Pliny the Elder - World History Encyclopedia

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window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/Pliny_the_Elder/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/2687.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/Pliny_the_Elder/" data-pin-description="Aside from the usual contributions of its noble politicians and military commanders, the story of a nation also records the invaluable literary influences of its poets, dramatists, and historians. The long history of the Roman Empire is no different, for it can boast of the celebrated works of such..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Donald L. Wasson" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-DWasson.jpg" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="author" title="User Page: Donald L. Wasson">Donald L. Wasson</a> <br/> published on 12 June 2014 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-12850/pline-lancien/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/it/1-12850/plinio-il-vecchio/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Italian</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-12850/plinio-el-viejo/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Spanish</a>, <a href="/trans/tr/1-12850/yasli-plinius/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">Turkish</a></div> </div> <style> .audio-player-wrapper * { font-size: 14px !important; } .audio-player-wrapper .summary-wrapper { display: none; } .audio_player #play-btn-wrap svg { color: #222; margin-left: -18px; } #amplift-outer-wrapper { height: 60px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; top: -4px; left: -9px; margin-bottom: 0px; } .audio-player-wrapper .audio_player { visibility: hidden; } </style> <div id="amplift-outer-wrapper"></div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ window.setTimeout(()=>{ async_load_js("https://c.ampliftglobal.com/player/ampliftplayer.js",function() { AHE.ampliftPlayer = new AmpliftPlayer({target: '#amplift-outer-wrapper'}); AHE.ampliftPlayer.init(); window.setTimeout(()=>{ $('.audio-player-wrapper .audio_player').css('visibility','visible'); },1500); }); },1000); }); </script> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=history+Pliny_the_Elder+Pliny_the_Younger+Roman_Empire+Roman_Literature+Suetonius" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=DWasson" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/2687/pliny-the-elder/" title="Pliny the Elder"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2687.jpg.webp?v=1725313746 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2687.jpg.webp?v=1725313746 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2687.jpg?v=1725313746 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2687.jpg?v=1725313746 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2687.jpg?v=1725313746" width="288" height="275" alt="Pliny the Elder (by Littlehelper, Public Domain)" title="Pliny the Elder (by Littlehelper, Public Domain)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Pliny the Elder</div><div class="figauthor">Littlehelper (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2687/pliny-the-elder/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2687/pliny-the-elder/","caption":"Pliny the Elder from a 1635 CE printing of Historia Naturalis.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/2687.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Littlehelper - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Littlehelper"},"creditText":"Littlehelper / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-11-24T02:27:07+0000","datePublished":"2014-06-12T17:36:03+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Pliny the Elder","height":275,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder#mediaviewer/File:Plinius_den_%C3%86ldre_-_1635.JPG"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2687/pliny-the-elder/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2687/pliny-the-elder/","width":288} </script> <p>Aside from the usual contributions of its noble politicians and military commanders, the story of a nation also records the invaluable literary influences of its poets, dramatists, and historians. The long history of the <a href="/Roman_Empire/">Roman Empire</a> is no different, for it can boast of the celebrated works of such men as <a href="/ovid/">Ovid</a>, <a href="/virgil/">Virgil</a>, <a href="/Suetonius/">Suetonius</a>, and <a href="/tacitus/">Tacitus</a>. However, one individual often unrecognized by present-day readers surpasses all others - history simply remembers him as <dfn>Pliny the Elder</dfn>. More than just an author, he was a successful administrator, commander and scientist. Although not considered a philosopher, he was a man of intense curiosity whose works would garner even the respect of the <a href="/Medieval_Church/">medieval church</a>. Unfortunately, this passionate curiosity would lead to an early <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a>.