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/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:5362c0ca69f07ffad3b8846634f2c8c7 */ }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.vector.footerCleanup","ext.wikimediaShopLink.core","ext.postEdit","wikibase.client.init","ext.centralNotice.bannerController"]); }</script> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631js_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/geoiplookup"></script><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://meta.wikimedia.org/"/></head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Home_automation skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>  <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>  <div id="siteNotice"></div>   <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Home automation</span></h1>   <div id="bodyContent">  <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>   <div id="contentSub"></div>   <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div>   <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" style=""> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" width="40" height="40"/></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>This article has multiple issues</b>. Please help <b><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Home_automation" title="Talk:Home automation">talk page</a></b>.</span> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" style=""> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x"/></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for verification</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(September 2010)</i></small> </span></td> </tr> </table> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" style=""> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="48" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x"/></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit">improve this article</a> and discuss the issue on the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Home_automation" title="Talk:Home automation">talk page</a>.</span> <small><i>(August 2011)</i></small> </span></td> </tr> </table> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" style=""> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" width="40" height="40"/></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" title="Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed.</span> <small><i>(February 2013)</i></small> </span></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CITIB-56.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CITIB-56.jpg/220px-CITIB-56.jpg" width="220" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CITIB-56.jpg/330px-CITIB-56.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CITIB-56.jpg/440px-CITIB-56.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CITIB-56.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> A home control panel, able to control <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a>, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a>, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(device)" title="Lock (device)">locks</a> and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_entertainment" title="Home entertainment" class="mw-redirect">home entertainment</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patch_Panel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/220px-Patch_Panel.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/330px-Patch_Panel.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/440px-Patch_Panel.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patch_Panel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> A typical domestic patch panel.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proper_planning_is_important.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Proper_planning_is_important.jpg" width="200" height="601" class="thumbimage"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption">In a properly planned home distribution panel everything has its place</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poor_install.jog.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Poor_install.jog.jpg" width="200" height="583" class="thumbimage"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poor_install.jog.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> This is an example of a poorly planned home distribution panel. There is clearly not enough room for the equipment required</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Home automation</b> is the residential extension of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">building automation</a>. It is automation of the home, housework or household activity. Home <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> may include centralized control of lighting, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), appliances, security locks of gates and doors and other systems, to provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabled" title="Home automation for the elderly and disabled">Home automation for the elderly and disabled</a> can provide increased quality of life for persons who might otherwise require caregivers or institutional care.</p> <p>The popularity of home automation has been increasing greatly in recent years due to much higher affordability and simplicity though smartphone and tablet connectivity. The concept of the "<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a>" has tied in closely with the popularization of home automation.</p> <p>A home automation system integrates electrical devices in a house with each other. The techniques employed in home automation include those in building automation as well as the control of domestic activities, such as <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home entertainment systems</a>, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseplant" title="Houseplant">houseplant</a> and yard watering, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_feeding" title="Raw feeding">pet feeding</a>, changing the ambiance "scenes" for different events (such as dinners or parties), and the use of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">domestic robots</a>. Devices may be connected through a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> to allow control by a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>, and may allow remote access from the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>. Through the integration of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology" title="Information Technology" class="mw-redirect">information technologies</a> with the home environment, systems and appliances are able to <i>communicate</i> in an integrated manner which results in convenience, energy efficiency, and safety benefits.