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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism_and_survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism_and_survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Metabolism and survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism_and_survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endolithic_fungi_and_algae_in_marine_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endolithic_fungi_and_algae_in_marine_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Endolithic fungi and algae in marine ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endolithic_fungi_and_algae_in_marine_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endolithic_parasitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endolithic_parasitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Endolithic parasitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endolithic_parasitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endolithic_fungi_found_in_the_eggs_of_Cretaceous_dinosaurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endolithic_fungi_found_in_the_eggs_of_Cretaceous_dinosaurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Endolithic fungi found in the eggs of Cretaceous dinosaurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endolithic_fungi_found_in_the_eggs_of_Cretaceous_dinosaurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_astrobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_astrobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Relationship with astrobiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_astrobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/End%C3%B2lit" title="Endòlit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Endòlit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolithe" title="Endolithe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Endolithe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolito" title="Endolito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Endolito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolito" title="Endolito – 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the dental term, see <a href="/wiki/Pulp_stone" title="Pulp stone">Pulp stone</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptoendolith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cryptoendolith.jpg/220px-Cryptoendolith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cryptoendolith.jpg/330px-Cryptoendolith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cryptoendolith.jpg/440px-Cryptoendolith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption>Endolith lifeform found inside an Antarctic rock</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>endolith</b> or <b>endolithic</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">amoeba</a>) that is able to acquire the necessary resources for growth in the inner part of a <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mineral, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">animal shells</a>, or in the <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">pores</a> between <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> grains of a rock. Many are <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a>, living in places long considered inhospitable to life. The distribution, biomass, and diversity of endolith microorganisms are determined by the physical and chemical properties of the rock substrate, including the mineral composition, permeability, the presence of organic compounds, the structure and distribution of pores, water retention capacity, and the pH.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally, the endoliths colonize the areas within lithic substrates to withstand intense solar radiation, temperature fluctuations, wind, and desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are of particular interest to <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiologists</a>, who theorize that endolithic environments on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and other planets constitute potential <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a> for extraterrestrial microbial communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Wierzchos_et_al._2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wierzchos_et_al._2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160912_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160912-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdefinitions">Subdefinitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subdefinitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "endolith", which defines an organism that colonizes the interior of any kind of rock, has been further classified into five subclasses:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Chasmoendolith</dt> <dd>Colonizes fissures and cracks in the rock connected to the surface (<i>chasm</i> = cleft)</dd> <dt>Cryptoendolith</dt> <dd>Colonizes structural cavities within natural pore spaces within the rocks. These pores are usually indirectly connected to the rock surface; (<i>crypto</i> = hidden)</dd> <dt>Euendolith</dt> <dd>Penetrates actively into the interior of rocks forming channels and grooves that conform with the shape of its body, rock boring organism (<i>eu</i> = true)</dd> <dt>Hypoendolith</dt> <dd>Colonizes the pore spaces located on the underside of the rock and that make contact with the soil (<i>hypo</i> = under)</dd> <dt>Autoendolith</dt> <dd>Capable of rocks formation by mineral depositation (<i>auto</i> = self)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endolithic microorganisms have been reported in many areas around the globe. There are reports in warm hyper-arid and arid deserts such as Mojave and Sonora (USA), Atacama (Chile), Gobi (China, Mongolia), Negev (Israel), Namib (Namibia Angola), Al-Jafr basin (Jordan) and the Depression of Turpan (China),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cryptoendolithic_algae_of_hot_semia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cryptoendolithic_algae_of_hot_semia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also in cold deserts as Arctic and Antarctic,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deep <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> and ocean trenches rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are reports of endolithic microorganisms in inter-tropical zones,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where humidity and solar radiation are significantly different from the above-mentioned biomes. Endoliths have been found in the rock down to a depth of 3 km (1.9 mi), though it is unknown if that is their limit (due to the cost involved in drilling to such depths).