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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参阅" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参阅"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>参阅</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参阅-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">多系群</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。43种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifileties" title="Polifileties – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polifileties" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilia_(filochenetica)" title="Polifilia (filochenetica) – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polifilia (filochenetica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82" title="متعددة العرق – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متعددة العرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilija" title="Polifilija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polifilija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifiletisme" title="Polifiletisme – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polifiletisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletismus" title="Polyfyletismus – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polyfyletismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Полифили – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Полифили" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletisk_gruppe" title="Polyfyletisk gruppe – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polyfyletisk gruppe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Polyphyly" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifil%C3%A9tico" title="Polifilético – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polifilético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCf%C3%BCleetiline_r%C3%BChm" title="Polüfüleetiline rühm – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polüfüleetiline rühm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifiletiko" title="Polifiletiko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polifiletiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چندتبار – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چندتبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphylie" title="Polyphylie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polyphylie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifil%C3%A9tico" title="Polifilético – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polifilético" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="બહુસમુદાયીત્વ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બહુસમુદાયીત્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פוליפילטיות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליפילטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="बहुवर्गी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुवर्गी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilija" title="Polifilija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polifilija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifiletikus_csoport" title="Polifiletikus csoport – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polifiletikus csoport" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphylia" title="Polyphylia – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polyphylia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifili" title="Polifili – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polifili" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilia" title="Polifilia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polifilia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%BE%A4" title="多系統群 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="多系統群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EA%B5%B0" title="다계통군 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다계통군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfylie" title="Polyfylie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polyfylie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletische_groep" title="Polyfyletische groep – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polyfyletische groep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletisk_gruppe" title="Polyfyletisk gruppe – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polyfyletisk gruppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyletisk_gruppe" title="Polyfyletisk gruppe – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polyfyletisk gruppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson_polifiletyczny" title="Takson polifiletyczny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Takson polifiletyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilia" title="Polifilia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polifilia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полифилия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полифилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polyphyly" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifilija" title="Polifilija – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Polifilija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphylie" title="Polyphylie – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polyphylie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfyli" title="Polyfyli – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polyfyli" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பலதொகுதிமரபு உயிரினத் தோற்றம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பலதொகுதிமரபு உயிரினத் தோற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifili" title="Polifili – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polifili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Поліфілія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поліфілія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90a_ng%C3%A0nh" title="Đa ngành – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đa ngành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifiletike" title="Polifiletike – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Polifiletike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To-h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="To-hē-thóng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="To-hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多系群" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217743#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-noteta-code="zh-cn:爬行纲; zh-hk:爬行綱; zh-tw:爬蟲綱;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:复系; zh-hant:複系;"></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clade-grade_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Clade-grade_II.png/300px-Clade-grade_II.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Clade-grade_II.png/450px-Clade-grade_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Clade-grade_II.png/600px-Clade-grade_II.png 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>在这个<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">系統發生樹</a>上，假设蓝色和红色部分因具有相似的特徵而被归入一个类群，且该类群仅包含二者在内，那么它将成为一个多系群。原因是它无法聚为一支，即未能包含蓝色和红色部分的共同祖先（系統發生樹最下方的纵向线条），其内部形成了两支各自独立、互不相关的非同源类群。