</p> <p>Automated <i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_of_the_future" title="Home of the future">homes of the future</a></i> have been staple exhibits for <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fair" title="World's Fair" class="mw-redirect">World's Fairs</a> and popular backgrounds in <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>. However, problems with complexity, competition between vendors, multiple incompatible standards,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and the resulting expense have limited the penetration of home automation to homes of the wealthy, or ambitious hobbyists. Possibly the first "home computer" was an experimental home automation system in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview_and_benefits"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview and benefits</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#System_elements"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">System elements</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Networks"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Networks</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Tasks"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Tasks</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#HVAC"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">HVAC</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Lighting"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lighting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Audio-visual"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Audio-visual</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Shading"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Shading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Security"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Security</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Intercoms"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Intercoms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Domestic_robotics_.28domotics.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic robotics (domotics)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Other_systems"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Other systems</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Costs"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Costs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Smart_Grid"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Smart Grid</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Organizations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Organizations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Comparison_of_popular_protocols"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison of popular protocols</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview and benefits">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Overview_and_benefits">Overview and benefits</span></h2> <p>Home automation refers to the use of computer and information technology to control home appliances and features (such as windows or lighting). Systems can range from simple remote control of lighting through to complex computer/micro-controller based networks with varying degrees of intelligence and automation. Home automation is adopted for reasons of ease, security and energy efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper17_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper17-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerhart1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhart1-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In modern construction in industrialized nations, most homes have been wired for electrical power, telephones, TV outlets (cable or antenna), and a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorbell" title="Doorbell">doorbell</a>. Many household tasks were automated by the development of specialized appliances. For instance, automatic <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a> were developed to reduce the manual labor of cleaning clothes, and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heater" title="Water heater" class="mw-redirect">water heaters</a> reduced the labor necessary for <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">bathing</a>.</p> <p>Other traditional household tasks, like <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a> and preparation have been automated in large extent by <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">moving them into factory settings</a>, with the development of pre-made, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">pre-packaged foods</a>, and in some countries, such as the United States, increased reliance on commercial food preparation services, such as <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> restaurants. Volume production and the factory setting allows forms of automation that would be impractical or too costly in a home setting. Standardized foods enable possible further automation of handling the food within the home.</p> <p>The use of gaseous or <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_fuels" title="Liquid fuels" class="mw-redirect">liquid fuels</a>, and later the use of electricity enabled increased automation in heating, reducing the labor necessary to manually refuel <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stove" title="Stove">heaters</a> and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">stoves</a>. Development of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostats</a> allowed more automated control of heating, and later cooling.</p> <p>As the number of controllable devices in the home rises, interconnection and communication becomes a useful and desirable feature. For example, a furnace can send an alert message when it needs cleaning, or a refrigerator when it needs service. Rooms will become "intelligent" and will send signals to the controller when someone enters. If no one is supposed to be home and the alarm system is set, the system could call the owner, or the neighbors, or an <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_number" title="Emergency number" class="mw-redirect">emergency number</a>.</p> <p>In simple installations, domotics may be as straightforward as turning on the lights when a person enters the room. In advanced installations, rooms can sense not only the presence of a person inside but know who that person is and perhaps set appropriate lighting, temperature, music levels or television channels, taking into account the day of the week, the time of day, and other factors.</p> <p>Other automated tasks may include setting the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> to an <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_saving" title="Energy saving" class="mw-redirect">energy saving</a> setting when the house is unoccupied, and restoring the normal setting when an occupant is about to return. More sophisticated systems can maintain an <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventory</a> of products, recording their usage through bar codes, or an <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID" title="RFID" class="mw-redirect">RFID</a> tag, and prepare a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_list" title="Shopping list">shopping list</a> or even automatically order replacements.</p> <p>Home automation can also provide a remote interface to home appliances or the automation system itself, via telephone line, wireless transmission or the internet, to provide control and monitoring via a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> or <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>.</p> <p>An example of remote monitoring in home automation could be triggered when a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">smoke detector</a> detects a fire or smoke condition, causing all lights in the house to blink to alert any occupants of the house to the possible emergency. If the house is equipped with a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home theater</a>, a home automation system can shut down all audio and video components to avoid distractions, or make an audible announcement. The system could also call the home owner on their mobile phone to alert them, or call the fire department or <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_monitoring" title="Alarm monitoring" class="mw-redirect">alarm monitoring</a> company.