<sup id="cite_ref-two_miles_underground_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two_miles_underground-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hively_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hively-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main threat to their survival seems not to result from the pressure at such depth, but from the increased temperature. Judging from <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile" title="Hyperthermophile">hyperthermophile</a> organisms, the temperature limit is at about 120 °C (<a href="/wiki/Strain_121" title="Strain 121">Strain 121</a> can reproduce at 121 °C), which limits the possible depth to 4-4.5 km below the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a> crust, and 7 or 7.5 km below the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> floor. Endolithic organisms have also been found in surface rocks in regions of low humidity (<a href="/wiki/Hypolith" title="Hypolith">hypolith</a>) and low temperature (<a href="/wiki/Psychrophile" title="Psychrophile">psychrophile</a>), including the <a href="/wiki/Dry_Valleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry Valleys">Dry Valleys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dry_valleys_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dry_valleys-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism_and_survival">Metabolism and survival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metabolism and survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The metabolism of endolithic microorganisms is versatile, in many of those communities have been found genes involved in <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_metabolism" title="Sulfur metabolism">sulphur metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron-oxidizing_bacteria" title="Iron-oxidizing bacteria">iron metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">carbon fixation</a>. In addition, whether they metabolize these directly from the surrounding rock, or rather excrete an acid to dissolve them first is yet undetermined. According to Meslier & DiRuggiero <sup id="cite_ref-Academic_press_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academic_press-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are found genes in the endolithic community involved in <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Drilling_Program" title="Ocean Drilling Program">Ocean Drilling Program</a> found microscopic trails in <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> oceans that contain <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glass_munchers_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glass_munchers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-basalt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basalt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photosynthetic endoliths have also been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-photendolith_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photendolith-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As water and nutrients are rather sparse in the environment of the endolith, water limitation is a key factor in the capacity of survival of many endolithic microorganisms, many of those microorganisms have adaptations to survive in low concentrations of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Academic_press_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academic_press-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, the presence of pigments, especially in <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, such as; <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene" title="Β-Carotene">beta carotenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> help them in the protection against dangerous radiation and is a way to obtain energy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another characteristic is the presence of a very slow <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> cycle. Early data suggest some only engage in <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> once every hundred years. In August 2013 researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor, perhaps millions of years old and reproducing only once every 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of their energy is spent repairing <a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">cell damage</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Racemization" title="Racemization">racemization</a>, and very little is available for reproduction or growth. It is thought that they weather long <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a> in this fashion, emerging when the temperature in the area warms.<sup id="cite_ref-hively_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hively-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As most endoliths are <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophs</a>, they can generate organic compounds essential for their survival on their own from inorganic matter. Some endoliths have specialized in feeding on their autotroph relatives. The micro-<a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">biotope</a> where these different endolithic species live together has been called a <i><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_Lithoautotrophic_Microbial_Ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystem">subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem</a></i> (<i>SLiME</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-slime_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slime-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>endolithic systems</i> within the subterranean lithic <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a>. </p><p><i>Endolithic systems</i> are still at an early stage of exploration. In some cases its biota can support simple invertebrates, most organisms are unicellular. Near-surface layers of rock may contain blue-green algae but most energy comes from chemical synthesis of minerals. The limited supply of energy limits the rates of growth and reproduction. In deeper rock layers microbes are exposed to high pressures and temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endolithic_fungi_and_algae_in_marine_ecosystems">Endolithic fungi and algae in marine ecosystems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Endolithic fungi and algae in marine ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only limited research has been done concerning the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">marine endolithic fungi</a> and its diversity even though there is a probability that endolithic fungi could perhaps play an important role in the health of <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. </p><p>Endolithic fungi have been discovered in shells as early as the year 1889 by Edouard Bornet and Charles Flahault. These two French phycologists specifically provided descriptions for two fungi: <i>Ostracoblabe implexis </i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lithopythium_gangliiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithopythium gangliiforme">Lithopythium gangliiforme</a></i>. Discovery of endolithic fungi, such as <i>Dodgella priscus</i> and <i>Conchyliastrum</i>, has also been made in the beach sand of Australia by George Zembrowski. Findings have also been made in coral reefs and have been found to be, at times, beneficial to their coral hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of worldwide <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a>, studies have suggested that the endolithic algae located in the skeleton of the coral may be aiding the survival of coral species by providing an alternative source of energy. Although the role that endolithic fungi play is important in coral reefs, it is often overlooked because much research is focused on the effects of coral bleaching as well as the relationships between <a href="/wiki/Coelenterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelenterate">Coelenterate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbiodinium" title="Symbiodinium">Symbiodinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a study done by Astrid Gunther endoliths were also found in the island of <a href="/wiki/Cozumel" title="Cozumel">Cozumel</a> (Mexico). The endoliths found there not only included algae and fungi but also included <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponges">sponges</a> as well as many other microborers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endolithic_parasitism">Endolithic parasitism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Endolithic parasitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Phototrophic_autotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototrophic autotroph">phototrophic</a> endoliths were thought of as somewhat benign, but evidence has since surfaced that phototrophic endoliths (primarily <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>) have infested 50 to 80% of midshore populations of the mussel species <i><a href="/wiki/Perna_perna" title="Perna perna">Perna perna</a></i> located in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The infestation of phototrophic endoliths resulted in lethal and sub-lethal effects such as the decrease in strength of the mussel shells. Although the rate of thickening of the shells were faster in more infested areas it is not rapid enough to combat the degradation of the mussel shells.