</p> <p>Gaius Plinius Secundus was born to a wealthy equestrian family, a family with strong political connections, in Cisalpine <a href="/gaul/">Gaul</a> (northern <a href="/italy/">Italy</a>) in either 23 or 24 CE during the reign of Emperor <a href="/Tiberius/">Tiberius</a>, a man Pliny would later describe as <em>tristissimus hominum</em> - the saddest and gloomiest of men. Historians, as well as his nephew and adopted son <a href="/Pliny_the_Younger/">Pliny the Younger</a>, depict Pliny as being an eccentric, a workaholic who dreaded wasting time, often <a href="/writing/">writing</a> late into the night. He devoted his life to his writing, never marrying nor having children. Since he considered walking a waste of time, he travelled around <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> in a sedan chair accompanied by a secretary walking alongside taking notes; actually an inflamed throat made breathing difficult for him and thereby affected his ability to walk. In winter he would wear a long-sleeved tunic to keep his arms warm, again so he could write as he rode. A man of intense study, he claimed to have read over 2,000 volumes by over 100 authors, cataloging more than 20,000 facts.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">Pliny's passionate curiosity would, unfortunately, lead to an early death.</div> <p>Because of his parents' connections in Rome, the <a href="/city/">city</a> where he would complete his education, Pliny was able to obtain a military command, leaving the comforts of Rome in 47 CE to do <a href="/disambiguation/battle/">battle</a> in Germany, serving as an officer cadet on the Rhine, and eventually rising to function as the prefect of the auxiliary infantry and later commander of a cavalry wing. Some contemporary histories record that he may have been involved in the invasion of <a href="/britain/">Britain</a>. During the Flavian Dynasty, he would resurrect his military career when he served as an admiral in charge of the western <a href="/disambiguation/mediterranean/">Mediterranean</a> Sea. He took advantage of his time in Germany to author a small treatise on the difficult art of throwing a spear from horseback; one need remember that the stirrup had not been invented. Later, he would write a 20-volume history of the Germanic wars: <em>Bella Germaniae</em>. The historian Tacitus used these books as a source for his own <em>Annals</em>. It was also in Germany that Pliny became friends with the future <a href="/Roman_Emperor/">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/Vespasian/">Vespasian</a>, a friendship that would reap rich rewards later. Both men suffered from insomnia and would spend many late-night <a href="/Horae/">hours</a> in conversation.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <p>After completing his time in Germany, Pliny returned to Rome and his residence on Equiline Hill, where he tired of practicing <a href="/disambiguation/law/">law</a> and devoted his time to writing treatises on a variety of subjects, including his opinions on the emperors, past and present. He recognized the rather outlandish behavior of Emperor Gaius <a href="/Caligula/">Caligula</a> but did not consider it remarkable for the time, and while he respected Emperor <a href="/claudius/">Claudius</a> and considered him as one of the most scholarly authors of his era, Pliny did comment on the emperor's wife Messalina and her many indiscretions. However, among his more interesting topics, aside from grammar (he wrote an eight-volume series) and oratory, was his advice on <a href="/disambiguation/women/">women</a>'s cosmetics. Asses' milk removed wrinkles, while butter mixed with white lead was useful against acne, and warm cow's placenta could remove facial ulcers.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>During the time of Emperor <a href="/Nero/">Nero</a>, and fearing possible repercussions, Pliny shunned any administrative assignments, avoiding political discussions in his writings. Rabbi <a href="/Flavius_Josephus/">Josephus</a>, a friend and admirer of Nero, accused Pliny as well as other authors of harboring an intense hatred and lying about the fallen emperor. Pliny's attitude towards the imperial house soon changed when his friend Vespasian assumed the throne from Emperor <a href="/Vitellius/">Vitellius</a> in 69 CE. Vespasian rewarded Pliny with the position of imperial procurator in Spain, Gaul, and Belgium, where he was responsible for the finances of each province. It was during this time that he continued to gather the facts that he would later use in his writings, especially his most famous work (begun around 77 CE) - the 37 book (ten volumes) <em>Naturalis Historia</em> or <em>Natural History</em>. This immense undertaking, which still survives, encompassed a wide variety of topics, from botany, geography, and biology to mathematics, <a href="/disambiguation/Agriculture/">agriculture</a>, the arts, and anthropology. Unfortunately, he was unable to revise it before his untimely death.