CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_entertainment","20130317074924","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1363506564"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <title>Home video - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.21wmf11"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="copyright" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924cs_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cteahouse%7Cext.wikihiero%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmw.PopUpMediaTransform%7Cskins.vector&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924cs_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none} /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:d11e4771671c2d6cdedf7c90d8131cd5 */</style> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924js_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Home_video","wgTitle":"Home video","wgCurRevisionId":540998324,"wgArticleId":18948312,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Home video"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Home_video","wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Home_entertainment","wgVectorEnabledModules":{"collapsiblenav":true,"collapsibletabs":true,"editwarning":true,"expandablesearch":false,"footercleanup":true,"sectioneditlinks":false,"experiments":true},"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"templateEditor":false,"templates":false,"preview":false,"previewDialog":false,"publish":false,"toc":false},"wgTrackingToken":"bae34a3a6c343c7de30963426301977d","wgVisualEditor":{"isPageWatched":false,"enableSectionEditLinks":false},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgGuidedTourHelpGuiderUrl":"Help:Guided tours/guider","wgGuidedTourTestWikitextDescription":"A guider in your on-wiki tour can contain wikitext using onShow and parseDescription. Use it to create a wikilink to the \x3ca href=\"/wiki/Help:Guided_tours\" title=\"Help:Guided tours\"\x3eGuided tours documentation\x3c/a\x3e. Or an external link \x3ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://github.com/tychay/mwgadget.GuidedTour\"\x3eto GitHub\x3c/a\x3e, for instance.","wgMFPhotoUploadEndpoint":"//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php","wgUseFormatCookie":{"name":"mf_mobileFormat","duration":-1,"path":"/","domain":"en.wikipedia.org"},"wgStopMobileRedirectCookie":{"name":"stopMobileRedirect","duration":180,"domain":".wikipedia.org","path":"/"},"wgPhotoUploadAppendToDesc":null,"wgImagesDisabled":false,"wgMFMode":"stable","wgIsPageEditable":true,"wgPreferredVariant":"en","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","Geo":{"city":"","country":""},"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia"}); }</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.implement("user.options",function(){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":1,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":0,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":false,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":1,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"vector","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":4,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":1,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,"watchlistdays":3 ,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"flaggedrevssimpleui":1,"flaggedrevsstable":0,"flaggedrevseditdiffs":true,"flaggedrevsviewdiffs":false,"vector-simplesearch":1,"useeditwarning":1,"vector-collapsiblenav":1,"usebetatoolbar":1,"usebetatoolbar-cgd":1,"wikilove-enabled":1,"echo-subscriptions-web-page-review":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-page-review":true,"ep_showtoplink":false,"ep_bulkdelorgs":false,"ep_bulkdelcourses":true,"ep_showdyk":true,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"searchNs100":false,"searchNs101":false,"searchNs108":false,"searchNs109":false,"searchNs446":false ,"searchNs447":false,"searchNs710":false,"searchNs711":false,"searchNs828":false,"searchNs829":false,"gadget-teahouse":1,"gadget-ReferenceTooltips":1,"gadget-HotCat":1,"gadget-DRN-wizard":1,"gadget-charinsert":1,"gadget-mySandbox":1});;},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function(){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":false,"watchToken":false});;},{},{}); /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:44c9353a96594b99750bfcd945577bd4 */ }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.vector.footerCleanup","ext.wikimediaShopLink.core","wikibase.client.init","ext.centralNotice.bannerController"]); }</script> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924js_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/geoiplookup"></script><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://meta.wikimedia.org/"/></head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Home_video skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>  <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>  <div id="siteNotice"><script> mw.loader.using( 'ext.centralNotice.bannerController', function() { mw.centralNotice.initialize(); } ); </script> </div>   <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Home video</span></h1>   <div id="bodyContent">  <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>   <div id="contentSub"> (Redirected from <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_entertainment&redirect=no" title="Home entertainment">Home entertainment</a>)</div>   <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div>   <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="dablink">For the band, see <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Video_(band)" title="Home Video (band)">Home Video (band)</a>. For motion pictures made by amateurs, see <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_movies" title="Home movies">Home movies</a>.</div> <div class="dablink">"Home entertainment" redirects here. For other forms of home entertainment, see <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Popular music</a> and <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video game</a>.</div> <p><b>Home video</b> is a <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_term" title="Blanket term" class="mw-redirect">blanket term</a> used for pre-recorded media that is either sold or <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_rental_shop" title="Video rental shop">rented/hired</a> for <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home cinema</a> entertainment. The term originates from the <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>/<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> era, when the predominant medium was <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a>, but has carried over into current optical disc formats like <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> and, to a lesser extent, into methods of <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> such as <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>.</p> <p>The home video business distributes <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemovie" title="Telemovie" class="mw-redirect">telemovies</a> and <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series" title="Television series" class="mw-redirect">television series</a> in the form of <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video">videos</a> in various formats to the public. These are either bought or rented, then watched privately from the comfort of home by consumers. Most theatrically released films are now released on digital media, both optical (DVD or Blu-ray) and download-based, replacing the largely obsolete VHS (Video Home System) medium. The <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> format remains popular in Asia, though DVDs are gradually gaining popularity.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Special-interest_video_production"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Special-interest video production</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Time_gap_until_home_video_release"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Time gap until home video release</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#TV_programs"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">TV programs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Pre-Certs"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-Certs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#DRM"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">DRM</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Prior to the advent of home video as a popular medium in the late 1970s, most feature films were inaccessible after their theatrical runs for the general public. They were only viewable in theatrical re-releases, <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_house" title="Revival house">revival houses</a> and television broadcasts. <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_mm_film" title="Super 8 mm film" class="mw-redirect">Super8</a> versions (often heavily edited) of some of the more popular theatrical features were sold at high prices since the late 1960s (see section <i><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_mm_film#Packaged_movies" title="Super 8 mm film" class="mw-redirect">Packaged movies</a></i> at <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_mm_film" title="Super 8 mm film" class="mw-redirect">Super 8 mm film</a>).