rates') and there are taxes on <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">personal income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">goods and services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gov_Jersey-2021-132">[126]</a> Before 2008, Jersey had no value-added tax (VAT). Many companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> and Play.com, took advantage of this and a loophole in European law, known as <a href="/wiki/Low-value_consignment_relief" title="Low-value consignment relief">low-value consignment relief</a>, to establish a tax-free fulfilment industry from Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-jerseyeveningpost.com-133">[127]</a> This loophole was closed by the European Union in 2012, resulting in the loss of hundreds of jobs.<a href="#cite_note-jerseyeveningpost.com-133">[127]</a> There is a 20% standard rate for Income Tax and a 5% standard rate for GST. The island has a 0% default tax rate for corporations; however, higher rates apply to financial services, utility companies and large corporate retailers.<a href="#cite_note-Gov_Jersey-2021-132">[126]</a> Jersey is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>. Until March 2019 the island was on the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_tax_haven_blacklist" title="European Union tax haven blacklist">EU tax haven blacklist</a>, but it no longer features on it.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> In January 2021, the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tang_(politician)" title="Paul Tang (politician)">Paul Tang</a>, criticised the list for not including such "renowned tax havens" as Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice</a> ranked Jersey as the 16th on the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a>, below larger countries such as the UK, but still placing it at the lower end of the 'extreme danger zone' for offshore secrecy'. The island accounts of 0.46% of the global offshore finance market, making it a small player in the total market.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> In 2020, the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021, with a haven score (a measure of the jurisdiction's systems to be used for corporate tax abuse) of 100 out of 100; however, the island only has 0.51% on the Global Scale Weight ranking.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jersey" title="Transport in Jersey">Transport in Jersey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grouville_Common_Path.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Grouville_Common_Path.jpg/220px-Grouville_Common_Path.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Grouville_Common_Path.jpg/330px-Grouville_Common_Path.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Grouville_Common_Path.jpg/440px-Grouville_Common_Path.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A cycle path in <a href="/wiki/Gorey,_Jersey" title="Gorey, Jersey">Gorey</a></figcaption></figure> The primary mode of transport on the island is the <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a>. Jersey has a road network consisting of 346 miles (557 km) of roads and there are a total of 124,737 motor vehicles registered on the island as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> Jersey has a large network of lanes, some of which are classified as green lanes, which have a 15 mph speed limit and where priority is afforded to pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> The public bus network in Jersey has been regulated by the Government since 2002, replacing a de-regulated, commercial service. It is operated on a sole-operator <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchise</a> model, currently contracted to LibertyBus, a company owned by <a href="/wiki/Kelsian_Group" title="Kelsian Group">Kelsian Group</a>. LibertyBus also operate the school bus services.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> There is also a taxi network and an electronic bike scheme (EVie).<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> Jersey has an <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">airport</a> and a number of ports, which are operated by Ports of Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Currency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey pound</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemorative_stamps_for_Mesny%27s_150th_anniversary_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Commemorative_stamps_for_Mesny%27s_150th_anniversary_1992.jpg/220px-Commemorative_stamps_for_Mesny%27s_150th_anniversary_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Commemorative_stamps_for_Mesny%27s_150th_anniversary_1992.jpg/330px-Commemorative_stamps_for_Mesny%27s_150th_anniversary_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Commemorative_stamps_for_Mesny%27s_150th_anniversary_1992.jpg/440px-Commemorative_stamps_for_Mesny%27s_150th_anniversary_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2987" /></a><figcaption>Jersey stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the birth of General <a href="/wiki/William_Mesny" title="William Mesny">William Mesny</a></figcaption></figure> Jersey's monetary policy is linked to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>. The official currency of Jersey is the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>. Jersey issues its own postage stamps, banknotes (including a £1 note which is not issued in the UK) and coins that circulate alongside all other sterling coinage. Jersey currency is not <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> outside Jersey; however it is "acceptable tender" in the UK and can be surrendered at banks in exchange for UK currency.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> In July 2014, the Jersey Financial Services Commission approved the establishment of the world's first regulated <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> fund, at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a> was being accepted by some local businesses.<a href="#cite_note-BitcoinJersey-144">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Orgueil_and_Gorey_harbour,_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mont_Orgueil_and_Gorey_harbour%2C_Jersey.jpg/220px-Mont_Orgueil_and_Gorey_harbour%2C_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mont_Orgueil_and_Gorey_harbour%2C_Jersey.jpg/330px-Mont_Orgueil_and_Gorey_harbour%2C_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mont_Orgueil_and_Gorey_harbour%2C_Jersey.jpg/440px-Mont_Orgueil_and_Gorey_harbour%2C_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mont_Orgueil" title="Mont Orgueil">Mont Orgueil</a> was built in the 13th century after its split from Normandy</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jersey" title="Demographics of Jersey">Demographics of Jersey</a></div> Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821. In the 2021 census, the total resident population was estimated to be 103,267, of whom 35% live in St Helier, the island's only town.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> Approximately half the island's population was born in Jersey; 29% of the population were born elsewhere in the British Isles, 8% in continental Portugal or Madeira, 9% in other European countries and 5% elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-JerseyCensus-2022-146">[140]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">56,627</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,244</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">59,489</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">69,329</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">76,050</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">84,082</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">87,186</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">97,857</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">103,267</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality_and_citizenship">Nationality and citizenship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nationality and citizenship">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersey people</a> are the native nation on the island;<a href="#cite_note-Minahan_2000_349-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quayle_1815_48-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-IdentityBoard-34">[30]</a> however, they do not form a majority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-JerseyCensus-2022-146">[140]</a> Jersey people are often called Islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Jersey people did not generally identify themselves as English prior to <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">the Union of Britain</a>. Jersey was culturally and geographically much closer to Normandy and there were limited cross-Channel links. However, wars with France, including invasions of Jersey, grew loyalty to Britain over time and the French came more and more to be seen as a distinct people. By the start of the 19th century, Jersey people generally identified as British, which can be seen through the treatment of the Breton immigrants of the time as a distinct nation. Furthermore, the growth of the British migrant population strengthened the role of English and the British cultural influence. Finally, the introduction of compulsory education – which was exclusively in English – and the period of the Occupation reduced the traditional and Norman cultural influences and increased British cultural practices and pride in British nationhood among the island population.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Feuvre-1994-147">[141]</a> Nationality law in Jersey is conferred by the British Nationality Act 1981 extended to the island by an Order in Council with the consent of the States of Jersey. <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a> confers British citizenship onto those with suitable connections to Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-Nationality_Act-148">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torrance-2022-29">[25]</a> The Lieutenant Governor's office issues <a href="/wiki/British_passport" title="British passport">British passports</a> (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Jersey-variant_British_passport" title="Jersey-variant British passport">Jersey variant</a>) to British citizens with a connection to Jersey by residency or birth.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.<a href="#cite_note-gov.je_-_Migration_Monitoring_and_Regulation-152">[146]</a> Jersey is part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> (CTA),<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> a zone which encompasses the Crown Dependencies, the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. This means that for citizens of the Common Travel Area jurisdictions a passport is not required to travel from Jersey to any of these jurisdictions (or vice versa), though the Government recommends all travellers bring photo ID since it may need to be checked by customs or police officers, and is generally required by commercial transport providers into the island.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> Due to the CTA, Jersey-born British citizens in the rest of the CTA and British and Irish citizens in Jersey have the right to access social benefits, access healthcare, access social housing support and to vote in general elections.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> For non-CTA travel, Jersey maintains its own immigration<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> and border controls (although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA), however UK immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> To control population numbers, Jersey operates a system of registration which restricts the right to live and work in the island according to certain requirements. To move to Jersey or work in Jersey, everyone (including Jersey-born people) must be registered and have a registration card. There are a number of statuses: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Residential and employment statuses<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Status </th> <th>Requirements </th> <th>Housing </th> <th>Work </th></tr> <tr> <td>Entitled </td> <td>Most Jersey-born residents (permanently) Long-term residents (at least 10 years) </td> <td>Can buy, sell or lease any property </td> <td>Can work anywhere </td></tr> <tr> <td>Licensed </td> <td>Certain essential workers </td> <td>Can buy, sell or lease most property </td> <td>Permission required </td></tr> <tr> <td>Entitled to work </td> <td>Long-term residents (at least 5 years) Spouse or civil partner of someone who is entitled to work or higher. </td> <td>Can lease 'registered' property </td> <td>Can work anywhere </td></tr> <tr> <td>Registered </td> <td>All others </td> <td>Can lease 'registered' property </td> <td>Permission required </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_immigration">History of immigration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History of immigration">edit</a>]</div> Until the 19th century, there was generally limited immigration to the island, especially by English people. Jersey was quite far from Britain (taking days to travel between England and the islands)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and culturally distinct (the locals predominantly speaking Norman French).<a href="#cite_note-Le_Feuvre-1994-147">[141]</a> However, from the 16th to 19th centuries, Jersey became home to French religious refugees, particularly Protestants after the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boleat-2014-159">[153]</a> From the early 19th century, the island's economic boom attracted economic migrants. By 1841, of the 47,544 population, 11,338 were born in the British Isles outside of Jersey. From the 1840s onwards, agricultural workers came from neighbouring Brittany and mainland Normandy, both due to the booming economy of Jersey and the economic situation in northern France. Furthermore, the new potato season coincided with the time of least agricultural activity in Brittany and Normandy. While many returned to France, some settled in the island.<a href="#cite_note-Boleat-2014-159">[153]</a> Between 1851 and 1921, the Jersey population fell by 12.8% (possibly up to 18%). The economic boom ended in the 1850s leading to significant emigration, including to British colonies. A 1901 report by the States concluded that by 1921, the number of births to foreign-born fathers would be equal to those to Jersey-born fathers, describing the immigration situation as a "formidable invasion, although peaceful", and predicted this would have a large impact on the island's socio-political situation.<a href="#cite_note-Boleat-2014-159">[153]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when the island had only 55,244 residents, it saw a period of rapid population increase. By 1991, the population was 84,082. The booming tourism industry required a large volume of relatively low cost labour, so the island turned to <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> for seasonal staff. Between 1961 and 1981, the Portuguese-born population grew 0.2% to 3.1% of the population. In 2021, this figure was 8%. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the new source of cheap labour for the island has been Polish people, whose population has grown from non-existent to 3%.<a href="#cite_note-Boleat-2014-159">[153]</a> Immigration has helped give aspects of Jersey a distinct urban character, particularly in and around the parish of St Helier. This has led to ongoing debates about the incompatibility of development and sustainability throughout the island.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Thomas_Roman_Catholic_church,_Victoria_Street,_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Saint_Thomas_Roman_Catholic_church%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_Jersey.jpg/220px-Saint_Thomas_Roman_Catholic_church%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Saint_Thomas_Roman_Catholic_church%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_Jersey.jpg/330px-Saint_Thomas_Roman_Catholic_church%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Saint_Thomas_Roman_Catholic_church%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_Jersey.jpg/440px-Saint_Thomas_Roman_Catholic_church%2C_Victoria_Street%2C_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>St Thomas' Catholic Church in St Helier</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Religion in Jersey</a></div> Jersey's patron saint is <a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Saint Helier</a>, after whom the capital town is named.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> From the fifth century, the island was under the Bishop of Coutances, until being transferred to the Diocese of Winchester in 1568.<a href="#cite_note-About-162">[156]</a> Jersey became "formally attached" to the Diocese of Salisbury in November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> The established church is the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, presided over in the island by the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Jersey" title="Dean of Jersey">Dean</a>, who is ex officio a States Member, but has no vote.<a href="#cite_note-About-162">[156]</a> The primary churches are the parish churches, which are 12 ancient Anglican churches, one in each parish centre, though other churches do exist.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> According to a 2015 survey of islanders, 54% of adults have a religion. Christianity is the predominant religion in the island, with over half of islanders identifying as Christian in some form. The largest belief demographic is "no religion" with 39% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-JASS152-165">[159]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Religion in Jersey<a href="#cite_note-JASS152-165">[159]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion </th> <th>Percentage (2015) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>All religious </td> <td>54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> </td> <td>23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> </td> <td>22.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Christian </td> <td>6.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religion </td> <td>3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Culture of Jersey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg/220px-La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg/330px-La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg/440px-La_Nethe_Rue_road_sign_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Jèrriais road sign ("The black road") in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ouen,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ouen, Jersey">Saint Ouen</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_events">Cultural events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural events">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Battle_of_Flowers" title="Jersey Battle of Flowers">Battle of Flowers</a> is a carnival that has been held annually in August since 1902.