</p> <p>In terms of lighting control, it is possible to save energy when installing various products. Simple functions such as <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_detector" title="Motion detector">motion sensors and detectors</a> integrated into a relatively simple home automation system can save hours of wasted energy in both residential and commercial applications. For example imagine an auto on/off at night time in all major city office buildings, say after 10pm. When no motion is detected, lights shut down, and the owner could save kilowatts of wasted overnight energy. Similar controls on HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) in buildings could save even more energy.</p> <p>Recently, Web technologies have been suggested as an application-level solution to address the problem of heterogeneous home devices,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> building upon the concepts of the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">Web of Things</a>.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Home automation has been a feature of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writing for many years, but has only become practical since the early 20th Century following the widespread introduction of electricity into the home, and the rapid advancement of information technology.<sup id="cite_ref-GerhartXIII_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GerhartXIII-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper18-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Early remote control devices began to emerge in the late 1800s. For example, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> patented an idea for the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a> of vessels and vehicles in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-TeslaPatent_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeslaPatent-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The emergence of electrical <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">home appliances</a> began between 1915 and 1920; the decline in domestic servants meant that households needed cheap, mechanical replacements. Domestic electricity supply, however, was still in its infancy - meaning this luxury was afforded only the more affluent households.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper18_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper18-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Ideas similar to modern home automation systems originated during the World's Fairs of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerhart1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhart1-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Fairs in <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_Progress" title="Century of Progress">Chicago (1934)</a>, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">New York (1939)</a> and (<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964–65</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Mann34_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann34-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> depicted electrified and automated homes. In 1966 Jim Sutherland, an engineer working for <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse Electric</a>, developed a home automation system called "ECHO IV"; this was a private project and never commercialized.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> The first "wired homes" were built by American hobbyists during the 1960s, but were limited by the technology of the times. The term "smart house" was first coined by the American Association of Housebuilders in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper1-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>With the invention of the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a>, the cost of electronic control fell rapidly. Remote and intelligent control technologies were adopted by the building services industry and appliance manufacturers worldwide, as they offer the end user easily accessible and/or greater control of their products.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>During the 1990s home automation rose to prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-GerhartXIII_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GerhartXIII-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> By the end of the decade, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotics" title="Domotics" class="mw-redirect">domotics</a> was commonly used to describe any system in which <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">informatics</a> and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematic" title="Telematic" class="mw-redirect">telematics</a> were combined to support activities in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> The phrase appears to be a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau_word" title="Portmanteau word" class="mw-redirect">portmanteau word</a> formed from <i>domus</i> (Latin, meaning house) and <i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics_(academic_field)" title="Informatics (academic field)">informatics</a></i>, and therefore refers specifically to the application of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> technologies to <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_appliances" title="Domestic appliances" class="mw-redirect">domestic appliances</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>Despite interest in home automation, by the end of the 1990s there was not a widespread uptake - with such systems still considered the domain of hobbyists or the rich. The lack of a single, simplified, protocol and high cost of entry has put off consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper18_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper18-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: System elements">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="System_elements">System elements</span></h2> <p>Elements of a home automation system include sensors (such as temperature, daylight, or motion detection), controllers (such as a general-purpose personal computer or a dedicated automation controller) and actuators, such as motorized valves, light switches, motors, and others. One or more human-machine interface devices are required, so that the residents of the home can interact with the system for monitoring and control; this may be a specialized terminal or, increasingly, may be an application running on a smart phone or tablet computer. Devices may communicate over dedicated wiring, or over a wired network, or wirelessly using one or more protocols. Building automation networks developed for institutional or commercial buildings may be adapted to control in individual residences. A centralized controller can be used, or multiple intelligent devices can be distributed around the home.