</p> <p>The first company to duplicate and distribute home video was <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_Video" title="Magnetic Video">Magnetic Video</a>, established as an audio and video duplication service for professional audio and television corporations in <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills, Michigan</a>, <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA" title="USA" class="mw-redirect">USA</a>, in 1968. Although <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avco" title="Avco">Avco</a>'s 1972 <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartrivision" title="Cartrivision">Cartrivision</a> system preceded Magnetic Vision's expansion into home video by a few years, it took until the late 1970s that VHS and Betamax became widely available for home use. Major <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> players in the video rental business today include <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Special-interest video production">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Special-interest_video_production">Special-interest video production</span></h3> <p>Until the mid-1980s feature film theatrical releases such as <i><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i>, or <i><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a></i> were the mainstay of video marketing and helmed by large studios like <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios" title="Universal Studios">Universal</a>, <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> and <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>. At that time, not many consumers owned a <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCR" title="VCR" class="mw-redirect">VCR</a>, and those who did tended to rent rather than buy videos. Toward the end of that decade, a rise of smaller companies began creating special interest videos, also known as "non-theatrical programming" and "alternative programming," and "selling-through" to the consumer.</p> <blockquote> <p>"Home video is an exciting new area of opportunity for adventuresome publishers willing to produce new programs. Today's limitations within the video marketplace may be gone tomorrow. More people are finding innovative ways to create visually stimulating entertainment and information for the video tape player... Like contemporary book publishing, you can produce and distribute yourself to very narrow markets or seek broad-based distributors for mass-oriented appeal"<sup id="cite_ref-PMA1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMA1-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>Special Interest Video is a huge and steadily increasing venue for products exposing new and old subjects through the medium of camera and tape. It is a new form of publishing, a specialty line of products for vertical "readership" and an exploding territory of subjects, audiences and new uses. Six years ago, dog handling videos, back pain videos and cooking videos were suppositions on a drawing board. Three years ago these took life. Now, along with golf and skiing tapes these S.I. videos are beginning to claim a marketshare. The wild part of this new video publishing adventure is the wide diversity of support with which each product comes to the market. New technology has changed the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-PMA2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMA2-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>"Cambridge Associates puts the growth of the special interest genre at close to 600% in the last five years, to $625 million in supplier revenues last year."<sup id="cite_ref-VI1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VI1-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Time gap until home video release">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Time_gap_until_home_video_release">Time gap until home video release</span></h2> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distribution#Shrinking_of_the_theatrical_window" title="Film distribution">Film distribution#Shrinking of the theatrical window</a></div> <p>A time period is usually allowed to elapse between the end of theatrical release and the home video release to encourage movie theater patronage and discourage <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">piracy</a>. Home video release dates usually follow five or six months after the theatrical release, although recently more films have been arriving on video after three or four months. (<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and other holiday-related movies are generally not released on home video until the following year when that holiday is celebrated again.)</p> <p>Exceptions to the rule include the <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a> film <i><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_(film)" title="Bubble (film)">Bubble</a></i>. It was released in 2006 to theaters, cable TV and DVD only a few days apart.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delirious_john_candy_movie.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Poster of Delirious (1991)" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Delirious_john_candy_movie.jpg/220px-Delirious_john_candy_movie.jpg" width="220" height="325" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Delirious_john_candy_movie.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Delirious_john_candy_movie.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delirious_john_candy_movie.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> On the bottom of the movie poster for <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirious_(film)" title="Delirious (film)">Delirious</a> (1991) it says "See it soon. It won't be on cassette for months."</div> </div> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: TV programs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="TV_programs">TV programs</span></h2> <p>Many <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program" title="Television program">television programs</a> are now also available in complete <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program#Seasons.2Fseries" title="Television program">seasons</a> on DVD. It has become popular practice for defunct TV shows to be released to DVD one season at a time every few months, and active shows to be released on DVD after the end of each season. Prior to the television DVDs, most television shows were only viewable in <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_syndication" title="Television syndication" class="mw-redirect">syndication</a>, or on limited 'best of' VHS releases of selected <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episode" title="Episode">episodes</a>. These copyrighted movies and programs generally have legal restrictions on them preventing them from (amongst other things) being shown in public venues, shown to other people for money, or copied for other than <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> purposes (although such ability is limited by some jurisdictionas and media formats: see below).</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-Certs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-Certs">Pre-Certs</span></h2> <p>After the passage of the Video Recordings (Labelling) Act of 1985 in the <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, videotapes and other video recordings without a certification symbol from the <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a> (BBFC) on their covers - or on the tapes themselves - were no longer allowed to be sold or displayed by rental shops. These tapes are called "<b>Pre-Certs</b>" (e.g., Pre-certification tapes). Recently these tapes have generated a <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> following, due to their collectability.