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endolithic_fungi_found_in_the_eggs_of_Cretaceous_dinosaurs">Endolithic fungi found in the eggs of Cretaceous dinosaurs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Endolithic fungi found in the eggs of Cretaceous dinosaurs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence of endolithic fungi were discovered within dinosaur eggshell found in central China. They were characterized as being “needle-like, ribbon-like, and silk-like.".<sup id="cite_ref-Gong_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gong-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fungus is seldom fossilized and even when it is preserved it can be difficult to distinguish endolithic hyphae from endolithic cyanobacteria and algae. Endolithic microbes can, however, be distinguished based on their distribution, ecology, and morphology. According to a 2008 study, the endolithic fungi that formed on the eggshells would have resulted in the abnormal incubation of the eggs and may have killed the embryos in infected eggs of these dinosaurs. It may also have led to the preservation of dinosaur eggs, including some that contained embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-Gong_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gong-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_astrobiology">Relationship with astrobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship with astrobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endolithic microorganisms have been considered a model for the search for life on other planets by inquiring about what sort of microorganisms on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> inhabit specific <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, which helps to propose those lithologies as life detection targets on an extra-terrestrial surface such as <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Several studies have been carried out in extreme places that serve as analogs for Mars's surface and subsurface, and many studies in <a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">geomicrobiology</a> on Earth's hot and cold deserts have been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these <a href="/wiki/Extreme_environment" title="Extreme environment">extreme environments</a>, microorganisms find protection against thermal buffering, UV radiation, and desiccation while living inside pores and fissures of minerals and rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Cryptoendolithic_algae_of_hot_semia_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cryptoendolithic_algae_of_hot_semia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wierzchos_et_al._2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wierzchos_et_al._2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life in these endolithic habitats might face similar stress due to the scarcity of water and high UV radiation that rule on modern Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-Academic_press_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academic_press-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An excellent example of these adaptations is the non-hygroscopic but microporous translucent gypsum crusts, which are found as potential substrates that can mitigate exposure to UV radiation and desiccation and allow microbial colonization in hyper-arid deserts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same way, the ability to grow under high water stress and oligotrophic conditions confer to endolithic microorganisms to survive in conditions similar to those found on Mars. There is evidence of the past existence of water on the red planet; perhaps, these microorganisms could develop adaptations found in current deserts on the Earth. Furthermore, The endolithic structures are a good way to find ancient or current biological activity (<a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a>) on Mars or other rocky planets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithophile" title="Lithophile">Lithophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">Lithotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volyn_biota" title="Volyn biota">Volyn biota</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOmelon2016" class="citation book cs1">Omelon, C.R. 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"The impact crater as a habitat: effects of impact processing of target materials". <i>Astrobiology</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 3181–191. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AsBio...3..181C">2003AsBio...3..181C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F153110703321632507">10.1089/153110703321632507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12804371">12804371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=The+impact+crater+as+a+habitat%3A+effects+of+impact+processing+of+target+materials&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3181-191&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12804371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F153110703321632507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AsBio...3..181C&rft.aulast=Cockell&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Osinski%2C+G.&rft.au=Lee%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrenKühlKarsten1995" class="citation journal cs1">Oren, A.; Kühl, M.; Karsten, U. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps128151">"An endoevaporitic microbial mat within a gypsum crust: zonation of phototrophs, photopigments, and light penetration"</a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>. <b>128</b>: 151–159. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MEPS..128..151O">1995MEPS..128..151O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps128151">10.3354/meps128151</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&rft.atitle=An+endoevaporitic+microbial+mat+within+a+gypsum+crust%3A+zonation+of+phototrophs%2C+photopigments%2C+and+light+penetration&rft.volume=128&rft.pages=151-159&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps128151&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995MEPS..128..151O&rft.aulast=Oren&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=K%C3%BChl%2C+M.