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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name_of_the_island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_of_the_island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name of the island</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name_of_the_island-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Name of the island subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Name_of_the_island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_other_place_names_on_the_island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_other_place_names_on_the_island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins of other place names on the island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_other_place_names_on_the_island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hoards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hoards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prior_to_Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_to_Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prior to Normandy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_to_Normandy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duchy_of_Normandy_(873–1204)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_of_Normandy_(873–1204)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Duchy of Normandy (873–1204)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_of_Normandy_(873–1204)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>13th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_and_15th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_and_15th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>14th and 15th centuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-14th_and_15th_centuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 14th and 15th centuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-14th_and_15th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plague_and_Hundred_Year's_War_(1337–1455)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plague_and_Hundred_Year's_War_(1337–1455)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Plague and Hundred Year's War (1337–1455)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plague_and_Hundred_Year's_War_(1337–1455)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Roses_(1455–1487)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Roses_(1455–1487)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>War of the Roses (1455–1487)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Roses_(1455–1487)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tudors_and_Reformation_(1485–1603)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tudors_and_Reformation_(1485–1603)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tudors and Reformation (1485–1603)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tudors_and_Reformation_(1485–1603)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jersey's_role_in_early_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jersey's_role_in_early_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Jersey's role in early colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jersey's_role_in_early_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 17th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governorship_of_John_Peyton_(1603–1620)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governorship_of_John_Peyton_(1603–1620)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Governorship of John Peyton (1603–1620)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governorship_of_John_Peyton_(1603–1620)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_(1646–1651)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_(1646–1651)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1646–1651)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_(1646–1651)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_and_Restoration_(1651-1689)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_and_Restoration_(1651-1689)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Commonwealth and Restoration (1651-1689)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_and_Restoration_(1651-1689)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_William_of_Orange_(1689–1699)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_William_of_Orange_(1689–1699)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Reign of William of Orange (1689–1699)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_William_of_Orange_(1689–1699)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 18th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_unrest_in_the_early_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_unrest_in_the_early_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Public unrest in the early century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_unrest_in_the_early_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corn_Riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corn_Riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Corn Riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corn_Riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_religion_in_the_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_religion_in_the_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Politics and religion in the 18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_religion_in_the_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Battle of Jersey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>After the Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Victoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Victoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pre-Victoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Victoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_new_island_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_new_island_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>A new island politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_new_island_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonconformism_and_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonconformism_and_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Nonconformism and reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonconformism_and_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Anglicisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_Era_(1837–1901)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_Era_(1837–1901)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Victorian Era (1837–1901)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_Era_(1837–1901)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occupation_1940–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_1940–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Occupation 1940–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_1940–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Post-Liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_Histories_of_the_Channel_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Histories_of_the_Channel_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Other Histories of the Channel Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Histories_of_the_Channel_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_articles_for_Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_articles_for_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Related articles for Jersey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_articles_for_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Print</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerseys_historie" title="Jerseys historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jerseys historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Jersey" title="Histoire de Jersey – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de Jersey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Jersey" title="Geschiedenis van Jersey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Jersey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerseys_historie" title="Jerseys historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jerseys historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Jerseyja" title="Zgodovina Jerseyja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Jerseyja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="澤西歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="澤西歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2539418#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For the US State, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">History of New Jersey</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1783_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1783_Jersey.jpg/220px-1783_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1783_Jersey.jpg/330px-1783_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1783_Jersey.jpg/440px-1783_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>A map of Jersey dating from 1783</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Category:History of the British Isles">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/250px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/500px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">Overview</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly#History" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides#History" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Outer_Hebrides" title="History of the Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglesey#History" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mann)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands#History" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Prehistoric" title="History of the British Isles">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Prehistory" title="History of England">Prehistoric England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Prehistoric Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistoric Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Prehistory" title="History of the Isle of Man">Prehistoric Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Classical_period" title="History of the British Isles">Classical period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistoric Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Roman Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">End of Roman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Medieval_period" title="History of the British Isles">Medieval period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Early medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Medieval Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ireland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">High medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">Late medieval Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Middle_Ages" title="History of the Isle of Man">Medieval Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the British Isles">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Early modern England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period_in_Wales" title="Early modern period in Wales">Early modern Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">Early modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Early modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#19th_century" title="History of the British Isles">Late modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (since 1707) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War_1939–1945" title="History of the United Kingdom">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">World Wars (Wales)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (political history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (social history)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Late modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Late modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content wrap"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_monarchs_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of monarchs in the British Isles">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template talk:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> – the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> – has been an island for around 6,000 years. Early inhabitation is evidenced by various neolithic monuments and hoards. In the 10th century, Jersey became part of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. When the Normans conquered <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the 11th century, Jersey remained a part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>, but when Normandy and England were finally split in the 13th century, the Channel Islands remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">English Crown</a>, splitting Jersey politically from mainland Normandy. </p><p>Due to the English kings' continuing claim to the Duchy of Normandy, Jersey's Norman political and legal structures remained after the split, which led to the establishment of self-governance as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a>. Between the 11th and 15th centuries, political tensions between England and France placed Jersey at the frontline of frequent wars. </p><p>During the Tudor period, the English Crown split from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Church</a> and immigration to the island of French religious refugees led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> as the major religion of the island. In 1617, the Privy Council separated the powers of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Governor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Jersey" title="Bailiff of Jersey">Bailiff</a>, establishing that the Bailiff had sole jurisdiction over justice and civil affairs in the island. During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, Jersey remained more loyal to the Crown due to the loyalties of the <a href="/wiki/De_Carteret_family" title="De Carteret family">de Carteret</a> family, though the island was eventually captured by Parliamentarian forces. After restoration, the de Carterets were gifted land in the American colonies, establishing <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. </p><p>In the 18th century, Jersey experienced bouts of unrest, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Riots" title="Corn Riots">Corn Riots</a> of 1769. As a result, legislative power was concentrated in the States in 1771, stripping the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_(Jersey)" title="Royal Court (Jersey)">Royal Court</a> of its lawmaking abilities. Island politics was then split between the Magot and Charlot parties through much of the 19th century. In 1781, the island was invaded by the French, but was defeated by an army led by Major <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peirson" title="Francis Peirson">Francis Peirson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">Battle of Jersey</a>. From 1815, new peace with the French meant the island lost strategic military value. Improvements in transport infrastructure led to non-political increased links with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Alongside this, a rising sense of <a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British nationalism</a> led the island's culture, which had previously retained many Norman-French qualities, to become highly <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a>. </p><p>The islands were away from the frontline of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, but during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the Channel Islands were the only part of the British Isles to be occupied by enemy forces. From 1940 to 1945, Jersey was <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied by German forces.</a> The islands were liberated on 9 May 1945, which is still celebrated as the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Channel_Islands)" title="Liberation Day (Channel Islands)">island's national day</a>. After liberation, the island became a popular tourist destination and has become a major <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore finance centre</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_of_the_island">Name of the island</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name of the island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Jersey was part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> world, there is a lack of evidence to give a better understanding of the island during the Gallo-Roman and early Middle Ages. The tradition is that the island was called <i>Caesarea</i> by the Romans<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as laid down in the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary">Antonine Itinerary</a>, however this is disputed by some, who claim <i>Caesarea</i>, <i>Sarnia</i> and <i>Riduna</i> are the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Scilly Isles</a> off the southwestern tip of England, nevertheless <i>Sarnia</i> in particular has a large cultural influence as the historic name of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> (for example the national anthem of Guernsey is <i>Sarnia chérie</i>). <i>Andium</i> however is also mentioned on the list and this name is very often attributed to Jersey. Therefore, it is possible another island, such as <a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">the Minquiers</a> were in fact <i>Caesarea</i> and Jersey <i>Andium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name is claimed to be the source of the modern name Jersey, <i>-ey</i> being a Norse signification of an island, and <i>Jer-</i> possibly being a contraction of Caesar, similar to Cherbourg, therefore the island meaning Caesar's island.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another claim for the origin of the name is as <i>Geirr's Island</i> from the Norse name Geirr or as <i>the grassy isle</i> from the Frisian <i>gers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:16</sup> The Roman name for the Channel Islands was <i>I. Lenuri</i> (Lenur Islands)<sup id="cite_ref-GRTV_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRTV-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>Some claim that the pre-Roman name for the island was <i>Augia</i> (alternatively <i>Andium</i>), and it was given by this name by <a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">King Childebert of France</a> to Archbishop Samson of Dol in 550 CE. In the past the island's name has various variations of its spelling, such as Gersey, Jarzé, Gerzai and Gersui (including re-latinisations such as <i>Gersoium</i> and <i>Grisogium</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andium has considerable popularity as the former name for Jersey, being for example the name of the island's social housing corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_other_place_names_on_the_island">Origins of other place names on the island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of other place names on the island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'Etacq is of Norse origin, a derivative of L'Estack, from the Norse <i>stakkr</i>, meaning high rock. This word also gives name to various places called Etacquerel.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:16</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmen_Faldouet_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dolmen_Faldouet_Jersey.jpg/220px-Dolmen_Faldouet_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dolmen_Faldouet_Jersey.jpg/330px-Dolmen_Faldouet_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dolmen_Faldouet_Jersey.jpg/440px-Dolmen_Faldouet_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>La Pouquelaye de Faldouet was constructed on a site on the east coast looking across to the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology of the Channel Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dolmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dolmens">Jersey Dolmens</a></div> <p>The earliest evidence of human activity in Jersey dates to about 250,000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> (before Jersey became an island) when bands of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> nomadic hunters used the caves at <a href="/wiki/La_Cotte_de_St_Brelade" title="La Cotte de St Brelade">La Cotte de St Brelade</a> as a base for hunting <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">woolly rhinoceros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to rising sea levels, Jersey has been an island for approximately 6,000 years. The geology of the Channel Islands, has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Hercynian</a> mountain building period, which also accounts for the hills of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and the moors of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> At its current extremes it measures 10 miles (16 km) east to west and 6 miles (10 km) north to south. Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age period</a> engravings dating from at least 12,000 BC has been found,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing occupation by <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>. </p><p>Evidence also exists of settled communities in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, which is marked by the building of the ritual burial sites known as <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>. The number, size, and visible locations of these megalithic monuments (especially <a href="/wiki/La_Hougue_Bie" title="La Hougue Bie">La Hougue Bie</a>) have suggested that social organisation over a wide area, including surrounding coasts, was required for the construction. Archaeological evidence also shows that trading links with Brittany and the south coast of England existed during this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoards">Hoards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hoards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hoards_in_the_Channel_Islands" title="List of hoards in the Channel Islands">List of hoards in the Channel Islands</a></div> <p>Evidence of occupation and wealth has been discovered in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hoards" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoards">hoards</a>. In 1889, during construction of a house in Saint Helier, a 746-gram gold <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torc</a> of Irish origin was unearthed. A <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a> hoard consisting of 110 implements, mostly spears and swords, was discovered in Saint Lawrence in 1976 – probably a smith's stock. Hoards of coins were discovered at La Marquanderie, in Saint Brelade, Le Câtel, in Trinity, and Le Câtillon, in Grouville (1957).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1998_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2012, two <a href="/wiki/Metal_detectorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal detectorist">metal detectorists</a> announced that they had uncovered what could be Europe's largest <a href="/wiki/Grouville_Hoard" title="Grouville Hoard">hoard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Celtic coins</a>, 70,000 late Iron Age and Roman coins. The hoard is thought to have belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Curiosolitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosolitae">Curiosolitae</a> tribe fleeing <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s armies around 50 to 60 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2012, another metal detectorist reported an earlier Bronze Age find, the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Hoard" title="Trinity Hoard">Trinity Hoard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_Normandy">Prior to Normandy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prior to Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is no evidence of a Roman occupation of Jersey, historians consider that it is entirely feasible it was occupied by the Romans. Various Roman archeological artefacts have been found on the island, such as coins discovered on the north coast at Ile Agois. There are several sites attributed to the Romans on the island, such as Caesar's fort at <a href="/wiki/Mont_Orgueil" title="Mont Orgueil">Mont Orgeuil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman influence has been found, in particular at <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Landes" title="Les Landes">Les Landes</a></i></span>, the coastal headland site at <a href="/wiki/Le_Pinacle" title="Le Pinacle">Le Pinacle</a>, where remains of a primitive structure are attributed to Gallo-Roman temple worship (<i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#fanum" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">fanum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus Caesar</a> divided <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> into four provinces, Jersey was part of the <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">province headquartered at Lyons</a>. Roman influence has a strong grounding in the development of Jersey culture, bringing vernacular Latin to the isle, which would later develop into Standard French and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> (and influence English).<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the migration of the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Britons</a> from Britain to Brittany (c. 5th – 6th century AD), specifically during the invasion led by <a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">St Samson, Bishop of Dol</a>, it is believed the Channel Islands came to be settled by them. There are numerous references to the habitation of Jersey by Breton people. This likely brought <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to the island.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various saints such as the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> Samson of Dol and <a href="/wiki/Branwalator" title="Branwalator">Branwalator</a> (Brelade) were active in the region. Tradition has it that <a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Saint Helier</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a> in modern-day Belgium first brought Christianity to the island in the 6th century; part of the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Fishermen%27s_Chapel" title="Fishermen's Chapel">Fishermen's Chapel</a> dates from this period and <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> sent his emissary to the island (at that time called <i>Angia</i>, also spelt <i>Agna</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 803. A chapel built around 911 now forms part of the nave of the <a href="/wiki/Parish_Church_of_St_Clement" title="Parish Church of St Clement">Parish Church of St Clement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchy_of_Normandy_(873–1204)"><span id="Duchy_of_Normandy_.28873.E2.80.931204.29"></span>Duchy of Normandy (873–1204)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Duchy of Normandy (873–1204)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 873, Jersey was affected by the conquests by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> of the western coast of France (the Channel Islands were territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> at this time). During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a> the Simple, the territory of modern Normandy was yielded to <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>, the leader of the Normans, with the title of the "Duke of Normandy". While the Duchy was held in fief to the French Crown, the Crown only had limited rights in the province. </p><p>In around 933, Duke William I (William Longsword), seized Jersey, which until then had been politically linked to Brittany, and it is likely that the pre-Norman form of government and way of life was replaced at this point.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> The island adopted the Norman law system, still the basis of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey" title="Law of Jersey">Jersey law</a> today. During Norman rule, the island redeveloped after the devastation brought by the Vikings and developed agriculture. Immigration from the Norman mainland at this time first brought the modern Norman cultural influences found in the island today.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:19</sup> </p><p>A key part of the early administrative structure of Jersey was the <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>. Alongside the parish, the fief provided a basic framework for rural life; the system began with the Norman system and largely remained similar to it. In Jersey, the dues, services and rents owed by tenants were extensive and often onerous. Jersey peasants retained a degree of freedom lost elsewhere, probably due to the insignificance of the island in the Duchy. More is known of the origins of the fief than of the parishes and early documents show that Jersey was thoroughly feudalised (the majority of the residents were tenants holding land from Seigneurs). The fief of St Ouen, the most senior fief in Jersey's feudal structure, was by 1135 in the hands of the de Carteret family. They held extensive lands in Carteret as well, but these were lost by them after <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a>'s loss of Normandy, so they decided to settle on the island. Between the 12th and 20th centuries, there were an estimated 245 fiefs in Jersey, though not all simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–14">: 13–14 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1066, the Duke <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Hastings</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of England</a>; however, he continued to rule his French possessions, including Jersey, as a separate entity,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a> was owed to the King of France. This initial association of Jersey with England did not last long, as William split his possessions between his two elder sons: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a> became Duke of Normandy and <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William Rufus</a> gained the English Crown. After William Rufus' death his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> claimed the English throne, and recaptured Normandy for England in 1106.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> The island was then part of the English King's realm (though still part of Normandy and France). Around 1142, it is recorded that Jersey was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Anjou" title="Counts and dukes of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a>, who administered Normandy for the Duke.<sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>According to the Rolls of the Norman Exchequer, in 1180 Jersey was divided for administrative purposes into three ministeria:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de Gorroic</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de Groceio</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de Crapoudoit</i></span> (possibly containing four parishes each). Gorroic is an old spelling for Gorey, containing St Martin, St Saviour, Grouville and St Clement; Groceio could derive from de Gruchy, and contains St John, Trinity, St Lawrence and St Helier; and Crapoudoit, likely referring to the stream of St Peter's Valley, contains the remainder of the parishes in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> This was a time of building or extending churches with most parish churches in the island being built/rebuilt in a Norman style chosen by the abbey or priory to which each church had been granted. St Mary and St Martin being given to Cerisy Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> By Norman times, the parish boundaries were firmly fixed and remain largely unchanged since. It was likely set in place due to the tithe system under Charlemagne, where each property must contribute to the church, so each property would have had to be established within a parish. The parish system is much more important in Jersey than in England or post-Napoleon France.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:15</sup> </p><p> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> in 1189 and the short reign of <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a>, the island (and the rest of the Empire) fell to King John in 1199. In 1200, John agreed to render homage of his Norman territories to the King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip Augustus</a> of France, but in 1204, King Philip re-conquered the Duchy. Though the French initially occupied the Channel Islands from 1204 to 1206 (and again in 1216 to 1217), John recognised their strategic importance and recovered them. However, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Peter_de_Preaux" title="Peter de Preaux">Pierre de Préaux</a>, a governor of Rouen who possessed the isles, who decided to support King John, the islands remained in the personal possession of the English king<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> and were described as being a Peculiar of the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Orgueil_castle_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mont_Orgueil_castle_Jersey.jpg/250px-Mont_Orgueil_castle_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mont_Orgueil_castle_Jersey.jpg/330px-Mont_Orgueil_castle_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mont_Orgueil_castle_Jersey.jpg/500px-Mont_Orgueil_castle_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Mont Orgueil dominates the small harbour of <a href="/wiki/Gorey,_Jersey" title="Gorey, Jersey">Gorey</a> and guards Jersey from attack from the French coast opposite</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="13th_century">13th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is said, in tradition, that the island's autonomy derives from the <i>Constitutions of King John</i>, however this is disputed. Until King James II, successive English monarchs have then granted to Jersey by charter its certain privileges, likely to ensure the island's continued loyalty, accounting for its advantageous position at the boundary of the European continent.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> As John (and later <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>) maintained his title as the rightful Duke of Normandy until 1259, the island's courts were originally established as Norman, not English territory (to use English law would de-legitimise the English Crown's claim to the ducal title), so are based upon traditional Norman laws and customs, such as the <i>Coutumier de Normandie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Now sited on the French-English border, the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> ceased to be a peaceful backwater and became a potential flashpoint on the international stage. Under the wardenships of Philippe d'Aubigny (1212–1224, 1232–1234), the island was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a>, a pirate, while the warden was fighting for the King in the <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">Barons' war</a>. In 1217, <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>, ordered after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lambeth" title="Treaty of Lambeth">Treaty of Lambeth</a>, that the supporters of Eustace should return the islands to England. The same year, Eustace was beheaded after being captured at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1217)">Sandwich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> Therefore, the Warden, de Suligny, constructed a castle at Gorey, known as <a href="/wiki/Mont_Orgueil" title="Mont Orgueil">Mont Orgueil</a>, to serve as a royal fortress and military base. This was needed as the Island had few defences and had previously been suppressed by a fleet commanded by a French exile, <a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a> working with the English King until in 1212 he changed sides and raided the Channel Islands on behalf of the French King.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–8">: 25–8 </span></sup> </p><p>An inquest was held into the loyalty of the Jersey landowners. Most Jersey landowners had their main estates on the Mainland, so John needed to re-organise the land to remove the unfaithful lords. Most lords forfeited their insular land in favour of their French territory, but some remained, notably the de Carteret family of St Ouen.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old aristocracy gave way to a new one, with landowners drawn from royal officials, who soon came to think of themselves as islanders rather than Englishmen. This saw the firm establishment of the feudal system in Jersey, with fiefs headed by Seigneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:30</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris (1259)</a>, the King of France gave up claim to the Channel Islands. The claim was based upon his position as feudal overlord of the Duke of Normandy. The King of England gave up claim to mainland Normandy and therefore the Channel Islands were split from the rest of Normandy. The Channel Islands were never absorbed into the Kingdom of England and the island has had self-government since. The administration of the island was handled by an insular government. The King appointed a Warden (later "Capitain" or "Governor", now the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey</a>), a position largely occupied with the defence of the island. From 1415 until the second half of the 15th century, the islands were governed by a Lord (or Lady).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> Despite the end to Norman rule, the churches of the island were permitted to continue to be under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Coutances" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Coutances">Diocese of Coutances</a> for another 300 years to appease islanders, however at times of war the liberties of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> were often restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> </p><p>The existing Norman customs and laws were allowed to continue and there was no attempt to introduce English law. The formerly split administrative system was replaced with a centralised legal system, of which the head was the King of England rather than the Duke of Normandy. The law was conducted through 12 jurats, constables (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Connétable</i></span>) and a bailiff (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Baillé</i></span>). These titles have different meanings and duties to those in England.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27–8">: 27–8 </span></sup> Any oppression by a bailiff or a warden was to be resolved locally or failing that, by appeal to the King who appointed commissioners to report on disputes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the late 1270s, Jersey was given its own Bailiff and from the 1290s, the duties of Bailiff and Warden were separated. The (Sub-)Warden became responsible for taxation and defence, while the Bailiff became responsible for justice. While probably originally a temporary arrangement by Otto de Grandison, this became permanent and the foundation for Jersey's modern separation of Crown and justice. It also lessened the Warden's authority relative to the Bailiff, who had much more interaction with the community.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of the jurats when the King's court was mobile would have been preparatory work for the visit of the <a href="/wiki/Justice_in_eyre" title="Justice in eyre">Justices in Eyre</a>. It is unknown for how long the position of the jurats has existed, with some claiming the position dates to <a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">time immemorial</a>. After the cessation of the visits of the Justices in Eyre (and with the frequent absence of the Warden), the Bailiff and jurats took on a much wider role, from jury to justice.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:28</sup> </p><p>For geographic reasons, during the thirteenth century, the Channel Islands became a strategic stopping point for fleets carrying goods, particularly wine, across the Channel. This led to an economic boom, islanders becoming highly wealthy, and a population boom. Jersey's population probably numbered around 12,000, beyond what the island's agriculture was able to sustain itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1294, <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV the Fair</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> refused to return <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitainian</a> fortresses surrendered to his men by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a> as a show of good faith after an outbreak of piracy and informal war between the two countries. Jersey was attacked the same year as part of the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Gascon_War" title="Gascon War">Gascon War</a> and in revenge for the destruction of a French fleet in the Channel. Churches, homes, and crops were destroyed and many islanders died.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="14th_and_15th_centuries">14th and 15th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 14th and 15th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plague_and_Hundred_Year's_War_(1337–1455)"><span id="Plague_and_Hundred_Year.27s_War_.281337.E2.80.931455.29"></span>Plague and Hundred Year's War (1337–1455)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plague and Hundred Year's War (1337–1455)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1336, the Scots king David Bruce attacked the Channel Islands, committing arson, murder and other atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 40">: 40 </span></sup> Due to this attack, other attacks<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the threat of further attacks from the Scots, an Island Militia was formed in 1337, which was compulsory for the next 600 years for all men of military age. In November 1337, King Edward III broke off negotiations with the French, starting the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Year's War</a>. </p><p>In March 1338, a French force led by Admiral Béhuchet landed on Jersey, intent on capturing the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French devastated the island. In four parishes, all tithe corn was burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> Although the island was overrun, Mont Orgueil remained in English hands, besieged by Béhuchet.