Writing - World History Encyclopedia

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} function lightMode() { document.getElementById('darkCSS').remove(); document.querySelector('#header_ahe_logo').innerHTML = '<img src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-r.svg">'; } if (localStorage.getItem('darkMode') == 'dark') { darkMode(); } </script>  <main class="left_3_column" id="main_content"> <nav id="toc_wrapper" style="display: none;"> <div id="toc"> <h2 class="no_toc">Contents</h2> <div id="toc_contents"></div> <p class="toc_buttons"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Brahmi_Script+cuneiform+Cylinder_Seal+Egyptian_Hieroglyphs+Egyptian_Papyrus+Egyptian_Writing+homer+Illuminated_Manuscripts+Indus_Script+Kharosthi_Script+Linear_A_Script+literature+Oracle_Bones+runes+writing" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/93.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/" data-pin-description="Writing is the physical manifestation of a spoken language. It is thought that human beings developed language c. 35,000 BCE as evidenced by cave paintings from the period of the Cro-Magnon Man (c. 50,000-30,000 BCE) which appear to express concepts concerning daily life. These images suggest a language..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Joshua J. Mark" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> <br/> published on 28 April 2011 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/ar/1-72/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Arabic</a>, <a href="/trans/fr/1-72/ecriture/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/pt/1-72/escrita/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/trans/ru/1-72/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Russian</a>, <a href="/trans/sr/1-72/pismo/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Serbian</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-72/la-expresion-escrita/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Spanish</a></div> </div> <style> .audio-player-wrapper * { font-size: 14px !important; } .audio-player-wrapper .summary-wrapper { display: none; } .audio_player #play-btn-wrap svg { color: #222; margin-left: -18px; } #amplift-outer-wrapper { height: 60px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; top: -4px; left: -9px; margin-bottom: 0px; } .audio-player-wrapper .audio_player { visibility: hidden; } </style> <div id="amplift-outer-wrapper"></div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ window.setTimeout(()=>{ async_load_js("https://c.ampliftglobal.com/player/ampliftplayer.js",function() { AHE.ampliftPlayer = new AmpliftPlayer({target: '#amplift-outer-wrapper'}); AHE.ampliftPlayer.init(); window.setTimeout(()=>{ $('.audio-player-wrapper .audio_player').css('visibility','visible'); },1500); }); },1000); }); </script> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Brahmi_Script+cuneiform+Cylinder_Seal+Egyptian_Hieroglyphs+Egyptian_Papyrus+Egyptian_Writing+homer+Illuminated_Manuscripts+Indus_Script+Kharosthi_Script+Linear_A_Script+literature+Oracle_Bones+runes+writing" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/93/cuneiform-writing/" title="Cuneiform Writing"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/93.jpg.webp?v=1732114872 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/93.jpg.webp?v=1732114872 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/93.jpg?v=1732114872 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/93.jpg?v=1732114872 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/93.jpg?v=1732114872" width="300" height="201" alt="Cuneiform Writing (by Jan van der Crabben, CC BY-NC-SA)" title="Cuneiform Writing (by Jan van der Crabben, CC BY-NC-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Cuneiform Writing</div><div class="figauthor">Jan van der Crabben (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/93/cuneiform-writing/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/93/cuneiform-writing/","caption":"A relief of cuneiform writing from Assyria.\r\n\r\nExhibited in the British Museum London.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/93.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Jan van der Crabben - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/jvdc/#person","name":"Jan van der Crabben","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/jvdc/","sameAs":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/janvdc/"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-jvdc.jpg","description":"Jan is the Founder and CEO of World History Encyclopedia. He holds an MA War Studies from King's College, and he has worked in the field of history-related digital media since 2006.","jobTitle":"Chief Executive Officer","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Jan van der Crabben / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:59:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Cuneiform Writing","height":"2592","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/93/cuneiform-writing/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/93/cuneiform-writing/","width":"3872"} </script> <p><dfn>Writing</dfn> is the physical manifestation of a spoken language. It is thought that human beings developed language c. 35,000 BCE as evidenced by cave paintings from the period of the Cro-Magnon Man (c. 50,000-30,000 BCE) which appear to express concepts concerning daily life. These images suggest a language because, in some instances, they seem to tell a story (say, of a hunting expedition in which specific events occurred) rather than being simply pictures of animals and people. </p> <p>Written language, however, does not emerge until its invention in <a href="/sumer/">Sumer</a>, southern <a href="/Mesopotamia/">Mesopotamia</a>, c. 3500 -3000 BCE. This early writing was called <a href="/cuneiform/">cuneiform</a> and consisted