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For the victory pose of Olympic gold medallist <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Farah" title="Mo Farah">Mo Farah</a>, see <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Farah#.22Mobot.22_signature_pose" title="Mo Farah">"Mobot" signature pose</a>.</div> <p>A <b>mobile robot</b> is an <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_machine" title="Automatic machine" class="mw-redirect">automatic machine</a> that is capable of movement in any given environment.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Optically_Automated_Spy_Robot.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Optically_Automated_Spy_Robot.jpg/220px-Optically_Automated_Spy_Robot.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Optically_Automated_Spy_Robot.jpg/330px-Optically_Automated_Spy_Robot.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Optically_Automated_Spy_Robot.jpg/440px-Optically_Automated_Spy_Robot.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Optically_Automated_Spy_Robot.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> A spying robot is an example of a mobile robot capable of movement in a given environment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div> <p>Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. In contrast, <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robots" title="Industrial robots" class="mw-redirect">industrial robots</a> usually consist of a <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointed_arm" title="Jointed arm" class="mw-redirect">jointed arm</a> (multi-linked manipulator) and <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_end_effector" title="Robot end effector">gripper</a> assembly (or <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_end_effector" title="Robot end effector">end effector</a>) that is attached to a fixed surface.</p> <p>Mobile robots are a major focus of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research. Mobile robots are also found in industry, <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">military</a> and security environments. <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robots</a> are consumer products, including <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">entertainment robots</a> and those that perform certain household tasks such as <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">vacuuming</a> or gardening.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mobile_robot_navigation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Mobile robot navigation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Manual_remote_or_tele-op"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Manual remote or tele-op</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Guarded_tele-op"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Guarded tele-op</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Line-following_robot"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Line-following robot</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Autonomously_randomized_robot"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Autonomously randomized robot</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Autonomously_guided_robot"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Autonomously guided robot</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sliding_autonomy"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Sliding autonomy</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span></h2> <p>Mobile robots may be classified by:</p> <ul> <li>The environment in which they travel: <ul> <li>Land or home robots are usually referred to as <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Ground_Vehicles" title="Unmanned Ground Vehicles" class="mw-redirect">Unmanned Ground Vehicles</a> (UGVs). They are most commonly wheeled or tracked, but also include <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">legged robots</a> with two or more legs (<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid</a>, or resembling animals or insects).</li> <li>Aerial robots are usually referred to as <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles" title="Unmanned Aerial Vehicles" class="mw-redirect">Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</a> (UAVs)</li> <li>Underwater robots are usually called <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Underwater_Vehicle" title="Autonomous Underwater Vehicle" class="mw-redirect">autonomous underwater vehicles</a> (AUVs)</li> <li>Polar robots, designed to navigate icy, <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevasse</a> filled environments</li> </ul> </li> <li>The device they use to move, mainly: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Legged robot</a> : <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">human-like legs</a> (i.e. an <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">android</a>) or animal-like <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">legs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheeled</a> robot.</li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_track" title="Caterpillar track" class="mw-redirect">Tracks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mobile robot navigation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mobile_robot_navigation">Mobile robot navigation</span></h2> <p>There are many types of <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot_navigation" title="Mobile robot navigation">mobile robot navigation</a>:</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manual remote or tele-op">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Manual_remote_or_tele-op">Manual remote or tele-op</span></h3> <p>A manually <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">teleoperated</a> robot is totally under control of a driver with a joystick or other control device. The device may be plugged directly into the robot, may be a wireless joystick, or may be an accessory to a wireless computer or other controller. A tele-op'd robot is typically used to keep the operator out of harm's way. Examples of manual remote robots include <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_Design" title="Robotics Design" class="mw-redirect">Robotics Design's</a> ANATROLLER ARI-100 and ARI-50, Foster-Miller's Talon, <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irobot" title="Irobot" class="mw-redirect">iRobot's</a> PackBot, and KumoTek's MK-705 Roosterbot.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Guarded tele-op">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Guarded_tele-op">Guarded tele-op</span></h3> <p>A guarded tele-op robot has the ability to sense and avoid obstacles but will otherwise navigate as driven, like a robot under manual tele-op. Few if any mobile robots offer only guarded tele-op. <i>(See Sliding Autonomy below.)