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> The French remained until September, when they sailed off to conquer Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark. In 1339, the French returned, allegedly with 8,000 men in 17 <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> galleys and 35 French ships. Led by Robert Bertrand, to whom the islands had been transferred by the French King, the French forces promised islanders their ancient liberties, which had not been ratified by the English King in recent times. A number of senior islanders were pro-French at the time. Again, they failed to take the castle and, after causing damage, withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1341, in recognition of islanders' efforts during the war, Edward III declared that Jerseymen should 'hold and retain all privileges, liberties, immunities and customs granted by our forebares'. This began the tradition of successive Monarchs devolving powers over the island to Islanders, giving them certain privileges and protecting the separation between the Channel Islands and the rest of their royal realm.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1342, the Warden Sir Thomas of Hampton attempted to recapture Castle Cornet with a contingent of Jerseymen. His Lieutenant Henry de la More however lost the faith gained from the islanders by the King's charter. Islanders petitioned the King to punish de la More and Hampton. The island was thrown in a sullen revolt, which sometimes broke out into fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42–3">: 42–3 </span></sup> </p><p>The change in England to a written language in "English" was not taken up in Jersey, where Norman-French continued until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1348, when the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> would likely have reached the island, there are no kept records for the number of deaths seen on the island. Coastal France was highly affected by the plague and it is likely that the death toll was around 30–40 percent in Jersey. In the wake of the plague, the island experienced economic stagnation but high levels of employment, with population numbers kept down by late marriage and declining fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1373, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin" title="Bertrand du Guesclin">Bertrand du Guesclin</a> overran Jersey and besieged Mont Orgueil. His troops succeeded in breaching the outer defences, forcing the garrison back to the keep. The garrison came to an agreement that they would surrender if not relieved by <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> and du Guesclin sailed back to Brittany, leaving a small force to carry on the siege. An English relief fleet arrived in time.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1378, the island was placed in an awkward position during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>. The island was under the Diocese of Coutances in France, while administered politically by England. Therefore, as France supported Clement's claim to the Papal see and England supported Urban's, there was tension in the island between the Government and Church. The Warden ordered the banishment of the Dean, labelled a 'supporter of the anti-Pope'. The island was placed under an Urbanite Administrator, as a separately administered part of the Coutances diocese.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 48">: 48 </span></sup> </p><p>In the 1390s, under <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> who was eager for peace with France, the island was almost recognised as an integral part of Normandy and returned to the French Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49">: 49 </span></sup> He did however in 1394 grant the islands the right of exemption from tolls, duties and customs in England.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>However, this matter was interrupted by the usurpation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> in England in 1399. When he seized the throne, Henry renewed the charters confirming the privileges of Jersey. Henry's much firmer stance on relations with the French caused the war with France to resume.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49">: 49 </span></sup> On 7 October 1406, 1,000 French men at arms led by Pedro de Niño, a Castilian nobleman turned corsair, invaded Jersey, landing at St Aubin's Bay and defeated the 3,000 defenders but failed to capture the island.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–1">: 50–1 </span></sup> They landed in St Aubin's Bay (at the islet where Elizabeth Castle now stands) at night, then the next morning advanced across the beach towards the town, but lost the battle. The next day they moved towards Mont Orgueil. An agreement was reached with the invaders that the island would pay a hefty ransom and they left on 9 October.<sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1412, <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> came to the throne with a renewed vigour to reclaim England's former continental possessions. In 1413, Parliament ordered the transfer of all foreign-owned property to the Crown, which led to the closure of six priorities in England and the cessation of tithes to the Church in France. Instead, the tithes from the Church's land in Jersey was reverted to the Crown. Henry's successful campaign against the French involved Jerseymen: in the siege of Cherbourg in 1418, every boat on the island was called out to support the blockade. In 1420, Henry entered Paris, leaving Jersey no longer an outpost of the English realm, leading to years of prosperity and the enlargement of many parish churches. When Henry called the bishops of Normandy to do him homage in Rouen, only Coutances obeyed. As a result, Jersey was returned to his full jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 52–3">: 52–3 </span></sup> </p><p>From 1429, animosity towards the English rulers by the French and the subsequent rise of <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> inspired France to evict the English from mainland France, with the exception of Calais, returning Jersey to the front line.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> This eviction cemented Jersey's Britishness. Had England not lost its possessions, France would certainly have become the dominant part of the Anglo-French combined realm, and its relative geographic and cultural proximity would have made Jersey markedly part of France.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_Roses_(1455–1487)"><span id="War_of_the_Roses_.281455.E2.80.931487.29"></span>War of the Roses (1455–1487)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War of the Roses (1455–1487)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> (1337–1453), the French did not succeed in capturing Jersey. However, during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">War of the Roses</a> (1455–1487), <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>, queen consort of England, made a secret deal with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Br%C3%A9z%C3%A9" title="Pierre de Brézé">Pierre de Brézé</a> to gain French support for the Lancastrians, leading to the French capturing Mont Orgueil in the summer of 1461.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1462, de Brézé issued ordinances outlining the role of the bailiff and the jurats.<sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> Jersey was occupied by French forces until 1468 when Yorkist forces and local militia recaptured the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> oversaw the administrative separation of Jersey and Guernsey. In 1469, he issued separate charters of privilege for the bailiwicks and from 1478 the islands had different captains (albeit with a common captain in chief).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 60">: 60 </span></sup> </p><p>It may well be during this occupation that the island saw the establishment of the States. Comte Maulevrier, who had led the invasion of the island, ordered the holding of an Assize in the island. Maulevrier confirmed the place of existing institutions, however created the requirement for Jurats to be chosen by Bailiffs, Jurats, Rectors and Constables.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tudors_and_Reformation_(1485–1603)"><span id="Tudors_and_Reformation_.281485.E2.80.931603.29"></span>Tudors and Reformation (1485–1603)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tudors and Reformation (1485–1603)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accession of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> is determined as the 'final separation [of the Channel Islands] from Normandy'.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the War of the Roses marked the end of the previously complex, war-torn relationship with Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 61">: 61 </span></sup> In 1496, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> obtained a Papal bull to transfer the islands from the Bishop of Coutances to Salisbury, although for nearly 50 years after, due to the proximity of the isles to Coutances, the Bishop continued to act as the de facto bishop of the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:67</sup> </p><p>During the 16th century, ideas of the reformation of the church coupled with the split with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Faith by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, resulted in the islanders adopting the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> religion, in 1569 the churches moved under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester" title="Diocese of Winchester">Diocese of Winchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a>, the Government issued a new prayer book, which was translated into French, however did not arrive in the island until the throne had changed hands to <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a>, who led the restoration of Catholicism in England. However, Jersey did not have any death sentences issued for Catholicism, due to the island being kept out of the limelight by its Governor Poulet. The island did not become Catholic, with numerous anti-Papists still in position.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:79</sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> took hold in Jersey due to the immigration of French Huguenot refugees. This meant that life became very austere: laws were strictly enforced, punishment for wrong doers was severe, but education was improved – a school was started in every parish and support was given for Jersey boys to attend Oxford. Each elder knew every family within his vingtaine, 'whether they have household prayers morning and evening, say grace after meals and live in peace and concord.'<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83–6">: 83–6 </span></sup> The excommunication of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth</a> by the Pope increased the military threat to the island and the increasing use of gunpowder on the battlefield meant that the fortifications on the island had to be adapted. A new fortress was built to defend <a href="/wiki/Saint_Aubin,_Jersey" title="Saint Aubin, Jersey">St Aubin's Bay</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Castle" title="Elizabeth Castle">Elizabeth Castle</a> was named after the queen by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> when he was governor. The island militia was reorganised on a parish basis and each parish had two cannon which were usually housed in the church – one of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter, Jersey">St Peter</a> cannon can still be seen at the bottom of Beaumont Hill. </p><p>In 1540, there was an outbreak of plague on the island, and the Lieutenant Governor, Robert Raymond, ordered the closure of all markets, fairs and public assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:70</sup> </p><p>In 1541, the Privy Council, which had recently given a seat to Calais, intended to give two seats in Parliament to Jersey. Seymour, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Island, wrote to the Jurats, instructing them to send two Burgesses for the isle. However, no further steps seemed to have been taken since the letter did not arrive in front of the States Assembly until the day the elected persons were required to arrive in London.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:70</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jersey's_role_in_early_colonialism"><span id="Jersey.27s_role_in_early_colonialism"></span>Jersey's role in early colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jersey's role in early colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Elizabethan Era, Europeans began to explore and establish <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">the Americas</a>. The Jèrriais were no exception to this. Jersey was a notable trading port, on the route linking the Netherlands to Spain and between England and France. A number of locals were colonialists to <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> from its discovery by Europeans in 1497.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1591, Jerseymen were sailing small boats across the Atlantic in the spring and not returning to the island until the autumn ploughing. In 1611, <a href="/wiki/St_Brelade%27s_Church" title="St Brelade's Church">St Brelade's Church</a> was allowed to hold Communion early, such that the travellers could communicate before sailing from St Aubin. <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> was also an important port for the Jersey people, with a number of them settling and taking important roles in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88–9">: 88–9 </span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Jersey_by_G_Mercator_1639..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Map_of_Jersey_by_G_Mercator_1639..JPG/250px-Map_of_Jersey_by_G_Mercator_1639..JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Map_of_Jersey_by_G_Mercator_1639..JPG/375px-Map_of_Jersey_by_G_Mercator_1639..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Map_of_Jersey_by_G_Mercator_1639..JPG/500px-Map_of_Jersey_by_G_Mercator_1639..JPG 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>This map of Jersey, published in 1639, shows interior details such as Le Mont ès Pendus (the gallows hill, now called Westmount). At first sight, the coastline appears wildly inaccurate, but if the image is rotated a little clockwise, the shape becomes much closer to what is known today.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the favourable trade deals with England was the ability to import wool (England needing an export market but was at war with most of Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> The production of knitwear in the island reached such a scale that it threatened the island's ability to produce its own food, so laws were passed regulating who could knit with whom and when. The name jersey being synonymous for a sweater, shows its importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governorship_of_John_Peyton_(1603–1620)"><span id="Governorship_of_John_Peyton_.281603.E2.80.931620.29"></span>Governorship of John Peyton (1603–1620)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Governorship of John Peyton (1603–1620)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a> of Scotland became King of England, and hence of Jersey, after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. The Governor of the time, Walter Ralegh, was tried and imprisoned for conspiring against the King after the death of Elizabeth and replaced with Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Peyton_(soldier)" title="John Peyton (soldier)">John Peyton</a>. Peyton strongly disliked Presbyterianism, including Calvinism, and attempted to abolish the religion in Jersey. The king initially allowed the island's to continue under their present faith system. However, Calvinism was increasingly unpopular among islanders, which aided Peyton's caused. When St Peter's rectory became vacant in 1613, Peyton appointed Elie Messervy to the position. The <a href="/wiki/Colloquy_(law)" title="Colloquy (law)">Colloquy</a> called a Synod to meet to discuss, however Peyton banned the meeting. Both sides sent parties to Westminster – the Colloquy sending George Poulet, the Bailiff – however a compromise was found locally, with Messervy agreeing to continue using the Huguenot prayer book.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93–4">: 93–4 </span></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Philip_Bailhache_Bailiff_of_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sir_Philip_Bailhache_Bailiff_of_Jersey.jpg/119px-Sir_Philip_Bailhache_Bailiff_of_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sir_Philip_Bailhache_Bailiff_of_Jersey.jpg/178px-Sir_Philip_Bailhache_Bailiff_of_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sir_Philip_Bailhache_Bailiff_of_Jersey.jpg/238px-Sir_Philip_Bailhache_Bailiff_of_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>To this day, the tradition that the Bailiff wears red robes remains.</figcaption></figure><p>Peyton was also against democracy in the form of the States and the freedoms of the Courts in Jersey. In 1615, Jean Hérault was appointed <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Jersey" title="Bailiff of Jersey">Bailiff</a> by the King, having been promised the role by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> in 1611. Peyton disputed this appointment, claiming it was the Governor's jurisdiction to appoint the Bailiff. Hérault asserted it was the King's jurisdiction to directly appoint the Bailiff. An Order in Council (dated 9 August 1615) sided with Hérault, which Hérault took to claim the Bailiff was the real head of government and the Governor was simply a military officer. Hérault took steps to assert the precedence of the Bailiff over Governor: he ordered his name to be placed before the Governor's in church prayers and was the first Bailiff to wear red robes (in the style of English judges). To back his claims, he cited that in the Norman administrative tradition, the Bailiffs had "noone above them except the Duke".<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96–7">: 96–7 </span></sup> He frequently reported neglect of duty by Peyton, such as the reduction in the guard at Elizabeth Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96–7">: 96–7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This dispute led to one of the most major turning points in Jersey's constitutional history, as the division of powers between the Governor and Bailiff were clearly demarcated. Though the Privy Council did not agree with Hérault's extreme position on the precedence of the Bailiff, on 18 February 1617 it declared that the "charge of military forces be wholly in the Governor, and the care of justice and civil affairs in the Bailiff." This secured for both the Bailiff and the States precedence over the Governor on justice and civil affairs, the constitutional precedent which limits the involvement of the Lieutenant-Governor in domestic affairs today.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1617, the Royal Commissioners Sir Edward Conway and Sir William Bird visited the island. This led to the recommendation that the island should have a <a href="/wiki/Dean_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean (church)">Dean</a>. The appointment was <a href="/wiki/David_Bandinel" title="David Bandinel">David Bandinel</a>, the Italian Rector of St Brelade's, taking office in 1620. This was not popular with the States, with some Rectors stating they would not recognise the position of the Dean. He took office nonetheless and, by order of the King, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> was hence effectively established as the state religion of the island. The Book of Discipline lost its validity and the prayer book was changed to a translated version of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, and all future Ministers had to be appointed from then on by a Bishop. Bandinel enforced these changes, including removing the Rector of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mary, Jersey">St Mary</a> from office for speaking against the prayer book, however the order that Communion should be taken kneeling was not.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94–5">: 94–5 </span></sup> </p><p>Aside from religion, the Commissioners also ordered that the island's garrisons be increased and for better training for the militia. They did not recognise the Bailiff as being the island's true Governor, ordering that the States must receive permission from the Governor before being permitted to meet, however did also affirm the precedence of the Bailiff in the civil administrative spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_(1646–1651)"><span id="Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_.281646.E2.80.931651.29"></span>Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1646–1651)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1646–1651)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Channel Islands in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Channel Islands in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></div> <p>During the 1640s, England, Ireland and Scotland were embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a>. The civil war also divided Jersey, and while the sympathy of islanders lay with Parliament, the de Carterets (particularly Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Carteret_II" title="Philippe de Carteret II">Philippe de Carteret II</a>) held the island for the king. The Prince of Wales, the future <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> visited the island in 1646 and again in October 1649 following the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I">trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution</a> of his father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>. In the Royal Square in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">St. Helier</a> on 17 February 1649, Charles was publicly proclaimed king after his father's death (following the first public proclamation in Edinburgh on 5 February 1649).