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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Умерени тревни, саванни и храстови биоми – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Умерени тревни, саванни и храстови биоми" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travne_i_%C5%BEbunaste_vegetacije_umjerenih_predjela" title="Travne i žbunaste vegetacije umjerenih predjela – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Travne i žbunaste vegetacije umjerenih predjela" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praderies,_sabanes_i_matollars_temperats" title="Praderies, sabanes i matollars temperats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Praderies, sabanes i matollars temperats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A6arktiske,_tempererede_gr%C3%A6somr%C3%A5der,_savanner_og_buskomr%C3%A5der" title="Palæarktiske, tempererede græsområder, savanner og buskområder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palæarktiske, tempererede græsområder, savanner og buskområder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastizales_y_matorrales_templados" title="Pastizales y matorrales templados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pastizales y matorrales templados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezvarmaj_herbejoj,_savanoj_kaj_arbedaroj" title="Mezvarmaj herbejoj, savanoj kaj arbedaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezvarmaj herbejoj, savanoj kaj arbedaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87" title="علفزارها، گرم‌دشت‌ها و درختچه‌زارهای معتدله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علفزارها، گرم‌دشت‌ها و درختچه‌زارهای معتدله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairies,_savanes_et_terres_arbustives_temp%C3%A9r%C3%A9es" title="Prairies, savanes et terres arbustives tempérées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prairies, savanes et terres arbustives tempérées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%8C%80_%EC%B4%88%EC%9B%90%C2%B7%EC%82%AC%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98%C2%B7%EA%B4%80%EB%AA%A9%EC%A7%80" title="온대 초원·사바나·관목지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온대 초원·사바나·관목지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praterie,_savane_e_macchie_temperate" title="Praterie, savane e macchie temperate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Praterie, savane e macchie temperate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gematigd_grasland,_savanne_of_struweel" title="Gematigd grasland, savanne of struweel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gematigd grasland, savanne of struweel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradari%C3%A1s,_savanas_e_maquises_temperats" title="Pradariás, savanas e maquises temperats – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pradariás, savanas e maquises temperats" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A,_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F,_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="සෞම්‍ය තණබිම්, සැවානා, සහ පඳුරුබිම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෞම්‍ය තණබිම්, සැවානා, සහ පඳුරුබිම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travi%C5%A1%C4%8Da,_savana_in_makija_zmernega_pasu" title="Travišča, savana in makija zmernega pasu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Travišča, savana in makija zmernega pasu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C4%B1man_meralar" title="Ilıman meralar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ilıman meralar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Помірні луки, савани і чагарники – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Помірні луки, савани і чагарники" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_c%E1%BB%8F,_xavan_v%C3%A0_c%C3%A2y_b%E1%BB%A5i_%C3%B4n_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đồng cỏ, xavan và cây bụi ôn đới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng cỏ, xavan và cây bụi ôn đới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%B8%A6%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F%E3%80%81%E7%A8%80%E6%A0%91%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%92%8C%E7%96%8F%E7%81%8C%E4%B8%9B" title="温带草原、稀树草原和疏灌丛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="温带草原、稀树草原和疏灌丛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grassland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_temperate_grasslands,_savannas_and_shrublands_biomes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_temperate_grasslands%2C_savannas_and_shrublands_biomes.svg/250px-Map_of_temperate_grasslands%2C_savannas_and_shrublands_biomes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_temperate_grasslands%2C_savannas_and_shrublands_biomes.svg/375px-Map_of_temperate_grasslands%2C_savannas_and_shrublands_biomes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_temperate_grasslands%2C_savannas_and_shrublands_biomes.svg/500px-Map_of_temperate_grasslands%2C_savannas_and_shrublands_biomes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Extent of temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</b> are terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomes">biomes</a> defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predominant <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> in these biomes consists of <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> is <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and ranges from <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> to semi-humid. The habitat type differs from tropical grasslands in the annual temperature regime and the types of species found here.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The habitat type is known as <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> in North America, <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">pampas</a> in South America, <a href="/wiki/Veld" title="Veld">veld</a> in Southern Africa and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> in Asia. Generally speaking, these regions are devoid of trees, except for <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> or gallery forests associated with streams and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie" title="Shortgrass prairie">shortgrass prairies</a> are short grasslands that occur in semi-arid climates. <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">Tallgrass prairies</a> are tall grasslands in higher rainfall areas. <a href="/wiki/Heath_(habitat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath (habitat)">Heaths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a> are, respectively, low shrublands and grasslands where forest growth is hindered by human activity but not the climate. </p><p>Tall grasslands, including the <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairie</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the north-western parts of <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Humid_Pampas" title="Humid Pampas">Humid Pampas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, have moderate rainfall and rich soils which make them ideally suited to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and tall grassland ecoregions include some of the most productive grain-growing regions in the world. The expanses of grass in North America and Eurasia once sustained migrations