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Networks">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Networks">Networks</span></h3> <p>There have been many attempts to standardize the forms of hardware, electronic and communication interfaces needed to construct a home automation system. Some standards use additional communication and control wiring, some embed signals in the existing <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">power circuit</a> of the house, some use <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency (RF)</a> signals, and some use a combination of several methods. Control wiring is hardest to retrofit into an existing house. Some appliances include a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB" class="mw-redirect">USB</a> port that is used for control and connection to a domotics network. <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_bridge" title="Protocol bridge" class="mw-redirect">Protocol bridges</a> translate information from one standard to another, <i>e.g.</i>, from X10 to European Installation Bus.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tasks">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tasks">Tasks</span></h2> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: HVAC">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="HVAC">HVAC</span></h3> <p><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC" title="HVAC">Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)</a> solutions can include temperature and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> control, and more commonly in Europe, fresh air, heating and natural cooling. Home automation solutions are varied and could include an internet-controlled <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a>, by allowing the homeowner to control the building's heating and air conditioning systems remotely, or it could be linked to windows to allow automated opening and closing to allow hot air out and cool air in to allow for cooling of the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> of the house structure. Many systems are designed to not only provide convenience but to also allow for better energy efficiency.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lighting">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Lighting">Lighting</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nyce_Control_Wireless_ZigBee_Motion_Sensor.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Nyce_Control_Wireless_ZigBee_Motion_Sensor.png/170px-Nyce_Control_Wireless_ZigBee_Motion_Sensor.png" width="170" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Nyce_Control_Wireless_ZigBee_Motion_Sensor.png/255px-Nyce_Control_Wireless_ZigBee_Motion_Sensor.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Nyce_Control_Wireless_ZigBee_Motion_Sensor.png/340px-Nyce_Control_Wireless_ZigBee_Motion_Sensor.png 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nyce_Control_Wireless_ZigBee_Motion_Sensor.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> A tiny wireless motion sensor from <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyce_Control" title="Nyce Control">NYCE Control</a>, used in lighting automation and security.</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">Lighting control systems</a> can be used to control household electric lights. Examples include:</p> <ul> <li>Extinguish all the lights of the house at a predetermined time and date range</li> <li>Use of motion detectors to automatically extinguish the lights in a room after occupants have left and turn on the lights if occupants enter a room</li> <li>Turn the light on or off with the use of a remote wireless device</li> <li>Control the brightness of the lights according to the level of ambient light available, or other criteria</li> <li>Change the ambient colour of a room via the lights used or by using RGB LEDs (mood control)</li> </ul> <p>Natural lighting control involves controlling window shades, LCD shades, draperies and awnings.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Audio-visual">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Audio-visual">Audio-visual</span></h3> <p>This category includes audio and video switching and distribution. Multiple audio or video sources can be selected and distributed to one or more rooms and can be linked with lighting and blinds to provide mood settings.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Shading">Shading</span></h3> <p>Automatic control of blinds and curtains can be used for:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presence_simulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presence simulation (page does not exist)">Presence simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_control" title="Temperature control">Temperature control</a></li> </ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Security">Security</span></h3> <p>Control and integration of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_systems" title="Security systems" class="mw-redirect">security systems</a> and also the potential for central locking of all perimeter doors and windows.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>With Home Automation, the consumer can select and watch <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameras" title="Cameras" class="mw-redirect">cameras</a> live from an Internet source to their home or business. Security cameras can be controlled, allowing the user to observe activity around a house or business right from a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_display_unit" title="Visual display unit" class="mw-redirect">Monitor</a> or <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_panel" title="Touch panel" class="mw-redirect">touch panel</a>. Security systems can include motion sensors that will detect any kind of unauthorized movement and notify the user through the security system or via cell phone. This category also includes control and distribution of security <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameras" title="Cameras" class="mw-redirect">cameras</a> (see <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>).</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion" title="Intrusion">Intrusion</a> Detection <ul> <li>Motion <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a></li> <li>Magnetic contact sensors for <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doors" title="Doors" class="mw-redirect">doors</a> / <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window" title="Window">windows</a></li> <li>Glass break detectors</li> <li>Pressure sensors</li> </ul> </li> <li>Presence <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li>Detection of fire, gas leaks and water leaks (see <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm" title="Fire alarm" class="mw-redirect">fire alarm</a> and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_alarm" title="Gas alarm" class="mw-redirect">gas alarm</a>)</li> <li>Medical <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert" title="Alert">alert</a> / teleassistance.</li> <li>Precise and safe <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_blind" title="Window blind">blind</a> control</li> </ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intercoms">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Intercoms">Intercoms</span></h3> <p>An <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercom" title="Intercom">intercom</a> system allows communication via a <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loud_speaker" title="Loud speaker" class="mw-redirect">loud speaker</a> between multiple rooms. Integration of the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercom" title="Intercom">intercom</a> to the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, or of the video door entry system to the television set, allowing the residents to view the door camera automatically.