&rft.au=Karsten%2C+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps128151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endolith&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/extreme/endolith/general.html">Endoliths General Collection</a> — This collection of online resources such as news articles, web sites, and reference pages provides a comprehensive array of information about endoliths.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/extreme/endolith/advanced.html">Endolith Advanced Collection</a> — Compiled for professionals and advanced learners, this endolith collection includes online resources such as journal articles, academic reviews, and surveys.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Extremophiles" title="Template:Extremophiles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophiles" title="Template talk:Extremophiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extremophiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extremophiles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extremophiles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidophile" title="Acidophile">Acidophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaliphile" title="Alkaliphile">Alkaliphile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnophile" title="Capnophile">Capnophile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Endolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">Halophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolith" title="Hypolith">Hypolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria" title="Lipophilic bacteria">Lipophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophile" title="Lithophile">Lithophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">Methanogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallotolerant" title="Metallotolerant">Metallotolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmophile" title="Osmophile">Osmophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezophile" title="Piezophile">Piezophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyextremophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyextremophile">Polyextremophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammophile" title="Psammophile">Psammophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrophile" title="Psychrophile">Psychrophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioresistance" title="Radioresistance">Radioresistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">Thermophile</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile" title="Hyperthermophile">Hyperthermophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile" title="Thermoacidophile">Thermoacidophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerophile" title="Xerophile">Xerophile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Notable<br />extremophiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus" title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snottite" title="Snottite">Snottite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus" title="Thermus aquaticus">Thermus aquaticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus" title="Thermus thermophilus">Thermus thermophilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana" title="Spirochaeta americana">Spirochaeta americana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_121" title="Strain 121">Strain 121</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii" title="Pyrolobus fumarii">Pyrolobus fumarii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermococcus_gammatolerans" title="Thermococcus gammatolerans">Thermococcus gammatolerans</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyanidioschyzon_merolae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanidioschyzon merolae">Cyanidioschyzon merolae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galdieria_sulphuraria" title="Galdieria sulphuraria">Galdieria sulphuraria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola" title="Paralvinella sulfincola">Paralvinella sulfincola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halicephalobus_mephisto" title="Halicephalobus mephisto">Halicephalobus mephisto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvinella_pompejana" title="Alvinella pompejana">Pompeii worm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">Abiogenic petroleum origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales" title="Acidithiobacillales">Acidithiobacillales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage" title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae" title="Archaeoglobaceae">Archaeoglobaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit" title="Berkeley Pit">Berkeley Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Falls" title="Blood Falls">Blood Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae" title="Grylloblattidae">Grylloblattidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei" title="Helaeomyia petrolei">Helaeomyia petrolei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Methanopyrus" title="Methanopyrus">Methanopyrus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movile_Cave" title="Movile Cave">Movile Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophic fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)" title="Rio Tinto (river)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase" title="Taq polymerase"><i>Taq</i> polymerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">Thermostability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biogeographic_regionalisations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomes" title="Template:Biomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomes" title="Template talk:Biomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeographic_regionalisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeography#Biogeographic_regionalisations" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regionalisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90A010;">Polar/montane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;">Temperate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#20A010;">Tropical and<br /> subtropical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Moist broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Dry broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFDC60;">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:mediumseagreen;">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Aquatic<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:silver;">Other biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Endolithic zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic <br /> realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic_realm" title="Holarctic realm">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_realm" title="Arctic realm">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biogeographic_provinces" title="List of biogeographic provinces">Biogeographic provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions" title="Lists of ecoregions">Lists of ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200 ecoregions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_land_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological land classification">Ecological land classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogeographic region">Zoogeographic regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endolith&oldid=1255939564">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endolith&oldid=1255939564</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lithophiles" title="Category:Lithophiles">Lithophiles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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