<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> Other festivals include La Fête dé Noué<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> (Christmas festival), La Faîs'sie d'Cidre (cidermaking festival),<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> air display,<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> Weekender Music Festival,<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> food festivals, and parish events. The <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eisteddfod" title="Jersey Eisteddfod">Jersey Eisteddfod</a> is an annual festival celebrating local culture. It is split into performing arts (e.g. dance, music, modern languages) and creative arts (e.g. needlework, photography, craft).<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> Archaeologists have discovered stone planquettes with abstract designs made by the Magdalenians and dating to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a>; these are the oldest pieces of art discovered in the British Isles as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> The island has produced a number of notable artists. <a href="/wiki/John_St_Helier_Lander" title="John St Helier Lander">John St Helier Lander</a> (1868–1944) was a <a href="/wiki/Portrait_painting" title="Portrait painting">portrait painter</a> born in St Helier in 1868; he was a portraitist for the Royal Family.<a href="#cite_note-Times-174">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Blampied" title="Edmund Blampied">Edmund Blampied</a> also lived around the same period; he was known for his <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etchings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drypoint" title="Drypoint">drypoint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> Other famous historic artists include <a href="/wiki/John_Le_Capelain" title="John Le Capelain">John Le Capelain</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a> and Philip Ouless. There are also several contemporary Jersey artists, such as Ian Rolls, known for painting quirky landscape paintings.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> Jersey also has historic connections to French art. French artist <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique" title="René Lalique">René Lalique</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows at <a href="/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Jersey" title="St Matthew's Church, Jersey">St Matthew's Church</a>. No similar Lalique commission survives elsewhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> Artist partners <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahun" title="Claude Cahun">Claude Cahun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Moore" title="Marcel Moore">Marcel Moore</a> were born in France but moved to and died in the island.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bergerac">Bergerac</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bergerac">edit</a>]</div> The popular 1980s BBC detective drama <a href="/wiki/Bergerac_(TV_series)" title="Bergerac (TV series)">Bergerac</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/John_Nettles" title="John Nettles">John Nettles</a>, was set in Jersey.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Jersey">Media of Jersey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ha%C3%BBl%C3%AEngu%27thie_d%27la_couleu_d%27J%C3%A8rri_l%277_d%27Avri_2011_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ha%C3%BBl%C3%AEngu%27thie_d%27la_couleu_d%27J%C3%A8rri_l%277_d%27Avri_2011_11.jpg/220px-Ha%C3%BBl%C3%AEngu%27thie_d%27la_couleu_d%27J%C3%A8rri_l%277_d%27Avri_2011_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ha%C3%BBl%C3%AEngu%27thie_d%27la_couleu_d%27J%C3%A8rri_l%277_d%27Avri_2011_11.jpg/330px-Ha%C3%BBl%C3%AEngu%27thie_d%27la_couleu_d%27J%C3%A8rri_l%277_d%27Avri_2011_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ha%C3%BBl%C3%AEngu%27thie_d%27la_couleu_d%27J%C3%A8rri_l%277_d%27Avri_2011_11.jpg/440px-Ha%C3%BBl%C3%AEngu%27thie_d%27la_couleu_d%27J%C3%A8rri_l%277_d%27Avri_2011_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>A Channel Television crew interview the <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Jersey" title="Bailiff of Jersey">Bailiff of Jersey</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Telecommunications in Jersey</a></div> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Jersey" title="BBC Radio Jersey">BBC Radio Jersey</a> provides a radio service, and BBC <a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(BBC_News)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotlight (BBC News)">Channel Islands News</a> provides a joint television news service with Guernsey. <a href="/wiki/ITV_Channel_Television" title="ITV Channel Television">ITV Channel Television</a> is a regional <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey. Radio services are also provided by <a href="/wiki/Channel_103" title="Channel 103">Channel 103</a>, among other companies. Bailiwick Express is one of Jersey's digital online news sources. Jersey has only one newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Evening_Post" title="Jersey Evening Post">Jersey Evening Post</a>, which is printed six days a week, and has been in publication since 1890.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_Town_Criterium_2011_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jersey_Town_Criterium_2011_07.jpg/220px-Jersey_Town_Criterium_2011_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jersey_Town_Criterium_2011_07.jpg/330px-Jersey_Town_Criterium_2011_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jersey_Town_Criterium_2011_07.jpg/440px-Jersey_Town_Criterium_2011_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption>The Band of the Island of Jersey play at many events<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a></figcaption></figure> Little is known of the history of music in the islands, though fieldwork has recorded <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk songs</a> from the Channel Islands, mostly in French.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> The folk song Chanson de Peirson is unique to the island.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> In contemporary music, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Josh" title="Guru Josh">Guru Josh</a>, who was born in Jersey, produced <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a> and <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> music. He was most notable for his internationally successful debut hit <a href="/wiki/Infinity_(Guru_Josh_song)" title="Infinity (Guru Josh song)">Infinity</a> and its re-releases, reaching number one in numerous European countries.<a href="#cite_note-obituary-183">[177]</a> Furthermore, rock and pop artist <a href="/wiki/Nerina_Pallot" title="Nerina Pallot">Nerina Pallot</a> was raised on the island and has enjoyed international success, and has written songs for famous artists like <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> The island has a summer music festival scene stretching from mid-June to late September including Good Vibrations, Out-There, the Weekender (the largest festival in the Channel Islands) and Electric Park.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lillie_langtry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lillie_langtry.JPG/170px-Lillie_langtry.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Lillie_langtry.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Actress <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a>, nicknamed the Jersey Lily</figcaption></figure> There are two theatres on the island: the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Opera_House" title="Jersey Opera House">Jersey Opera House</a> and the Jersey Arts Centre.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a> is probably the most famous actress from the island. She was born in Jersey and became an actress on the <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> in the late 19th century. She was the first socialite to appear on stage and the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.<a href="#cite_note-Pears-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> She was also famous for her relationships with notable figures, including the Prince of Wales, later <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> She is buried in <a href="/wiki/St_Saviour,_Jersey" title="St Saviour, Jersey">St Saviour</a>'s Church graveyard.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> In 1909, T. J. West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St. Helier, which became known as West's Cinema in 1923 and was demolished in 1977. The first <a href="/wiki/Talking_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Talking picture">talking picture</a>, The Perfect Alibi, was shown on 30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St. Helier. The Jersey Film Society was founded on 11 December 1947 at the Café Bleu, West's Cinema. The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935; during the German occupation this was used for German propaganda films.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Odeon Cinema">Odeon Cinema</a> was opened 2 June 1952 and was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema. Its owners, however, struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group, which opened a 10-screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St. Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002, and the Odeon closed its doors in late 2008. The Odeon is now a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> First held in 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Branchage" title="Branchage">Branchage Jersey International Film Festival</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> attracts filmmakers from all over the world. The 2001 movie <a href="/wiki/The_Others_(2001_film)" title="The Others (2001 film)">The Others</a> was set on the island in 1945 shortly after liberation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Food and drink">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_wonders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jersey_wonders.jpg/220px-Jersey_wonders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jersey_wonders.jpg/330px-Jersey_wonders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jersey_wonders.jpg/440px-Jersey_wonders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption>Jersey wonders, or mèrvelles, are a favourite snack consisting of fried dough, found especially at country fêtes. According to tradition, the success of cooking depends on the state of the tide.</figcaption></figure> Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> (called moules in the island), <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="European lobster">lobster</a> and crabs – especially <a href="/wiki/Maja_squinado" title="Maja squinado">spider crabs</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">ormers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conger" title="Conger">conger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Recipes-2022-195">[189]</a> Jersey milk being very rich, <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a> and butter have played a large part in insular cooking.<a href="#cite_note-CI_report-196">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Royal_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Royal potatoes">Jersey Royal potatoes</a> are the local variety of <a href="/wiki/New_potato" class="mw-redirect" title="New potato">new potato</a>, and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats (small potatoes) from the south-facing côtils (steeply sloping fields). They were originally grown using <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_fertiliser" title="Seaweed fertiliser">vraic</a> as a natural fertiliser, giving them their own individual taste; only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method. They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> Apples historically were an important crop. Bourdélots are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8r_beurre" title="Nièr beurre">lé nièr beurre</a>), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Besides cider, <a href="/wiki/Apple_brandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple brandy">apple brandy</a> is produced. Other production of alcohol drinks includes wine,<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> and in 2013 the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodkas</a> made from Jersey Royal potatoes were marketed.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf, Jersey wonders (les mèrvelles), fliottes, bean crock (les pais au fou), <a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">nettle</a> (ortchie) soup, and vraic buns.<a href="#cite_note-Recipes-2022-195">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jersey" title="Sport in Jersey">Sport in Jersey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Vardon_statue_Grouville_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Harry_Vardon_statue_Grouville_3.jpg/220px-Harry_Vardon_statue_Grouville_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Harry_Vardon_statue_Grouville_3.jpg/330px-Harry_Vardon_statue_Grouville_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Harry_Vardon_statue_Grouville_3.jpg/440px-Harry_Vardon_statue_Grouville_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Jersey golfer, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Vardon" title="Harry Vardon">Harry Vardon</a>, stands at the entrance to the Royal Jersey Golf Club</figcaption></figure> In its own right, Jersey participates in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> and in the biennial <a href="/wiki/Island_Games" title="Island Games">Island Games</a>, which it first hosted in 1997 and more recently in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Football_Association" title="Jersey Football Association">Jersey Football Association</a> supervises football in Jersey. As of 2022, the Jersey Football Combination has nine teams in its top division.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jersey_official_football_team" title="Jersey official football team">Jersey national football team</a> plays in the annual <a href="/wiki/Muratti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muratti">Muratti</a> competition against the other Channel Islands.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Jersey" title="Rugby union in Jersey">Rugby union in Jersey</a> comes under the auspices of the Jersey Rugby Association (JRA), which is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> of England. Amateur side, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_RFC" title="Jersey RFC">Jersey RFC</a>, won the English Regional Two South Central Division in the 2023/24 season and will play in fifth tier Regional One South Central next campaign.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Cricket_Board" title="Jersey Cricket Board">Jersey Cricket Board</a> is the official <a href="/wiki/Sport_governing_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport governing body">governing body</a> of the sport of <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> in Jersey. Jersey Cricket Board is Jersey's representative at the <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council (ICC)</a>. It has been an ICC member since 2005 and an associate member since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jersey_cricket_team" title="Jersey cricket team">Jersey cricket team</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/Inter-insular_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-insular match">Inter-insular match</a>, as well as in ICC tournaments around the world in One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. For Horse racing, Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St. Ouen next to the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Grosnez_Castle" title="Grosnez Castle">Grosnez Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools: AquaSplash, St Helier<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> and Les Quennevais, St Brelade.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> Swimming in the sea, windsurfing and other marine sports are practised. Jersey Swimming Club has organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years. A round-island swim is a major challenge: the record for the swim is Ross Wisby, who circumnavigated the island in 9 hours 26 minutes in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in St Brelade.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> Two professional golfers from Jersey have won <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">the Open Championship</a> seven times between them; <a href="/wiki/Harry_Vardon" title="Harry Vardon">Harry Vardon</a> won six times and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Ray_(golfer)" title="Ted Ray (golfer)">Ted Ray</a> won once, both around the turn of the 20th century. Vardon and Ray also won the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)" title="U.S. Open (golf)">U.S. Open</a> once each. Harry Vardon's brother, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Vardon" title="Tom Vardon">Tom Vardon</a>, had wins on various European tours. Jersey Sport, an independent body that promotes sports in Jersey and support clubs, was launched in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> Until the 19th century, indigenous <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> – was the language of the island though French was used for official business. During the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British cultural influence</a> saw an intense <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> take place and Jersey today is predominantly <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Facts_about_Jersey-31">[27]</a> Jèrriais nonetheless survives; around 2,600 islanders (three per cent) are thought to be habitual speakers, and some 10,000 (12 per cent) in all claim some knowledge of the language, particularly among the elderly in rural parishes. There have been efforts to revive Jèrriais in schools.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of Jèrriais differ in <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics)" title="Lexis (linguistics)">lexis</a> between parishes, with the most marked differences to be heard between those of the west and east. Many place names are in Jèrriais, and French and English place names are also to be found. <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Place_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Place names">place names</a> increased apace with the migration of English people to the island.