</p> <p>In August of 79 CE, all of Italy was shocked when Mt. Vesuvius erupted, burying the <a href="/city/">cities</a> of <a href="/pompeii/">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/Herculaneum/">Herculaneum</a>. It was during this time that Pliny was serving as the commander of the Misenum fleet at nearby Campania. His intense scientific curiosity as well as his natural compassion led to his conducting relief efforts for the evacuation of the citizens of Pompeii. Unfortunately, his valiant efforts led to his death; the air around Pompeii was thick with ash and while giving orders to help, he simply lay down on the deck of his boat and died. Historian Tacitus contacted Pliny's nephew and asked about his uncle's death. He received this response:</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <blockquote> <p>Your request that I would send you an account of my uncle's death …. deserves my acknowledgement, for, if this accident shall be celebrated by your pen, the glory of it, I am well assured, will be rendered forever illustrious. And notwithstanding he perished by misfortune … seems to promise him an everlasting remembrance … he has himself composed many and lasting works … (which) will greatly contribute to render his name immortal.</p> </blockquote> <p>Regrettably, Pliny's name has not become as lasting as his nephew foresaw. While remembered by some, he has not achieved the fame enjoyed by such writers as Ovid and Virgil. Most of his works have been lost; our knowledge of him comes mostly through the writings of others. However, his intense curiosity and mountain of work places him among the greatest the <a href="/empire/">empire</a> ever produced.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=history+Pliny_the_Elder+Pliny_the_Younger+Roman_Empire+Roman_Literature+Suetonius" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__c44ad4fedda2244e9677efd539464319"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0801413583/" rel="sponsored">Bowder, D. <i>Who Was Who in the Roman World.</i> Cornell Univ Pr, 1980.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__019d5dab5a883ce4e3c0b13f9174fa9e"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0306818906/" rel="sponsored">Dando-Collins, S. <i>The Great Fire of Rome.</i> Da Capo Press, 2010.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__d89508c58b6f09672b0bd5831aa70148"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/125002353X/" rel="sponsored">Dennison, M. <i>The Twelve Caesars.</i> St. Martin's Press, 2013.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__5df993180a129e112548b420a96436f3"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0199545561/" rel="sponsored">Hornblower, S. <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary.</i> Oxford University Press, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__7dddcc25001445b723e710b7d6bf5133"> <cite class="bib_text">Liberati, A.M. <i>Ancient Rome.</i> Barnes and Noble, 2006</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__80b16d30f68993527ae6bf51051ba924"> <cite class="bib_text">Matyszak, P. <i>Lives of the Romans.</i> 2008</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__8afa6b47d836292f530a424fc124fc21"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0140441271/" rel="sponsored">Pliny the Younger. <i>The Letters of the Younger Pliny.</i> Penguin Classics, 1963.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__04e4039f6b3e33983c7eb709eaf939ac"> <cite class="bib_text">Rodgers, N. <i>Roman Empire.</i> Metro Books, 2008</cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=DWasson" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="nofollow" title="Donald L. Wasson"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-DWasson.jpg?v=1485683139" width="100" height="100" alt="Donald L. Wasson" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="author" title="Donald L. Wasson">Donald L. Wasson</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Donald has taught Ancient, Medieval and U.S. History at Lincoln College (Normal, Illinois)and has always been and will always be a student of history, ever since learning about Alexander the Great. He is eager to pass knowledge on to his students. </div> <div class="sm_links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="translations_notice"> <h2 class="translations">Translations</h2> <a href="/trans/fr/1-12850/pline-lancien/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">French</a> <a href="/trans/it/1-12850/plinio-il-vecchio/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Italian</a> <a href="/trans/es/1-12850/plinio-el-viejo/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Spanish</a> <a href="/trans/tr/1-12850/yasli-plinius/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">Turkish</a> <p>We want people all over the world to learn about history. Help us and <a href="/trans/x/1-12850/edit/" class="translation_add_button" rel="nofollow">translate this definition</a> into another language!