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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Terrestrial ecoregion in Oman and the United Arab Emirates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Al Hajar montane woodlands</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jebel_Shams,_Jabal_Shams,_Oman_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jebel_Shams%2C_Jabal_Shams%2C_Oman_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/272px-Jebel_Shams%2C_Jabal_Shams%2C_Oman_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jebel_Shams%2C_Jabal_Shams%2C_Oman_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/408px-Jebel_Shams%2C_Jabal_Shams%2C_Oman_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jebel_Shams%2C_Jabal_Shams%2C_Oman_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/544px-Jebel_Shams%2C_Jabal_Shams%2C_Oman_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4009" data-file-height="1865" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Shams" title="Jebel Shams">Jebel Shams</a> in Oman</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Hajar_mountain_woodlands_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Al_Hajar_mountain_woodlands_map.png/272px-Al_Hajar_mountain_woodlands_map.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Al_Hajar_mountain_woodlands_map.png/408px-Al_Hajar_mountain_woodlands_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Al_Hajar_mountain_woodlands_map.png/544px-Al_Hajar_mountain_woodlands_map.png 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the ecoregion</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands">temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman_desert_and_semi-desert" title="Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert">Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">25,604 km<sup>2</sup> (9,886 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Conservation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Conservation status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Critical/endangered<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Protected</th><td class="infobox-data">1.27%<sup id="cite_ref-dopa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dopa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Al Hajar montane woodlands</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands">temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Hajar Mountains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">eastern part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, which extends across portions of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a><sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ecoregion includes the upper elevations of the Hajar Mountains. The mountains form an arc from northwest to southeast through portions of Oman and the U.A.E., extending over 500 kilometres (310 miles) in length. The mountains run parallel to the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah Region</a> in the coastal plain between the mountains and the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al_Hajar_al_Gharbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hajar al Gharbi">Al Hajar al Gharbi</a>, or the Western Hajar, extend from the <a href="/wiki/Musandam_Peninsula" title="Musandam Peninsula">Musandam Peninsula</a> at the northeastern tip of Arabia, through the eastern UAE and northern Oman. <a href="/wiki/Al_Hajar_ash_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hajar ash Sharqi">Al Hajar ash Sharqi</a>, or the Eastern Hajar, extends eastwards towards <a href="/wiki/Ras_al_Hadd" title="Ras al Hadd">Ras al Hadd</a>, the easternmost point in Oman and Arabia. The <a href="/wiki/Samail#Sama'il_Valley" title="Samail">Sama'il Gap</a> separates the eastern and western portions of the range. The limestone massifs of <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Shams" title="Jebel Shams">Jebel Shams</a> (2,997 m (9,833 ft)) and <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_(Oman)" title="Jebel Akhdar (Oman)">Jebel Akhdar</a> (2,980 m (9,780 ft)), located just west of the Sumail Gap, are the highest peaks in the range. The highest peak in the eastern Hajar is 2,152 metres (7,060 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mountains are composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, together with outcrops of metamorphic and igneous rocks, including grey-brown <a href="/wiki/Ophiolite" title="Ophiolite">ophiolites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman_desert_and_semi-desert" title="Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert">Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert</a> ecoregion surrounds the montane woodlands at lower elevations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ecoregion has a semi-arid temperate climate, transitioning to subtropical at lower elevations. The coolest months are December through March, when the mountains receive thunderstorms, rain, hailstorms and occasional snow, particularly at higher elevations. April to September are warmer, with occasional rainstorms brought by the Indian Ocean monsoons.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The natural vegetation types include shrubland and open woodland and the flora varies with elevation and underlying geology. </p><p>Open woodlands with <i><a href="/wiki/Adansonia_digitata" title="Adansonia digitata">Adansonia digitata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Olea_europaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Olea europaea">Olea europaea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sideroxylon_mascatense" title="Sideroxylon mascatense">Sideroxylon mascatense</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">Juglans regia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">Cupressus sempervirens</a></i>,and <i><a href="/wiki/Dodonaea_viscosa" title="Dodonaea viscosa">Dodonaea viscosa</a></i> extend from 1,100 to 2,500 metres elevation. <i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus_spina-christi" title="Ziziphus spina-christi">Ziziphus spina-christi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balanites_aegyptiaca" title="Balanites aegyptiaca">Balanites aegyptiaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria">Prosopis cineraria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_nigra" title="Pinus nigra">Pinus nigra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">Salix alba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sclerocarya_birrea" title="Sclerocarya birrea">Sclerocarya birrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vachellia_tortilis" title="Vachellia tortilis">Vachellia tortilis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_salicifolia" title="Ficus salicifolia">Ficus salicifolia</a></i> and other species of fig are found in seasonal watercourses (wadis). <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_larica" title="Euphorbia larica">Euphorbia larica</a></i> predominates on steep slopes, along with <i>Vachellia tortilis</i>, <i>V. gerrardii</i> and <i>Periploca aphylla</i>. </p><p>Montane woodlands occur on the high peaks between 2,100 and 3,000 metres elevation. <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_seravschanica" title="Juniperus seravschanica">Juniperus