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Domestic robotics (domotics)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Domestic_robotics_.28domotics.29">Domestic robotics (domotics)</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a></div> <p>Journalist Bruno de Latour coined the term <b>domotic</b> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> <b>Domotic</b> has been recently introduced in vocabulary as a composite word of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>domus</i> and <i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatics_(academic_field)" title="Informatics (academic field)">informatics</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> or a contraction of <i>domestic robotics</i>, and it refers to <i>intelligent houses</i> meaning the use of the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> technologies and computer science applied to the home.</p> <p>The Spanish <i>Domótica</i>, French <i>Domotique</i>, Italian <i>Domotica</i>, Portuguese <i>Domótica</i> and a number of other words in other languages also derive from <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>domus</i> and "Robotic...", "Informatic..." or "Automatic...".</p> <p>Domotics includes completely automated systems that control entertainment, heating, broadband, lighting and security from one of many types of digital computer control devices, panels and mobile handset. Domotics is used to improve the quality of life increasing comfort, security and the same time obtaining costs and energy savings. The term covers a range of applications:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li>Domotics is the discipline that investigates how to realize an intelligent home environment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Digital Home</i> as a spectrum of services including home automation, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_commerce" title="Electronic commerce" class="mw-redirect">e-commerce</a>, etc. through wired and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless networks</a></li> <li>Household devices, appliances, entertainment centers, temperature and lighting control units, that behave intelligently</li> <li>Control and scheduling of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a>.</li> <li>Under the domotics umbrella fall home security systems, whole-house audio or video systems, lights, gates and household LAN</li> <li>Domotics and home automation means that systems <i>talk to</i> each other so that the result is convenience, energy efficiency, and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_safety" title="Home safety">safety</a></li> <li>Control of <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_robot" title="Home robot" class="mw-redirect">home robots</a>, using if necessary domotic <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_beacon" title="Electric beacon">electric beacon</a>.</li> <li>Home robot communication (i.e. using <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFi" title="WiFi" class="mw-redirect">WiFi</a>) with the domotic network and other home robots.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Automation_for_the_Elderly_and_Disabled" title="Home Automation for the Elderly and Disabled" class="mw-redirect">Home assistive technologies</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other systems">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_systems">Other systems</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cat_feeder.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cat_feeder.jpg/170px-Cat_feeder.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cat_feeder.jpg/255px-Cat_feeder.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cat_feeder.jpg/340px-Cat_feeder.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cat_feeder.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> A homemade Internet-enabled cat feeder.</div> </div> </div> <p>Using special hardware, almost any <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_appliance" title="Household appliance" class="mw-redirect">household appliance</a> can be monitored and controlled automatically or remotely, including:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a> or tea maker (such as the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teasmade" title="Teasmade">Teasmade</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door" title="Garage door">Garage door</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler" title="Irrigation sprinkler">Plant watering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool_sanitation" title="Swimming pool sanitation">Pool pump</a>(s) and heater, hot tub and spa</li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_feeding" title="Raw feeding">Pet feeding</a> and watering</li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump_Pump" title="Sump Pump" class="mw-redirect">Sump Pump</a></li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WellPumpAutomation.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/WellPumpAutomation.jpg/170px-WellPumpAutomation.jpg" width="170" height="228" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/WellPumpAutomation.jpg/255px-WellPumpAutomation.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/WellPumpAutomation.jpg/340px-WellPumpAutomation.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WellPumpAutomation.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Well and Booster Pump Automation.</div> </div> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Costs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Costs">Costs</span></h2> <p>An automated home can be a very simple grouping of controls, or it can be heavily automated where any appliance that is plugged into electrical power is remotely controlled. Costs mainly include equipment, components, furniture, and custom installation.<sup id="cite_ref-Costs_2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costs_2-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Ongoing costs include electricity to run the control systems, maintenance costs for the control and networking systems, including troubleshooting, and eventual cost of upgrading as standards change. Increased complexity may also increase maintenance costs for networked devices. <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud-based</a> services supporting an installation may also entail fees for setup and/or usage.</p> <p>Learning to use a complex system effectively may take significant time and training.</p> <p>Control system security may be difficult and costly to maintain, especially if the control system extends beyond the home, for instance by wireless or by connection to the internet or other networks.