</p> </div> <div id="ci_related_wrapper"> <div class="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" id="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper"> <h2>Related Content</h2> <div id="ci_related_type_list"> <span class="filter_label">Filters:</span> <div rel="0" class="ci_type_0 ci_rel_type selected">All<span class="ci_rel_type_count"> </span></div> <div rel="1" class="ci_type_1 ci_rel_type ">Definitions<span class="ci_rel_type_count">47</span></div> <div rel="2" class="ci_type_2 ci_rel_type ">Articles<span class="ci_rel_type_count">19</span></div> <div rel="3" class="ci_type_3 ci_rel_type ">Images<span class="ci_rel_type_count">27</span></div> <div rel="6" class="ci_type_6 ci_rel_type ">Videos<span class="ci_rel_type_count">2</span></div> <div rel="9" class="ci_type_9 ci_rel_type ">Collections<span class="ci_rel_type_count">4</span></div> </div> <div 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ci_type_2 " id="2-1846"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/12459.jpg.webp?v=1729514950-1689869420 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/12459.jpg.webp?v=1729514950-1689869420 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/12459.jpg?v=1729514950-1689869420 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/12459.jpg?v=1729514950-1689869420 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/12459.jpg?v=1729514950-1689869420" width="360" height="202" alt="Pliny the Younger on Christianity" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__2"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Article </div> <h3>Pliny the Younger on Christianity</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Pliny the Younger's (61-112 CE) letter (Epistulae X.96) to Roman... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Roman_Literature/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-12527"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/7333.jpg.webp?v=1725380164 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/7333.jpg.webp?v=1725380164 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/7333.jpg?v=1725380164 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/7333.jpg?v=1725380164 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/7333.jpg?v=1725380164" width="360" height="202" alt="Roman Literature" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Roman Literature</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Roman Empire and its predecessor the Roman Republic produced... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/article/2252/theophrastus-and-pliny-the-elder-on-silphium/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_2 " id="2-2252"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/17592.jpg.webp?v=1688987803-1688987872 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/17592.jpg.webp?v=1688987803-1688987872 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/17592.jpg?v=1688987803-1688987872 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/17592.jpg?v=1688987803-1688987872 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/17592.jpg?v=1688987803-1688987872" width="360" height="202" alt="Theophrastus and Pliny the Elder on Silphium" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__2"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Article </div> <h3>Theophrastus and Pliny the Elder on Silphium</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The silphium plant of Cyrene, valued as a seasoning, aromatic... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Agrippina_the_Younger/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10738"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/646.jpg.webp?v=1728156969 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/646.jpg.webp?v=1728156969 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/646.jpg?v=1728156969 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/646.jpg?v=1728156969 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/646.jpg?v=1728156969" width="360" height="202" alt="Agrippina the Younger" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Agrippina the Younger</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Julia Agrippina or Agrippina the Younger (6 November 15 - 19/23... </div> </div> </a> </div> <nav class="pagination"> <strong class="pagination_page">1</strong> <a href="#" class="pagination_page" data-page="2" rel="next ">2</a> <a href="#" class="pagination_page" 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L. (2014, June 12). <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Pliny_the_Elder/" class="no_external">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Pliny_the_Elder/ </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_chicago"> <h4>Chicago Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> Wasson, Donald L.. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Pliny_the_Elder/" class="no_external">Pliny the Elder</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Last modified June 12, 2014. https://www.worldhistory.org/Pliny_the_Elder/. </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_mla citation_style"> <h4>MLA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details"> <p> Wasson, Donald L.. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Pliny_the_Elder/" class="no_external">Pliny the Elder</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. World History Encyclopedia, 12 Jun 2014. Web. 24 Nov 2024. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ci_author_and_copyright" id="ci_author_and_copyright"> <h2>License & Copyright</h2> <p> Submitted by <a href="/user/DWasson/" rel="author" title="User Page: Donald L. Wasson">Donald L. Wasson</a>, published on 12 June 2014. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="nofollow">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. 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