seravschanica</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the characteristic tree, sometimes mixed with <i>Olea europaea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Musandam Peninsula, semi-evergreen woodlands above 1,300 metres elevation were formerly dominated by <i><a href="/wiki/Sideroxylon_mascatense" title="Sideroxylon mascatense">Sideroxylon mascatense</a></i>, but now <i><a href="/wiki/Dodonaea_viscosa" title="Dodonaea viscosa">Dodonaea viscosa</a></i> is predominant in the degraded woodlands. Between 1,800 and 2,000 metres elevation, <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_arabica" title="Prunus arabica">Prunus arabica</a></i> forms woodlands with <i>Ephedra pachyclada</i> and a dense ground layer of the shrub <i>Artemisia sieberi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kurschner_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurschner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratonia_oreothauma" title="Ceratonia oreothauma">Ceratonia oreothauma</a></i> ssp. <i>oreothauma</i> is an endemic subspecies of the tree found only in a single valley on Jebel Aswad in the eastern Hajar. The other subspecies occurs in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Endemic and near-endemic species include <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herniaria_maskatensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herniaria maskatensis (page does not exist)">Herniaria maskatensis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pteropyrum_scoparium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pteropyrum scoparium (page does not exist)">Pteropyrum scoparium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumex_limoniastrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumex limoniastrum (page does not exist)">Rumex limoniastrum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysia_mira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionysia mira (page does not exist)">Dionysia mira</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tephrosia_haussknechtii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tephrosia haussknechtii (page does not exist)">Tephrosia haussknechtii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Searsia_aucheri" title="Searsia aucheri">Searsia aucheri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygala_mascatensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polygala mascatensis (page does not exist)">Polygala mascatensis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convolvulus_ulicinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convolvulus ulicinus (page does not exist)">Convolvulus ulicinus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teucrium_mascatense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teucrium mascatense (page does not exist)">Teucrium mascatense</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbascum_akdarense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verbascum akdarense (page does not exist)">Verbascum akdarense</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iphiona_horrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iphiona horrida (page does not exist)">Iphiona horrida</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Takhtajan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takhtajan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schweinfurthia_imbricata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schweinfurthia imbricata (page does not exist)">Schweinfurthia imbricata</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziziphus_hajarensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziziphus hajarensis (page does not exist)">Ziziphus hajarensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wider-ranging native species include <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limonium_axillare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limonium axillare (page does not exist)">Limonium axillare</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ochradiscus_aucheri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ochradiscus aucheri (page does not exist)">Ochradiscus aucheri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideroxylon_mascatense" title="Sideroxylon mascatense">Sideroxylon mascatense</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convolvulus_virgatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convolvulus virgatus (page does not exist)">Convolvulus virgatus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvia_macilenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvia macilenta (page does not exist)">Salvia macilenta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_cinerea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola cinerea (page does not exist)">Viola cinerea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cometes_surattensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cometes surattensis (page does not exist)">Cometes surattensis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Capparis_spinosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Capparis spinosa"><i>Capparis spinosa</i> var. <i>mucronifolia</i></a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleome_rupicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleome rupicola (page does not exist)">Cleome rupicola</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebenus_stellata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebenus stellata (page does not exist)">Ebenus stellata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taverniera_glabra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taverniera glabra (page does not exist)">Taverniera glabra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barleria_aucheriana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barleria aucheriana (page does not exist)">Barleria aucheriana</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluchea_arabica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluchea arabica (page does not exist)">Pluchea arabica</a></i>. Many species are shared with the <a href="/wiki/South_Iran_Nubo%E2%80%93Sindian_desert_and_semi-desert" title="South Iran Nubo–Sindian desert and semi-desert">South Iran Nubo–Sindian desert and semi-desert</a> ecoregion to the north across the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-Takhtajan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takhtajan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr</a> (<i>Arabitragus jayakari</i>) is endemic to the region. Other large mammals occur in small numbers, including the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle</a> (<i>Gazella gazella</i>), particularly in the Wadi Sareen Reserve, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus arabs</i>), <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyena</a> (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_wildcat" title="Arabian wildcat">Arabian wildcat</a> (<i>Felis lybica lybica</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five species of lizards are endemic to the mountains – <a href="/wiki/Emirati_leaf-toed_gecko" title="Emirati leaf-toed gecko">Emirati leaf-toed gecko</a> (<i>Asaccus caudivolvulus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Asaccus_gallagheri" title="Asaccus