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Smart Grid">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Smart_Grid">Smart Grid</span></h2> <p>Home automation technologies are viewed as integral additions to the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a>. The ability to control lighting, appliances, HVAC as well as <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Grid" title="Smart Grid" class="mw-redirect">Smart Grid</a> applications (load shedding, demand response, real-time power usage and price reporting) will become vital as Smart Grid initiatives are rolled out. Green Automation is the term coined to describe energy management strategies in home automation when data from smart grids is combined with home automation systems to use resources at either their lowest prices or highest availability, taking advantage, for instance, of high solar panel output in the middle of the day to automatically run washing machines.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Organizations">Organizations</span></h2> <div class="column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDIA" title="CEDIA">CEDIA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENELEC" title="CENELEC" class="mw-redirect">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Automated_Buildings_Association" title="Continental Automated Buildings Association">Continental Automated Buildings Association</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Living_Network_Alliance" title="Digital Living Network Alliance">Digital Living Network Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Tomorrow" title="Living Tomorrow">Living Tomorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT" title="MIT" class="mw-redirect">MIT</a> <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgeLab" title="AgeLab" class="mw-redirect">AgeLab</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMO_TCI" title="SIMO TCI">SIMO TCI</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparison of popular protocols">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_of_popular_protocols">Comparison of popular protocols</span></h2> <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>Protocol</th> <th>Power Line</th> <th><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio-Frequency</a></th> <th>Open Source?</th> <th>Needs Neutral Wire?</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insteon" title="Insteon">Insteon</a></td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>Usually</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX_(standard)" title="KNX (standard)">KNX</a></td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>no</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_powerline_bus" title="Universal powerline bus">UPB</a></td> <td>yes</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>no</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwave" title="Zwave" class="mw-redirect">Z-Wave</a></td> <td>no</td> <td>yes</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px;"> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preferences-system.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Preferences-system.svg/28px-Preferences-system.svg.png" width="28" height="28" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Preferences-system.svg/42px-Preferences-system.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Preferences-system.svg/56px-Preferences-system.svg.png 2x"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Home_improvement" title="Portal:Home improvement">Home improvement portal</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" width="32" height="24" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/48px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/64px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Home" title="Portal:Home">Home portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX_LLC" title="AMX LLC">AMX LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ClareControls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ClareControls (page does not exist)">ClareControls</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control4" title="Control4">Control4</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestron" title="Crestron" class="mw-redirect">Crestron</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DASH7" title="DASH7">DASH7</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_car" title="Digital car" class="mw-redirect">Digital car</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_operator" title="Gate operator">Gate operator</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">Home network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeOS" title="HomeOS">HomeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX_(standard)" title="KNX (standard)">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutron" title="Lutron" class="mw-redirect">Lutron</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_automation_software" title="List of home automation software">List of home automation software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifra_Smart_Homes" title="Shifra Smart Homes">Shifra Smart Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Metering_Interface" title="Universal Metering Interface">Universal Metering Interface</a> (UMI)</li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_commerce" title="Video commerce">Video commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanadu_Houses" title="Xanadu Houses">Xanadu Houses</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2F1995%2Fmar95%2Fpcn0323%2Fpcn0323.asp">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since October 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Spicer, Dag (2000-08-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://drdobbs.com/184404040">"If You Can't Stand the Coding, Stay Out of the Kitchen: Three Chapters in the Hi | Dr Dobb's"</a>. 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Retrieved 2012-10-26</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07mu-LDTmgQC%26lpg%3DPA80%26dq%3Ddomotics%2520definition%26pg%3DPA80%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Ddomotic%26f%3Dfalse&rft.btitle=Ambient+Intelligence+and+Future+Trends+-%3A+International+Symposium+on+Ambient+...+-+Google+Boeken&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Home automation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mRuQN5n7SKsC&pg=PA297&dq=domotics&hl=en&ei=T3TzTcD-OcuYOoHEpKgH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=domotics&f=false"><i>Assistive Technology: Added Value to the Quality of Life, AAATE'01 - Črt Marinček - Google Books</i></a>. Books.google.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-10-26</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Assistive+Technology%3A+Added+Value+to+the+Quality+of+Life%2C+AAATE%2701+-+%C4%8Crt+Marin%C4%8Dek+-+Google+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRuQN5n7SKsC%26pg%3DPA297%26dq%3Ddomotics%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DT3TzTcD-OcuYOoHEpKgH%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CDgQ6AEwADgK%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Ddomotics%26f%3Dfalse&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Books.google.co.uk&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Home automation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://www.sentha.tu-berlin.de/paper/vanderheiden_miami.pdf">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since October 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Costs_2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Costs_2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://www.totalavcontrol.co.uk/">"Home automation costs"</a>. Totalavcontrol.