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo-Exile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Victor_Hugo-Exile.jpg/220px-Victor_Hugo-Exile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Victor_Hugo-Exile.jpg/330px-Victor_Hugo-Exile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Victor_Hugo-Exile.jpg/440px-Victor_Hugo-Exile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> in exile, 1850s</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a> was a 12th-century poet born in Jersey. He is the earliest known Jersey writer, authoring <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut">Roman de Brut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Rou" title="Roman de Rou">Roman de Rou</a>, among others. Some believe him to be the earliest <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> writer and he is known as the founder of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jersey literature</a>, but the language in which he wrote is very different from modern Jèrriais.<a href="#cite_note-Worlddata-2019-19">[15]</a> As Jèrriais was not an official language in Jersey, it had no standard written form, which meant that Jersey literature is very varied, written in multiple forms of Jèrriais alongside Standard English and French.<a href="#cite_note-Gov_Jersey-2019b-21">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Le_Geyt" title="Matthew Le Geyt">Matthew Le Geyt</a> was the first poet to publish in Jèrriais after the introduction of printing to the island in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Jersey_Tourism-2006-214">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Le_Sueur_Mourant" title="Philippe Le Sueur Mourant">Philippe Le Sueur Mourant</a> wrote in Jèrriais in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Gov_Jersey-2019a-22">[18]</a> Jerseyman George d'la Forge is named the 'Guardian of the Jersey Norman Heritage'. Though he lived in America for most of his life, he felt a strong attachment to Jersey and his native language. His works were turned into books in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsar-2018-23">[19]</a> After the failure of the 1848 revolution, thirty-nine French revolutionaries were exiled in Jersey, including the famous French author <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, as Jersey's culture had a relation to their native French.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Gov-2018-26">[22]</a> Gerald Durrell, the famous zoologist who set up <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Zoo" title="Jersey Zoo">Jersey Zoo</a>, was also an author, writing novels, non-fiction and children's books. He wrote in order to fund and further his conservation work.<a href="#cite_note-Mut_Bosque-2020-28">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Education in Jersey</a></div> Education in the island is managed by the Department for Children, Young People, Education and Skills of the Government of Jersey. The education system in Jersey is based on the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">English system</a>. Full time education is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16.<a href="#cite_note-JerseyLaw-1999-215">[209]</a> Furthermore, the Government provides limited pre-school education free to parents.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> Jersey schools must teach the Jersey Curriculum, which is based on the English National Curriculum, with differences to account for Jersey's unique position.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> As of 2022, there are 24 States primary schools, seven private primary or preparatory schools, four comprehensive States secondary schools, two fee-paying States secondary schools, two private secondary schools and one provided grammar school and sixth form, <a href="/wiki/Hautlieu_School" title="Hautlieu School">Hautlieu School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> Furthermore, Highlands College provides alternative post-16 and all post-18 education available on the island. However, higher education facilities are limited, so many students study off-island. In the UK, Jersey students pay the same rate as Home students.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Designations</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">South East Coast of Jersey, Channel Islands</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 2000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1043<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest (SSI). Jersey has four designated <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar sites</a>: Les Pierres de Lecq, Les Minquiers, Les Écréhous and Les Dirouilles and the south east coast of Jersey (a large area of intertidal zone).<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> Jersey is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Zoo" title="Jersey Zoo">Jersey Zoo</a> (formerly known as the Durrell Wildlife Park<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a>) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper and author <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Durrell" title="Gerald Durrell">Gerald Durrell</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> Four species of small mammal are considered native:<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> the wood mouse (<a href="/wiki/Apodemus_sylvaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apodemus sylvaticus">Apodemus sylvaticus</a>), the Jersey bank vole (<a href="/wiki/Myodes_glareolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Myodes glareolus">Myodes glareolus</a> caesarius), the lesser white-toothed shrew (<a href="/wiki/Crocidura_suaveolens" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocidura suaveolens">Crocidura suaveolens</a>) and the French shrew (<a href="/wiki/Sorex_coronatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorex coronatus">Sorex coronatus</a>). Three wild mammals are well-established introductions: the rabbit (introduced in the mediaeval period), the <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehog</a> (both introduced in the 19th century). The stoat (<a href="/wiki/Mustela_erminea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustela erminea">Mustela erminea</a>) became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000. The green lizard (<a href="/wiki/Lacerta_bilineata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacerta bilineata">Lacerta bilineata</a>) is a protected species of reptile; Jersey is its only native habitat in the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> The red-billed chough (<a href="/wiki/Red-billed_chough" title="Red-billed chough">Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax</a>) became extinct in Jersey around 1900, when changes in farming and grazing practices led to a decline in the coastal slope habitat required by this species. Birds on the Edge, a project between the Government of Jersey, <a href="/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Conservation_Trust" title="Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust">Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Jersey" title="National Trust for Jersey">National Trust for Jersey</a>, is working to restore Jersey's coastal habitats and reinstate the red-billed chough (and other bird species) to the island<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> Jersey is the only place in the British Isles where the agile frog (<a href="/wiki/Agile_frog" title="Agile frog">Rana dalmatina</a>) is found.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> The remaining population of agile frogs on Jersey is very small and is restricted to the south west of the island. The species is the subject of an ongoing programme to save it from extinction in Jersey via a collaboration between the Government of Jersey, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and Jersey Amphibian and Reptile Group (JARG), with support and sponsorship from several other organisations. The programme includes captive breeding and release, public awareness and habitat restoration activities.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> Trees generally considered native are the alder (<a href="/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa" title="Alnus glutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</a>), silver birch (<a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">Betula pendula</a>), sweet chestnut (<a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Castanea sativa</a>), hazel (<a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">Corylus avellana</a>), hawthorn (<a href="/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna">Crataegus monogyna</a>), beech (<a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a>), ash (<a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Fraxinus excelsior</a>), aspen (<a href="/wiki/Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">Populus tremula</a>), wild cherry (<a href="/wiki/Prunus_avium" title="Prunus avium">Prunus avium</a>), blackthorn (<a href="/wiki/Prunus_spinosa" title="Prunus spinosa">Prunus spinosa</a>), holm oak (<a href="/wiki/Quercus_ilex" title="Quercus ilex">Quercus ilex</a>), oak (<a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a>), sallow (<a href="/wiki/Salix_cinerea" title="Salix cinerea">Salix cinerea</a>), elder (<a href="/wiki/Sambucus_nigra" title="Sambucus nigra">Sambucus nigra</a>), elm (<a href="/wiki/Ulmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmus">Ulmus</a> spp.) and medlar (<a href="/wiki/Mespilus_germanica" title="Mespilus germanica">Mespilus germanica</a>). Among notable introduced species, the cabbage palm (<a href="/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis">Cordyline australis</a>) has been planted in coastal areas and may be seen in many gardens.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> Notable marine species<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Ormer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ormer">ormer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conger_conger" class="mw-redirect" title="Conger conger">conger</a>, bass, <a href="/wiki/Raja_undulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja undulata">undulate ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mugil_cephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugil cephalus">grey mullet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballan_wrasse" title="Ballan wrasse">ballan wrasse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garfish" title="Garfish">garfish</a>. Marine mammals include the <a href="/wiki/Bottlenosed_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottlenosed dolphin">bottlenosed dolphin</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey seal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> Historically the island has given its name to a variety of overly-large cabbage, the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_cabbage" title="Jersey cabbage">Jersey cabbage</a>, also known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> Japanese knotweed (<a href="/wiki/Reynoutria_japonica" title="Reynoutria japonica">Reynoutria japonica</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> that threatens Jersey's <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barnsley-233">[227]</a> It is easily recognisable and has hollow stems with small white flowers that are produced in late summer.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> Other non-native species on the island include the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado beetle">Colorado beetle</a>, burnet rose and <a href="/wiki/Oak_processionary" title="Oak processionary">oak processionary</a> moth.<a href="#cite_note-Barnsley-233">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_services">Public services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Public services">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Jersey" title="Healthcare in Jersey">Healthcare in Jersey</a></div> Health services on the island are overseen by the Department for Health and Social Care. Jersey does not have a nationalised health service and the service is not part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. Many healthcare treatments are not free at the point of use; however, treatment in the accident and emergency department is free. For residents, prescriptions and some hospital treatments are free, but GP services are paid for.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_services">Emergency services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Emergency services">edit</a>]</div> Emergency services<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> are provided by the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Police" title="States of Jersey Police">States of Jersey Police</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Police" title="Honorary Police">Honorary Police</a> as necessary, States of Jersey Ambulance Service,<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Jersey Fire and Rescue Service">Jersey Fire and Rescue Service</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Coastguard" title="Jersey Coastguard">Jersey Coastguard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service, Jersey Lifeboat Association and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution" title="Royal National Lifeboat Institution">Royal National Lifeboat Institution</a> operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service; Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade, which had been formed in 1901. The first lifeboat was equipped, funded by the States, in 1830. The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> Border security and customs controls are undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Customs_and_Immigration_Service" title="States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service">States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service</a>. Jersey has adopted the <a href="/wiki/112_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="112 (emergency telephone number)">112 emergency number</a> alongside its existing <a href="/wiki/999_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="999 (emergency telephone number)">999 emergency number</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_services">Supply services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Supply services">edit</a>]</div> Water supplies in Jersey are managed by Jersey Water. Jersey Water supply water from two water treatment works, around 7.2 billion litres in 2018. Water in Jersey is almost exclusively from rainfall-dependent surface water. The water is collected and stored in six reservoirs and there is also a desalination plant that produces up to 10.8 million litres per day (around half of the Island's average daily usage). In 2017, 101 water pollution incidents were reported, an increase of 5% on 2016. Another estimated 515,700 m3 of water is abstracted for domestic purposes from private sources (around 9% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> Electricity in Jersey is provided by a sole supplier, Jersey Electricity, of which the States of Jersey is the majority shareholder.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> Jersey imports 95 per cent of its power from France.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> 35% of the imported power derives from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydro-electric sources</a> and 65% from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear sources</a>. Jersey Electricity claims the carbon intensity of its electricity supply is 35g CO2 e / kWh compared to 352g CO2 e / kWh in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jersey" title="List of people from Jersey">List of people from Jersey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jersey" title="Bibliography of Jersey">Bibliography of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Jersey" title="Geology of Jersey">Geology of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Post" title="Jersey Post">Jersey Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haut_de_la_Garenne" title="Haut de la Garenne">Haut de la Garenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jersey" title="Outline of Jersey">Outline of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Militia_of_the_Island_of_Jersey" title="Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey">Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Jersey" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Jersey">List of tallest buildings and structures in Jersey</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> St Helier is the de facto capital of Jersey, being the seat of the island's government, however <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Jersey" title="Government House, Jersey">Government House</a>, the official royal residence of the island, is located in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Saviour,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Saviour, Jersey">Saint Saviour</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The largest settlement in Jersey is in fact made up of parts of various parishes and is often referred to as "town" by islanders. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Jersey does not have a de jure official language, but these are the permitted languages in the island's parliament, the <a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">States Assembly</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblypropositions/2018/p.4-2018.pdf">"P.4/2018 – Jèrriais: Optional use in the States Chamber"</a> (PDF). States of Jersey Greffe. 15 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107205139/https://statesassembly.gov.je/assemblypropositions/2018/p.4-2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P.4%2F2018+%E2%80%93+J%C3%A8rriais%3A+Optional+use+in+the+States+Chamber&rft.pub=States+of+Jersey+Greffe&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatesassembly.gov.je%2Fassemblypropositions%2F2018%2Fp.4-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> The official working and most widely spoken language is English, though French retains a historical and ceremonial working role. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> French: Bailiage de Jersey; Jèrriais: Bailiage d'Jèrri </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a>, Article 355(5)(c) TFEU states "the Treaties shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972". </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Geographically it is not part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. As of 15 October 2006, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Jersey">States of Jersey</a> indicates that the island is situated "only 22 km off the northwest coast of France and 140 km south of England". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/863381/crown-dependencies-factsheet-february-2020.pdf">Fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies</a> (PDF), UK Ministry of Justice, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220043113/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/863381/crown-dependencies-factsheet-february-2020.