</i></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Line-following robot">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Line-following_robot">Line-following robot</span></h3> <p>Some of the earliest Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) were line following mobile robots. They might follow a visual line painted or embedded in the floor or ceiling or an electrical wire in the floor. Most of these robots operated a simple "keep the line in the center sensor" algorithm. They could not circumnavigate obstacles; they just stopped and waited when something blocked their path. Many examples of such vehicles are still sold, by <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbotics" title="Transbotics" class="mw-redirect">Transbotics</a>, FMC, Egemin, HK Systems and many other companies.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Autonomously randomized robot">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Autonomously_randomized_robot">Autonomously randomized robot</span></h3> <p>Autonomous robots with random motion basically bounce off walls, whether those walls are sensed</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Autonomously guided robot">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Autonomously_guided_robot">Autonomously guided robot</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmMT400_autonomous_robot_base_with_Motivity.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SmMT400_autonomous_robot_base_with_Motivity.jpg/220px-SmMT400_autonomous_robot_base_with_Motivity.jpg" width="220" height="214" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/SmMT400_autonomous_robot_base_with_Motivity.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/SmMT400_autonomous_robot_base_with_Motivity.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmMT400_autonomous_robot_base_with_Motivity.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Robot developers use ready-made autonomous bases and software to design robot applications quickly. Shells shaped like people or cartoon characters may cover the base to disguise it.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Courtesy of MobileRobots Inc</i></div> </div> </div> <p>An autonomously guided robot knows at least some information about where it is and how to reach various goals and or waypoints along the way. "Localization" or knowledge of its current location, is calculated by one or more means, using sensors such motor encoders, vision, <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">Stereopsis</a>, lasers and global positioning systems. Positioning systems often use triangulation, relative position and/or Monte-Carlo/Markov localization to determine the location and orientation of the platform, from which it can plan a path to its next waypoint or goal. It can gather sensor readings that are time- and location-stamped, so that a hospital, for instance, can know exactly when and where radiation levels exceeded permissible levels. Such robots are often part of the wireless enterprise network, interfaced with other sensing and control systems in the building. For instance, the <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PatrolBot" title="PatrolBot">PatrolBot</a> security robot responds to alarms, operates elevators and notifies the command center when an incident arises. Other autonomously guided robots include the SpeciMinder and the Tug delivery robots for hospital labs, though the latter actually has people at the ready to drive the robot remotely when its autonomy fails. The Tug sends a letter to its tech support person, who then takes the helm and steers it over the Internet by looking through a camera low in the base of the robot.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sliding autonomy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sliding_autonomy">Sliding autonomy</span></h3> <p>More capable robots combine multiple levels of navigation under a system called sliding autonomy. Most autonomously guided robots, such as the HelpMate hospital robot, also offer a manual mode. The Motivity autonomous robot operating system, which is used in the ADAM, PatrolBot, SpeciMinder, MapperBot and a number of other robots, offers full sliding autonomy, from manual to guarded to autonomous modes.</p> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">Robotic mapping</a></div> <p>Also see <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">Autonomous robot</a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tr> <th style="width:7%">Date</th> <th>Developments</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1939–1945</td> <td>During <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the first mobile robots emerged as a result of technical advances on a number of relatively new research fields like <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>. They were mostly flying bombs. Examples are smart bombs that only detonate within a certain range of the target, the use of guiding systems and radar control. The <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V1</a> and <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket" class="mw-redirect">V2</a> rockets had a crude 'autopilot' and automatic detonation systems. They were the predecessors of modern <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1948–1949</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">W. Grey Walter</a> builds <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_(robot)" title="Elmer (robot)" class="mw-redirect">Elmer</a> and <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_(robot)" title="Elsie (robot)" class="mw-redirect">Elsie</a>, two autonomous robots called <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_Speculatrix" title="Machina Speculatrix" class="mw-redirect">Machina Speculatrix</a> because these robots liked to explore their environment. Elmer and Elsie were each equipped with a light sensor. If they found a light source they would move towards it, avoiding or moving obstacles on their way. These <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> demonstrated that complex behaviour could arise from a simple design. Elmer and Elsie only had the equivalent of two nerve cells.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1961–1963</td> <td>The Johns Hopkins University develops '<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Beast" title="Johns Hopkins Beast">Beast</a>'. Beast used a sonar to move around. When its batteries ran low it would find a power socket and plug itself in.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td>Mowbot was the very first robot that would automatically mow the lawn.