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-02-18</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Home+automation+costs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totalavcontrol.co.uk&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Totalavcontrol.co.uk&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Home automation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h3> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Gerhart, James (31 March 1999). <i>Home Automation and Wiring</i>. <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a> Professional. <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070246742" title="Special:BookSources/0070246742">0070246742</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Gerhart%2C+James&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Home+Automation+and+Wiring&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.isbn=0070246742&rft.genre=book&rft.date=31+March+1999&rft.au=Gerhart%2C+James&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Home automation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Harper, Richard, ed. (14 August 2003). <i>Inside the Smart Home</i>. <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" title="Springer (publisher)" class="mw-redirect">Springer</a>. <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852336889" title="Special:BookSources/1852336889">1852336889</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=1852336889&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=14+August+2003&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Smart+Home&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Home automation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span id="CITEREFTesla.2C_Nikola1898" class="citation">Tesla, Nikola (8 November 1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=0613809.PN.&OS=PN/0613809&RS=PN/0613809"><i>U.S. Patent 613809: Method of and apparatus for controlling mechanism of moving vessels and vehicles</i></a>, United States Patent and Trademark Office</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Tesla%2C+Nikola&rft.pub=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=8+November+1898&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26d%3DPALL%26p%3D1%26u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm%26r%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26s1%3D0613809.PN.%26OS%3DPN%2F0613809%26RS%3DPN%2F0613809&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+613809%3A+Method+of+and+apparatus+for+controlling+mechanism+of+moving+vessels+and+vehicles&rft.genre=book&rft.au=Tesla%2C+Nikola&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Home automation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Mann, William C., ed. (7 July 2005). <i>Smart technology for aging, disability and independence : the state of the science</i>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-69694-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-69694-3">0-471-69694-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.isbn=0-471-69694-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=7+July+2005&rft.btitle=Smart+technology+for+aging%2C+disability+and+independence+%3A+the+state+of+the+science&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Home automation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_automation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Home_automation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Home automation">Home automation</a></b></i></td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Home_Automation//">Home Automation</a> at the <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/whosWho/AcademicStaff/LeslieHaddon/ShapeofThings.pdf">ALAN CAWSON, LESLIE HADDON, IAN MILES PREST, <i>The Shape of Things to Consume</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://www.loxone.ca/project-books/raspberry-pi-home-automation">Raspberry pi Loxone.ca Open Source Home Automation Project</a></li> </ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Home_automation" title="Template talk:Home automation"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Home_automation&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><strong class="selflink">Home automation</strong></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#System" title="Home automation">System</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Elements</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Controller" title="Programmable Logic Controller" class="mw-redirect">Hardware controllers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensors" title="Sensors" class="mw-redirect">Sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuators" title="Actuators" class="mw-redirect">Actuators</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Interconnection" title="Home automation">Interconnection</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">By <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li>Cable (<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">xDSL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication" title="Power line communication">Powerline</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_powerline_bus" title="Universal powerline bus">Universal powerline bus (UPB)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLCBUS_(Communication_Protocol)" title="PLCBUS (Communication Protocol)" class="mw-redirect">PLCBUS</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio frequency</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS" title="GPRS" class="mw-redirect">GPRS</a> and <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS" class="mw-redirect">UMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECT" title="DECT" class="mw-redirect">DECT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee" title="ZigBee">ZigBee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X-Comfort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-Comfort (page does not exist)">X-Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE-NET" title="ONE-NET" class="mw-redirect">ONE-NET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> (<a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_IR" title="Consumer IR">Consumer IR</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Both</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insteon" title="Insteon">Insteon</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Classifications_of_domestic_network_technologies" title="Home automation">Network<br/> technologies</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Device interconnection</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee" title="ZigBee">ZigBee</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Control and automation nets</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_SCS" title="Bus SCS">SCS BUS</a> with <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWebNet" title="OpenWebNet">OpenWebNet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Bus_(protocol)" title="C-Bus (protocol)">C-Bus (protocol)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEBus" title="CEBus">CEBus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Home_Systems_Protocol" title="European Home Systems Protocol">EHS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSTEON" title="INSTEON" class="mw-redirect">INSTEON</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX_(standard)" title="KNX (standard)">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE-NET" title="ONE-NET" class="mw-redirect">ONE-NET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_powerline_bus" title="Universal powerline bus">Universal Powerline Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee" title="ZigBee">ZigBee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Data nets</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePlug_Powerline_Alliance" title="HomePlug Powerline Alliance">Homeplug</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePNA" title="HomePNA">HomePNA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFi" title="WiFi" class="mw-redirect">WiFi</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"> <div><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patch_Panel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Patch Panel.