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliamentarian forces eventually captured the island in 1651 and Elizabeth Castle seven weeks later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_and_Restoration_(1651-1689)"><span id="Commonwealth_and_Restoration_.281651-1689.29"></span>Commonwealth and Restoration (1651-1689)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Commonwealth and Restoration (1651-1689)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Puritan Col. James Heane was appointed Governor of Jersey in 1651. There were complaints from islanders about the new resident soldiers. Despite the fact that Heane had prohibited looting, many soldiers stole things from islanders and secularised a number of holy buildings, for example burning all the pews in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">St Helier</a>'s church. Many soldiers attending services at the island's churches disrespected services because they could not understand them, as Jersey services were in the local French language. Printed slips were brought from England which Jerseymen were required to sign, swearing allegiance to the 'Republic of England ... without King or House of Lords'.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 139–40">: 139–40 </span></sup> </p><p>The Royalist landowners could redeem their land by paying between one and two years' income. However Jersey's system of <i>rentes</i> were complicated from an English perspective and the process of extracting the value of incomes from the landlords was laborious. The Receiver-General stormed because he could not get enough funds for his department, leading to him affronting the Bailiff and being imprisoned in Mont Orgeuil.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 140">: 140 </span></sup> </p><p>There was concern over the new republican Government's powers to reform Jersey's system of governance. At the time, all but one Jurat had been deposed of office and Parliament had prevented any election in the island until it had control of the situation. The Council recommended that the island's government be fully restored, but that all entrusted with public office should be freely elected and not to enjoy continuance for life. However, before the reforms could be implemented, the English Lord Protector <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> dissolved the Long Parliament in 1653. As such, the replacement Parliament recommended that year that ten new Jurats be elected, provided they were loyal to Parliament and to hold office for two years only. However, this new Parliament was also dissolved, so only one Jurat remained. Attempts were also made to incorporate Jersey into England. In 1652, Parliament had treated it as an English county, appointing a county committee, and in 1653, an Instrument decreed that Jersey should send one member to the House of Commons. In the end, the States never met during the nine years of the Commonwealth as the Bailiff, Lemprière, refused to call on the Rectors. </p><p>Instead the island was governed by the Royal Court (called <i>L'État</i> or the Court of the Lord Protector). Cromwell directly appointed – as opposed to the islanders electing – eleven Jurats to serve on the Court, however many of these were absent and neither able to govern nor administer justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 141–2">: 141–2 </span></sup> </p><p>While Charles was proclaimed King in London on 8 May 1660, it was not until 2 June that that news reached the island, and Charles II was proclaimed King for the second time in the Royal Square.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 146">: 146 </span></sup> In recognition for all the help given to him during his exile, Charles II gave <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a>, Bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies, which he promptly named <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, now part of the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Charles II presented to the island a royal mace as a 'perpetual remembrance of [the Bailiffs'] fiedelity'; since then, it has always been carried before the Bailiff at sittings of the Royal Court and the States (even during the Occupation).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28–9">: 28–9 </span></sup> </p><p>Another reward given to the island by Charles was the perquages. These are a series of routes that offered sanctuary to malefactors to leave the island. All except St Ouen and St Martin lead to the south coast. For example, St Mary, St John and St Lawrence leave via St Peter's Valley and Beaumont (today a cycle track leading to the south coast). Where a case did not amount to felony, wrongdoers could request to <i>vider le pays</i>, being entitled to nine days of sanctuary in any of the parish churches and then having to leave the island using a perquage route. This theory of the perquages as being routes of sanctuary is disputed. However, it is likely the clergy used these ancient ways to convey outlaws to the sea and records show sanctions for blocking the perquage way.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1666, it was reported by English spies in Paris that Louis XIV intended to invade Jersey after his declaration of war with England. The Governor rallied the militia, intent on dying to defend the island, but peace was agreed before any invasion could happen.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 150–1">: 150–1 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1673, there were concerns over the growing number of houses on the island. The construction of houses on arable land was putting the island's self-sustenance and food security at risk. Therefore, the States declared that new houses should only be built in St Aubin and Gorey, or where surrounded by 20 vergées of land.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 154">: 154 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1680, the States voted in favour of requesting the island's first dedicated prison be constructed in town in order to be nearer the Royal Court (previously prisoners had been held at Mont Orgueil, the King's tenants in the east being required to guard them). The building arching over Charing Cross (at the time the entrance to town from the west) was completed by 1699, where the prison would remain until its 1811 relocation to the present site of the General Hospital (on Gloucester Street, not at Westmount).<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166">: 166 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_William_of_Orange_(1689–1699)"><span id="Reign_of_William_of_Orange_.281689.E2.80.931699.29"></span>Reign of William of Orange (1689–1699)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reign of William of Orange (1689–1699)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1689, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> became the King of England; and England, as a Dutch ally, went to war against the French. Although due to the scale of the war, the island did not come into much focus, it was at this time the Privilege of Neutrality which had long been enjoyed by the islands was lost. William had banned all trade with France, a proclamation which applied to Jersey as well, however due to corruption in the higher levels of Jersey's government, namely the Lieutenant-Governor himself Edward Harris, a large smuggling trade thrived, operating from the bailiwick. Smugglers would be alerted by a fire set by French merchants on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Écrehous</a> reef, a part of Jersey's bailiwick, to which Jersey boats, under the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor, would travel to conduct illegal trade. Despite attempts from parish authorities to stop the boats, the fact that the reef was part of Jersey and that these boats had permission from the government to travel to the islets, no action could be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164–5">: 164–5 </span></sup> </p><p>During William's wars with France, Jersey was on the whole at peace, with the notable exception of 1692, when Louis XIV permitted an army to gather at La Hougue on the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a>. James II himself also went to the Cotentin, however Jersey's allegiance was now against the Stuarts. However, in a naval battle in 1692, the French fleet at La Hougue were destroyed. Although the threat of foreign powers was numb during this period, on island tensions were high. The Governors and Bailiffs were generally absent – the Governor Henry Lumley never visited the island at all during his time in office and after the death of Sir Edouard de Carteret, no bailiff was appointed for five years. The eventual successor Charles de Carteret faced large opposition, especially from his own tenants in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ouen,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ouen, Jersey">St. Ouen</a>. A group of jurats complained to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a> that de Carteret was absent and not well accustomed to the law and culture of the island. Charles attempted to oppose this by blocking sittings of the Jurats in court, claiming they could not sit since they were related to the plaintiff or defendant (which they most often were since everyone in Jersey was somehow related to one another). With Charles ended the male line of de Carteret seigneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164–5">: 164–5 </span></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the 17th century, Jersey strengthened its links with the Americas when many islanders emigrated to New England and north east Canada. The Jersey merchants built up a thriving business empire in the Newfoundland and <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé</a> fisheries. Companies such as Robins and the Le Boutilliers set up thriving businesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_round_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jersey_round_tower.jpg/220px-Jersey_round_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jersey_round_tower.jpg/330px-Jersey_round_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jersey_round_tower.jpg/440px-Jersey_round_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello towers</a> were built along the coasts to protect the Island from French attack. Pictured is First Tower on Victoria Avenue.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_unrest_in_the_early_century">Public unrest in the early century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Public unrest in the early century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1720s, a discrepancy in coinage values between Jersey and France was threatening economic stability. The States of Jersey therefore resolved to <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devalue</a> the <a href="/wiki/Liard_(coin)" title="Liard (coin)">liard</a> to six to the <a href="/wiki/Sou_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sou (coin)">sou</a>. The legislation to that effect implemented in 1729 caused popular riots that shook the establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_21-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devaluation was therefore cancelled. </p><p>In the 1730s, there was sporadic violence against the collectors of Crown tithes, especially in St Ouen, St Brelade and Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corn_Riots">Corn Riots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Corn Riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corn_Riots" title="Corn Riots">Corn Riots</a></div> <p>A revolt, known as the Corn Riots or the Jersey Revolution, occurred in 1769. They were centred around the balance of power between the island's parliament, <a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">the States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_(Jersey)" title="Royal Court (Jersey)">Royal Court</a>, both of which had powers to create legislation. An anti-Seigneurial sentiment – opposition to the feudal economic system – also contributed to the popular revolt. The spark for the riots was a corn shortage, in part caused by corruption in the ruling classes, led by the Lieutenant Bailiff Charles Lemprière, whose style of rule was authoritarian.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 September 1769, men from the northern parishes marched into town and rioted, including breaking into the Royal Court in a threatening manner. The States retreated to Elizabeth Castle and called on the Privy Council for help under false pretences. The Council sent five companies of Royal Scots, who discovered the islanders' grievances.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protestors demands include reductions in price of wheat and the abolition of certain, or all, Seigneurial privileges. In reaction, the Crown issued the Code of 1771, which attempted to separate the island's judiciary and legislature. The Code codified Jersey's laws and removed lawmaking powers from the Royal Court.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the abolition of the Seigneurial system woas not achieved, tighter restrictions were placed on the collection of Crown revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_religion_in_the_18th_century">Politics and religion in the 18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Politics and religion in the 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a> founded 24 February 1768 is the oldest English-speaking Chamber of Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late 18th century was the first time political parties in some form came into existence on the island. Jean Dumaresq was an early <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a> who called for democratic reforms (that the States should be democratically elected Deputies and should have vested in them executive power). His supporters were known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Magots</i></span> ("maggots", initially an insult from his opponents, which the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Magots</i></span> reclaimed as their own term) and his opponents as the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Charlots</i></span></i> (supporters of the Lieutenant Baliff Charles Lempière). Dumaresq is quoted as saying "we shall make these Seigneurs bite the dust". In 1776, he was elected as Connétable for St Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:200</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halkett_place_jersey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Halkett_place_jersey.JPG/250px-Halkett_place_jersey.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Halkett_place_jersey.JPG/330px-Halkett_place_jersey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Halkett_place_jersey.JPG/500px-Halkett_place_jersey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3837" data-file-height="2558" /></a><figcaption>Wesley's legacy remains in Jersey today. The Methodist Centre in St Helier in 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> arrived in Jersey in 1774, brought by fishermen returning from <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. Conflict with the authorities ensued when men refused to attend militia drill when that coincided with chapel meetings. The Royal Court attempted to proscribe Methodist meetings, but King George III refused to countenance such interference with liberty of religion. The first Methodist minister in Jersey was appointed in 1783, and <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> preached in Jersey in August 1789, his words being interpreted into the vernacular for the benefit of those from the country parishes. The first building constructed specifically for Methodist worship was erected in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ouen,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ouen, Jersey">St. Ouen</a> in 1809. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Jersey">Battle of Jersey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Battle of Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">Battle of Jersey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Singleton_Copley_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/John_Singleton_Copley_001.jpg/250px-John_Singleton_Copley_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/John_Singleton_Copley_001.jpg/330px-John_Singleton_Copley_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/John_Singleton_Copley_001.jpg/500px-John_Singleton_Copley_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Major_Peirson" class="mw-redirect" title="The Death of Major Peirson">The Death of Major Peirson</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a>, 1782–1784.</figcaption></figure><p>The 18th century was a period of political tension between Britain and France, as the two nations clashed all over the world as their ambitions grew. Because of its position, Jersey was more or less on a continuous war footing. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Wars_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American Wars of Independence">American Wars of Independence</a>, two attempted invasions of the island were made. In 1779, the Prince of Orange <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V</a> was prevented from landing at St Ouen's Bay; on 6 January 1781, a force led by <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Rullecourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de Rullecourt">Baron de Rullecourt</a> captured St Helier in a daring dawn raid, but was defeated by a British army led by Major <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peirson" title="Francis Peirson">Francis Peirson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">Battle of Jersey</a>. A short-lived peace was followed by the French Revolutionary Wars and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> which, when they had ended, had changed Jersey forever. In 1799–1800, over 6000 Russian troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Houx_de_Viom%C3%A9nil" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles du Houx de Vioménil">Charles du Houx de Vioménil</a> were quartered in Jersey after an evacuation of Holland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Battle">After the Battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: After the Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of war with France and America saw the growth of trade between Jersey and the New World, especially Canada and Newfoundland. By 1763, around a third of the fish being exported from <a href="/wiki/Conception_Bay" title="Conception Bay">Conception Bay</a> was carried by Jersey vessels. In the 1780s, a number of Jersey families settled permanently, such as the de Quettevilles in <a href="/wiki/Forteau" title="Forteau">Forteau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 215–6">: 215–6 </span></sup> The first printing press was introduced to Jersey in 1784. </p><p>Anti-seigneurial attitudes remained in Jersey, despite the reforms of 1771. In 1785, an anti-seigneurial document containing 36 articles was included in St Ouen's Parish Assembly minutes. It included demands for reform such as the abolition of Seigneurial services and an end to the seizure of goods following bankruptcy. These demands were paralleled in St Helier and St John and by an article in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Gazette</i></span>, the only newspaper at the time. These demands formed the basis for a sustained anti-feudal struggle during the next century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–1">: 20–1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 19th century saw massive changes in Jersey society. A large influx of immigrants from England made Jersey a more connected island than ever before, and brought with it cultural changes and the desire for political reform. During this period, the States reformed to become more representative of the population and the Jersey culture became more anglicised and less religious. The island also grew economically and the built-up areas of the island expanded, especially St Helier, with the development of public transport on the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Victoria">Pre-Victoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pre-Victoria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_cattle_judging-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jersey_cattle_judging-1.jpg/250px-Jersey_cattle_judging-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jersey_cattle_judging-1.jpg/500px-Jersey_cattle_judging-1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey cattle</a> were developed as a breed during the 19th century. Judging the quality of cows remains a feature of rural life.