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2021, retrieved 2 May 2023, <q>The Crown Dependencies are not recognised internationally as sovereign States in their own right but as "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fact+sheet+on+the+UK%27s+relationship+with+the+Crown+Dependencies&rft.pub=UK+Ministry+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F863381%2Fcrown-dependencies-factsheet-february-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20InternationalIdentityFramework%2020070502.pdf">Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey</a> (PDF), Government of Jersey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131174832/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20InternationalIdentityFramework%2020070502.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2021, retrieved 2 May 2023, <q>2. Jersey has an international identity which is different from that of the UK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framework+for+developing+the+international+identity+of+Jersey&rft.pub=Government+of+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520InternationalIdentityFramework%252020070502.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/leisure/jersey/pages/anthemjersey.aspx">"Anthem for Jersey"</a>. Government of Jersey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023144751/https://www.gov.je/leisure/jersey/pages/anthemjersey.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Anthem+for+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2Fleisure%2Fjersey%2Fpages%2Fanthemjersey.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/Government/Census/pages/census2021results.aspx">"Bulletin 2: Place of birth, ethnicity, length of residency, marital status"</a>. Government of Jersey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810163514/https://www.gov.je/Government/Census/Pages/Census2021Results.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Bulletin+2%3A+Place+of+birth%2C+ethnicity%2C+length+of+residency%2C+marital+status.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FGovernment%2FCensus%2Fpages%2Fcensus2021results.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf">Jersey Annual Social Survey: 2015</a> (PDF). States of Jersey. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151311/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jersey+Annual+Social+Survey%3A+2015&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=States+of+Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520JASS%25202015%252020151202%2520SU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-figures-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-figures_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-figures_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-figures_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-figures_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-figures_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-figures_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-figures_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-figures_9-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Jersey%20In%20Figures%202013%2020140429%20SU.pdf">"Jersey in Figures 2013 booklet"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227062938/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Jersey%20In%20Figures%202013%2020140429%20SU.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Jersey+in+Figures+2013+booklet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520Jersey%2520In%2520Figures%25202013%252020140429%2520SU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-facts-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-facts_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/FirstCensusResultsPublished.aspx">"First Census Results Published"</a>. 13 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413091118/https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/FirstCensusResultsPublished.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+Census+Results+Published&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FNews%2F2022%2FPages%2FFirstCensusResultsPublished.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20GVA%20and%20GDP%202015%2020160927%20SU.pdf">"Measuring Jersey's Economy"</a> (PDF). Government of Jersey. 28 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108192033/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20GVA%20and%20GDP%202015%2020160927%20SU.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Measuring+Jersey%27s+Economy&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520GVA%2520and%2520GDP%25202015%252020160927%2520SU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_accounts:_GVA_and_GDP-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_accounts:_GVA_and_GDP_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_accounts:_GVA_and_GDP_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/BusinessEconomy/Pages/NationalAccounts.aspx#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP),-Gross%20Domestic%20Product&text=institutions%20(FISIM).-,In%202019%3A,GDP%20was%20%C2%A34%2C885%20million">"National accounts: GVA and GDP"</a>. Statistics Jersey. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107072206/https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/BusinessEconomy/Pages/NationalAccounts.aspx#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP),-Gross%20Domestic%20Product&text=institutions%20(FISIM).-,In%202019%3A,GDP%20was%20%C2%A34%2C885%20million">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+accounts%3A+GVA+and+GDP&rft.pub=Statistics+Jersey&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FGovernment%2FJerseyInFigures%2FBusinessEconomy%2FPages%2FNationalAccounts.aspx%23%3A~%3Atext%3DGross%2520Domestic%2520Product%2520%28GDP%29%2C-Gross%2520Domestic%2520Product%26text%3Dinstitutions%2520%28FISIM%29.-%2CIn%25202019%253A%2CGDP%2520was%2520%25C2%25A34%252C885%2520million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-13"><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/">"Gini Index coefficient"</a>. CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005100501/http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/workingpaper/wp_09_02.pdf">"Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index"</a> (PDF). United Nations ESCAP. February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/workingpaper/wp_09_02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+ESCAP&rft.atitle=Filling+Gaps+in+the+Human+Development+Index&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unescap.org%2Fpdd%2Fpublications%2Fworkingpaper%2Fwp_09_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jersey-island-Channel-Islands-English-Channel">"Jersey | island, Channel Islands, English Channel"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425135904/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jersey-island-Channel-Islands-English-Channel">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Jersey+%7C+island%2C+Channel+Islands%2C+English+Channel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FJersey-island-Channel-Islands-English-Channel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalleine1951" class="citation book cs1">Balleine, G.R. (1951). Bailiwick of Jersey (King's Channel Islands series). London: Hodder And Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bailiwick+of+Jersey+%28King%27s+Channel+Islands+series%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+And+Stoughton&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Balleine&rft.aufirst=G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilbrook2022" class="citation cs2">Tilbrook, Richard (2 September 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/09.020.aspx">"09.020 – Attachment of Jersey to the Diocese of Salisbury Order 2022"</a>, Unofficial extended UK law, Jersey Legal Information Board, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516180222/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/09.020.aspx">archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023, retrieved 16 May 2023, <q>HER MAJESTY, in the exercise of Her prerogatives as Sovereign in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey ... The Bailiwick of Jersey is, by virtue of this Order, as a matter of and for the purposes of the law of Jersey</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unofficial+extended+UK+law&rft.atitle=09.020+%E2%80%93+Attachment+of+Jersey+to+the+Diocese+of+Salisbury+Order+2022&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.aulast=Tilbrook&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseylaw.je%2Flaws%2Fcurrent%2FPages%2F09.020.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worlddata-2019-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Worlddata-2019_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Worlddata-2019_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/definition-country.php">"Definition: What is a country?"</a>. Worlddata.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428171551/https://www.worlddata.info/definition-country.php">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worlddata.info&rft.atitle=Definition%3A+What+is+a+country%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Fdefinition-country.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islandidentity.je/report/defining-jersey/constitution-and-citizenship">"Constitution and citizenship"</a>. Government of Jersey – Island Identity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527221026/https://islandidentity.je/report/defining-jersey/constitution-and-citizenship">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022. <q>The Board concluded that Jersey is accurately described as a 'Country', or even as a 'Small Island Nation', and as such has a distinct international character. This has been agreed with the UK and by constitutional experts, and in 2007 the Lord Chancellor and Chief Minister signed an agreement entitled 'Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey', which also acknowledges that Jersey's 'international identity' is different from that of the UK. However, legally-speaking the term 'identity' has no defined meaning; the appropriate term for a country is 'personality', and this report adopts that usage throughout when describing how we are viewed internationally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey+%E2%80%93+Island+Identity&rft.atitle=Constitution+and+citizenship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislandidentity.je%2Freport%2Fdefining-jersey%2Fconstitution-and-citizenship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gov_Jersey-2019b-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gov_Jersey-2019b_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gov_Jersey-2019b_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx">"Facts about Jersey"</a>. Government of Jersey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221081233/https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Facts+about+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FLeisure%2FJersey%2FPages%2FProfile.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gov_Jersey-2019a-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gov_Jersey-2019a_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gov_Jersey-2019a_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx">"Facts about Jersey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221081233/https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Facts+about+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FLeisure%2FJersey%2FPages%2FProfile.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsar-2018-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramsar-2018_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramsar-2018_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1455">"Les Écrehous & Les Dirouilles, Jersey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155637/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1455">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%89crehous+%26+Les+Dirouilles%2C+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F1455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1456">"Les Minquiers, Jersey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025129/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1456">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Les+Minquiers%2C+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F1456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1457">"Les Pierres de Lecq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722130033/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1457">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Les+Pierres+de+Lecq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F1457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/News/2020/Pages/Liberation75Plans.aspx">"Plans to celebrate Liberation 75"</a>. gov.je. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505235725/https://www.gov.je/News/2020/Pages/Liberation75Plans.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.je&rft.atitle=Plans+to+celebrate+Liberation+75&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FNews%2F2020%2FPages%2FLiberation75Plans.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-External_policy-25"><a href="#cite_ref-External_policy_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf">"COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204635/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Common%20policy%20for%20external%20relations%2020121122%20JS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMMON+POLICY+FOR+EXTERNAL+RELATIONS&rft.pub=Government+of+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520Common%2520policy%2520for%2520external%2520relations%252020121122%2520JS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_Gov-2018-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK_Gov-2018_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_Gov-2018_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies">"Crown Dependencies"</a>. Royal.gov.uk. 4 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711004012/https://www.royal.uk/crown-dependencies">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crown+Dependencies&rft.pub=Royal.gov.uk&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fcrown-dependencies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee2017" class="citation report cs1">Committee, European Union (23 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427043240/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/136/136.pdf">Brexit: the British Crown Dependencies</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/136/136.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Brexit%3A+the+British+Crown+Dependencies&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft.aulast=Committee&rft.aufirst=European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld201617%2Fldselect%2Fldeucom%2F136%2F136.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> (Summary, first sentence; Paragraph 4) </li> <li id="cite_note-Mut_Bosque-2020-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mut_Bosque-2020_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mut_Bosque-2020_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMut_Bosque2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mut Bosque, Maria (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24043%2Fisj.114">"The sovereignty of the British Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit era"</a>. Island Studies Journal. 15 (1): 151–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24043%2Fisj.114">10.24043/isj.114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Island+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=The+sovereignty+of+the+British+Crown+Dependencies+and+the+British+Overseas+Territories+in+the+Brexit+era&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-168&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24043%2Fisj.114&rft.aulast=Mut+Bosque&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24043%252Fisj.114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torrance-2022-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torrance-2022_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torrance-2022_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrance2022" class="citation report cs1">Torrance, David (20 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf">The Crown Dependencies</a> (PDF) (Report). House of Commons Research Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014011359/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Crown+Dependencies&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Research+Library&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft.aulast=Torrance&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.files.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2FCBP-8611%2FCBP-8611.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curriculum-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Curriculum_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx">"Understanding the curriculum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. 30 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905144124/http://www.gov.je/Education/Schools/ChildLearning/Pages/UnderstandingCurriculum.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+curriculum&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FEducation%2FSchools%2FChildLearning%2FPages%2FUnderstandingCurriculum.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts_about_Jersey-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_about_Jersey_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_about_Jersey_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx">"Facts about Jersey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. 30 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221081233/https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Facts+about+Jersey&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FLeisure%2FJersey%2FPages%2FProfile.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan_2000_349-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minahan_2000_349_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minahan_2000_349_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=Jersey">One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30984-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&q=Jersey">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30984-7&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC%26q%3DJersey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quayle_1815_48-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quayle_1815_48_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quayle_1815_48_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuayle1815" class="citation book cs1">Quayle, T. (1815). A general view of the agriculture and present state of the islands on the coast of Normandy. London: Board of Agriculture. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+general+view+of+the+agriculture+and+present+state+of+the+islands+on+the+coast+of+Normandy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Board+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Quayle&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IdentityBoard-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IdentityBoard_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IdentityBoard_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/island-identity-xklzrrjhwf/media/pdfs/island-identity-report.pdf">"Island Identity Interim Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. Island Identity Policy Development Board. 11 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511143148/https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/island-identity-xklzrrjhwf/media/pdfs/island-identity-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Island+Identity+Interim+Report&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fisland-identity-xklzrrjhwf%2Fmedia%2Fpdfs%2Fisland-identity-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Dominique Fournier, Wikimanche. </li> <li id="cite_note-Balleine-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Balleine_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarguerite_SyvretJoan_Stevens1998" class="citation book cs1">Marguerite Syvret; Joan Stevens (1998). Balleine's History of Jersey. La Société Jersiaise. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7"><bdi>1-86077-065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balleine%27s+History+of+Jersey&rft.pub=La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Jersiaise&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86077-065-7&rft.au=Marguerite+Syvret&rft.au=Joan+Stevens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nj01.asp">"The Duke of York's Release to John Lord Berkeley, and Sir George Carteret, 24th of June, 1664"</a>. avalon.law.yale.edu. 18 December 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906103925/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nj01.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+York%27s+Release+to+John+Lord+Berkeley%2C+and+Sir+George+Carteret%2C+24th+of+June%2C+1664&rft.pub=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.date=1998-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F17th_century%2Fnj01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westjersey.org/wjh_nova.htm">"So what's all this stuff about Nova Caesarea??"</a>. avalon.law.yale.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211222821/http://westjersey.org/wjh_nova.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So+what%27s+all+this+stuff+about+Nova+Caesarea%3F%3F&rft.pub=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwestjersey.org%2Fwjh_nova.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary">Antonine Itinerary</a>, fourth century </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060508134224/http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170">"History of stamps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Post" title="Jersey Post">Jersey Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170">the original</a> on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+stamps&rft.pub=Jersey+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseypost.com%2Fjppage.aspx%3Fid%3D170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199580897.001.0001/acref-9780199580897">The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names</a>. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511204207/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199580897.001.0001/acref-9780199580897">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021 – via www.oxfordreference.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place-Names&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199580897.001.0001%2Facref-9780199580897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lepelley-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Lepelley_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepelley1999" class="citation book cs1">Lepelley, René (1999). Noms de lieux de Normandie et des îles Anglo-Normandes. Paris: Bonneton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2862532479" title="Special:BookSources/2862532479"><bdi>2862532479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noms+de+lieux+de+Normandie+et+des+%C3%AEles+Anglo-Normandes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Bonneton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2862532479&rft.aulast=Lepelley&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115204130/http://www.viking.no/the-viking-heritage/the-viking-linguistic-heritage/v/">"Old Norse Words in the Norman Dialect"</a>. Viking Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viking.no/the-viking-heritage/the-viking-linguistic-heritage/v/">the original</a> on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Norse+Words+in+the+Norman+Dialect&rft.pub=Viking+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viking.no%2Fthe-viking-heritage%2Fthe-viking-linguistic-heritage%2Fv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1994" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198143857">The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198143850" title="Special:BookSources/0198143850"><bdi>0198143850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+Prehistory+of+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0198143850&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780198143857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015642/http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island%2BPlan%2Band%2BOther%2BPolicy%2BGuidance/Countryside%2BCharacter%2BAppraisal/Character%2BArea%2BA1%2BNorth%2BCoast%2BHeathland.htm">"Countryside Character Appraisal – Character Area A1: North Coast Heathland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Jersey">States of Jersey</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island+Plan+and+Other+Policy+Guidance/Countryside+Character+Appraisal/Character+Area+A1+North+Coast+Heathland.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countryside+Character+Appraisal+%E2%80%93+Character+Area+A1%3A+North+Coast+Heathland&rft.pub=States+of+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FPlanningEnvironment%2FPlanning%2FIsland%2BPlan%2Band%2BOther%2BPolicy%2BGuidance%2FCountryside%2BCharacter%2BAppraisal%2FCharacter%2BArea%2BA1%2BNorth%2BCoast%2BHeathland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHJ8-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ8_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ8_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ8_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ8_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ8_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ8_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ8_46-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ8_46-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ8_46-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyvret2011" class="citation book cs1">Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860776502" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860776502"><bdi>978-1860776502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balleine%27s+History+of+Jersey&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1860776502&rft.aulast=Syvret&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm">"ST HELIER: THE MAN AND THE MYTH"</a>. members.societe-jersiaise.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818165438/https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=members.societe-jersiaise.org&rft.atitle=ST+HELIER%3A+THE+MAN+AND+THE+MYTH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmembers.societe-jersiaise.org%2Fwhitsco%2Fsthelier4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lempiere-1976-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lempiere-1976_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lempiere-1976_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLempière1976" class="citation book cs1">Lempière, Raoul (1976). Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands. Great Britain: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-5731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-5731-2"><bdi>0-7091-5731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Customs%2C+Ceremonies+and+Traditions+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7091-5731-2&rft.aulast=Lempi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmmer1991" class="citation book cs1">Ommer, Rosemary E. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13">From Outpost to Outport</a>. <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0730-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0730-2"><bdi>0-7735-0730-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Outpost+to+Outport&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7735-0730-2&rft.aulast=Ommer&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnrdYUXv817sC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2001" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Daniel J. (1 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45">Not for Filthy Lucre's Sake</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University Press</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934223-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-934223-66-1"><bdi>0-934223-66-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073101/https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+for+Filthy+Lucre%27s+Sake&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft.isbn=0-934223-66-1&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFM_BrMaXR2kC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane1993" class="citation book cs1">Cochrane, Willard W. (30 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18">The Development of American Agriculture</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2283-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2283-3"><bdi>0-8166-2283-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073102/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+American+Agriculture&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1993-09-30&rft.isbn=0-8166-2283-3&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Willard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgnqxb5vuTEMC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/">"1781 The Battle Of Jersey"</a>. Jersey Heritage. 5 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404212148/https://www.jerseyheritage.org/learn/schools/1781-the-battle-of-jersey/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jersey+Heritage&rft.atitle=1781+The+Battle+Of+Jersey&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseyheritage.org%2Flearn%2Fschools%2F1781-the-battle-of-jersey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelleher-1991-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelleher-1991_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleher1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Kelleher, John D. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15">The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey</a> (Thesis). S.l.: typescript. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328050841/https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+rural+community+in+nineteenth+century+Jersey&rft.inst=typescript&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kelleher&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk%2Frecord%3Db1410448~S15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunting-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Bunting_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunting1995" class="citation book cs1">Bunting, Madeleine (1995). The Model Occupation. London: Harper Collins. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0002552426" title="Special:BookSources/0002552426"><bdi>0002552426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Model+Occupation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0002552426&rft.aulast=Bunting&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellows" class="citation web cs1">Bellows, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm">"What was the "Occupation" and why is "Liberation Day" celebrated in the Channel Islands?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Jersiaise" title="Société Jersiaise">Société Jersiaise</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230333/http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/jerrais1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+was+the+%22Occupation%22+and+why+is+%22Liberation+Day%22+celebrated+in+the+Channel+Islands%3F&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Jersiaise&rft.aulast=Bellows&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.societe-jersiaise.org%2Fwhitsco%2Fjerrais1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunting1995151–154-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunting1995151–154_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunting1995">Bunting 1995</a>, pp. 151–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeddickPayneCatz2020" class="citation book cs1">Meddick, Simon; Payne, Liz; Catz, Phil (2020). Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Sweet_%26_Maxwell" title="Sweet & Maxwell">Sweet & Maxwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84703-461-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84703-461-8"><bdi>978-1-84703-461-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dicey%2C+Morris+%26+Collins+on+the+Conflict+of+Laws&rft.place=London&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84703-461-8&rft.aulast=Collins+of+Mapesbury&rft.aufirst=Lord&rft.au=More&rft.au=McLean&rft.au=Briggs&rft.au=Harris&rft.au=McLachlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-76"><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_76-0">^</a> See generally <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS_Nicolle2009" class="citation book cs1">S Nicolle (2009). The Origin and Development of Jersey law: an Outline Guide (5th ed.). St Helier: Jersey and Guernsey Law Review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557611-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557611-3-3"><bdi>978-0-9557611-3-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Development+of+Jersey+law%3A+an+Outline+Guide&rft.place=St+Helier&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Jersey+and+Guernsey+Law+Review&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9557611-3-3&rft.au=S+Nicolle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228104105/http://www.lawinstitute.ac.je/default.asp?contentID=629">"Study Guide on Jersey Legal System and Constitutional Law"</a>. Jersey: Institute of Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawinstitute.ac.je/default.asp?contentID=629">the original</a> on 28 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+Guide+on+Jersey+Legal+System+and+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=Jersey&rft.pub=Institute+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawinstitute.ac.je%2Fdefault.asp%3FcontentID%3D629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Hanson, T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf">THE LANGUAGE OF THE LAW: THE IMPORTANCE OF FRENCH.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106230756/https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf">Archived</a> 6 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Jersey Law Review. June 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-RC2-78"><a href="#cite_ref-RC2_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804031454/http://www.jerseycourts.je/about/royal-court/">"The Royal Court"</a>. Jersey Courts. 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Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+our+new+foreign+minister+%C2%AB+This+Is+Jersey&rft.pub=Thisisjersey.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisjersey.com%2F2011%2F01%2F14%2Fmeet-our-new-foreign-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122210938/http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/17/a-new-role-of-great-importance/">"A new role of great importance"</a>. Thisisjersey.com. 17 January 2011. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+role+of+great+importance&rft.pub=Thisisjersey.com&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisjersey.com%2F2011%2F01%2F17%2Fa-new-role-of-great-importance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-gov.je-81"><a href="#cite_ref-gov.je_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20InternationalIdentityFramework%2020070502.pdf">"Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey"</a> (PDF). Government of Jersey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723065037/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20InternationalIdentityFramework%2020070502.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Framework+for+developing+the+international+identity+of+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520InternationalIdentityFramework%252020070502.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323051756/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tax%20and%20your%20money/ID%20TIEAsSignedToDate.pdf">"TAX INFORMATION EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS (TIEAs)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. 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Retrieved 6 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=TAX+INFORMATION+EXCHANGE+AGREEMENTS+%28TIEAs%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FTax%2520and%2520your%2520money%2FID%2520TIEAsSignedToDate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/26/jersey-threatens-independence-tax-backlash">"Jersey threatens to break with UK over tax backlash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 26 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204171617/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/26/jersey-threatens-independence-tax-backlash">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jersey+threatens+to+break+with+UK+over+tax+backlash&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2012%2Fjun%2F26%2Fjersey-threatens-independence-tax-backlash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bianfrance.org/the-office/?lang=en">"The Office | Bureau des Îles Anglo-Normandes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203053707/https://www.bianfrance.org/the-office/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Office+%7C+Bureau+des+%C3%8Eles+Anglo-Normandes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bianfrance.org%2Fthe-office%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonoffice.gov.je/">"Government of Jersey London Office | Representing Jersey in the UK"</a>. Government of Jersey London Office. 27 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204112555/http://www.londonoffice.gov.je/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. 