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/155px-Patch_Panel.jpg" width="155" height="207" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/233px-Patch_Panel.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/310px-Patch_Panel.jpg 2x"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Tasks" title="Home automation">Tasks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC" title="HVAC">Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">Lighting control system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Audio_and_video" title="Home automation">Audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Security" title="Home automation">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Robotics" title="Home automation">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Other_systems" title="Home automation">Other systems</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Costs" title="Home automation">Costs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Smart_Grid" title="Home automation">Smart Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Organizations" title="Home automation">Organizations</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li>See also: <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_of_the_future" title="Home of the future">Home of the future</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">Home network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">Floor plan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_navigation_system" title="House navigation system" class="mw-redirect">House navigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanadu_Houses" title="Xanadu Houses">Xanadu Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Robotics" title="Template:Robotics"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Robotics" title="Template talk:Robotics"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Robotics&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Main articles</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics" title="Future of robotics">Future of robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_worldwide" title="Robotics worldwide">Robotics worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Hall_of_Fame" title="Robot Hall of Fame">Robot Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboethics" title="Roboethics">Roboethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_laws" title="Robotic laws" class="mw-redirect">Robotic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#Human-robot_interaction" title="Robotics">Human-robot interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI Competitions</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"> <div><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Shadow Hand Bulb large.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/100px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" width="100" height="150" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/150px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/200px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 2x"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Types</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomorphic_robotics" title="Biomorphic robotics">Biomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_surgery" title="Robotic surgery">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_robot" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesis#Robotic_prostheses" title="Prosthesis">Prosthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_robotics#Specific_robots" title="Outline of robotics">List of robots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Classification" title="Mobile robot">Classifications</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li>Stationary</li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robots#Classification" title="Mobile robots" class="mw-redirect">Polar robots</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#Rolling_robots" title="Robotics">Wheels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Running" title="Robot locomotion">Running</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Swimming" title="Robot locomotion">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climber_(BEAM)" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Hopping" title="Robot locomotion">Hopping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Metachronal_motion" title="Robot locomotion">Metachronal motion</a></li> <li>Crawling</li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Brachiating" title="Robot locomotion">Brachiating</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot_navigation" title="Mobile robot navigation">Navigation</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Manual_remote_or_tele-op" title="Mobile robot">Manual</a>, <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_operation" title="Remote operation">remote</a> or <a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">tele-op</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Guarded_tele-op" title="Mobile robot">Guarded tele-op</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Line-following_robot" title="Mobile robot">Line-following robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Autonomously_randomized_robot" title="Mobile robot">Autonomously randomized robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Autonomously_guided_robot" title="Mobile robot">Autonomously guided robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Sliding_autonomy" title="Mobile robot">Sliding autonomy</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#Robot_research" title="Robotics">Research</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticist" title="Roboticist">Roboticist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_of_robotics" title="Areas of robotics" class="mw-redirect">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics" class="mw-redirect">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_paradigms" title="Robotic paradigms">Paradigms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x"/> <b><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Robotics" title="Category:Robotics">Category</a></b></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robotics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robotics">Commons</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x"/> <b><a href="/web/20130425094631/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Robotics" title="Portal:Robotics">Portal</a></b></li> <li><img alt="WikiProject" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130425094631im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" width="16" height="16" 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