of making specific marks in wet clay with a reed implement. The writing system of the Egyptians was already in use before the rise of the <a href="/disambiguation/Early_Dynastic/">Early Dynastic</a> Period (c. 3150 BCE) and is thought to have developed from Mesopotamian cuneiform (though this theory is disputed) and came to be known as heiroglyphics. </p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>The phoenetic writing systems of the Greeks ("phoenetic" from the <a href="/disambiguation/greek/">Greek</a> phonein - "to speak clearly"), and later the Romans, came from <a href="/phoenicia/">Phoenicia</a>. The Phoenician writing system, though quite different from that of Mesopotamia, still owes its development to the <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerians</a> and their advances in the written word. Independently of the <a href="/Near_East/">Near East</a> or <a href="/europe/">Europe</a>, writing was developed in Mesoamerica by the <a href="/disambiguation/Maya/">Maya</a> c. 250 CE with some evidence suggesting a date as early as 500 BCE and, also independently, by the Chinese.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <h3>Writing & History </h3> <p>Writing in <a href="/china/">China</a> developed from divination rites using <a href="/Oracle_Bones/">oracle bones</a> c. 1200 BCE and appears to also have arisen independently as there is no evidence of cultural transference at this time between China and Mesopotamia. The ancient Chinese practice of divination involved etching marks on bones or shells which were then heated until they cracked. The cracks would then be interpreted by a Diviner. If that Diviner had etched `Next Tuesday it will rain' and `Next Tuesday it will not rain' the pattern of the cracks on the bone or shell would tell him which would be the case. In time, these etchings evolved into the Chinese <a href="/script/">script</a>.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DONiq9pyLg4?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="Cuneiform: The Earliest Form of Writing from Ancient Mesopotamia"></iframe></div></div> <p>History is impossible without the written word as one would lack context in which to interpret physical evidence from the ancient past. Writing records the lives of a people and so is the first necessary step in the written history of a <a href="/disambiguation/culture/">culture</a> or <a href="/civilization/">civilization</a>. A prime example of this problem is the difficulty scholars of the late 19th/early 20th centuries CE had in understanding the <a href="/Maya_Civilization/">Maya Civilization</a>, in that they could not read the glyphs of the Maya and so wrongly interpreted much of the physical evidence they excavated. The early explorers of the Maya sites, such as Stephens and Catherwood, believed they had found evidence of an ancient <a href="/disambiguation/Egyptian/">Egyptian</a> civilization in Central America.</p> <p>This same problem is evident in understanding the ancient Kingdom of <a href="/Meroe/">Meroe</a> (in modern day Sudan), whose Meroitic Script is yet to be deciphered as well as the so-called <a href="/Linear_A_Script/">Linear A script</a> of the ancient <a href="/Minoan_Civilization/">Minoan culture</a> of <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> which also has yet to be understood.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">The Sumerians first invented writing as a means of long-distance communication which was necessitated by <a href="/disambiguation/trade/">trade</a>.</div> <h3>The Invention of Writing</h3> <p>The Sumerians first invented writing as a means of long-distance communication which was necessitated by trade. With the rise of the <a href="/city/">cities</a> in Mesopotamia, and the need for resources which were lacking in the region, long-distance trade developed and, with it, the need to be able to communicate across the expanses between cities or regions.</p> <p>The earliest form of writing was pictographs – symbols which represented objects – and served to aid in remembering such things as which parcels of grain had gone to which destination or how many sheep were needed for events like sacrifices in the temples. These pictographs were impressed onto wet clay which was then dried, and these became official records of commerce. As <a href="/Beer/">beer</a> was a very popular beverage in ancient Mesopotamia, many of the earliest records extant have to do with the sale of beer. With pictographs, one could tell how many jars or vats of beer were involved in a transaction but not necessarily what that transaction meant. As the historian Kriwaczek notes,</p> <blockquote> <p>All that had been devised thus far was a technique for noting down things, items and objects, not a writing system. A record of `Two Sheep <a href="/temple/">Temple</a> <a href="/God/">God</a> <a href="/Inanna/">Inanna</a>' tells us nothing about whether the sheep are being delivered to, or received from, the temple, whether they are carcasses, beasts on the hoof, or anything else about them. (63)</p> </blockquote> <p>In order to express concepts more complex than financial transactions or lists of items, a more elaborate writing system was required, and this was developed in the <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerian</a> <a href="/city/">city</a> of <a href="/uruk/">Uruk</a> c. 3200 BCE. Pictograms, though still in use, gave way to phonograms – symbols which represented sounds – and those sounds were the spoken language of the people of Sumer. With phonograms, one could more easily convey precise meaning and so, in the example of the two sheep and the temple of Inanna, one could now make clear whether the sheep were going to or coming from the temple, whether they were living or dead, and what role they played in the life of the temple. Previously, one had only static images in pictographs showing objects like sheep and temples. With the development of phonograms one had a dynamic means of conveying motion to or from a location.