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: DRM">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="DRM">DRM</span></h2> <p>There is great controversy about recent attempts to increase protections for rights owners using technical means such as <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrovision" title="Macrovision" class="mw-redirect">Macrovision</a> and <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-scrambling_system" title="Content-scrambling system" class="mw-redirect">CSS</a>, and by the enactment of laws such as the <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMCA" title="DMCA" class="mw-redirect">DMCA</a>, potentially hindering otherwise-lawful "fair-use" rights.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <dl> <dt>Articles</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Film distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserdisc" title="Laserdisc">Laserdisc</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_rental_shop" title="Video rental shop">Video rental shop</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">Videocassette recorder</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Categories and lists</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Home_video_companies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Home video companies of the United States">Category:Home video companies of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Video" title="Category:Video">Category:Video</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Years_in_home_video" title="Category:Years in home video">Category:Years in home video</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_home_video_companies" title="List of home video companies">List of notable home video companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_home_video" title="List of years in home video">List of years in home video</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PMA1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMA1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Home Video Publishing: Are You Ready?" by Michael Wiese, <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Book_Publishers_Association" title="Independent Book Publishers Association">PMA Newsletter</a>, July 1987, pp.6-13</span></li> <li id="cite_note-PMA2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMA2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Special Interest Comes of Age," by Bo Lebo, <a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Book_Publishers_Association" title="Independent Book Publishers Association">PMA Newsletter</a>, May 1990, p.18</span></li> <li id="cite_note-VI1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VI1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Special Interest," Video Insider, 7/1/91, p.6</span></li> </ol>   </div>   <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&oldid=540998324">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&oldid=540998324</a>" </div>   <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Home_video" title="Category:Home video">Home video</a></li></ul></div></div>  <div class="visualClear"></div>   </div>  </div>  <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2>  <div id="mw-head">  <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class=""> <h3>Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Home+video&type=signup">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Home+video" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="left-navigation">  <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs"> <h3>Namespaces</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></span></li> <li id="ca-talk"><span><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Home_video" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></span></li> </ul> </div>   <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet"> <h3 id="mw-vector-current-variant"> </h3> <h3><span>Variants</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> <div id="right-navigation">  <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs"> <h3>Views</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video">Read</a></span></li> <li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving. [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li> <li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></span></li> </ul> </div>   <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet"> <h3><span>Actions</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div>   <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h3> <form action="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input name="search" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/> <button type="submit" name="button" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="searchButton"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf11/skins/vector/images/search-ltr.png?303-4" alt="Search" width="12" height="13"/></button> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> </div> </form> </div>  </div> </div>   <div id="mw-panel">  <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a style="background-image: url(//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Wiki.png);" href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div>   <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-contents"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>     <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction"> <h3>Interaction</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-help"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-contact"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>   <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb"> <h3>Toolbox</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Home_video" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Home_video" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-upload"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&oldid=540998324" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li> <li id="t-info"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&action=info">Page information</a></li> <li id="t-cite"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&page=Home_video&id=540998324" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>   <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export"> <h3>Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul id="collectionPortletList"><li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Home+video" title="Create a book or page collection" rel="nofollow">Create a book</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Home+video&oldid=540998324&writer=rl" title="Download a PDF version of this wiki page" rel="nofollow">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li></ul> </div> </div>   <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang"> <h3>Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_rumahan" title="Video rumahan" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Домашнее видео" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="wbc-editpage"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/enwiki/Home video" title="Edit interlanguage links">Edit links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 27 February 2013 at 17:52.<br/></li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. See <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.<br/> Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.<br/></li><li class="noprint"><a class="internal" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact us</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/web/20130317074924/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a> </li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924/http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf11/skins/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31"/></a> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> </div>  <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.state({"site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); }</script> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924js_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=skins.vector&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mobile.desktop","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","mediawiki.hidpi","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","mw.MwEmbedSupport.style","ext.vector.collapsibleNav","ext.vector.collapsibleTabs","ext.vector.editWarning","ext.UserBuckets","ext.markAsHelpful","ext.gettingstarted.openTask","ext.navigationTiming","mw.PopUpMediaTransform"], null, true); }</script> <script src="/web/20130317074924js_/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&508635914"></script> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20130317074924js_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script>  </body> </html>