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Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+Islands+Brussels+Office+%28CIBO%29&rft.atitle=Channel+Islands+Brussels+Office+%28CIBO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelislands.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/jersey">"Jersey"</a>. British-Irish Council. 7 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404061006/https://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/jersey">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022. 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Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cpahq.org&rft.atitle=States+of+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpahq.org%2Fdirectory%2Fjersey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403160247/http://apf.francophonie.org/Jersey.html">"Jersey"</a>. Assemblée Parlementaire de la Francophonie (APF) (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apf.francophonie.org/Jersey.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembl%C3%A9e+Parlementaire+de+la+Francophonie+%28APF%29&rft.atitle=Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapf.francophonie.org%2FJersey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTargett2018" class="citation web cs1">Targett, Tania (23 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2018/06/23/independence-may-be-only-option-if-brexit-deal-is-bad/">"Independence 'may be only option if Brexit deal is bad'"</a>. jerseyeveningpost.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131204240/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2018/06/23/independence-may-be-only-option-if-brexit-deal-is-bad/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. 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Retrieved 14 September 2009. <q>the Islands" means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; [...] the United Kingdom" means Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Islands, taken together</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation%2C+UK%2C+Acts&rft.atitle=British+Nationality+Act+1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2FRevisedStatutes%2FActs%2Fukpga%2F1981%2Fcukpga_19810061_en_8%23pt5-l1g57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Jersey2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a> [@GovJersey] (15 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/GovJersey/status/1272536695678873600">"Islanders who apply for a passport will start to be issued the new blue Jersey variant British passport from this week"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islanders+who+apply+for+a+passport+will+start+to+be+issued+the+new+blue+Jersey+variant+British+passport+from+this+week&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.au=Government+of+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FGovJersey%2Fstatus%2F1272536695678873600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49">"Jersey Citizens Advice – Passports ( 2.7.1. )"</a>. www.cab.org.je. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204516/https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. 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Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gov.je+%E2%80%93+Summary+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F7AAC2805-37B6-4FC9-BA1A-E8F203D7949C%2F0%2FSummaryPolicy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov.je_-_Migration_Monitoring_and_Regulation-152"><a href="#cite_ref-gov.je_-_Migration_Monitoring_and_Regulation_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021315/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D332538A-503A-46E6-AA91-3CB7B7B382CB/0/P252005MigrationMonitoringandRegulation.pdf">"gov.je – Migration Monitoring and Regulation"</a> (PDF). 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Home Affairs, Customs & Immigration, Immigration. States of Jersey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/">the original</a> on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2009. <q>Passengers arriving from outside of the Common Travel Area (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) will pass through an Immigration control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+Affairs%2C+Customs+%26+Immigration%2C+Immigration&rft.atitle=Visas+%2F+entry+clearances+%2F+work+permit+issue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FHomeAffairs%2FCusAndImm%2FImmigration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/CustomsImmigration.aspx">"Moving to Jersey: Customs and immigration"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Moving+to+Jersey%3A+Customs+and+immigration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FLifeEvents%2FMovingToJersey%2FLivingInJersey%2FPages%2FCustomsImmigration.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitizensinformation.ie" class="citation web cs1">Citizensinformation.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2">"Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom"</a>. www.citizensinformation.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195559/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citizensinformation.ie&rft.atitle=Common+Travel+Area+between+Ireland+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft.au=Citizensinformation.ie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizensinformation.ie%2Fen%2Fgovernment_in_ireland%2Fireland_and_the_uk%2Fcommon_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html%23l651c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021150/http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/">"gov.je – Immigration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/">the original</a> on 19 March 2016. 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Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jersey%27s+population+%E2%80%93+a+history&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Boleat&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boleat.com%2Fmaterials%2Fjerseys_population_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Johnson, Henry (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306058256_Encountering_Urbanization_on_Jersey_Development_Sustainability_and_Spatiality_in_a_Small_Island_Setting">Encountering Urbanization on Jersey: Development, Sustainability, and Spatiality in a Small Island Setting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911063358/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306058256_Encountering_Urbanization_on_Jersey_Development_Sustainability_and_Spatiality_in_a_Small_Island_Setting">Archived</a> 11 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Urban Island Studies. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier/">Saint Helier – Saint Hélyi – Saint Hélier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060311231037/http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier/">Archived</a> 11 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-About-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseydeanery.je/about">"About"</a>. Deanery of Jersey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202145/https://www.jerseydeanery.je/about">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deanery+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseydeanery.je%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Salisbury diocese website </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseydeanery.je/churches">"Churches"</a>. Deanery of Jersey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404212157/https://www.jerseydeanery.je/churches">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deanery+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseydeanery.je%2Fchurches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JASS152-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JASS152_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JASS152_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf">Jersey Annual Social Survey: 2015</a> (PDF). States of Jersey. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151311/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jersey+Annual+Social+Survey%3A+2015&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=States+of+Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520JASS%25202015%252020151202%2520SU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060825021120/http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm">"The Jersey Battle of Flowers"</a>. Jersey Battle of Flowers Association. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm">the original</a> on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jersey+Battle+of+Flowers&rft.pub=Jersey+Battle+of+Flowers+Association&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.battleofflowers.com%2Fthebattle%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222111703/http://www.jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/eventscalendar/christmas/pages/default.aspx">"La Fête dé Noué"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/eventscalendar/christmas/pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 22 December 2010. 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Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jerseytravel.com&rft.atitle=The+Weekender+Festival+%7C+Jersey+Events+%7C+JerseyTravel.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseytravel.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Fjersey-events-festivals%2Fthe-weekender-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.je/directory/visual-art/organisation/jersey-eisteddfod">"Jersey Eisteddfod"</a>. Culture Jersey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171642/https://culture.je/directory/visual-art/organisation/jersey-eisteddfod">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Jersey&rft.atitle=Jersey+Eisteddfod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.je%2Fdirectory%2Fvisual-art%2Forganisation%2Fjersey-eisteddfod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53835146">"Earliest art in the British Isles discovered on Jersey"</a>. BBC News. 19 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606165701/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53835146">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Earliest+art+in+the+British+Isles+discovered+on+Jersey&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-53835146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelloBlinkhornNeedhamBates2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bello, Silvia M.; Blinkhorn, Edward; Needham, Andrew; Bates, Martin; Duffy, Sarah; Little, Aimée; Pope, Matt; Scott, Beccy; Shaw, Andrew; Welch, Mark D.; Kinnaird, Tim; Millar, Lisa; Robinson, Ruth; Conneller, Chantal (19 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446900">"Artists on the edge of the world: An integrated approach to the study of Magdalenian engraved stone plaquettes from Jersey (Channel Islands)"</a>. PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0236875. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1536875B">2020PLoSO..1536875B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0236875">10.1371/journal.pone.0236875</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446900">7446900</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32813748">32813748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Artists+on+the+edge+of+the+world%3A+An+integrated+approach+to+the+study+of+Magdalenian+engraved+stone+plaquettes+from+Jersey+%28Channel+Islands%29&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e0236875&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7446900%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1536875B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32813748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0236875&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Bello&rft.aufirst=Silvia+M.&rft.au=Blinkhorn%2C+Edward&rft.au=Needham%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Bates%2C+Martin&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Little%2C+Aim%C3%A9e&rft.au=Pope%2C+Matt&rft.au=Scott%2C+Beccy&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Welch%2C+Mark+D.&rft.au=Kinnaird%2C+Tim&rft.au=Millar%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Conneller%2C+Chantal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7446900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Times_174-0">^</a> Anonymous (1944). Mr. J. St H. Lander. The Times 15 February 1944 p 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.societe.je/archive/annual-bulletin/volume-18/annual-bulletin-1964/1964-article-6-edmund-blampied/1986915">"1964 – Article 6 – Edmund Blampied"</a>. Société Jersiaise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171032/https://collections.societe.je/archive/annual-bulletin/volume-18/annual-bulletin-1964/1964-article-6-edmund-blampied/1986915">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Jersiaise&rft.atitle=1964+%E2%80%93+Article+6+%E2%80%93+Edmund+Blampied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.societe.je%2Farchive%2Fannual-bulletin%2Fvolume-18%2Fannual-bulletin-1964%2F1964-article-6-edmund-blampied%2F1986915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theharbourgalleryjersey.com/artists/ian-rolls/">"Ian Rolls – The Harbour Gallery Jersey"</a>. theharbourgalleryjersey.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171028/https://theharbourgalleryjersey.com/artists/ian-rolls/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theharbourgalleryjersey.com&rft.atitle=Ian+Rolls+%E2%80%93+The+Harbour+Gallery+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheharbourgalleryjersey.com%2Fartists%2Fian-rolls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stmatthews.je/glass-church">"St Matthew's Glass Church"</a>. St Matthew's Glass Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606171029/https://stmatthews.je/glass-church">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Matthew%27s+Glass+Church&rft.atitle=St+Matthew%27s+Glass+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstmatthews.je%2Fglass-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connectotel.com/cahun/cahunchr.html">"Claude Cahun – Chronology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925180515/http://www.connectotel.com/cahun/cahunchr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Claude+Cahun+%E2%80%93+Chronology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connectotel.com%2Fcahun%2Fcahunchr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jerseyeveningpost.com/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. Jersey Evening Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318141512/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jersey+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjerseyeveningpost.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907163918/http://www.islandband.org.je/">"Band of the Island of Jersey"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islandband.org.je">the original</a> on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Band+of+the+Island+of+Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandband.org.je&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Kennedy, Peter (1975) Folksongs of Britain and Ireland. London: Cassell </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Jersey Times Almanac & Directory, 26 January 1907 </li> <li id="cite_note-obituary-183"><a href="#cite_ref-obituary_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeting2016" class="citation news cs1">Sweeting, Adam (5 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/05/guru-josh">"Guru Josh obituary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184915/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/05/guru-josh">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guru+Josh+obituary&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft.aulast=Sweeting&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fjan%2F05%2Fguru-josh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetab.com/uk/2022/01/20/50-best-kylie-minogue-singles-ranked-236367">"The 50 greatest Kylie Minogue singles of all time, ranked"</a>. The Tab UK. 20 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120165441/https://thetab.com/uk/2022/01/20/50-best-kylie-minogue-singles-ranked-236367">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022. <q>The Nerina Pallot penned Better Than Today sounds like if Kylie decided to lay vocals down on a MIKA and Scissor Sisters lovechild track. It's camp as hell, brimming with positivity and a Stuart Price production that's difficult not to fall completely in love with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tab+UK&rft.atitle=The+50+greatest+Kylie+Minogue+singles+of+all+time%2C+ranked&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetab.com%2Fuk%2F2022%2F01%2F20%2F50-best-kylie-minogue-singles-ranked-236367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jersey.com/inspire-me/inspiration/ten-summer-music-events-in-jersey/">"Ten summer music events in Jersey | Inspiration"</a>. Visit Jersey. 7 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526144944/https://www.jersey.com/inspire-me/inspiration/ten-summer-music-events-in-jersey/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Jersey&rft.atitle=Ten+summer+music+events+in+Jersey+%7C+Inspiration&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jersey.com%2Finspire-me%2Finspiration%2Ften-summer-music-events-in-jersey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jersey.com/things-to-do/attractions/arts-culture/theatre-in-jersey/">"Theatre in Jersey – attractions"</a>. Visit Jersey. 1 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625005030/https://www.jersey.com/things-to-do/attractions/arts-culture/theatre-in-jersey/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Jersey&rft.atitle=Theatre+in+Jersey+%E2%80%93+attractions&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jersey.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Fattractions%2Farts-culture%2Ftheatre-in-jersey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pears-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Pears_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/03/when-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad/260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce/">"When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116081428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/03/when-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad/260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022. <q>British actress Lillie Langtry became the world's first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=When+Celebrity+Endorsers+Go+Bad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F2002%2F02%2F03%2Fwhen-celebrity-endorsers-go-bad%2F260776e6-d38c-4319-b683-eb466c499dce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lillie-Langtry">"Lillie Langtry British actress"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712212548/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lillie-Langtry">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Lillie+Langtry+British+actress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLillie-Langtry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lillielangtry.com/Fame.htm">"The Girl from Jersey"</a>. lillielangtry.