of large vertebrates such as bison (<i><a href="/wiki/Bos_bison" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos bison">Bos bison</a></i>), saiga (<i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_tatarica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saiga tatarica">Saiga tatarica</a></i>), and Tibetan antelopes (<i><a href="/wiki/Pantholops_hodgsoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantholops hodgsoni">Pantholops hodgsoni</a></i>) and kiang (<i><a href="/wiki/Equus_hemionus" class="mw-redirect" title="Equus hemionus">Equus hemionus</a></i>). Such phenomena now occur only in isolated pockets, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Daurian_forest_steppe" title="Daurian forest steppe">Daurian Steppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temperate <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannahs</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Southern_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern South America">Southern South America</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Australia" title="Southern Australia">southern Australia</a>, and parts of the United States, are a mixed grassy <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> ecosystem defined by trees being reasonably widely spaced so that the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (forest)">canopy</a> does not close, much like subtropical and tropical savannahs, albeit lacking a year-round warm climate.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many savannas, tree densities are higher and are more regularly spaced than in forests.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris1980_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eurasian steppes' and North American <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> floral communities have been largely extirpated through conversion to agriculture. Nonetheless, as many as 300 different plant species may grow on less than three acres of North American tallgrass prairie, which also may support more than 3 million individual insects per acre. The <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Patagonian Steppe">Patagonian Steppe</a> and Grasslands are notable for distinctiveness at the generic and familial levels in various taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands_ecoregions"><span id="Temperate_grasslands.2C_savannas.2C_and_shrublands_ecoregions"></span>Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045256916">.mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px}</style><div class="navbar-header"><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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grassland, savanna, and shrubland ecoregions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands" title="Al Hajar montane woodlands">Al Hajar montane woodlands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_and_Saint-Paul_Islands_temperate_grasslands" title="Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands">Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint-Paul Island</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha%E2%80%93Gough_Islands_shrub_and_grasslands" title="Tristan da Cunha–Gough Islands shrub and grasslands">Tristan da Cunha–Gough Islands shrub and grasslands</a> </td> <td><a 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Australia mulga shrublands">Eastern Australia mulga shrublands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Australia_temperate_savanna" title="Southeast Australia temperate savanna">Southeast Australia temperate savanna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045256916"><div class="navbar-header"><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/California_Central_Valley_grasslands" title="California Central Valley grasslands">California Central Valley grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">Canadian aspen forests and parklands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Southern_mixed_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Central and Southern mixed grasslands">Central and Southern mixed grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_forest%E2%80%93grasslands_transition" title="Central forest–grasslands transition">Central forest–grasslands transition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_tall_grasslands" title="Central tall grasslands">Central tall grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau_(ecoregion)" title="Columbia Plateau (ecoregion)">Columbia Plateau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau savanna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flint_Hills_tall_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint Hills tall grasslands">Flint Hills tall grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana_valley_and_foothill_grasslands" title="Montana valley and foothill grasslands">Montana valley and foothill grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandhills_(Nebraska)" title="Sandhills (Nebraska)">Nebraska Sand Hills mixed grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_mixed_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern mixed grasslands">Northern mixed grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_short_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern short grasslands">Northern short grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_tall_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern tall grasslands">Northern tall grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palouse#Environment" title="Palouse">Palouse grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_blackland_prairies" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas blackland prairies">Texas blackland prairies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_short_grasslands" title="Western short grasslands">Western short grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045256916"><div class="navbar-header"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical">Neotropical</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neotropical_temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Neotropical temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neotropical_temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Neotropical temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neotropical_temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neotropical temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Espinal" title="Argentine Espinal">Argentine Espinal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Monte" title="Argentine Monte">Argentine Monte</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Humid_Pampas" title="Humid Pampas">Humid Pampas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_grasslands" title="Patagonian grasslands">Patagonian grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Patagonian steppe">Patagonian steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_Pampas" title="Semi-arid Pampas">Semi-arid Pampas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045256916"><div class="navbar-header"><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palearctic_temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Palearctic temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palearctic_temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Palearctic temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palearctic_temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palearctic temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alai%E2%80%93Western_Tian_Shan_steppe" title="Alai–Western Tian Shan steppe">Alai–Western Tian Shan steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Altai_steppe_and_semi-desert" title="Altai steppe and semi-desert">Altai steppe and semi-desert</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolian_steppe" title="Central Anatolian steppe">Central Anatolian steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daurian_forest_steppe" title="Daurian forest steppe">Daurian forest steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_montane_steppe" title="Eastern Anatolian montane steppe">Eastern Anatolian montane steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emin_Valley" title="Emin Valley">Emin Valley steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands_boreal_grasslands" title="Faroe Islands boreal grasslands">Faroe Islands boreal grasslands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gissaro%E2%80%93Alai_open_woodlands" title="Gissaro–Alai open woodlands">Gissaro–Alai open woodlands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_forest_steppe" title="Kazakh forest steppe">Kazakh forest steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh steppe">Kazakh steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Uplands" title="Kazakh Uplands">Kazakh Uplands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Mongolian–Manchurian grassland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sayan_Intermontane_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayan Intermontane steppe">Sayan Intermontane steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenge%E2%80%93Orkhon_forest_steppe" title="Selenge–Orkhon forest steppe">Selenge–Orkhon forest steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Siberian_forest_steppe" title="South Siberian forest steppe">South Siberian forest steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syrian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian xeric grasslands and shrublands">Syrian xeric grasslands and shrublands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan_foothill_arid_steppe" title="Tian Shan foothill arid steppe">Tian Shan foothill arid steppe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_savanna" title="Oak savanna">Oak savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tussock_grass" title="Tussock grass">Tussock grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" title="creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This article incorporates text available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> license.</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" class="citation web cs1">World Wide Fund for Nature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwf.panda.org:80/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat08.cfm">"Temperate Grasslands, Savannas and Shrubland Ecoregions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110401124312/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat08.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temperate+Grasslands%2C+Savannas+and+Shrubland+Ecoregions&rft.au=World+Wide+Fund+for+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%3A80%2Fabout_our_earth%2Fecoregions%2Fabout%2Fhabitat_types%2Fselecting_terrestrial_ecoregions%2Fhabitat08.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemperate+grasslands%2C+savannas%2C+and+shrublands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilbig1995" class="citation book cs1">Hilbig, W (1995). <i>The vegetation of Mongolia</i>. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+vegetation+of+Mongolia&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=SPB+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hilbig&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemperate+grasslands%2C+savannas%2C+and+shrublands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manoel Cláudio da Silva Jánior, Christopher William Fagg, Maria Cristina Felfili, Paulo Ernane Nogueira, Alba Valéria Rezende, and Jeanine Maria Felfili 2006 "Chapter 4. Phytogeography of Cerrado Sensu Stricto and Land System Zoning in Central Brazil" in "Neotropical Savannas and Seasonally Dry Forests: Plant Diversity, Biogeography, and Conservation" R. Toby Pennington, James A. Ratter (eds) 2006 CRC Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris1980-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris1980_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Harris1980" class="citation book cs1">David R. Harris, ed. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanecologyinsa0000unse"><i>Human Ecology in Savanna Environments</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanecologyinsa0000unse/page/n26">3</a>, 5–9, 12, 271–278, 297–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-326550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-326550-0"><bdi>978-0-12-326550-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Ecology+in+Savanna+Environments&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3%2C+5-9%2C+12%2C+271-278%2C+297-298&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-12-326550-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanecologyinsa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemperate+grasslands%2C+savannas%2C+and+shrublands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomes" title="Template:Biomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomes" title="Template talk:Biomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeographic_regionalisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeography#Biogeographic_regionalisations" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regionalisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90A010;">Polar/montane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;">Temperate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#20A010;">Tropical and<br /> subtropical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Moist broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Dry broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFDC60;">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:mediumseagreen;">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Aquatic<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:silver;">Other biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolithic zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic <br /> realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic_realm" title="Holarctic realm">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_realm" title="Arctic realm">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biogeographic_provinces" title="List of biogeographic provinces">Biogeographic provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions" title="Lists of ecoregions">Lists of ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200 ecoregions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_land_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological land classification">Ecological land classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogeographic region">Zoogeographic regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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