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td>The Stanford Cart line follower was a mobile robot that was able to follow a white line, using a <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> to see. It was radio linked to a large <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> that made the calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br/> At about the same time (1966–1972) the Stanford Research Institute is building and doing research on <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_Robot" title="Shakey the Robot" class="mw-redirect">Shakey the Robot</a>, a robot named after its jerky motion. Shakey had a <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>, a <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">rangefinder</a>, <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bump_sensor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bump sensor (page does not exist)">bump sensors</a> and a radio link. Shakey was the first robot that could reason about its actions. This means that <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_Robot" title="Shakey the Robot" class="mw-redirect">Shakey</a> could be given very general commands, and that the robot would figure out the necessary steps to accomplish the given task.<br/> <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soviet_Union" title="The Soviet Union" class="mw-redirect">The Soviet Union</a> explores the surface of the <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> with <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a>, a lunar rover.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td>In its <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> the <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> sends two unmanned spacecraft to <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>The interest of the public in robots rises, resulting in robots that could be purchased for home use. These robots served entertainment or educational purposes. Examples include the <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RB5X" title="RB5X">RB5X</a>, which still exists today and the <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HERO_(robot)" title="HERO (robot)">HERO</a> series.<br/> The Stanford Cart is now able to navigate its way through obstacle courses and make maps of its environment.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Early 1980s</td> <td>The team of <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmanns" title="Ernst Dickmanns">Ernst Dickmanns</a> at <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr_University_Munich" title="Bundeswehr University Munich">Bundeswehr University Munich</a> builds the first robot cars, driving up to 55 mph on empty streets.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Research_Laboratories" title="Hughes Research Laboratories" class="mw-redirect">Hughes Research Laboratories</a> demonstrates the first cross-country map and sensor-based autonomous operation of a robotic vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tilden" title="Mark Tilden">Mark Tilden</a> invents <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1990s</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelberger" title="Joseph Engelberger">Joseph Engelberger</a>, father of the industrial robotic arm, works with colleagues to design the first commercially available autonomous mobile hospital robots, sold by Helpmate. The US Department of Defense funds the MDARS-I project, based on the Cybermotion indoor security robot.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edo._Franzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo. Franzi (page does not exist)">Edo. Franzi</a>, <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Guignard" title="André Guignard">André Guignard</a> and <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Mondada" title="Francesco Mondada">Francesco Mondada</a> developed <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khepera_mobile_robot" title="Khepera mobile robot">Khepera</a>, an autonomous small mobile robot intended for research activities. The project was supported by the LAMI-EPFL lab.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1993–1994</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dante_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dante I (page does not exist)">Dante I</a> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dante_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dante II (page does not exist)">Dante II</a> <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> were developed by Carnegie Mellon University. Both were walking robots used to explore live volcanoes.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td>With guests on board, the twin robot vehicles <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VaMP" title="VaMP">VaMP</a> and VITA-2 of <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a> and <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmanns" title="Ernst Dickmanns">Ernst Dickmanns</a> of UniBwM drive more than one thousand kilometers on a Paris three-lane highway in standard heavy traffic at speeds up to 130 km/h. They demonstrate autonomous driving in free lanes, convoy driving, and lane changes left and right with autonomous passing of other cars.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>Semi-autonomous ALVINN steered a car coast-to-coast under computer control for all but about 50 of the 2850 miles. Throttle and brakes, however, were controlled by a human driver.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>In the same year, one of <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmanns" title="Ernst Dickmanns">Ernst Dickmanns</a>' robot cars (with robot-controlled throttle and brakes) drove more than 1000 miles from <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> to <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and back, in traffic, at up to 120 mph, occasionally executing maneuvers to pass other cars (only in a few critical situations a safety driver took over). Active vision was used to deal with rapidly changing street scenes.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>The Pioneer programmable mobile robot becomes commercially available at an affordable price, enabling a widespread increase in robotics research and university study over the next decade as mobile robotics becomes a standard part of the university curriculum.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1996–1997</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> sends the <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> with its rover <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a> to <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. The rover explores the surface, commanded from <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>. Sojourner was equipped with a hazard avoidance system. This enabled Sojourner to autonomously find it s way through unknown martian terrain.