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Monument_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Don_Monument_Jersey.jpg/180px-Don_Monument_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Don_Monument_Jersey.jpg/270px-Don_Monument_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Don_Monument_Jersey.jpg/360px-Don_Monument_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The statue to General Don in the Parade</figcaption></figure> <p>The pre-existing road network was an intricate network of roads and lanes. During the nineteenth century, many parishes took on the administration of more and more of these lanes. The network was criticised at the time for being subpar. A common Jèrriais saying is <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Vieux comme les Quémins</i></span>, which means 'as old as the roads'. In the early 19th century, the military roads were constructed (on occasion at gunpoint in the face of opposition from landowners) by the governor, General <a href="/wiki/George_Don_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Don (British Army officer)">George Don</a>, to link coastal fortifications with the town harbour. Much of the opposition to the plans came from islanders, who thought the country's best defence was its convoluted network of narrow lanes. The new road system was met with considerable opposition, particularly due to its expense. The St Helier Parish Assembly forbade the completion of the Trinity main road within its boundaries. The new network allowed greater communication between disparate parts of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> These had an unexpected effect on agriculture once peace restored reliable trade links. Farmers in previously isolated valleys were able to swiftly transport crops grown in the island's <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> to waiting ships and then on to the markets of London and Paris ahead of the competition. In conjunction with the later introduction of <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a> and the development of the French and British <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> systems, Jersey's agriculture was no longer as isolated as before. </p><p>The early 19th century was a period of growth of trade for Jersey. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic wars</a> after the defeat of France in 1815, the Channel Islands lost their strategic value, as points of conflict between the British and foreign powers moved to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. The UK had a need to reduce its forces to cut spending, but the Channel Islands defence costs reached £500,000 pa, even in peacetime.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> The utility of possessing the islands came into question. <a href="/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch" title="John Ramsay McCulloch">John Ramsay McCulloch</a> described the advantages the islands provided to the UK as "neither very obvious nor material".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1845, the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> strongly defended the islands in the Memorandum on the Defence of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An English <a href="/wiki/Custom_house" title="Custom house">Custom House</a> was established in the island in 1810. A key turning point in Jersey history was the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a>. Previous to that, travel to the island was long and unpredictable. In the mid-1820s, the post office switched to steam as well. The first paddle steamer to visit Jersey was the Medina on 11 June 1823. In 1824, two shipping companies were established, each operating weekly steamship services to England.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 239">: 239 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_ava%C3%BB_la_Rue_Morier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_ava%C3%BB_la_Rue_Morier.jpg/250px-Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_ava%C3%BB_la_Rue_Morier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_ava%C3%BB_la_Rue_Morier.jpg/330px-Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_ava%C3%BB_la_Rue_Morier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_ava%C3%BB_la_Rue_Morier.jpg/500px-Saint_H%C3%A9lyi_ava%C3%BB_la_Rue_Morier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>A view over St Helier in 2008. During the 19th century, St Helier saw significant expansion to the north.</figcaption></figure> <p>This brought thousands of passengers to the country. By 1840, there were 5,000 English residents, who some say did not mix well or interact deeply with the native Jèrriais. The number of English-speaking soldiers stationed in the island and the number of retired officers and English-speaking labourers who came to the islands in the 1820s led to the island gradually moving towards an English-speaking culture in town. This new immigration had a large impact on local architecture, with a number of mainland Georgian-style houses and terraces erected on the main roads out of St Helier. The town also expanded with many new streets, such as Burrard Street, first developed in 1812. In 1831, street lighting was first used.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 239–40">: 239–40 </span></sup> In 1843 it was agreed to erect street names. The rapid growth of St. Helier was one of the most significant changes in the landscape of Jersey during the 19th century. The town developed from a small settlement by the coast to encompassing most of the parish and spreading out into St. Clement and St. Saviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42–43">: 42–43 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_helier_marina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_helier_marina.JPG/250px-St_helier_marina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_helier_marina.JPG/330px-St_helier_marina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_helier_marina.JPG/500px-St_helier_marina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The English harbour was the first permanent harbour to be constructed in town.</figcaption></figure> <p>An important growth for St Helier in the early 19th century was the construction of the harbour. Previously, ships coming into the town had only a small jetty at the site now called the English Harbour and the French Harbour. The Chamber of Commerce urged the States to build a new harbour, but the States refused, so the Chamber took it into their own hands and paid to upgrade the harbour in 1790. A new breakwater was constructed to shelter the jetty and harbours. In 1814, the merchants constructed the roads now known as Commercial Buildings and Le Quai des Marchands to connect the harbours to the town and in 1832 construction was finished on the Esplanade and its sea wall. A rapid expansion in shipping led the States in 1837 to order the construction of two new piers: the Victoria and Albert Piers.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 242">: 242 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_new_island_politics">A new island politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: A new island politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The post-<a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic War</a> period was a divisive period politically for the island. In 1821, there was an election for Jurat. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence, Jersey">St Laurentine</a> Laurelites (conservatives, the eventual name for the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Charlots</i></span></i>) attacked the Inn in their village where Rose men (the progressive descendants of the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Magots</i></span></i>) were holding a meeting. They damaged the building and injured both the innkeeper and his wife. On election day in St Martin, the a number of Rose voters were attacked, after which most Rose men refrained from voting. Although the Rose candidate won overall, he faced a number of lawsuits over claims of voter fraud, so in the end the Laurel candidate George Bertram took office.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:232</sup> </p><p>At this time, the national administration system, despite reform, still resembled a feudal system of governance. They also remained dominated by judicial and legislative overlap. In the nineteenth century, the growth of the town shifted economic power from the country parishes to St Helier, where also resided a large English population. During this century, Jersey's power structure shifted from the English Crown to the Jersey States, establishing Jersey as a near-independent state, however ultimate authority over the island shifted from the Crown to the British Parliament, aligning with the shift in the UK's politics towards a purely ceremonial monarch. The Privy Council put pressure of the island to reform its institutions, in the belief these reforms should align the country with a more English model of government and law. In 1883, John Stuart Blackie recounted an Englishman's comment that only one thing was needed to make Jersey perfect, and that was "a full participation in the benefits of English law". However, the Lieutenant Governor at the time stated that the absence of English law was what had brought Jerseymen such prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 305">: 305 </span></sup> </p><p>Many locals blamed this push for reform on the island's new immigrants, who were unaccustomed to the island's distinct political and legal systems (although a major part of the mainstream reformer movement was in fact made of Jerseymen). Many English who had moved to the island discovered an alien environment, with unfamiliar laws (in a foreign language they could not understand) and no recourse to access the local power to counter them. The reformers of English heritage mostly came from the middle classes, and sought to further their own rights, not necessarily those of the working class. These Englishmen formed a pressure group known as the Civil Assembly of St Helier. This group was effectively split into two, one organised around Abraham Le Cras' hard-code English reformism and the other, a larger looser corpus of English reformists. The former was never representative of a significant proportion of the English community. One thing both shared however was a belief that the English systems were far superior to the historic Norman-based structures.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 305">: 305 </span></sup> </p><p>Abraham Le Cras was an outspoken new resident – though with Jersey heritage – opposed to Jersey's self-government. He not only thought Jersey should be integrated into England fully, but disputed the right of the States to even make its own laws. He is noted as saying, 'the States have no more power to make laws for Jersey than I have'. In 1840 he won a court case challenging the States' ability to naturalise people as citizens. The Privy Council determined that the long-standing precedent of the States doing so had been invalidated since Jersey had been ruled under <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> since 1771. In 1846, he persuaded the MP for <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> to push for a Parliamentary Committee to enquire into the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey" title="Law of Jersey">law of Jersey</a>, however HM Government instead promised a Royal Commission. The Commission advised the abolition of the Royal Court run by the Jurats and the replacement of it with three Crown-appointed judges and the introduction of a paid police force. Le Cras left the island to live in England in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 305">: 305 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1852, the island experienced somewhat of a constitutional crisis when the Privy Council issued three Orders in Council: establishing a police court, a petty debts court and a paid police force for St Helier. This sparked controversy locally, with claims that the move threatened Jersey's independence. Both parties united against the move and around 7000 islanders signing a petition. By 1854, the council had agreed to revoke the Orders, on the condition that the States passed most of the council's requirements. In 1856, further constitutional reform brought deputies into the States for the first time, with one deputy from each country parish and three from town.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 251">: 251 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 305">: 305 </span></sup> </p><p>The threats to Jersey's autonomy continued. In the 1860s, there was raised a threat of an intervention in the island's government by the British Parliament itself, in order to impose change on the island's structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonconformism_and_reform">Nonconformism and reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nonconformism and reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformity</a> challenged traditional Jersey society from within; it had always been a part of Jersey life, and non-conformists such as the Methodists had generally been tolerated during peacetime. This isn't to say there weren't some tensions between the Established Church and non-conformists, but these were generally exceptional. Most country people had at least one non-conformist within their own family, so the <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">othering</a> of non-conformists never took much hold. However, non-conformists were often unable to fully participate in country life as the church played a central role in the secular parish, and were notably absent from honorary roles within the parish. The Established Church had to reassess itself and reform and the parish structure altered itself to become a more civil-focused organisation, preserving itself while allowing its community more religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 546">: 546 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anglicisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of the 19th century, Jersey people as a nation were British, rather French nor Norman.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to the cultural divergence between the Island and the Norman mainland, relationships between individual Islanders and Frenchmen were less common. Due to an increase in French immigrants, the differences between the Islanders and the French became more apparent, and thus France and the French people were seen as foreign to the Island's population. Furthermore, increased links between Jersey and mainland Britain, such as through the improvement of St Helier's shipping capabilities and an increase in mainland Brits, made Jersey a more British nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>This led to a change in the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_demography" title="Linguistic demography">linguistic demography</a> in the Island. In the early parts of the century, mostly due to increased immigration from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, the town became a predominantly English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created a divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use Jèrriais, and many did not even know English.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38–9">: 38–9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268">: 268 </span></sup> English became seen as 'the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 269">: 269 </span></sup> </p><p>The growth of English and the decline of French brought about the adoption of more values and social structures from Victorian England.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1912, the new compulsory education was delivered solely in English, following the cultural norms, and teaching subjects from the perspective, of England.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, this has led to the Island's culture becoming anglicised and much of the traditional Norman-based culture of the Island being disregarded or lost. Kelleher identifies anglicisation as a challenge Le Feuvre argues that this cultural change created a sense of inferiority about native Jersey culture and the language – viewed as a 'corruption, rather than an improvement'<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 270">: 270 </span></sup> of Standard French by the English immigrant population – which only served to accelerate the process of anglicisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41–2">: 41–2 </span></sup> </p><p>Anglicisation was supported by the British state. It was suggested that, although the islands had proven themselves loyal to the British Sovereign, that this was out of hereditary impression, rather than affinity towards the English people, and that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between the nations, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". In 1846, through a lens of growing nationalism in the UK, there was concern against sending young islanders to France for education, where they might bring French principles, friendships and views of policy and government to the British Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268">: 268 </span></sup> The Jersey gentry adopted this policy of anglicisation, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring. Anglophiles such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce England to Jersey. In 1856, the Jersey Times, an English-language newspaper, was established in Jersey. The use of the English language in the States was first suggested by the Rev. Abraham Le Sueur of Grouville in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268">: 268 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_Era_(1837–1901)"><span id="Victorian_Era_.281837.E2.80.931901.29"></span>Victorian Era (1837–1901)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Victorian Era (1837–1901)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey,_1851_-_1-13_shillings,_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jersey%2C_1851_-_1-13_shillings%2C_Victoria.jpg/250px-Jersey%2C_1851_-_1-13_shillings%2C_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jersey%2C_1851_-_1-13_shillings%2C_Victoria.jpg/330px-Jersey%2C_1851_-_1-13_shillings%2C_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jersey%2C_1851_-_1-13_shillings%2C_Victoria.jpg/500px-Jersey%2C_1851_-_1-13_shillings%2C_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>A Victorian 1/13 shilling coin issued in 1851</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> was crowned Queen of the United Kingdom in the right of Jersey in 1837. The first notable event of the Victorian era for Jersey was the change in currency. The <i><a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">livre tournois</a></i> had been used as the legal <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> for centuries, however it had been abolished during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutionary</a> period. Although the coins were no longer minted, they remained the legal currency in Jersey until 1837, when dwindling supplies and consequent difficulties in trade and payment obliged the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">pound sterling</a> as <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>. Keen to prevent a repeat of the <i>Six-sou</i> Revolt, the authorities wanted to ensure a fair exchange rate; 520 sous would be the equivalent of one Pound sterling.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244">: 244 </span></sup> Jersey issued its first coins in 1841,<sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178–185">: 178–185 </span></sup> including the 1/13 shilling coin, which was closer in value to the old <i>sou</i> than the English penny.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244">: 244 </span></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand%27_Rue,_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grand%27_Rue%2C_Jersey.jpg/250px-Grand%27_Rue%2C_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grand%27_Rue%2C_Jersey.jpg/330px-Grand%27_Rue%2C_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grand%27_Rue%2C_Jersey.jpg/500px-Grand%27_Rue%2C_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>The obelisk to Le Sueur</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1840s, the Rose leader Pierre Le Sueur was elected as Connétable of St Helier. From 1845, he orchestrated the construction of a complete sewer system for the town. He remained in office for 15 years and on his death an obelisk was erected in the Broad Street square.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 249">: 249 </span></sup> </p><p>The population of Jersey rose rapidly, from 47,544 in 1841 to 56,078 20 years later, despite a 20% mortality rate amongst new born children. Life expectancy was 35 years. Both immigration and emigration increased.<sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186">: 186 </span></sup> In 1851, the English immigrant population numbered around 12,000, compared with a total island population of 57,000 people. In St Helier, they constituted 7,000 of the parish's 30,000 residents. As with in England, the English community in Jersey was not coherent, but divided by social class. At the top of the social ladder were those of independent means, who chose to retire in the island: they did not participate much in the local lifestyle or politics, instead creating a mini-English social life for themselves. While at the bottom, there was the English-born working class, who often lacked basic rights such as accessing welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268">: 268 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg/220px-Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg/330px-Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg/440px-Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>The Hermitage Rock, St. Helier, Jersey amidst a fantastic landscape – by Victor Hugo (1855)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1852, the French author and poet <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> arrived to seek refuge in Jersey, as had many other revolutionaries and socialists from the Continent, facing exile from France and Belgium. If any of these <i>proscrits</i> died on the island, they were buried in Macpela cemetery in Sion, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John, Jersey">St John</a>. In 1855, these refugees republished in their weekly paper <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Homme</i></span> an open letter from a number of French socialists living in London, which stated 'You have sacrificed your dignity as a Queen, your fastidiousness as a woman, your pride as an aristocrat, even your honour.' The Lieutenant-Governor banished the three editors two days later. Although Hugo had disapproved of the letter, he joined a protest against the expulsion, and hence too was exiled from the island. He and his family left for Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 251">: 251 </span></sup> </p><p>The Theatre Royal was built, as were <a href="/wiki/Victoria_College,_Jersey" title="Victoria College, Jersey">Victoria College</a> in 1852 and exhibited 34 items at <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">The Great Exhibition</a> in 1851, the world's first ever <a href="/wiki/Pillar_box" title="Pillar box">Pillar box</a> was installed in 1852 and a paid police force was created in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178–185">: 178–185 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181–5">: 181–5 </span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_Railway_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jersey_Railway_map.png/250px-Jersey_Railway_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jersey_Railway_map.png/500px-Jersey_Railway_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Map of the former railway lines of Jersey</figcaption></figure> <p>This century saw Jersey develop a public transport network. Towards the end of the last century, omnibuses came into use for the first time in the island. Two railways, the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Railway" title="Jersey Railway">Jersey Western Railway</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1870, and the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eastern_Railway" title="Jersey Eastern Railway">Jersey Eastern Railway</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1874, were opened. The western railway from <a href="/wiki/St_Helier_(Weighbridge)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helier (Weighbridge) railway station">St Helier (Weighbridge)</a> to <a href="/wiki/La_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="La Corbière">La Corbière</a> and the eastern railway from <a href="/wiki/St_Helier_(Snow_Hill)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helier (Snow Hill) railway station">St Helier (Snow Hill)</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gorey,_Jersey" title="Gorey, Jersey">Gorey</a> Pier. The two railways were never connected. </p><p>Jersey was the fourth-largest shipbuilding area in the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> building over 900 vessels around the island. Shipbuilding declined with the coming of iron ships and steam. A number of banks on Jersey, guarantors of an industry both onshore and off, failed in 1873<sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 193">: 193 </span></sup> and 1886, even causing strife and discord in far-flung societies. The population fell slightly in the twenty years to 1881. </p><p>In the late 19th century, as the former thriving <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> and wool industries declined, island farmers benefited from the development of two luxury products – <a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Royal" title="Jersey Royal">Jersey Royal</a> potatoes. The former was the product of careful and selective breeding programmes; the latter was a total fluke. </p><p>The anarchist philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, who visited the Channel Islands in 1890, 1896, and 1903, described the agriculture of Jersey in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></i>. </p><p>The 19th century also saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> as an important industry (linked with the improvement in passenger ships)<sup id="cite_ref-RL_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196">: 196 </span></sup> which reached its climax in the period from the end of the Second World War to the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elementary education became obligatory in 1899, and free in 1907. Queen Victoria died in 1901, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> was proclaimed as King in the Royal Square. His coronation a year later was marked by the first <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Battle_of_Flowers" title="Jersey Battle of Flowers">Battle of Flowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The years before the First World War saw the foundation of the Jersey Eisteddfod by the Dean of Jersey, Samuel Falle. The first aeroplanes arrived in Jersey in 1912. </p><p>In 1914, the British garrison was withdrawn at the start of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and the militia were mobilised. Jersey men served in the British and French armed forces. Numbers of German prisoners of war were interned in Jersey. The influenza epidemic of 1918 added to the toll of war. </p><p>In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_measurements" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial measurements">imperial measurements</a> replaced, for the most part, the traditional Jersey system of weights and measures; women aged over 30 were given the vote;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the endowments of the ancient grammar schools were repurposed as scholarships for Victoria College. </p><p>In 1921, the visit of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> was the occasion for the design of the parish crests. </p><p>In 1923, the British government asked Jersey to contribute an annual sum towards the costs of the Empire. The States of Jersey refused and offered instead a one-off contribution to war costs. After negotiations, Jersey's one-off contribution was accepted. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Jersey_States_of_Jersey_Airport_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Arms_of_Jersey_States_of_Jersey_Airport_1937.jpg/250px-Arms_of_Jersey_States_of_Jersey_Airport_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Arms_of_Jersey_States_of_Jersey_Airport_1937.jpg/330px-Arms_of_Jersey_States_of_Jersey_Airport_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Arms_of_Jersey_States_of_Jersey_Airport_1937.jpg/500px-Arms_of_Jersey_States_of_Jersey_Airport_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>With the growth of air travel globally, Jersey Airport was opened in 1937. The original terminal still stands today.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first motor car had arrived in 1899 and buses started running on the island in the 1920s, and by the 1930s, competition from motor buses had rendered the railways unprofitable, with final closure coming in 1935 after a fire disaster (except for the later German reintroduction of rail during the military occupation). <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">Jersey Airport</a> was opened in 1937 to replace the use of the beach of Saint Aubin's bay as an airstrip at low tide,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1998_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the railways could not cope with the competition. </p><p>English was first permitted in debates in the States of Jersey in 1901, and the first legislation to be drawn up primarily in English was the Income Tax Law of 1928. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_1940–1945"><span id="Occupation_1940.E2.80.931945"></span>Occupation 1940–1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Occupation 1940–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg/250px-German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg/330px-German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg/500px-German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a>, between 1940 and 1945, the occupying German forces and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a> constructed fortifications round the coast of Jersey such as this observation tower at <a href="/wiki/Battery_Moltke" title="Battery Moltke">Battery Moltke</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the withdrawal of defences by the British government and German bombardment, Jersey was <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied by German troops</a> between 1940 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Channel Islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II. This period of occupation had about 8,000 islanders evacuated, 1,200 islanders deported to camps in Germany, and over 300 islanders sentenced to the prison and <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> of mainland Europe. Twenty died as a result. The islanders endured near-starvation in the winter of 1944–45, after the Channel Islands had been cut off from German-occupied Europe by Allied forces advancing from the Normandy beachheads, avoided only by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> supply ship <i>Vega</i> in December 1944. <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Channel_Islands)" title="Liberation Day (Channel Islands)">Liberation Day</a> – 9 May is marked as a public holiday. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Liberation">Post-Liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Post-Liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After five years of occupation, the people of Jersey began to rebuild the island. In 1944, a group of exiled islanders, called <i>Nos Iles</i>, set out what the Channel Islands would need after the war. Examples include better education, development of the economy, especially tourism, and greater cooperation between the islands. They also emphasised the need for efficient land management.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have a limited amount of space and much to fit into it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nos Iles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/20.4.574">https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/20.4.574</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Some Jersey men were enlisted in <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">national service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">occupied Germany</a>. The UK donated more than £4 million to clear Jersey's occupation debt,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as sending gifts of essential items. There were over 50,000 mines to be cleared.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sir Edward Grasett was sworn in as Lieutenant Governor in August 1945. </p><p>The 1945 census showed that 44,382 people were resident in the island (an increase of 4000 since Liberation). By the next year, there were 50,749, and the majority lived in St Helier. Many returned to their pre-war homes to find them in a state of dereliction and were given grants to repair the damage.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many islanders called for the reform and modernisation of the States: a poll by the JEP showed that only 88 of the 1,784 surveyed thought Rectors should stay in the States and a vast majority wanted the legislature and judiciary separated. The Jersey Democratic Movement campaigned for either the incorporation of the island as a county of England or at least the abolition of the States. The other political party to emerge during this period was the Progressive Party, consisting of some present States members, who opposed the JDM. In the 1945 Deputies' election, the Progressives won a landslide victory, giving a mandate for change.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The franchise was extended to all British adults, previously voting rights in Jersey had only been to men and women over 30 according to property ownership. The largest reform came in the form of the 1948 States reform. Jurats were no longer States members and were to be elected by an Electoral College. It also introduced a retirement age for Jurats of 70. In all cases, the Bailiff shall be the judge of the law, and the Jurats the "judge of fact". The Jurats' role in the States was replaced by 12 senators, four of whom would retire every three years. The Church also lost most of its representation in the States, with the role of Rector being abolished and the number of Deputies increased to 28.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 278–9">: 278–9 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%8Acole_des_Tchennevais,_J%C3%A8rri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%C3%8Acole_des_Tchennevais%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/250px-%C3%8Acole_des_Tchennevais%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%C3%8Acole_des_Tchennevais%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/330px-%C3%8Acole_des_Tchennevais%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%C3%8Acole_des_Tchennevais%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg/500px-%C3%8Acole_des_Tchennevais%2C_J%C3%A8rri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Les Quennevais school</figcaption></figure> <p>The island adopted free, universal secondary education and a social security system.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill for the social security system was passed in May 1950. A paid police force to cover the whole island was established to work alongside the honorary police.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorce was legalised in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, a state secondary school for boys was opened at Hautlieu and a girls' secondary was opened at Rouge Bouillon. Ten years later these would combine to form a single co-ed grammar school at Hautlieu, and two other schools: one for boys (d'Hautrée) and another for girls (at the Rouge Bouillon site) were opened. Later the two St Helier schools were combined into one comprehensive school and two other comprehensives were opened at Les Quennevais and Le Rocquier. Highlands College was purchased by the States in 1973 to provide further education.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:280</sup> </p><p>There was an expansion of housing to deal with growing population and to improve the quality of existing housing. There was also a slum clearance programme involving States-funded homes (either for social housing or sale) and States-funded mortgages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1948, since the end of the war, two estates had been built: Grasett Park and Princess Place. A sum of £52,000 was agreed to build more houses on land already owned by the States.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population saw growth from wealthy immigrants looking for lower taxes and seasonal essential workers from the Continent and mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jersey was particularly attractive to retired civil servants in former British colonies as these obtained independence throughout the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created a need for new infrastructure. Street lighting began to spread to the country parishes and a new sewage farm was built at Bellozane.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mains drainage was extended beyond St Helier and new water production facilities were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:281</sup> The island saw a growth in tourism and the reopening of the Battle of Flowers parade (for the first time since World War I) as well as new cinemas and the International Road Race.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military establishments of the island were handed over by the British Government to the Island and Jersey's Militia abolished. For the first time since Edward III, there was no permanent military presence on the island. The arsenals, forts are castles were converted to museums and housing (or in the case of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Regent" title="Fort Regent">Fort Regent</a>, into the main leisure centre for town). There was a dispute over the ownership of Jersey's islets – the Minquiers and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Ecréhous</a> – between the UK and France. The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> ruled in favour of British ownership of the reefs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1945 and the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">Queen's coronation</a> in 1952, there were outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and the opening of the Jersey Maternity hospital and St John Ambulance headquarters. Agriculture was hit by a series of <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth</a> outbreaks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first senatorial election was brief. Each Senator was elected for either nine, six or three years depending on where they came in the polling list. Philip Le Feuvre topped the poll and was elected for nine years. On 8 December 1945 at the Deputies' election, Ivy Forster of the Progressive Party became the first woman to ever be elected to the States. Other notable successful candidates include John Le Marquand Jr. (whose father has recently been returned as Senator) and Cyril Le Marquand. </p><p>The event which has had the most far-reaching effect on Jersey in modern times is the growth of the finance industry in the island from the 1960s onwards,<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:287</sup> which has led to <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Jersey" title="Taxation in Jersey">debate that Jersey constitutes a tax haven</a>. Jersey's role as a finance centre has occasionally brought the island global media attention. For example in 2017, the Paradise Papers – a global leak of confidential documents relating to <a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">offshore investments</a> – revealed that Apple had made two international subsidiaries tax resident in Jersey in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Jersey_child_abuse_investigation" title="Jersey child abuse investigation">police investigation</a> at <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Haut de la Garenne</span></span> children's home found a record of abuse at the home dating back since liberation. More than 500 alleged offences were recorded and eight people were prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024 Jersey Heritage is inviting locals to nominate sites of natural and cultural significance for potential UNESCO Global Geopark status, highlighting geological features like Anne Port and Portelet Bay alongside historical landmarks such as Le Dolmen des Geonnais and St Clement’s Church, to showcase Jersey's unique heritage and join the network of 213 Global Geoparks worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widely regarded <b>history of Jersey</b> is <i>Balleine's History of the Island of Jersey</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-BHJ_2-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written by G. R. Balleine in 1959, and later adapted by the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Jersiaise" title="Société Jersiaise">Société Jersiaise</a>, most notably two of its members Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Histories_of_the_Channel_Islands">Other Histories of the Channel Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other Histories of the Channel Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology of the Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime history of the Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">List of English monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">List of British monarchs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_articles_for_Jersey">Related articles for Jersey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Related articles for Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Culture of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Politics of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jersey" title="Demographics of Jersey">Demographics of Jersey</a> (contains historical figures)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFalle1837" class="citation book cs1">Falle, Philip (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4AHAAAAQAAJ&dq=Jersey+-%22new%22&pg=PA127"><i>Cæsarea: or, An account of Jersey. To which are added, Notes and illustrations, by E. Durell</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A6sarea%3A+or%2C+An+account+of+Jersey.+To+which+are+added%2C+Notes+and+illustrations%2C+by+E.