gallagheri">Gallagher's gecko</a> (<i>Asaccus gallagheri</i>), <a href="/wiki/Pristurus_celerrimus" title="Pristurus celerrimus">Oman rock gecko</a> (<i>Pristurus celerrimus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Omanosaura_jayakari" title="Omanosaura jayakari">Jayakar lizard</a> (<i>Omanosaura jayakari</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Omanosaura_cyanura" title="Omanosaura cyanura">Blue-tailed lizard</a> (<i>Omanosaura cyanura</i>). <i><a href="/wiki/Asaccus_montanus" title="Asaccus montanus">Asaccus montanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asaccus_platyrhynchus" title="Asaccus platyrhynchus">Asaccus platyrhynchus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pristurus_gallagheri" title="Pristurus gallagheri">Pristurus gallagheri</a></i> are lizards endemic to Oman which live in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>71 bird species have been recorded around the Jebel Akdar, including 28 residents and 41 migrants. Resident birds include <a href="/wiki/Lappet-faced_vulture" title="Lappet-faced vulture">lappet-faced vulture</a> (<i>Torgos tracheliotus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Arabian_partridge" title="Arabian partridge">Arabian partridge</a> (<i>Alectoris melanocephala</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sand_partridge" title="Sand partridge">sand partridge</a> (<i>Ammoperdix heyi</i>), <a href="/wiki/Pallid_scops_owl" title="Pallid scops owl">pallid scops owl</a> (<i>Otus brucei</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hooded_wheatear" title="Hooded wheatear">hooded wheatear</a> (<i>Oenanthe monacha</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Hume%27s_wheatear" title="Hume's wheatear">Hume's wheatear</a> (<i>Oenanthe alboniger</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_and_threats">Conservation and threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conservation and threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ecoregion is threatened by <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> from camels, goats and <a href="/wiki/Feral_donkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral donkey">feral donkeys</a>. Overgrazing has limited the ability of the <i>Ceratonia</i> woodlands and juniper woodlands below 2,400 metres to regenerate.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1.27% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include Hatta Protected Area, 28 km<sup>2</sup> (11 sq mi), in the United Arab Emirates, and Al Sareen Nature Reserve, 780.49 km<sup>2</sup> (301.35 sq mi), and Al Jabal Al Akhdar Scenic Reserve, 296 km<sup>2</sup> (114 sq mi), in Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-dopa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dopa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wwf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0801">"Al Hajar montane woodlands"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Al+Hajar+montane+woodlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat0801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Hajar+montane+woodlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dopa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dopa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dopa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30801">"Al Hajar montane woodlands"</a>. <i>DOPA Explorer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DOPA+Explorer&rft.atitle=Al+Hajar+montane+woodlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu%2Fecoregion%2F30801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Hajar+montane+woodlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, R.P., Al-Farsi, A. & Schwarzbach, A.E. (2014). Confirmation of the southern-most population of Juniperus seravschanica in Oman by DNA sequencing of nrDNA and four cpDNA regions Phytologia 96: 218-224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurschner-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kurschner_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kürschner H. (1998) Biogeography and Introduction to Vegetation. In: Ghazanfar S.A., Fisher M. (eds) Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. Geobotany, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-3637-4_4">10.1007/978-94-017-3637-4_4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillcoat, D., G. Lewis, and B. Verdcourt. "A New Species of Ceratonia (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) from Arabia and the Somali Republic." Kew Bulletin 35, no. 2 (1980): 261-71. Accessed December 4, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4114570">10.2307/4114570</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takhtajan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Takhtajan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takhtajan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Takhtajan, A. L. (1986). <i>Floristic Regions of the World</i>. University of California Press, Berkeley. QK 101.T313 1986 ISBN 0-520-04027-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanjay Gairola, Tamer Mahmoud, Hatem A. Shabana & Gary R. Feulner (2021) Distribution and ecology of the Hajar Mountain endemic <i>Schweinfurthia imbricata</i> in the United Arab Emirates, <i>Botany Letters</i>, 168:4, 512-516, DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2021.1905058</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darrin W. Duling, Ghazanfar, S. A., & Hew D. V. Prendergast. (1998). A New Species of <i>Ziziphus</i> Mill. (Rhamnaceae) from Oman. <i>Kew Bulletin</i>, 53(3), 733–739. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/4110494">https://doi.org/10.2307/4110494</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0801">"Al Hajar montane woodlands"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Al+Hajar+montane+woodlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat0801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Hajar+montane+woodlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30801">Al Hajar montane woodlands (DOPA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Al_Hajar_Al-Gharbi_montane_woodlands">Al Hajar Al Gharbi montane woodlands (Encyclopedia of Earth)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&oldid=1256413690">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands&oldid=1256413690</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hajar_Mountains" title="Category:Hajar Mountains">Hajar Mountains</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_Oman" title="Category:Ecoregions of Oman">Ecoregions of Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Category:Ecoregions of the United Arab Emirates">Ecoregions of the United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afrotropical_ecoregions" title="Category:Afrotropical ecoregions">Afrotropical ecoregions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Category:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Hajar_Mountains" title="Category:Flora of the Hajar Mountains">Flora of the Hajar Mountains</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2023">Articles with dead external links from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 21:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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