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> introduces <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibo" title="Aibo" class="mw-redirect">Aibo</a>, a robotic dog capable of seeing, walking and interacting with its environment. The <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PackBot" title="PackBot">PackBot</a> remote-controlled military mobile robot is introduced.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>Start of the Swarm-bots project. <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm bots</a> resemble insect colonies. Typically they consist of a large number of <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-bot_mobile_robot" title="S-bot mobile robot">individual simple robots</a>, that can interact with each other and together perform complex tasks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.swarm-bots.org/">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>Appears <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomba" title="Roomba">Roomba</a>, a <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">domestic</a> <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomous mobile robot</a> that cleans the floor.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>Axxon Robotics purchases <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.intellibotrobotics.com/">Intellibot</a>, manufacturer of a line of commercial robots that scrub, vacuum, and sweep floors in hospitals, office buildings and other commercial buildings. Floor care robots from Intellibot Robotics LLC operate completely autonomously, mapping their environment and using an array of sensors for navigation an obstacle avoidance.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robosapien" title="Robosapien" class="mw-redirect">Robosapien</a>, a <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomorphic_robot" title="Biomorphic robot" class="mw-redirect">biomorphic</a> toy robot designed by <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tilden" title="Mark Tilden">Mark Tilden</a> is commercially available.<br/> In 'The <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centibots" title="Centibots">Centibots</a> Project' 100 autonomous robots work together to make a map of an unknown environment and search for objects within the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br/> In the first <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge" title="DARPA Grand Challenge">DARPA Grand Challenge</a> competition, fully autonomous vehicles compete against each other on a desert course.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a> creates a <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigDog" title="BigDog">quadruped robot</a> intended to carry heavy loads across terrain too rough for vehicles.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> stops making <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibo" title="Aibo" class="mw-redirect">Aibo</a> and HelpMate halts production, but a lower-cost <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PatrolBot" title="PatrolBot">PatrolBot</a> customizable autonomous <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">service robot</a> system becomes available as mobile robots continue the struggle to become commercially viable. The US Department of Defense drops the MDARS-I project, but funds MDARS-E, an autonomous field robot. TALON-Sword, the first commercially available robot with grenade launcher and other integrated weapons options, is released.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Honda's Asimo learns to run and climb stairs.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>In the DARPA Urban Grand Challenge, six vehicles autonomously comple a complex course involving manned vehicles and obstacles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiva_Systems" title="Kiva Systems">Kiva Systems</a> clever robots proliferate in distribution operations; these smart shelving units sort themselves according to the popularity of their contents. The Tug becomes a popular means for hospitals to move large cabinets of stock from place to place, while the <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speci-Minder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speci-Minder (page does not exist)">Speci-Minder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.speciminder.com/">[5]</a> with Motivity begins carrying blood and other patient samples from nurses' stations to various labs. Seekur, the first widely available, non-military outdoor service robot, pulls a 3-ton vehicle across a parking lot,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> drives autonomously indoors and begins learning how to navigate itself outside. Meanwhile, PatrolBot learns to follow people and detect doors that are <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ajar" class="extiw" title="wikt:ajar">ajar</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>Boston Dynamics released video footage of a new generation <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigDog" title="BigDog">BigDog</a> able to walk on icy terrain and recover its balance when kicked from the side.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>The <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi_Autonomous_Ground-robotic_International_Challenge" title="Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge">Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge</a> has teams of autonomous vehicles map a large dynamic urban environment, identify and track humans and avoid hostile objects.</td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px;"> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation2.gif" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animation2.gif/17px-Animation2.gif" width="17" height="28" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animation2.gif/26px-Animation2.gif 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Animation2.gif/34px-Animation2.gif 2x"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Robotics" title="Portal:Robotics">Robotics portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_robotics" title="Ant robotics">Ant robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">Autonomous robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Underwater_Vehicle" title="Autonomous Underwater Vehicle" class="mw-redirect">Autonomous Underwater Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_LAGR_Program" title="DARPA LAGR Program">DARPA LAGR Program</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_manipulator" title="Mobile manipulator">Mobile manipulator</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">Robotic arm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">Robotic mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_kinematics" title="Robot kinematics">Robot kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover (space exploration)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle" title="Unmanned Aerial Vehicle" class="mw-redirect">Unmanned Aerial Vehicle</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Optically Automated Spy Robot, 'OASR', Gaurav Mittal and Deepansh Sehgal, <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Engineering_College" title="Punjab Engineering College" class="mw-redirect">Punjab Engineering College</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://prweb.com/releases/Rail/Robot/prweb453019.htm">Rail track</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.labautomationrobots.com/images/crstrack.pdf">Linear track (PDF)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2013" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://mobilerobots.com/MT400_autonomous_robotic_base.html">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.ias.uwe.ac.uk/Robots/gwonline/gwonline.html">"ias-people"</a>. Ias.uwe.ac.