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520033459/http://www.lillielangtry.com/Fame.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Girl+from+Jersey&rft.pub=lillielangtry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lillielangtry.com%2FFame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley1958" class="citation book cs1">Dudley, Ernest (1958). The Gilded Lily. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/27F0C1B6-73B4-4B51-A743-7000AEEAC404/0/CZMTPMarineBiodiversityOct05.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.je&rft.atitle=Marine+Biodiversity&rft.date=2016-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F27F0C1B6-73B4-4B51-A743-7000AEEAC404%2F0%2FCZMTPMarineBiodiversityOct05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222118/http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/">"Giant cabbage « Jersey Evening Post"</a>. Jerseyeveningpost.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/">the original</a> on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giant+cabbage+%C2%AB+Jersey+Evening+Post&rft.pub=Jerseyeveningpost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjerseyeveningpost.com%2Fisland-life%2Fhistory-heritage%2Fgiant-cabbage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnsley-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnsley_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnsley_233-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnsleyCaryPienkowskiWensink2016" class="citation book cs1">Barnsley, S; Cary, E; Pienkowski, M; Wensink, C (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/charters/UKOT%26CD_EnvCharterAichiReviewReport140427full.pdf">Measures of performance by 2016 of UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies in implementing the 2001 Environment Charters or their equivalents and moving towards the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Targets</a> (PDF) (First ed.). UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum. pp. 97, 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911097-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911097-03-7"><bdi>978-1-911097-03-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813100907/http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/charters/UKOT%26CD_EnvCharterAichiReviewReport140427full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measures+of+performance+by+2016+of+UK+Overseas+Territories+and+Crown+Dependencies+in+implementing+the+2001+Environment+Charters+or+their+equivalents+and+moving+towards+the+Aichi+Targets+and+Sustainable+Development+Targets&rft.pages=97%2C+480&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=UK+Overseas+Territories+Conservation+Forum&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-911097-03-7&rft.aulast=Barnsley&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Cary%2C+E&rft.au=Pienkowski%2C+M&rft.au=Wensink%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukotcf.org%2Fpdf%2Fcharters%2FUKOT%2526CD_EnvCharterAichiReviewReport140427full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/environment/protectingenvironment/problemspecies/pages/japaneseknotweed.aspx#anchor-3">"Japanese knotweed"</a>. Government of Jersey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731044654/http://www.gov.je/Environment/ProtectingEnvironment/ProblemSpecies/Pages/JapaneseKnotweed.aspx#anchor-3">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Japanese+knotweed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2Fenvironment%2Fprotectingenvironment%2Fproblemspecies%2Fpages%2Fjapaneseknotweed.aspx%23anchor-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/Healthcare.aspx">"Moving to Jersey: Healthcare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226132519/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/Healthcare.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Moving+to+Jersey%3A+Healthcare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FLifeEvents%2FMovingToJersey%2FLivingInJersey%2FPages%2FHealthcare.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319020149/http://www.gov.je/PublicOrderJusticeRights/EmergencyServices/">"Emergency services"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/PublicOrderJusticeRights/EmergencyServices/">the original</a> on 19 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergency+services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FPublicOrderJusticeRights%2FEmergencyServices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/pages/contacts.aspx?contactId=87">"Contacts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514123930/http://www.gov.je/pages/contacts.aspx?contactId=87">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contacts&rft.pub=Government+of+Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2Fpages%2Fcontacts.aspx%3FcontactId%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529084753/http://www.gov.je/GOVERNMENT/DEPARTMENTS/HOMEAFFAIRS/DEPARTMENTS/FIRESERVICE/Pages/default.aspx">"Jersey Fire and Rescue Service"</a>. Gov.je. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/Government/Departments/HomeAffairs/Departments/FireService/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jersey+Fire+and+Rescue+Service&rft.pub=Gov.je&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FGovernment%2FDepartments%2FHomeAffairs%2FDepartments%2FFireService%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602175754/http://www.portofjersey.je/JerseyCoastguard/Pages/default.aspx">"Jersey Coastguard"</a>. Portofjersey.je. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portofjersey.je/JerseyCoastguard/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jersey+Coastguard&rft.pub=Portofjersey.je&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portofjersey.je%2FJerseyCoastguard%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvor_Bisson2011" class="citation web cs1">Ivor Bisson (3 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci-airsearch.com/">"CI Air Search Home page"</a>. Ci-airsearch.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611200601/http://www.ci-airsearch.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CI+Air+Search+Home+page&rft.pub=Ci-airsearch.com&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft.au=Ivor+Bisson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci-airsearch.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914083435/http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/St-Helier-Lifeboat-Station.aspx">"St Helier History"</a>. Rnli.org.uk. 14 December 1982. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/St-Helier-Lifeboat-Station.aspx">the original</a> on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Helier+History&rft.pub=Rnli.org.uk&rft.date=1982-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frnli.org%2Ffindmynearest%2Fstation%2FPages%2FSt-Helier-Lifeboat-Station.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je/Health/Hospitals/EmergencyOutHours/pages/accidentemergency.aspx">"Emergency Department"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318141513/https://www.gov.je/Health/Hospitals/EmergencyOutHours/pages/accidentemergency.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Emergency+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FHealth%2FHospitals%2FEmergencyOutHours%2Fpages%2Faccidentemergency.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/Environment/Pages/Water.aspx">"Water statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201025152/https://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyInFigures/Environment/Pages/Water.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.atitle=Water+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FGovernment%2FJerseyInFigures%2FEnvironment%2FPages%2FWater.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jec.co.uk/about-us/about-us/key-facts/">"Key facts"</a>. www.jec.co.uk. Jersey Electricity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123203943/https://www.jec.co.uk/about-us/about-us/key-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jec.co.uk&rft.atitle=Key+facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jec.co.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fabout-us%2Fkey-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoughMacAskill2021" class="citation news cs1">Lough, Richard; MacAskill, Andrew (6 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/british-navy-dispatched-as-france-threatens-retaliation-over-fishing-rights-20210506-p57pbn.html">"British navy dispatched as France threatens 'retaliation' over fishing rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506005303/https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/british-navy-dispatched-as-france-threatens-retaliation-over-fishing-rights-20210506-p57pbn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=British+navy+dispatched+as+France+threatens+%27retaliation%27+over+fishing+rights&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft.aulast=Lough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=MacAskill%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbritish-navy-dispatched-as-france-threatens-retaliation-over-fishing-rights-20210506-p57pbn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jec.co.uk/energy-hub/jersey-electricity-a-year-in-numbers/">"The stats behind the network: a review of Jersey Electricity in numbers over the past 12 months"</a>. www.jec.co.uk. Jersey Electricity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630073108/https://www.jec.co.uk/the-energy-blog/jersey-electricity-a-year-in-numbers/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jec.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+stats+behind+the+network%3A+a+review+of+Jersey+Electricity+in+numbers+over+the+past+12+months&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jec.co.uk%2Fenergy-hub%2Fjersey-electricity-a-year-in-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJersey" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jersey" title="Bibliography of Jersey">Bibliography of Jersey</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Balleine's History of Jersey, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7">1-86077-065-7</a></li> <li>Jersey Through the Centuries, Leslie Sinel, Jersey 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86120-003-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86120-003-9">0-86120-003-9</a></li> <li>A Biographical Dictionary of Jersey, G.R. Balleine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Archaeology of the Channel Islands. Vol. 2: The Bailiwick of Jersey by <a href="/wiki/Jacquetta_Hawkes" title="Jacquetta Hawkes">Jacquetta Hawkes</a> (1939)</li> <li>The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe to the Mycenean Age, 1940, C. F. C. Hawkes</li> <li>Jersey in Prehistory, Mark Patton, 1987</li> <li>The Archaeology and Early History of the Channel Islands, Heather Sebire, 2005.</li> <li>Dolmens of Jersey: A Guide, James Hibbs (1988).</li> <li>A Guide to The Dolmens of Jersey, Peter Hunt, <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Jersiaise" title="Société Jersiaise">Société Jersiaise</a>, 1998.</li> <li>Statements in Stone: Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany, Mark Patton, 1993</li> <li>Hougue Bie, Mark Patton, <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Rodwell" title="Warwick Rodwell">Warwick Rodwell</a>, Olga Finch, 1999</li> <li>The Channel Islands, An Archaeological Guide, David Johnston, 1981</li> <li>The Archaeology of the Channel Islands, Peter Johnston, 1986</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cattle">Cattle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Cattle">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>One Hundred Years of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society 1833–1933. Compiled from the Society's Records, by H.G. Shepard, Secretary. Eric J. Boston. Jersey Cattle, 1954</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_2">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Channel Islands under Tudor Government, A.J. Eagleston</li> <li>Reformation and Society in Guernsey, D.M. Ogier</li> <li>International Politics and the Establishment of Presbyterianism in the Channel Islands: The Coutances Connection, C.S.L. Davies</li> <li>Religion, History and G.R. Balleine: The Reformation in Jersey, by J. St John Nicolle, The Pilot Magazine</li> <li>The Reformation in Jersey: The Process of Change over Two centuries, J. St John Nicolle</li> <li>The Chroniques de Jersey in the light of contemporary documents, BSJ, AJ Eagleston</li> <li>The Portrait of Richard Mabon, BSJ, Joan Stevens</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Jersey at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Jersey" class="extiw" title="wikt:Jersey">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jersey" class="extiw" title="c:Jersey">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Jersey" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Jersey">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jersey" class="extiw" title="voy:Jersey">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785" class="extiw" title="d:Q785">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/">gov.je</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203232004/https://www.gov.je/">Archived</a> 3 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Official Government of Jersey website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jersey.com/">Visit Jersey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313222222/https://www.jersey.com/">Archived</a> 13 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Government owned tourism website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerripedia.org">Jerripedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726135754/https://jerripedia.org/">Archived</a> 26 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Online history and family history encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vote.je/">Vote.je</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129142111/https://www.vote.je/">Archived</a> 29 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Elections in Jersey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey/">Jersey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113013826/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jersey">Archived</a> 13 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.locatejersey.com/">Locate Jersey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201075017/https://www.locatejersey.com/">Archived</a> 1 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/europe/jersey/">Jersey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622192407/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/europe/jersey">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/">Jersey Evening Post</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422100905/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/">Archived</a> 22 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prehistoricjersey.net/">Prehistoric Jersey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204236/http://www.prehistoricjersey.net/">Archived</a> 13 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseyshops.co.uk/">JerseyShops.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603204346/https://www.jerseyshops.co.uk/">Archived</a> 3 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – local retailers</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_civilians_from_the_Channel_Islands_in_1940" title="Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands#Collaboration" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Civilian life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechsschartenturm,_Heavy_MG_bunker,_La_Mare_Mill" title="Sechsschartenturm, Heavy MG bunker, La Mare Mill">Sechsschartentürme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohlgangsanlage_tunnels,_Jersey" title="Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey">German tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohlgangsanlage_8" title="Hohlgangsanlage 8">War Tunnels Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Lothringen" title="Battery Lothringen">Battery Lothringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Moltke" title="Battery Moltke">Battery Moltke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Occupation_Society" title="Channel Islands Occupation Society">Channel Islands Occupation Society (CIOS)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmills_in_Jersey" title="Windmills in Jersey">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_Jersey" title="Coastal fortifications of Jersey">Coastal fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perquage" title="Perquage">Perquages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Specifics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Cotte_de_St_Brelade" title="La Cotte de St Brelade">La Cotte de St Brelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_dolmens" title="Jersey dolmens">Dolmens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Hougue_Bie" title="La Hougue Bie">La Hougue Bie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Orgueil" title="Mont Orgueil">Mont Orgueil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosnez_Castle" title="Grosnez Castle">Grosnez Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Castle" title="Elizabeth Castle">Elizabeth Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Riots" title="Corn Riots">Corn Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">Battle of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="La Corbière">La Corbière Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Railway" title="Jersey Railway">Jersey Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eastern_Railway" title="Jersey Eastern Railway">Jersey Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Heritage" title="Jersey Heritage">Jersey Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Jersey" title="National Trust for Jersey">National Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Jersey" title="List of schools in Jersey">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grainville_School" title="Grainville School">Grainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_Valle%C3%A9" title="Haute Valleé">Haute Valleé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hautlieu_School" title="Hautlieu School">Hautlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_College_for_Girls" title="Jersey College for Girls">Jersey College for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Rocquier_School" title="Le Rocquier School">Le Rocquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Quennevais_School" title="Les Quennevais School">Les Quennevais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_College,_Jersey" title="Victoria College, Jersey">Victoria College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_College,_Jersey" title="Highlands College, Jersey">Highlands College, Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_Convent_School" title="Beaulieu Convent School">Beaulieu Convent School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_College,_Jersey" title="De La Salle College, Jersey">De La Salle College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Preparatory_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Preparatory School">St Michael's Preparatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Jersey" title="Geology of Jersey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_on_Jersey" title="List of reservoirs on Jersey">Reservoirs</a></li> <li>Places in the islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Aubin,_Jersey" title="Saint Aubin, Jersey">Saint Aubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorey,_Jersey" title="Gorey, Jersey">Gorey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(Channel_Islands)" title="Bailiff (Channel Islands)">Bailiff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bailiffs_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bailiffs of Jersey">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jersey" title="Constitution of Jersey">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey" title="Chief Minister of Jersey">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Jersey)" title="Council of Ministers (Jersey)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Customs_and_Immigration_Service" title="States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service">Customs and Immigration Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jersey" title="Elections in Jersey">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_relations_of_Jersey" title="External relations of Jersey">External relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_Assembly_(Jersey)" title="Parish Assembly (Jersey)">Parish Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Jersey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn%C3%A9table_(Jersey_and_Guernsey)" title="Connétable (Jersey and Guernsey)">Connétable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procureur_du_Bien_Public" title="Procureur du Bien Public">Procureur du Bien Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Militia_of_the_Island_of_Jersey" title="Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey">Royal Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">States Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_States_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the States Assembly">List of members of the States Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Viscounts_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Viscounts of Jersey">Viscounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey" title="Law of Jersey">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Jersey" title="Courts of Jersey">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_(Jersey)" title="Royal Court (Jersey)">Royal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greffier" title="Greffier">Greffier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_La_Moye" title="HM Prison La Moye">HM Prison La Moye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_judiciary_of_Jersey" title="List of members of the judiciary of Jersey">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurat#Jersey" title="Jurat">Jurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Police" title="States of Jersey Police">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Police" title="Honorary Police">Honorary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey" title="Economy of Jersey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_Jersey" title="Financial services in Jersey">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Electricity_Company" title="Jersey Electricity Company">Jersey Electricity Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Financial_Services_Commission" title="Jersey Financial Services Commission">Jersey Financial Services Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Post" title="Jersey Post">Jersey Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Jersey_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Jersey pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_livre" title="Jersey livre">Livre (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Jersey">Roads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roads_Committee" title="Roads Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visite_du_Branchage" title="Visite du Branchage">Visite du Branchage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Jersey" title="Taxation in Jersey">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JT_Group_Limited" title="JT Group Limited">JT Group Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtel_Solutions" title="Newtel Solutions">Newtel Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sure_(company)" title="Sure (company)">Sure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airtel-Vodafone" title="Airtel-Vodafone">Airtel-Vodafone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jersey" title="Tourism in Jersey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jersey" title="Transport in Jersey">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">airport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Battle_of_Flowers" title="Jersey Battle of Flowers">Battle of Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jersey" title="Catholic Church in Jersey">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jersey" title="Demographics of Jersey">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrell Wildlife Park">Durrell Wildlife Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Jersey" title="Category:Education in Jersey">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eisteddfod" title="Jersey Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersey people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Royal_potato" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Royal potato">Jersey Royal potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jersey">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Live" title="Jersey Live">Jersey Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Opera_House" title="Jersey Opera House">Opera House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jersey" title="Sport in Jersey">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Jersey" title="Theatre of Jersey">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Jersey" title="Mass media in Jersey">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Jersey" title="BBC Radio Jersey">BBC Radio Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_103" title="Channel 103">Channel 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Channel_Television" title="ITV Channel Television">ITV Channel Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Evening_Post" title="Jersey Evening Post">Jersey Evening Post</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man#Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Home_(anthem)" title="Island Home (anthem)">Anthem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Jersey" title="Beautiful Jersey">Beautiful Jersey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jersey" title="Coat of arms of Jersey">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jersey" title="Flag of Jersey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Jersey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Day (Jersey)">Liberation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vingtaines_by_parish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaines</a> by <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">parish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Ville" title="Vingtaine de la Ville">de la Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Rouge_Bouillon" title="Vingtaine du Rouge Bouillon">du Rouge Bouillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Bas_du_Mont_au_Pr%C3%AAtre" title="Vingtaine de Bas du Mont au Prêtre">de Bas du Mont au Prêtre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Haut_du_Mont_au_Pr%C3%AAtre" title="Vingtaine de Haut du Mont au Prêtre">de Haut du Mont au Prêtre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Mont_%C3%A0_l%27Abb%C3%A9" title="Vingtaine du Mont à l'Abbé">du Mont à l'Abbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Mont_Cochon" title="Vingtaine du Mont Cochon">du Mont Cochon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grouville" title="Grouville">Grouville</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Marais" title="Vingtaine des Marais">des Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Rue" title="Vingtaine de la Rue">de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Longueville" title="Vingtaine de Longueville">de Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Rocque" title="Vingtaine de la Rocque">de la Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Les Minquiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Brelade" title="St Brelade">St Brelade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Noirmont" title="Vingtaine de Noirmont">de Noirmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin" title="Vingtaine du Coin">du Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Quennevais" title="Vingtaine des Quennevais">des Quennevais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Moye" title="Vingtaine de la Moye">de la Moye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Clement,_Jersey" title="St Clement, Jersey">Saint Clement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Vingtaine_(St_Clement)" title="Grande Vingtaine (St Clement)">Grande Vingtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Rocquier" title="Vingtaine du Rocquier">du Rocquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Samar%C3%A8s" title="Vingtaine de Samarès">de Samarès</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_John,_Jersey" title="St John, Jersey">Saint John</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Nord_(St_John)" title="Vingtaine du Nord (St John)">du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_H%C3%A9rupe" title="Vingtaine de Hérupe">de Hérupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Douet_(St_John)" title="Vingtaine du Douet (St John)">du Douet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence,_Jersey" title="St Lawrence, Jersey">Saint Lawrence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Vingtaine de la Vallée">de la Vallée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_H%C3%A2tain" title="Vingtaine du Coin Hâtain">du Coin Hâtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Motier" title="Vingtaine du Coin Motier">du Coin Motier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Tourgis_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Vingtaine du Coin Tourgis Nord">du Coin Tourgis Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Tourgis_Sud" title="Vingtaine du Coin Tourgis Sud">du Coin Tourgis Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Jersey" title="St Martin, Jersey">Saint Martin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Rozel" title="Vingtaine de Rozel">de Rozel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Faldouet" title="Vingtaine de Faldouet">de Faldouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Qu%C3%A9ru%C3%A9e" title="Vingtaine de la Quéruée">de la Quéruée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_l%27%C3%89glise" title="Vingtaine de l'Église">de l'Église</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Fief_de_la_Reine" title="Vingtaine du Fief de la Reine">du Fief de la Reine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Les Écréhous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary,_Jersey" title="St Mary, Jersey">Saint Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Sud" title="Vingtaine du Sud">du Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Nord_(St_Mary)" title="Vingtaine du Nord (St Mary)">du Nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Ouen,_Jersey" title="St Ouen, Jersey">Saint Ouen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_Cueillette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite Cueillette (page does not exist)">Petite Cueillette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_Cueillette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grande Cueillette (page does not exist)">Grande Cueillette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_Grantez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Grantez (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Grantez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_Millais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Millais (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Millais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_Vinchelez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Vinchelez (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Vinchelez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_L%C3%A9oville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Léoville (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Léoville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Jersey" title="St Peter, Jersey">Saint Peter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Douet_(St_Peter)" title="Vingtaine du Douet (St Peter)">du Douet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_St._Nicolas" title="Vingtaine de St. Nicolas">de St. Nicolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Vingtaine_(St_Peter)" title="Grande Vingtaine (St Peter)">Grand Vingtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Augerez" title="Vingtaine des Augerez">des Augerez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Varin" title="Vingtaine du Coin Varin">du Coin Varin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Saviour,_Jersey" title="St Saviour, Jersey">Saint Saviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_Maufant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de Maufant (page does not exist)">de Maufant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_Sous_la_Hougue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de Sous la Hougue (page does not exist)">de Sous la Hougue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_des_Pigneaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine des Pigneaux (page does not exist)">des Pigneaux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_la_Grande_Longueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de la Grande Longueville (page does not exist)">de la Grande Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_la_Petite_Longueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de la Petite Longueville (page does not exist)">de la Petite Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_Sous_l%27%C3%89glise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de Sous l'Église (page does not exist)">de Sous l'Église</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity,_Jersey" title="Trinity, Jersey">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Ville-%C3%A0-l%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Vingtaine de la Ville-à-l'Évêque">de la Ville-à-l'Évêque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Rozel" title="Vingtaine de Rozel">de Rozel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Rondin" title="Vingtaine du Rondin">du Rondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Augr%C3%A8s" title="Vingtaine des Augrès">des Augrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Croiserie" title="Vingtaine de la Croiserie">de la Croiserie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jersey" title="Outline of Jersey">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jersey" title="Bibliography of Jersey">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jersey" title="Category:Jersey">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Channel_Islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Channel_Islands" title="Template:Channel Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Channel_Islands" title="Template talk:Channel Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Channel_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Channel Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Channel_Islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burhou" title="Burhou">Burhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Casquets" title="Les Casquets">Les Casquets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortac" title="Ortac">Ortac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquorobert" title="Caquorobert">Caquorobert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevichon" title="Crevichon">Crevichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Hanois" title="Les Hanois">Les Hanois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houmets" title="Houmets">Les Houmets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Motte,_Jersey" title="La Motte, Jersey">La Motte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Dirouilles" title="Les Dirouilles">Les Dirouilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Les Écréhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Les Minquiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierres_de_Lecq" title="Pierres de Lecq">Pierres de Lecq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template talk:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries, territories and dependencies of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000091318663">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154830608">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1898109/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpV6C8kfCMRkjd4YHC4v3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028585-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79086822">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11664325q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11664325q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge520455&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5289012">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000815637">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007584909405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/74c0ac9d-cda7-38be-a0c9-43611c5779dc">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/fb6e5d2c-c58e-4c8d-ab4f-95293fb5e18b">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/kpcJwwkv">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/182424758">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044778">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jersey&params=49_11_24_N_2_6_36_W_">49°11′24″N 2°6′36″W / 49.19000°N 2.11000°W / 49.19000; -2.11000</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jersey&oldid=1257038563">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jersey&oldid=1257038563</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jersey" title="Category:Jersey">Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bailiwick_of_Jersey" 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