+Durell&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Falle&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4AHAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DJersey%2B-%2522new%2522%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHJ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHJ_2-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyvret2011" class="citation book cs1">Syvret, Marguerite (2011). <i>Balleine's History of Jersey</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860776502" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860776502"><bdi>978-1860776502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balleine%27s+History+of+Jersey&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1860776502&rft.aulast=Syvret&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRTV-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRTV_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRule1993" class="citation book cs1">Rule, Margaret (1993). <i>A Gallo-Roman Trading Vessel from Guernsey</i>. Guernsey Museums & Galleries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1871560039" title="Special:BookSources/978-1871560039"><bdi>978-1871560039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gallo-Roman+Trading+Vessel+from+Guernsey&rft.pub=Guernsey+Museums+%26+Galleries&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1871560039&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andiumhomes.je/">"Andium Homes | Andium Homes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andium+Homes+%7C+Andium+Homes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andiumhomes.je%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1994" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198143857"><i>The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198143850" title="Special:BookSources/0198143850"><bdi>0198143850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+Prehistory+of+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0198143850&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780198143857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelleher1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Kelleher, John D. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15"><i>The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey</i></a> (Thesis). S.l.: typescript.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+rural+community+in+nineteenth+century+Jersey&rft.inst=typescript&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kelleher&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk%2Frecord%3Db1410448~S15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34679202">"Ice Age engravings found at Jersey archaeological site"</a>. BBC. 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ice+Age+engravings+found+at+Jersey+archaeological+site&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-34679202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseyheritage.org/ice-age-key-sites/les-varines">"Over 3,000 stone tools have been found here"</a>. Jersey heritage. 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Over+3%2C000+stone+tools+have+been+found+here&rft.pub=Jersey+heritage&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseyheritage.org%2Fice-age-key-sites%2Fles-varines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1998-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1998_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1998_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Balleine's History of Jersey, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7">1-86077-065-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2012" class="citation web cs1">Morrison, Ryan (13 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-19576719">"BBC News - Jersey coin hoard left by Celtic tribe in flight from Caesar army"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+News+-+Jersey+coin+hoard+left+by+Celtic+tribe+in+flight+from+Caesar+army&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-09-13&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-jersey-19576719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102171011/http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/celtic-tribe-fleeing-caesar-army-left-behind-thousands-of-coins-reports-customcoinstorecom-169105.htm">"Celtic Tribe Fleeing Caesar Army Left Behind Thousands of Coins Reports CustomCoinStore.com | Oct 2, 2012"</a>. Sbwire.com. 2 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/celtic-tribe-fleeing-caesar-army-left-behind-thousands-of-coins-reports-customcoinstorecom-169105.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celtic+Tribe+Fleeing+Caesar+Army+Left+Behind+Thousands+of+Coins+Reports+CustomCoinStore.com+%26%23124%3B+Oct+2%2C+2012&rft.pub=Sbwire.com&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbwire.com%2Fpress-releases%2Fceltic-tribe-fleeing-caesar-army-left-behind-thousands-of-coins-reports-customcoinstorecom-169105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-19896386">"BBC News - Bronze age pottery find in Jersey"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+-+Bronze+age+pottery+find+in+Jersey&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-jersey-19896386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015642/http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island%2BPlan%2Band%2BOther%2BPolicy%2BGuidance/Countryside%2BCharacter%2BAppraisal/Character%2BArea%2BA1%2BNorth%2BCoast%2BHeathland.htm">"Countryside Character Appraisal – Character Area A1: North Coast Heathland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Jersey">States of Jersey</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island+Plan+and+Other+Policy+Guidance/Countryside+Character+Appraisal/Character+Area+A1+North+Coast+Heathland.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countryside+Character+Appraisal+%E2%80%93+Character+Area+A1%3A+North+Coast+Heathland&rft.pub=States+of+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FPlanningEnvironment%2FPlanning%2FIsland%2BPlan%2Band%2BOther%2BPolicy%2BGuidance%2FCountryside%2BCharacter%2BAppraisal%2FCharacter%2BArea%2BA1%2BNorth%2BCoast%2BHeathland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061022131444/http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170">"History of stamps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Post" title="Jersey Post">Jersey Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170">the original</a> on 22 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+stamps&rft.pub=Jersey+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseypost.com%2Fjppage.aspx%3Fid%3D170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLempière1976" class="citation book cs1">Lempière, Raoul (1976). <i>Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands</i>. Great Britain: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-5731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-5731-2"><bdi>0-7091-5731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Customs%2C+Ceremonies+and+Traditions+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7091-5731-2&rft.aulast=Lempi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206062513/http://www.voisinlaw.com/default.asp?contentID=368">"A Short Constitutional History of Jersey"</a>. Voisin & Co. 18 May 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voisinlaw.com/default.asp?contentID=368">the original</a> on 6 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+Constitutional+History+of+Jersey&rft.pub=Voisin+%26+Co&rft.date=1999-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voisinlaw.com%2Fdefault.asp%3FcontentID%3D368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RL-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLempriére1974" class="citation book cs1">Lempriére, Raoul (1974). <i>History of the Channel Islands</i>. Robert Hale Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0709142522" title="Special:BookSources/978-0709142522"><bdi>978-0709142522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Ltd&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0709142522&rft.aulast=Lempri%C3%A9re&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStapleton1840" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Thomas (1840). <i>Magni rotuli scaccarii Normanniæ sub regibus Angliæ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magni+rotuli+scaccarii+Normanni%C3%A6+sub+regibus+Angli%C3%A6&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddicoat1994" class="citation book cs1">Liddicoat, Anthony (1 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgobrmlMAGQC&pg=PA6"><i>A Grammar of the Norman French of the Channel Islands</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012631-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012631-1"><bdi>3-11-012631-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Norman+French+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994-08-01&rft.isbn=3-11-012631-1&rft.aulast=Liddicoat&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgobrmlMAGQC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2009" class="citation book cs1">Platt, Colin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/705959744"><i>A concise history of Jersey : a new perspective</i></a>. Societe Jersiaise. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901897-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901897-46-6"><bdi>978-0-901897-46-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/705959744">705959744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Jersey+%3A+a+new+perspective&rft.pub=Societe+Jersiaise&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F705959744&rft.isbn=978-0-901897-46-6&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F705959744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_21-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyvretStevens1998" class="citation book cs1">Syvret, Marguerite; Stevens, Joan (1998). <i>Balleine's History of Jersey</i>. West Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd for Société Jersiaise. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7"><bdi>1-86077-065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balleine%27s+History+of+Jersey&rft.place=West+Sussex&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co.+Ltd+for+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Jersiaise&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86077-065-7&rft.aulast=Syvret&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including twice in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338-1339" class="mw-redirect" title="English Channel naval campaign, 1338-1339">1338-39 Channel campaign</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watts (2007), pp. 8-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (2004), pp. 18–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (2004), p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (2004), p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThornton2012" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Timothy John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/843179654"><i>The Channel Islands, 1370-1640 : between England and Normandy</i></a>. GB. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-711-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-711-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-711-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/843179654">843179654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Channel+Islands%2C+1370-1640+%3A+between+England+and+Normandy&rft.pub=GB&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F843179654&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-711-4&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F843179654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watts (2004), pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBisson" class="citation web cs1">Bisson, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Constitution">"Constitution - theislandwiki"</a>. <i>www.theislandwiki.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theislandwiki.org&rft.atitle=Constitution+-+theislandwiki&rft.aulast=Bisson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theislandwiki.org%2Findex.php%2FConstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEagleston1949" class="citation book cs1">Eagleston, A. J. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1286548"><i>The Channel Islands under Tudor government, 1485-1642 : a study in administrative history</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1286548">1286548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Channel+Islands+under+Tudor+government%2C+1485-1642+%3A+a+study+in+administrative+history&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1286548&rft.aulast=Eagleston&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1286548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOmmer1991" class="citation book cs1">Ommer, Rosemary E. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13"><i>From Outpost to Outport</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0730-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0730-2"><bdi>0-7735-0730-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Outpost+to+Outport&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7735-0730-2&rft.aulast=Ommer&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnrdYUXv817sC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailhache, Philip (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR9910_cry_for_constitutional_reform.pdf">The Cry for Constitutional Reform – A perspective from the Office of Bailiff</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jersey+Heritage&rft.atitle=From+Liberation+to+Coronation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseyheritage.org%2Fmedia%2FPDF-Heritage-Mag%2FFrom%2520Liberation%2520to%2520Coronation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/l_22_1949">"Matrimonial Causes (Jersey) Law 1949"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_Information_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Legal Information Board">Jersey Legal Information Board</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jersey+Legal+Information+Board&rft.atitle=Matrimonial+Causes+%28Jersey%29+Law+1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseylaw.je%2Flaws%2Fcurrent%2Fl_22_1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerseyheritage.org/family-history/jersey-immigration">"Jersey Immigration - Start your family history search here"</a>. <i>JerseyHeritage.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JerseyHeritage.org&rft.atitle=Jersey+Immigration+-+Start+your+family+history+search+here&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseyheritage.org%2Ffamily-history%2Fjersey-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/06/apple-secretly-moved-jersey-ireland-tax-row-paradise-papers">"Apple secretly moved parts of empire to Jersey after row over tax affairs"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 6 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Apple+secretly+moved+parts+of+empire+to+Jersey+after+row+over+tax+affairs&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2Fnov%2F06%2Fapple-secretly-moved-jersey-ireland-tax-row-paradise-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDruckerBowers2017" class="citation news cs1">Drucker, Jesse; Bowers, Simon (6 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/world/apple-taxes-jersey.html">"After a Tax Crackdown, Apple Found a New Shelter for Its Profits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+a+Tax+Crackdown%2C+Apple+Found+a+New+Shelter+for+Its+Profits&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Drucker&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Bowers%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F06%2Fworld%2Fapple-taxes-jersey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/03/haut-de-la-garenne-house-of-horror-investigation-brought-jersey-abuse-to-light">"How 'house of horror' investigation brought Jersey abuse to light"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 3 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+%27house+of+horror%27+investigation+brought+Jersey+abuse+to+light&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fjul%2F03%2Fhaut-de-la-garenne-house-of-horror-investigation-brought-jersey-abuse-to-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8y22rep0do">"Jersey islanders asked to identify sites for Unesco bids"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>. 5 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Jersey+islanders+asked+to+identify+sites+for+Unesco+bids&rft.date=2024-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fce8y22rep0do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Jersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print">Print</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jersey&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Print"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Balleine's History of Jersey</i>, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-065-7">1-86077-065-7</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jersey_articles517" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jersey_topics" title="Template:Jersey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jersey_topics" title="Template talk:Jersey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jersey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jersey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jersey_articles517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_civilians_from_the_Channel_Islands_in_1940" title="Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands#Collaboration" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Civilian life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechsschartenturm,_Heavy_MG_bunker,_La_Mare_Mill" title="Sechsschartenturm, Heavy MG bunker, La Mare Mill">Sechsschartentürme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohlgangsanlage_tunnels,_Jersey" title="Hohlgangsanlage tunnels, Jersey">German tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohlgangsanlage_8" title="Hohlgangsanlage 8">War Tunnels Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Lothringen" title="Battery Lothringen">Battery Lothringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Moltke" title="Battery Moltke">Battery Moltke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Occupation_Society" title="Channel Islands Occupation Society">Channel Islands Occupation Society (CIOS)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmills_in_Jersey" title="Windmills in Jersey">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_Jersey" title="Coastal fortifications of Jersey">Coastal fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perquage" title="Perquage">Perquages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Specifics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Cotte_de_St_Brelade" title="La Cotte de St Brelade">La Cotte de St Brelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_dolmens" title="Jersey dolmens">Dolmens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Hougue_Bie" title="La Hougue Bie">La Hougue Bie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Orgueil" title="Mont Orgueil">Mont Orgueil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosnez_Castle" title="Grosnez Castle">Grosnez Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Castle" title="Elizabeth Castle">Elizabeth Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Riots" title="Corn Riots">Corn Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">Battle of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="La Corbière">La Corbière Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Railway" title="Jersey Railway">Jersey Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eastern_Railway" title="Jersey Eastern Railway">Jersey Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Heritage" title="Jersey Heritage">Jersey Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Jersey" title="National Trust for Jersey">National Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Schools37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Jersey" title="List of schools in Jersey">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grainville_School" title="Grainville School">Grainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_Valle%C3%A9" title="Haute Valleé">Haute Valleé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hautlieu_School" title="Hautlieu School">Hautlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_College_for_Girls" title="Jersey College for Girls">Jersey College for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Rocquier_School" title="Le Rocquier School">Le Rocquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Quennevais_School" title="Les Quennevais School">Les Quennevais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_College,_Jersey" title="Victoria College, Jersey">Victoria College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_College,_Jersey" title="Highlands College, Jersey">Highlands College, Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_Convent_School" title="Beaulieu Convent School">Beaulieu Convent School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_College,_Jersey" title="De La Salle College, Jersey">De La Salle College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Preparatory_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Preparatory School">St Michael's Preparatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Jersey" title="Geology of Jersey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_on_Jersey" title="List of reservoirs on Jersey">Reservoirs</a></li> <li>Places in the islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Aubin,_Jersey" title="Saint Aubin, Jersey">Saint Aubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorey,_Jersey" title="Gorey, Jersey">Gorey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(Channel_Islands)" title="Bailiff (Channel Islands)">Bailiff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bailiffs_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bailiffs of Jersey">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jersey" title="Constitution of Jersey">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey" title="Chief Minister of Jersey">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Jersey)" title="Council of Ministers (Jersey)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Customs_and_Immigration_Service" title="States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service">Customs and Immigration Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jersey" title="Elections in Jersey">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_relations_of_Jersey" title="External relations of Jersey">External relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_Assembly_(Jersey)" title="Parish Assembly (Jersey)">Parish Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Jersey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn%C3%A9table_(Jersey_and_Guernsey)" title="Connétable (Jersey and Guernsey)">Connétable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procureur_du_Bien_Public" title="Procureur du Bien Public">Procureur du Bien Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Militia_of_the_Island_of_Jersey" title="Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey">Royal Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">States Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_States_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the States Assembly">List of members of the States Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Viscounts_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Viscounts of Jersey">Viscounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey" title="Law of Jersey">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Jersey" title="Courts of Jersey">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_(Jersey)" title="Royal Court (Jersey)">Royal</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greffier" title="Greffier">Greffier</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_La_Moye" title="HM Prison La Moye">HM Prison La Moye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_judiciary_of_Jersey" title="List of members of the judiciary of Jersey">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurat#Jersey" title="Jurat">Jurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Police" title="States of Jersey Police">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Police" title="Honorary Police">Honorary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey" title="Economy of Jersey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_Jersey" title="Financial services in Jersey">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Electricity_Company" title="Jersey Electricity Company">Jersey Electricity Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Financial_Services_Commission" title="Jersey Financial Services Commission">Jersey Financial Services Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Post" title="Jersey Post">Jersey Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Jersey_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Jersey pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_livre" title="Jersey livre">Livre <span style="font-size: 85%;">(former currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Jersey">Roads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roads_Committee" title="Roads Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visite_du_Branchage" title="Visite du Branchage">Visite du Branchage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Jersey" title="Taxation in Jersey">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JT_Group_Limited" title="JT Group Limited">JT Group Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtel_Solutions" title="Newtel Solutions">Newtel Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sure_(company)" title="Sure (company)">Sure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airtel-Vodafone" title="Airtel-Vodafone">Airtel-Vodafone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jersey" title="Tourism in Jersey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jersey" title="Transport in Jersey">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">airport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Battle_of_Flowers" title="Jersey Battle of Flowers">Battle of Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jersey" title="Catholic Church in Jersey">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jersey" title="Demographics of Jersey">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrell Wildlife Park">Durrell Wildlife Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Jersey" title="Category:Education in Jersey">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Eisteddfod" title="Jersey Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_cattle" title="Jersey cattle">Jersey cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersey people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Royal_potato" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Royal potato">Jersey Royal potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jersey">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Live" title="Jersey Live">Jersey Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Opera_House" title="Jersey Opera House">Opera House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jersey" title="Sport in Jersey">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Jersey" title="Theatre of Jersey">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Jersey" title="Mass media in Jersey">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Jersey" title="BBC Radio Jersey">BBC Radio Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_103" title="Channel 103">Channel 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Channel_Television" title="ITV Channel Television">ITV Channel Television</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Evening_Post" title="Jersey Evening Post">Jersey Evening Post</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man#Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Home_(anthem)" title="Island Home (anthem)">Anthem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Jersey" title="Beautiful Jersey">Beautiful Jersey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jersey" title="Coat of arms of Jersey">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jersey" title="Flag of Jersey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Jersey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Day (Jersey)">Liberation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vingtaines_by_parish380" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaines</a> by <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jersey" title="Parishes of Jersey">parish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Ville" title="Vingtaine de la Ville">de la Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Rouge_Bouillon" title="Vingtaine du Rouge Bouillon">du Rouge Bouillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Bas_du_Mont_au_Pr%C3%AAtre" title="Vingtaine de Bas du Mont au Prêtre">de Bas du Mont au Prêtre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Haut_du_Mont_au_Pr%C3%AAtre" title="Vingtaine de Haut du Mont au Prêtre">de Haut du Mont au Prêtre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Mont_%C3%A0_l%27Abb%C3%A9" title="Vingtaine du Mont à l'Abbé">du Mont à l'Abbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Mont_Cochon" title="Vingtaine du Mont Cochon">du Mont Cochon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grouville" title="Grouville">Grouville</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Marais" title="Vingtaine des Marais">des Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Rue" title="Vingtaine de la Rue">de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Longueville" title="Vingtaine de Longueville">de Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Rocque" title="Vingtaine de la Rocque">de la Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Les Minquiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Brelade" title="St Brelade">St Brelade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Noirmont" title="Vingtaine de Noirmont">de Noirmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin" title="Vingtaine du Coin">du Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Quennevais" title="Vingtaine des Quennevais">des Quennevais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Moye" title="Vingtaine de la Moye">de la Moye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Clement,_Jersey" title="St Clement, Jersey">Saint Clement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Vingtaine_(St_Clement)" title="Grande Vingtaine (St Clement)">Grande Vingtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Rocquier" title="Vingtaine du Rocquier">du Rocquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Samar%C3%A8s" title="Vingtaine de Samarès">de Samarès</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_John,_Jersey" title="St John, Jersey">Saint John</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Nord_(St_John)" title="Vingtaine du Nord (St John)">du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_H%C3%A9rupe" title="Vingtaine de Hérupe">de Hérupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Douet_(St_John)" title="Vingtaine du Douet (St John)">du Douet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence,_Jersey" title="St Lawrence, Jersey">Saint Lawrence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Vingtaine de la Vallée">de la Vallée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_H%C3%A2tain" title="Vingtaine du Coin Hâtain">du Coin Hâtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Motier" title="Vingtaine du Coin Motier">du Coin Motier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Tourgis_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Vingtaine du Coin Tourgis Nord">du Coin Tourgis Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Tourgis_Sud" title="Vingtaine du Coin Tourgis Sud">du Coin Tourgis Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Jersey" title="St Martin, Jersey">Saint Martin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Rozel" title="Vingtaine de Rozel">de Rozel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Faldouet" title="Vingtaine de Faldouet">de Faldouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Qu%C3%A9ru%C3%A9e" title="Vingtaine de la Quéruée">de la Quéruée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_l%27%C3%89glise" title="Vingtaine de l'Église">de l'Église</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Fief_de_la_Reine" title="Vingtaine du Fief de la Reine">du Fief de la Reine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Les Écréhous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary,_Jersey" title="St Mary, Jersey">Saint Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Sud" title="Vingtaine du Sud">du Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Nord_(St_Mary)" title="Vingtaine du Nord (St Mary)">du Nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Ouen,_Jersey" title="St Ouen, Jersey">Saint Ouen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_Cueillette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite Cueillette (page does not exist)">Petite Cueillette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_Cueillette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grande Cueillette (page does not exist)">Grande Cueillette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_Grantez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Grantez (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Grantez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_Millais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Millais (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Millais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_Vinchelez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Vinchelez (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Vinchelez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cueillette_de_L%C3%A9oville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cueillette de Léoville (page does not exist)">Cueillette de Léoville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Jersey" title="St Peter, Jersey">Saint Peter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Douet_(St_Peter)" title="Vingtaine du Douet (St Peter)">du Douet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_St._Nicolas" title="Vingtaine de St. Nicolas">de St. Nicolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Vingtaine_(St_Peter)" title="Grande Vingtaine (St Peter)">Grand Vingtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Augerez" title="Vingtaine des Augerez">des Augerez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Coin_Varin" title="Vingtaine du Coin Varin">du Coin Varin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Saviour,_Jersey" title="St Saviour, Jersey">Saint Saviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_Maufant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de Maufant (page does not exist)">de Maufant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_Sous_la_Hougue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de Sous la Hougue (page does not exist)">de Sous la Hougue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_des_Pigneaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine des Pigneaux (page does not exist)">des Pigneaux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_la_Grande_Longueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de la Grande Longueville (page does not exist)">de la Grande Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_la_Petite_Longueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de la Petite Longueville (page does not exist)">de la Petite Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vingtaine_de_Sous_l%27%C3%89glise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vingtaine de Sous l'Église (page does not exist)">de Sous l'Église</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity,_Jersey" title="Trinity, Jersey">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Ville-%C3%A0-l%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Vingtaine de la Ville-à-l'Évêque">de la Ville-à-l'Évêque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_Rozel" title="Vingtaine de Rozel">de Rozel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_du_Rondin" title="Vingtaine du Rondin">du Rondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_des_Augr%C3%A8s" title="Vingtaine des Augrès">des Augrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine_de_la_Croiserie" title="Vingtaine de la Croiserie">de la Croiserie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jersey" title="Outline of Jersey">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jersey" title="Bibliography of Jersey">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jersey" title="Category:Jersey">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_British_Isles409" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template talk:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_British_Isles409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">Overview</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly#History" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides#History" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Outer_Hebrides" title="History of the Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglesey#History" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mann)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands#History" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/120px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/250px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Prehistoric" title="History of the British Isles">Prehistoric period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Prehistory" title="History of England">Prehistoric England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Prehistoric Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistoric Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Prehistory" title="History of the Isle of Man">Prehistoric Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Classical_period" title="History of the British Isles">Classical period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistoric Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Roman Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">End of Roman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Medieval_period" title="History of the British Isles">Medieval period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Early medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Medieval Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ireland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">High medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">Late medieval Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Middle_Ages" title="History of the Isle of Man">Medieval Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the British Isles">Early modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Early modern England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period_in_Wales" title="Early modern period in Wales">Early modern Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">Early modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Early modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#19th_century" title="History of the British Isles">Late modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (since 1707) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War_1939–1945" title="History of the United Kingdom">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">World Wars (Wales)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (political history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (social history)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Late modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Late modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_monarchs_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of monarchs in the British Isles">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template talk:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in modern territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania#Greeks_and_Romans" title="History of Albania">Albania (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra#Iberian_and_Roman_Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Roman_era" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans#Roman_period" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Roman_period" title="Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Bulgaria">Bulgaria (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">High Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Crimea (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia#Roman_provinces_of_Pannonia_and_Dalmatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages#Byzantine_period" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Corsica#Eastern_Imperial_suzerainty" title="Medieval Corsica">Early Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Greece (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey#Prehistory" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_Conquest#Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq#History" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(theme)" title="Mesopotamia (theme)">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Sicily">Sicily (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Medieval)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Sardinia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Early Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_history">Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan#Classical_period" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Late Antique/Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo#Roman_period" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#Antiquity" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Early_history" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta#Roman_rule" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco#Roman_rule" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Roman,_and_sub-Roman_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity#Roman_era" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Romanization" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#The_Foundation_Myth" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romans_in_Arabia" title="History of the Romans in Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#Iron_Age_and_the_Roman_era" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Ancient_Romans" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Early_history" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Ager_Vaticanus" title="Ager Vaticanus">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Early Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Roman Carthage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Anatolia">Turkey (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Thrace">Thrace (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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