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-08-15</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=ias-people&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.uwe.ac.uk%2FRobots%2Fgwonline%2Fgwonline.html&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Ias.uwe.ac.uk&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mobile robot" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/talks/Extras/mowbot.1969.gif">http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/talks/Extras/mowbot.1969.gif</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.stanford.edu/~learnest/cart.htm">Les Earnest</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proceedings of IEEE Robotics and Automation, 1988</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.ri.cmu.edu/projects/project_255.html">"Robotics Institute: Dante I"</a>. Ri.cmu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-08-15</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Robotics+Institute%3A+Dante+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ri.cmu.edu%2Fprojects%2Fproject_255.html&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Ri.cmu.edu&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mobile robot" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.ri.cmu.edu/projects/project_163.html">"Robotics Institute: Dante II"</a>. Ri.cmu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-08-15</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Robotics+Institute%3A+Dante+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ri.cmu.edu%2Fprojects%2Fproject_163.html&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Ri.cmu.edu&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mobile robot" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.ai.sri.com/centibots/">"Centibots Project Home Page"</a>. Ai.sri.com. 2004-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-08-15</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Ai.sri.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2004-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ai.sri.com%2Fcentibots%2F&rft.btitle=Centibots+Project+Home+Page&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mobile robot" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.foster-miller.com/literature/documents/Weaponized_Talon.pdf">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.darpa.mil/GRANDCHALLENGE/">http://www.darpa.mil/GRANDCHALLENGE/</a> Welcome<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since January 2013" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.mobilerobots.com/TowingMed.mov">[3]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_robot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_robots" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mobile robots">Mobile robots</a></b></i></td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://ikalogic.com/tut_line_sens_algo.php">A tutorial about line tracking sensors and algorithms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://robot.kut.ac.kr/">BioRobotics Laboratory, Research in Mobile Robotics and Human-Robot Interaction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.machinevision.dk/">Department of Production at Aalborg University in Denmark, Research in Mobile Robotics and Manipulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://www.astanadigital.com/">[6]</a></li> </ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mobile_robots" title="Template:Mobile robots"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_robots" title="Template talk:Mobile robots"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mobile_robots&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><strong class="selflink">Mobile robots</strong></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Ground</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a> (<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Humanoid_robots" title="Template:Humanoid robots">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a> (<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Androids" title="Template:Androids">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a> (<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hexapod_robots" title="List of hexapod robots">list</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Other</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Automated guided vehicle (AGV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_combat_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground combat vehicle" class="mw-redirect">Unmanned ground combat vehicle (UGCV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car" title="Autonomous car">Driverless car</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">Automatic train operation (ATO)</a> (<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_driverless_trains" title="List of driverless trains">list</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Aerial</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aircraft_system" title="Unmanned aircraft system" class="mw-redirect">Unmanned aircraft system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicam" title="Helicam">Helicam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_combat_air_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat air vehicle">Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Aircraft" title="Unmanned Aircraft" class="mw-redirect">Unmanned Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">Ornithopter</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Underwater</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_underwater_vehicle" title="Unmanned underwater vehicle">Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervention_AUV" title="Intervention AUV">Intervention AUV (I-AUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Surface</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle" title="Unmanned surface vehicle">Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Space</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_space_vehicle" title="Unmanned