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>Further, whereas in earlier writing (known as proto-cuneiform) one was restricted to lists of things, a writer could now indicate what the significance of those things might be. The scholar Ira Spar writes:</p> <blockquote> <p>This new way of interpreting signs is called the rebus principle. Only a few examples of its use exist in the earliest stages of cuneiform from between 3200 and 3000 B.C. The consistent use of this type of phonetic writing only becomes apparent after 2600 B.C. It constitutes the beginning of a true writing system characterized by a complex combination of word-signs and phonograms—signs for vowels and syllables—that allowed the scribe to express ideas. By the middle of the Third Millennium B.C., cuneiform primarily written on clay tablets was used for a vast array of economic, religious, political, literary, and scholarly documents.</p> </blockquote> <h3><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="1005"> <a href="/image/1005/the-art-of-war-by-sun-tzu/" title="The Art of War by Sun-Tzu" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1005.jpg.webp?v=1732114875 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/1005.jpg.webp?v=1732114875 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1005.jpg?v=1732114875 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/1005.jpg?v=1732114875 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/1005.jpg?v=1732114875" alt="The Art of War by Sun-Tzu" class="in_text_image" width="432" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">The Art of War by Sun-Tzu</div><div class="figauthor">Coelacan (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1005/the-art-of-war-by-sun-tzu/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1005/the-art-of-war-by-sun-tzu/","caption":"A bamboo version of 'The Art of War' (composed late 6th century BCE) widely attributed to the Chinese military strategist Sun-Tzu. (University of California, Riverside)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/1005.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Coelacan - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Coelacan"},"creditText":"Coelacan / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:59:18+0000","datePublished":"2013-01-04T11:05:17+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"The Art of War by Sun-Tzu","height":"2160","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg#file"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1005/the-art-of-war-by-sun-tzu/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1005/the-art-of-war-by-sun-tzu/","width":"1866"} </script> </h3> <h3>Writing & <a href="/literature/">Literature</a></h3> <p>This new means of communication allowed scribes to record the events of their times as well as their religious beliefs and, in time, to create an art form which was not possible before the written word: literature. The first writer in history known by name is the Mesopotamian priestess <a href="/Enheduanna/">Enheduanna</a> (2285-2250 BCE), daughter of <a href="/Sargon_of_Akkad/">Sargon of Akkad</a>, who wrote her hymns to the goddess Inanna and signed them with her name and seal.</p> <p>The so-called <em><a href="/article/2164/matter-of-aratta/">Matter of Aratta</a></em>, four poems dealing with King Enmerkar of Uruk and his son Lugalbanda, were probably composed between 2112-2004 BCE (though only written down between 2017-1763 BCE). In the first of them, <em>Enmerkar and The Lord of Aratta</em>, it is explained that writing developed because the messenger of King Enmerkar, going back and forth between him and the King of the city of Aratta, eventually had too much to remember and so Enmerkar had the idea to write his messages down; and so writing was born. </p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p><em>The Epic of <a href="/gilgamesh/">Gilgamesh</a></em>, considered the first epic tale in the world and among the oldest extant literature, was composed at some point earlier than c. 2150 BCE when it was written down and deals with the great king of Uruk (and descendent of Enmerkar and Lugalbanda) Gilgamesh and his quest for the meaning of life. The myths of the people of Mesopotamia, the stories of their gods and heroes, their history, their methods of building, of burying their dead, of celebrating feast days, were now all able to be recorded for posterity. Writing made history possible because now events could be recorded and later read by any literate individual instead of relying on a community's storyteller to remember and recite past events. Scholar <a href="/samuel/">Samuel</a> <a href="/Noah/">Noah</a> Kramer comments:</p> <blockquote> <p>[The Sumerians] originated a system of writing on clay which was borrowed and used all over the Near East for some two thousand years. Almost all that we know of the early history of western Asia comes from the thousands of clay documents inscribed in the cuneiform script developed by the Sumerians and excavated by archaeologists. (4)</p> </blockquote> <p>So important was writing to the Mesopotamians that, under the Assyrian King <a href="/Ashurbanipal/">Ashurbanipal</a> (r. 685-627 BCE) over 30,000 clay tablet books were collected in the library of his capital at <a href="/nineveh/">Nineveh</a>. Ashurbanipal was hoping to preserve the heritage, culture, and history of the region and understood clearly the importance of the written word in achieving this end. Among the many books in his library, Ashurbanipal included works of literature, such as the tale of Gilgamesh or the story of Etana, because he realized that literature articulates not just the story of a certain people, but of all people. The