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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracapsuloides_bryosalmonae&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae">Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of marine parasites</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Tetracapsuloides</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tetracapsuloides" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saccosporidae" title="Saccosporidae">Malacosporea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacovalvulida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malacovalvulida (page does not exist)">Malacovalvulida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saccosporidae" title="Saccosporidae">Saccosporidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Tetracapsuloides</i></a><br /><small>Canning, Tops, Curry, Wood & Okamura, 2002</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>T. bryosalmonae</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Canning <i>et al.</i>, 1999</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Tetracapsuloides renicola</i></li> <li><i>Tetracapsula bryosalmonae</i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">myxozoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmonid</a> fish. It is the only species currently recognized in the monotypic genus <i><b>Tetracapsuloides</b></i>. It is the cause of proliferative kidney disease (PKD), one of the most serious parasitic diseases of salmonid populations in Europe and North America<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Hedrick"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Hedrick">[1]</a></sup> that can result in losses of up to 90% in infected populations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracapsuloides&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the late 1990s, the organism which caused PKD was enigmatic, thus called <b>PKX organism</b>. The causative agent of PKD was recognized as a form of Malacosporean,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Kent1"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Kent1">[2]</a></sup> but the absence of mature spores in salmonid hosts, the lack of fish to fish transmission, and seasonality of the disease suggested that the life cycle of PKX was completed in another host and that infection of salmonids could be accidental. Korotneff observed a myxozoan in the <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoan</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Plumatella_fungosa" title="Plumatella fungosa">Plumatella fungosa</a></i>, in 1892, which he described as <i>Myxosporidium bryozoides.</i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Korotneff"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Korotneff">[3]</a></sup> Myxozoan infection of bryozoans was not reported again until 1996. Ecological investigations of freshwater bryozoans in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> discovered parasitic sacs of a myxozoan species, freely floating in the body cavities of several bryozoans. Molecular analyses indicated that the <a href="/wiki/18S_rDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="18S rDNA">18S rDNA</a> sequences of these sacs were indistinguishable from those of PKX.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Anderson"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Anderson">[4]</a></sup> The PKX organism was scientifically described as <i>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</i> Canning, Curry, Feist, Longshaw & Okamura 1999,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Canning1"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Canning1">[5]</a></sup> which was assigned to a new <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malacosporea" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacosporea">Malacosporea</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Phylum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylum (biology)">phylum</a> <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoa</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Canning2"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Canning2">[6]</a></sup> Around the same time, another group described the PKX organism from <a href="/wiki/Arctic_char" title="Arctic char">Arctic char</a>, <i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>, as <i>Tetracapsuloides renicola</i> Kent, Khattra, Hedrick & Devlin 2000,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Kent2"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Kent2">[7]</a></sup> but the first given name has priority according to the rules of the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracapsuloides&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>T. bryosalmonae</i> has a two-host life cycle, as other myxosporeans, cycling between freshwater bryozoa and salmonid fish species, rather than an <a href="/wiki/Oligochaete" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligochaete">oligochaete</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaete</a> <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worm</a> as for <i><a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a></i>. To date, <i>T. bryosalmonae</i> has been found to parasitize at least five freshwater bryozoans <i><a href="/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></i> species belonging to the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Fredericella" title="Fredericella">Fredericella</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Plumatella" title="Plumatella">Plumatella</a></i>, all considered to be primitive genera.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Anderson"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Anderson">[8]</a></sup> Infected bryozoans release mature T. bryosalmonae malacospores during overt infections when large spore sacs are freely floating within their coelomic cavity.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Morris"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Morris">[9]</a></sup> Bryozoan dispersal strategies, including colony fragmentation, statoblast dispersal and the formation of migrating zooids allow their colonization of new habitats and the spreading of infective T. bryosalmonae stages. <sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Gorgoglione2"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Gorgoglione2">[10]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathology">Pathology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracapsuloides&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by a swollen <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, bloody <a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a>, and pale <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>, indicating the fish becomes <a href="/wiki/Anemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anemic">anemic</a> at the late stage of the disease. Note that those symptoms are common amongst many other fish diseases and do not specifically indicate an infection with <i>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</i>. It is important to clarify the pathologic condition only happens in species particularly susceptible, or naïve, to T. bryosalmonae. In those cases, the parasite is allowed to cross the renal tubules wall to proliferate within the interstitial tissue of kidney (histozoic proliferation). This proliferation stage is a dead end for the parasite (extrasporogonic proliferation) but instead causes a tumultuous tumour-like tissue reaction in the kidney, inducing a chronic lymphoid hyperplasia marked by a strong parasite-driven immunosuppressant pathogenesis and a dysregulation of T-helper subsets.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Wang"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Wang">[11]</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Gorgoglione"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Gorgoglione">[12]</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Bailey"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Bailey">[13]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracapsuloides&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>T. bryosalmonae</i> has been recorded in Europe and North America. Phylogenetic analyses of <a href="/wiki/Internal_transcribed_spacer_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal transcribed spacer 1">internal transcribed spacer 1</a> sequences revealed a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> composed of all North American sequences plus a subset of Italian and French sequences. High genetic diversity in North America and the absence of <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotypes</a> which are characteristic of the North American clade in the rest of Europe implies that southern Europe was colonized by immigration from North America; however, sequence divergence suggests that this colonization substantially pre-dated human movements of fish. Furthermore, the lack of southern European lineages in the rest of Europe, despite widespread rainbow trout farming, indicates that <i>T. bryosalmonae</i> is not transported through fisheries activities. This result contrasts with the commonness of fisheries-related introductions of other pathogens and parasites such as <i><a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratomyxa_shasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratomyxa shasta">Ceratomyxa shasta</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Henderson"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides#endnote_Henderson">[14]</a></sup>. PKD is a serious immunopathology causing a high mortality rate, thus with a relevant economic impact for trout aquaculture in Europe and North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_literature">Cited literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracapsuloides&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cited literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Hedrick"><b><a href="#ref_Hedrick">^</a></b></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHedrick_R.McConnell_E.de_Kinkelin_P1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hedrick R.; McConnell E.; de Kinkelin P (1993). 