space vehicle" class="mw-redirect">Unmanned space vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> (<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmanned_spacecraft_by_program" title="List of unmanned spacecraft by program">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_telescope" title="Robotic telescope">Robotic telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_probe" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_resupply_spacecraft" title="Unmanned resupply spacecraft">Unmanned resupply spacecraft</a> (<a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmanned_spaceflights_to_the_ISS" title="List of unmanned spaceflights to the ISS" class="mw-redirect">list</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_robot" title="Rescue robot">Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_surgery" title="Robotic surgery">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_robot" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_Garbage_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automated Garbage Collection (page does not exist)">Automated Garbage Collection</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_vehicle_(disambiguation)" title="Unmanned vehicle (disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect">Unmanned vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Robot locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">Autonomous robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_logistics" title="Autonomous logistics">Autonomous logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-controlled_model" title="Radio-controlled model">Radio-controlled model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control_vehicle" title="Remote control vehicle">Remote control vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote-controlled_animal" title="Remote-controlled animal">Remote-controlled animal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><i>Categories: <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Radio_control" title="Category:Radio control">Radio control</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unmanned_vehicles" title="Category:Unmanned vehicles">Unmanned vehicles</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Robotics" title="Template:Robotics"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Robotics" title="Template talk:Robotics"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Robotics&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Main articles</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics" title="Future of robotics">Future of robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_worldwide" title="Robotics worldwide">Robotics worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Hall_of_Fame" title="Robot Hall of Fame">Robot Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboethics" title="Roboethics">Roboethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_laws" title="Robotic laws" class="mw-redirect">Robotic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#Human-robot_interaction" title="Robotics">Human-robot interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI Competitions</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"> <div><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Shadow Hand Bulb large.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/100px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" width="100" height="150" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/150px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130424203027im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/200px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 2x"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Types</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomorphic_robotics" title="Biomorphic robotics">Biomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_surgery" title="Robotic surgery">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_robot" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesis#Robotic_prostheses" title="Prosthesis">Prosthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_robotics#Specific_robots" title="Outline of robotics">List of robots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Classification" title="Mobile robot">Classifications</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li>Stationary</li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robots#Classification" title="Mobile robots" class="mw-redirect">Polar robots</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#Rolling_robots" title="Robotics">Wheels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Running" title="Robot locomotion">Running</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Swimming" title="Robot locomotion">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climber_(BEAM)" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Hopping" title="Robot locomotion">Hopping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Metachronal_motion" title="Robot locomotion">Metachronal motion</a></li> <li>Crawling</li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_locomotion#Brachiating" title="Robot locomotion">Brachiating</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot_navigation" title="Mobile robot navigation">Navigation</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Manual_remote_or_tele-op" title="Mobile robot">Manual</a>, <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_operation" title="Remote operation">remote</a> or <a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">tele-op</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Guarded_tele-op" title="Mobile robot">Guarded tele-op</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Line-following_robot" title="Mobile robot">Line-following robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Autonomously_randomized_robot" title="Mobile robot">Autonomously randomized robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Autonomously_guided_robot" title="Mobile robot">Autonomously guided robot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robot#Sliding_autonomy" title="Mobile robot">Sliding autonomy</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics#Robot_research" title="Robotics">Research</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticist" title="Roboticist">Roboticist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_of_robotics" title="Areas of robotics" class="mw-redirect">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics" class="mw-redirect">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_paradigms" title="Robotic paradigms">Paradigms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130424203027/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> 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