historian Durant writes:</p> <blockquote> <p>Literature is at first words rather than letters, despite its name; it arises as clerical chants or magic charms, recited usually by the priests, and transmitted orally from memory to memory. <em>Carmina</em>, as the Romans named poetry, meant both verses and charms; <em>ode</em>, among the Greeks, meant originally a magic spell; so did the English <em>rune</em> and <em>lay</em>, and the German <em>Lied</em>. Rhythm and meter, suggested, perhaps, by the rhythms of nature and bodily life, were apparently developed by magicians or shamans to preserve, transmit, and enhance the magic incantations of their verse. Out of these sacerdotal origins, the poet, the orator, and the historian were differentiated and secularized: the orator as the official lauder of the king or solicitor of the deity; the historian as the recorder of the royal deeds; the poet as the singer of originally sacred chants, the formulator and preserver of heroic legends, and the musician who put his tales to <a href="/disambiguation/Music/">music</a> for the instruction of populace and kings.</p> </blockquote> <h3><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="722"> <a href="/image/722/book-of-the-dead-papyrus/" title="Book of the Dead Papyrus" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/722.jpg.webp?v=1732080965 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/722.jpg.webp?v=1732080965 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/722.jpg?v=1732080965 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/722.jpg?v=1732080965 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/722.jpg?v=1732080965" alt="Book of the Dead Papyrus" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="334" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Book of the Dead Papyrus</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/722/book-of-the-dead-papyrus/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/722/book-of-the-dead-papyrus/","caption":"A detail from a Book of the Dead, on papyrus showing hieratic writing of Hornefer, Ptolemaic Period, provenance unknown. (Museo Castello Sforzesco, Milan)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/722.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/MCartwrightWHE"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:59:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-06-28T06:53:49+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Book of the Dead Papyrus","height":"2592","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/722/book-of-the-dead-papyrus/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/722/book-of-the-dead-papyrus/","width":"3888"} </script> </h3> <h3>The <a href="/alphabet/">Alphabet</a></h3> <p>The role of the poet in preserving heroic legends would become an important one in cultures throughout the ancient world. The Mesopotamian scribe Shin-Legi-Unninni (wrote 1300-1000 BCE) would help preserve and transmit <em>The Epic of Gilgamesh</em>. <a href="/homer/">Homer</a> (c. 800 BCE) would do the same for the Greeks and <a href="/virgil/">Virgil</a> (70-19 BCE) for the Romans. The Indian epic <em><a href="/Mahabharata/">Mahabharata</a></em> (written down c. 400 BCE) preserves the oral legends of that region in the same way the tales and legends of <a href="/disambiguation/Scotland/">Scotland</a> and <a href="/disambiguation/Ireland/">Ireland</a> do. All of these works, and those which came after them, were only made possible through the advent of writing.</p><div class="intext_6"></div> <p>The early cuneiform writers established a system which would completely change the nature of the world in which they lived. The past, and the stories of the people, could now be preserved through writing. The <a href="/phoenicia/">Phoenicians</a>' contribution of the alphabet made writing easier and more accessible to other cultures, but the basic system of putting symbols down on paper to represent words and concepts began much earlier. Durant notes:</p> <blockquote> <p>The Phoenicians did not create the alphabet, they marketed it; taking it apparently from <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a> and Crete, they imported it piecemeal to <a href="/Tyre/">Tyre</a>, <a href="/sidon/">Sidon</a>, and <a href="/Byblos/">Byblos</a>, and exported it to every city on the <a href="/disambiguation/mediterranean/">Mediterranean</a>; they were the middlemen, not the producers, of the alphabet. By the time of Homer the Greeks were taking over this Phoenician – or the allied Aramaic – alphabet, and were calling it by the Semitic names of the first two letters, <em>Alpha</em>, <em>Beta</em>; Hebrew <em>Aleph</em>, <em>Beth</em>.</p> </blockquote> <p>Early writing systems, imported to other cultures, evolved into the written language of those cultures so that the Greek and Latin would serve as the basis for European script in the same way that the Semitic Aramaic script would provide the basis for Hebrew, Arabic, and possibly <a href="/Sanskrit/">Sanskrit</a>. The materials of writers have evolved as well, from the cut reeds with which early Mesopotamian scribes marked the clay tablets of cuneiform to the reed pens and papyrus of the Egyptians, the parchment of the scrolls of the Greeks and Romans, the calligraphy of the Chinese, on through the ages to the present day of computerized composition and the use of processed paper.</p> <p>In whatever age, since its inception, writing has served to communicate the thoughts and feelings of the individual and of that person's culture, their collective history, and their experiences with the human condition, and to preserve those experiences for future generations.</p><div id="mobilenewsletter" class="grey_box mobilenewsletter"> <div class="headline">Love History?</div> <p>Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter!</p> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mailchimp-mobile-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL-mobile" style="width:60%;" required> <input type="submit" value="Sign Up" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-mobile" style="margin-top: 10px;">  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </form> </div></p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Brahmi_Script+cuneiform+Cylinder_Seal+Egyptian_Hieroglyphs+Egyptian_Papyrus+Egyptian_Writing+homer+Illuminated_Manuscripts+Indus_Script+Kharosthi_Script+Linear_A_Script+literature+Oracle_Bones+runes+writing" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__cdb6e905b67ab7a12d42343fef9e2967"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0199263116/" rel="sponsored">Black, J. , et. al. <i>The Literature of Ancient Sumer.</i> Oxford University Press, 2005.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__961b21c767956f32ad3a462a7ee301cd"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0500291888/" rel="sponsored">Coe, M. D. <i>The Maya.</i> Thames & Hudson, 2015.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__60611fa923a81b49d1c01557d9757713"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B00005WJGO/" rel="sponsored">Durant, W. <i>Our Oriental Heritage.</i> Simon & Schuster, 1954.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__a1a152f7a0d73b3372d47dfc700ea70b"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0521124336/" rel="sponsored">Ebrey, P. B. <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2010.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__e025c817b8dca0efd2897db4813f7212"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0226452387/" rel="sponsored">Kramer, S. N. <i>The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character.</i> University of Chicago Press, 1971.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__271db858bda5a362a15ac00f95dd5096"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1250054168/" rel="sponsored">Kriwaczek, P. <i>Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization.</i> St. Martin's Griffin, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__3d802e12a2e3efc8b67fde4c31e0c06e"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0131928783/" rel="sponsored">Scarre, C. & Fagan, B.F. <i>Ancient Civilizations.</i> Pearson, 2007.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__716e4535c003726bb908abe10b91eb48"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wrtg/hd_wrtg.htm" class="reference_link" rel="external" title="The Origins of Writing by Ira Spar">The Origins of Writing by Ira Spar</a><span class="accessed_date">, accessed 1 Dec 2016.</span></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__87ec7c33c48930a10cce1b8f37109053"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1405149116/" rel="sponsored">Van De Mieroop, M. <i>A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC, 2nd Edition.</i> Blackwell Publishing, 2006.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__6aa433bce8712ecc1898ce1a9228dfa7"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/039305974X/" rel="sponsored">Wise Bauer, S. <i>The History of the Ancient World.</i> W. W. Norton & Company, 2007.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="nofollow" title="Joshua J. Mark"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG?v=1459726565" width="100" height="100" alt="Joshua J. Mark" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Joshua J. Mark is World History Encyclopedia's co-founder and Content Director. He was previously a professor at Marist College (NY) where he taught history, philosophy, literature, and writing. He has traveled extensively and lived in Greece and Germany. </div> <div class="sm_links"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-j-mark/38/614/339" title="Joshua J. Mark" class="sm_tiny_sprite linkedin no_external"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="translations_notice"> <h2 class="translations">Translations</h2> <a href="/trans/ar/1-72/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Arabic</a> <a href="/trans/fr/1-72/ecriture/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">French</a> <a href="/trans/pt/1-72/escrita/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Portuguese</a> <a href="/trans/ru/1-72/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Russian</a> <a href="/trans/sr/1-72/pismo/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Serbian</a> <a href="/trans/es/1-72/la-expresion-escrita/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Spanish</a> <p>We want people all over the world to learn about history. 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id="ci_related_content"> <div class="ci_related_content_wrapper ci_two_cols three_cols"> <div class="columns"> <a href="/Kharosthi_Script/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-16027"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6648.jpg.webp?v=1718005275 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/6648.jpg.webp?v=1718005275 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6648.jpg?v=1718005275 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/6648.jpg?v=1718005275 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6648.jpg?v=1718005275" width="360" height="202" alt="Kharosthi Script" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Kharosthi Script</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Kharosthi script (also known as 'Indo-Bactrian' script) was... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Brahmi_Script/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-15433"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6042.jpg.webp?v=1726818189 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/6042.jpg.webp?v=1726818189 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6042.jpg?v=1726818189 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/6042.jpg?v=1726818189 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6042.jpg?v=1726818189" width="360" height="202" alt="Brahmi Script" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Brahmi Script</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Brahmi script is the earliest writing system developed in India... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/runes/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-17094"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/673.jpg.webp?v=1710834123 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/673.jpg.webp?v=1710834123 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/673.jpg?v=1710834123 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/673.jpg?v=1710834123 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/673.jpg?v=1710834123" width="360" height="202" alt="Runes" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Runes</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Runes are letters in the runic alphabets of Germanic-speaking peoples... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Linear_A_Script/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-15514"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/17693.png.webp?v=1727283372-1690981746 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/17693.png.webp?v=1727283372-1690981746 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/17693.png?v=1727283372-1690981746 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/17693.png?v=1727283372-1690981746 720w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/17693.png?v=1727283372-1690981746" width="360" height="202" alt="Linear A Script" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Linear A Script</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Linear A script was used by the Minoan civilization centred on... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Illuminated_Manuscripts/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-16854"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/8256.jpg.webp?v=1730135292 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/8256.jpg.webp?v=1730135292 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/8256.jpg?v=1730135292 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/8256.jpg?v=1730135292 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/8256.jpg?v=1730135292" width="360" height="202" alt="Illuminated Manuscripts" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Illuminated Manuscripts</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Illuminated manuscripts were hand-made books, usually on Christian... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Indus_Script/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-12781"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2977.jpg.webp?v=1729641610 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/2977.jpg.webp?v=1729641610 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2977.jpg?v=1729641610 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/2977.jpg?v=1729641610 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2977.jpg?v=1729641610" width="360" height="202" alt="Indus Script" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Indus Script</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Indus Script is the writing system developed by the Indus Valley... </div> </div> </a> </div> <nav class="pagination"> <strong class="pagination_page">1</strong> <a href="#" class="pagination_page" data-page="2" rel="next ">2</a> <a href="#" class="pagination_page" data-page="3" rel="">3</a> <a href="#" class="pagination_page" data-page="4" rel="">4</a> <a href="#" class="pagination_page" data-page="5" rel="">5</a> <a href="#" class="pagination_page" 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Epigraphic Documents </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> epigraphy.ca </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="https://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/the-phoenician-alphabet.htm" title="The Phoenician Alphabet" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">The Phoenician Alphabet </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> missedinhistory.com </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/saki_mafundikwa_ingenuity_and_elegance_in_ancient_african_alphabets" title="Saki Mafundikwa: Ingenuity and elegance in ancient African alphabets" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Saki Mafundikwa: Ingenuity and elegance in ancient African alphabets </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> ted.com </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="https://blog.britishmuseum.org/the-british-museum-membercast-the-origins-of-writing/" title="The British Museum Membercast: The origins of writing" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">The British Museum Membercast: The origins of writing </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> britishmuseum.org </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.html" title="Writing" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Writing </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> mesopotamia.co.uk </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/writing/home_set.html" title="Writing" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Writing </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> ancientindia.co.uk </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/chinese.html" title="Ancient Scripts: Chinese" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Ancient Scripts: Chinese </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> ancientscripts.com </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/story/main.html" title="Menu" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Menu </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> ancientegypt.co.uk </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_1998/ling001/Writinglect.html" title="The History of Writing" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">The History of Writing </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> ling.upenn.edu </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/Enheduanna.html" title="Enheduanna" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">Enheduanna </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> cddc.vt.edu </div> </div><div class="xres listitem"> <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wrtg/hd_wrtg.htm" title="The Origins of Writing | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History" rel="external noopener" class="xres_headline"> <div class="xres_headline">The Origins of Writing | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History </div> </a> <div class="xres_domain external_link"> metmuseum.org </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="citation_info"> <h2>Cite This Work</h2> <div class="citation_apa"> <h4>APA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> Mark, J. J. (2011, April 28). <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/" class="no_external">Writing</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/ </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_chicago"> <h4>Chicago Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> Mark, Joshua J.. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/" class="no_external">Writing</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Last modified April 28, 2011. https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/. </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_mla citation_style"> <h4>MLA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details"> <p> Mark, Joshua J.. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/" class="no_external">Writing</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. World History Encyclopedia, 28 Apr 2011. Web. 23 Nov 2024. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ci_author_and_copyright" id="ci_author_and_copyright"> <h2>License & Copyright</h2> <p> Submitted by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a>, published on 28 April 2011. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="nofollow">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. <span class="no_print">Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.</span></p> </div> </main> <aside class="right_1_column"> <div id="editor_tools"> </div> <div class="timeline_outer_wrapper"> <div class="timeline_wrapper"> <h2>Timeline</h2> <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/login/" title="Add Timeline Entry" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Add Event</a> <a href="/ajax/ajax_print_visual_timeline.php?tag=writing&width=950&height=600" rel="nofollow" class="thickbox outline_button visual_timeline_button" title="Visual Timeline">Visual Timeline</a> <ul id="time_list"> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3521" title=""> <div class="date">c. 3200 BCE</div> First instance of written language in <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerian</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3522" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2500 BCE</div> Beginning of <a href="/literature/">literature</a> in <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerian</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_936" title=""> <div class="date">2285 BCE - 2250 BCE</div> Life of <a href="/Enheduanna/">Enheduanna</a>, daughter of <a href="/Sargon_of_Akkad/">Sargon of Akkad</a>, and world's first author known by name. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_516" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2150 BCE - c. 1400 BCE</div> The tales of <a href="/gilgamesh/">Gilgamesh</a> written which inform The Epic of Gilgamesh </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_71" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2000 BCE - c. 1650 BCE</div> Cretan Hieroglyphic <a href="/script/">script</a> is in use. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1025" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1900 BCE - c. 1600 BCE</div> Composition of The Descent of <a href="/Inanna/">Inanna</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_86" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1850 BCE - c. 1450 BCE</div> The <a href="/Linear_A_Script/">Linear A script</a> of the <a href="/Minoan_Civilization/">Minoan civilization</a> is in use. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1026" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1640 BCE - c. 1700 BCE</div> Written form of the Atrahasis Myth of the Great Flood. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_91" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1600 BCE</div> Canaanite <a href="/alphabet/">alphabet</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3878" title=""> <div class="date">1600 BCE - 1046 BCE</div> <a href="/writing/">Writing</a> develops in <a href="/china/">China</a> during the <a href="/Shang_Dynasty/">Shang Dynasty</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3879" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1600 BCE - 1000 BCE</div> Jiaguwen <a href="/script/">Script</a> develops in <a href="/china/">China</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1420" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1500 BCE - c. 1200 BCE</div> The <a href="/Linear_B_Script/">Linear B script</a> of the <a href="/Mycenaean_Civilization/">Mycenaean civilization</a> is in use. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1835" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1500 BCE - 1100 BCE</div> The Rig <a href="/The_Vedas/">Veda</a> written, mentioning the <a href="/God/">god</a> Rudra (<a href="/shiva/">Shiva</a>) and goddess <a href="/Tara_(Goddess)/">Tara</a> (among others) for the first time. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1820" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1500 BCE - c. 500 BCE</div> The Vedic Period in <a href="/india/">India</a> after a greater migration of the Indo-<a href="/Aryan/">Aryans</a> from Central Asia </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_981" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1400 BCE</div> Ugaritic <a href="/alphabet/">alphabet</a> of 30 letters is invented. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_112" title=""> <div class="date">1100 BCE</div> Phoenician <a href="/alphabet/">alphabet</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_464" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1000 BCE</div> <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">Death</a> of Ahiram (or Ahirom) of <a href="/Byblos/">Byblos</a>, whose sarcophagus bears the oldest inscription of the Phoenician <a href="/alphabet/">alphabet</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3880" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1000 BCE - 700 BCE</div> Dazhuan <a href="/script/">Script</a> develops in <a href="/china/">China</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2020" title=""> <div class="date">800 BCE</div> Earliest examples of <a href="/disambiguation/greek/">Greek</a> alphabetic <a href="/script/">script</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3881" title=""> <div class="date">c. 700 BCE</div> Xiaozhuan <a href="/script/">Script</a> develops in <a href="/china/">China</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_499" title=""> <div class="date">c. 647 BCE - c. 629 BCE</div> Extensive collection of clay tablets acquired known as <a href="/Ashurbanipal/">Ashurbanipal</a>'s Library at <a href="/nineveh/">Nineveh</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3882" title=""> <div class="date">c. 500 BCE</div> Lishu "Clerky <a href="/script/">Script</a>" develops in <a href="/china/">China</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2615" title=""> <div class="date">196 BCE</div> The <a href="/Rosetta_Stone/">Rosetta Stone</a> was made, a stela carrying a priestly decree from the reign of Ptolemy V in three languages: <a href="/Egyptian_Hieroglyphs/">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, demotic and <a href="/disambiguation/greek/">Greek</a> <a href="/script/">script</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2817" title=""> <div class="date">23 CE - Aug 79 CE</div> Life of <a href="/Pliny_the_Elder/">Pliny the Elder</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1295" title=""> <div class="date">c. 350 CE - c. 950 CE</div> Estimated use of the <a href="/Ogham/">Ogham</a> in <a href="/disambiguation/Ireland/">Ireland</a> and southwestern <a href="/disambiguation/england/">England</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3885" title=""> <div class="date">626 CE - 649 CE</div> Woodblock printing process develops under reign of Emperor <a href="/disambiguation/Taizong/">Taizong</a> of the <a href="/Tang_Dynasty/">Tang Dynasty</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4472" title=""> <div class="date">1234 CE</div> Movable <a href="/disambiguation/metal/">metal</a> type printing is invented in <a href="/Goryeo/">Goryeo</a>, <a href="/Korea/">Korea</a>. </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <img loading="lazy" data-src="/template/images/newsletter-header-red.jpg" class="newsletter_banner" width="300" height="106" alt="Weekly Newsletter"> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <p>History delivered to you once a week:</p> <div class="mc-field-group"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" autocomplete="email" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL" style="width:80%;" required> </div> <p>Are you a...?</p> <div class="mc-field-group input-group" style="margin-top: -10px;"> <input type="radio" value="1" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-0" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-0">History Enthusiast</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="2" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-1" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-1">Teacher</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="4" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-2" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-2">Student</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="8" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-3" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-3">Librarian</label> </div> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div> </div>  <input type="hidden" name="tags" value="40497"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button content_button red" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </form> </div>  </aside> <p id="footer_spacer"> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ad_Flexi_MobileSticky ahe-ad">  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_MobileSticky" class="adcontainer"></div> </div> <div class="worldhistory_sticky_dynamic"></div> <a href="/membership/?utm_campaign=membership&utm_source=whe&utm_medium=sidetab_heart_en" id="membership_sidebar" title="Membership"> <img src="/template/images/membership/membership-sidetab-en.svg?v=1732096425" width="29" height="133" alt="Membership" /> </a> <footer> <div class="print_membership_notice no_membership_only print_only"> <p>World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization publishing free history content that has been carefully researched and reviewed. 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