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salmonicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betanodavirus" title="Betanodavirus">Nervous necrosis virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnaris" title="Columnaris">Columnaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_redmouth_disease" title="Enteric redmouth disease">Enteric redmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_rot" title="Fin rot">Fin rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish dropsy">Fish dropsy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium" title="Flavobacterium">Flavobacterium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_hematopoietic_necrosis_virus" title="Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus">Hematopoietic necrosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterosigma_akashiwo" title="Heterosigma akashiwo">Heterosigma akashiwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_lateral_line_erosion" title="Head and lateral line erosion">Hole in the head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_hypodermal_and_hematopoietic_necrosis" title="Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis">Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_pancreatic_necrosis" title="Infectious pancreatic necrosis">Infectious pancreatic necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinid_herpesvirus_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid herpesvirus 3">Koi herpes virus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_marinum" title="Mycobacterium marinum">Mycobacterium marinum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aquarium_granuloma" title="Aquarium granuloma">Aquarium granuloma</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novirhabdovirus" title="Novirhabdovirus">Novirhabdovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida" title="Pfiesteria piscicida">Pfiesteria piscicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobacterium_damselae_subsp._piscicida" title="Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida">Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_salmon_anemia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious salmon anemia virus">Salmon anemia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_viraemia_of_carp" title="Spring viraemia of carp">Spring viraemia of carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taura_syndrome" title="Taura syndrome">Taura syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_dermal_necrosis" title="Ulcerative dermal necrosis">UDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_septicemia" title="Viral hemorrhagic septicemia">VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_spot_syndrome" title="White spot syndrome">White spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_disease" title="Yellowhead disease">Yellowhead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parasites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abergasilus" title="Abergasilus">Abergasilus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_gill_disease" title="Amoebic gill disease">Amoebic gill disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argulidae" title="Argulidae">Carp lice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratomyxa_shasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratomyxa shasta">Ceratomyxa shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinostomum_marginatum" title="Clinostomum marginatum">Clinostomum marginatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylogyrus_vastator" title="Dactylogyrus vastator">Dactylogyrus vastator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium">Diphyllobothrium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymothoa_exigua" title="Cymothoa exigua">Cymothoa exigua</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustrongylidosis" title="Eustrongylidosis">Eustrongylidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epizootic_ulcerative_syndrome" title="Epizootic ulcerative syndrome">Epizootic ulcerative syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Flukes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glugea" title="Glugea">Glugea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyrodactylus_salaris" title="Gyrodactylus salaris">Gyrodactylus salaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henneguya_zschokkei" title="Henneguya zschokkei">Henneguya zschokkei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyophthirius_multifiliis" title="Ichthyophthirius multifiliis">Ich (freshwater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocaryon" title="Cryptocaryon">Ich (marine)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kudoa_thyrsites" title="Kudoa thyrsites">Kudoa thyrsites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lernaeocera_branchialis" title="Lernaeocera branchialis">Lernaeocera branchialis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxosporea" title="Myxosporea">Myxosporea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanophyetus_salmincola" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanophyetus salmincola">Nanophyetus salmincola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudorhabdosynochus" title="Pseudorhabdosynochus">Pseudorhabdosynochus</a></i> spp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_louse" title="Salmon louse">Salmon lice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saprolegnia" title="Saprolegnia">Saprolegnia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schistocephalus_solidus" title="Schistocephalus solidus">Schistocephalus solidus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">Sea louse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerothecum_destruens" title="Sphaerothecum destruens">Sphaerothecum destruens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder_disease" title="Swim bladder disease">Swim bladder disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetracapsuloides_bryosalmonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae">Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_(fish_disease)" title="Velvet (fish disease)">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoma" title="Xenoma">Xenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases and parasites in cod">Diseases and parasites in cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_salmon" title="Diseases and parasites in salmon">Diseases and parasites in salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_in_ornamental_fish" title="Disease in ornamental fish">Disease in ornamental fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_diseases" title="List of aquarium diseases">List of aquarium diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Amnesic shellfish poisoning">Amnesic shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrheal_shellfish_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrheal shellfish poisoning">Diarrheal shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning">Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">Paralytic shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7706223" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7706223">Q7706223</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tetracapsuloides_bryosalmonae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae">Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/85Z3K">85Z3K</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6882268">6882268</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11665923">11665923</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1048611/">2.1048611</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=271932">271932</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=281862">281862</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=990473">990473</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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