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>多系</b>（英文：polyphyly 或 polyphyletic）又称<b>複系</b><sup id="cite_ref-遗传学名词_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-遗传学名词-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<b>多源</b><sup id="cite_ref-NAER1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAER1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>或<b>多元起源</b><sup id="cite_ref-NAER2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAER2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系统发生学</a>上常用的概念，指某一生物类群未包含其所有成员的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="最近共同祖先">最近共同祖先</a>，也即群内成员来源於不同的共同祖先<sup id="cite_ref-遗传学名词_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-遗传学名词-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这种由来自不止一个祖先的後代所组成的类群，称为<b>多系群</b>或<b>複系群</b>（英文：polyphyletic group）<sup id="cite_ref-微生物学名词_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-微生物学名词-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-植物学名词_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-植物学名词-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根据生物分类学界普遍认同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="支序系統學">支序系統學</a>观点，任何合理有效的自然<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="分類群">分類群</a>都应为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="单系群">单系群</a>（所有成员来自一个最近共同祖先，并且该祖先的所有後代都在这个类群中<sup id="cite_ref-遗传学名词_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-遗传学名词-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>），而多系群包括了两个或更多祖先的後代，因此被视作人为归并的非自然类群<sup id="cite_ref-古生物学名词_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-古生物学名词-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>多系群中的成员往往親緣關係较远，卻因為具有趋同特徵而被歸於一類。具有趋同特徵的现象被称作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E5%A1%91%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同塑性（页面不存在）">同塑性</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="趋同演化">趋同演化</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="平行演化">平行演化</a>造成的性狀相似性，并非由共同祖先遗传而来<sup id="cite_ref-古生物学名词_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-古生物学名词-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-生态学名词_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-生态学名词-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。典型的多系群，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B8%A9%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="恒温动物">恒温动物</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟类">鸟类</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物">哺乳动物</a>）及飞行动物（包括鸟类和<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" title="蝙蝠">蝙蝠</a>等），被研究生物<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="表型">表型</a>的学者所接受，但不被<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="支序系統學">支序学家</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化分类学（页面不存在）">演化分类学家</a>所接受<sup id="cite_ref-Evolution_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>与多系群和单系群相关的概念还有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a>，是指未包含一个祖先的所有後代的生物类群，同样不被视作自然合理的分类群<sup id="cite_ref-古生物学名词_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-古生物学名词-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。多系群与並系群的产生，大部分为传统认知的局限性所致，二者的主要区别在於並系群包含其内部成员的共同祖先，而多系群则不包含<sup id="cite_ref-Evolution_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。与並系群一般作合并处理相对，多系群一般会进行拆分处理。随着生物分类研究的不断深入和遗传学技术的不断完善，许多过去遗留的多系群已被拆解为不同的单系群。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic-Groups-zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Phylogenetic-Groups-zh.svg/270px-Phylogenetic-Groups-zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Phylogenetic-Groups-zh.svg/405px-Phylogenetic-Groups-zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Phylogenetic-Groups-zh.svg/540px-Phylogenetic-Groups-zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎动物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="分支图">分支图</a>。黄色部分为单系群<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E5%BD%A2%E7%BA%B2" title="蜥形纲">蜥形纲</a>，包含一个祖先及其所有後代（<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬行动物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟类">鸟类</a>）；青色部分为並系群<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="爬行纲">爬行纲</a>，包含一个祖先及其部分後代（爬行动物）；红色部分为多系群<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B8%A9%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="恒温动物">恒温动物</a>，不包含其所有成员（<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物">哺乳动物</a>和鸟类）的共同祖先。</figcaption></figure> <p>在英语和其他一些使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>书写的语言中，“多系”（英文：polyphyly 或 polyphyletic）这一术语源自两个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="古希腊文">古希腊文</a>单词：前缀“<span lang="grc">πολύς</span>”（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁转写">拉丁转写</a>：polús；意为多、很多）＋词根“<span lang="grc">φῦλον</span>”（phûlon；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E" title="属">属</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="种">种</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly,_1981_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly,_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabularium_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabularium-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，指某生物类群出自多个祖先，即内部成员各自有着不同的起源。 </p><p>与之对应的术语“<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="單系">單系</a>”（英文：monophyly 或 monophyletic），指某生物类群由其唯一共同祖先的所有後代组成。词根与“多系”同源，前缀来自古希腊文“<span lang="grc">μόνος</span>”（mónos；单独的，唯一的）<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly,_1981_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly,_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabularium_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabularium-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另一相关术语“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="並系">並系</a>”（英文：paraphyly 或 paraphyletic），指某生物类群与其唯一共同祖先的其他所有後代相互分离、未被归于一类的情况。词根也与“多系”同源，前缀来自古希腊文“<span lang="grc">παρά</span>”（pará；旁边，附近）<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly,_1981_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly,_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabularium_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabularium-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参阅"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85"></span>参阅</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：参阅"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E5%8C%96" title="蟹化">蟹化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E6%A1%B6%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="垃圾桶分类单元">垃圾桶分类单元</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-遗传学名词-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-遗传学名词_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-遗传学名词_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-遗传学名词_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">第二届遗传学名词审定委员会 (编). 遗传学名词 (2版). <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="科学出版社">科学出版社</a>. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-03-016800-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-03-016800-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-03-016800-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2009393587"><span title="美国国会图书馆控制码">LCCN 2009393587</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/71742122"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 71742122</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL23974572M"><span title="开放图书馆">OL 23974572M</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=003136637">NLC 003136637</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.au=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=%282%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-03-016800-9&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009393587&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71742122&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>（<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/233120/1">复系</a></span>，<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/233111/1">单系</a></span>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAER1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAER1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/5459733/">Polyphyletic - 多源[的]; 多系[的]</a>. 雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="新北">新北</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="國家教育研究院">國家教育研究院</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106074550/https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/5459733/">存档</a>于2022-01-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.atitle=Polyphyletic+-+%E5%A4%9A%E6%BA%90%26%2391%3B%E7%9A%84%26%2393%3B%3B+%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%26%2391%3B%E7%9A%84%26%2393%3B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%9B%99%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E3%80%81%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E6%9A%A8%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fdetail%2F5459733%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（繁體中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAER2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAER2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/162007/">Polygenetic; polyphyletic - 多元起源的; 多源的</a>. 雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="新北">新北</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="國家教育研究院">國家教育研究院</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106074605/https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/162007/">存档</a>于2022-01-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.atitle=Polygenetic%3B+polyphyletic+-+%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%3B+%E5%A4%9A%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%9B%99%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E3%80%81%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E6%9A%A8%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fdetail%2F162007%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（繁體中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-微生物学名词-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-微生物学名词_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">第二届微生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 微生物学名词 (2版). <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="科学出版社">科学出版社</a>. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-03-035918-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-03-035918-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-03-035918-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/910353784"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 910353784</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL37808101M"><span title="开放图书馆">OL 37808101M</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=006772289">NLC 006772289</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.au=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=%282%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-03-035918-6&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910353784&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>（<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/99752/1">多系群</a></span>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-植物学名词-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-植物学名词_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">第二届植物学名词审定委员会 (编). 植物学名词 (2版). <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="科学出版社">科学出版社</a>. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-03-062178-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-03-062178-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-03-062178-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1198145621"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 1198145621</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL37808061M"><span title="开放图书馆">OL 37808061M</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=010446494">NLC 010446494</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.au=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D&rft.date=2019&rft.edition=%282%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-03-062178-8&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1198145621&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>（<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/327061/1">复系[类]群</a></span>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-古生物学名词-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-古生物学名词_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-古生物学名词_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-古生物学名词_6-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">古生物学名词审定委员会 (编). 古生物学名词 (2版). <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="科学出版社">科学出版社</a>. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-03-025433-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-03-025433-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-03-025433-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2010372103"><span title="美国国会图书馆控制码">LCCN 2010372103</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/886143158"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 886143158</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=004299369">NLC 004299369</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.au=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=%282%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-03-025433-7&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010372103&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F886143158&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>（<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/255511/1">多系[性]</a></span>，<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/255507/1">同塑</a></span>，<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/255504/1">并系[性]</a></span>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-生态学名词-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-生态学名词_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">生态学名词审定委员会 (编). 生态学名词. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="科学出版社">科学出版社</a>. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-03-018277-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-03-018277-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-03-018277-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/180177243"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 180177243</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL38629099M"><span title="开放图书馆">OL 38629099M</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=003440677">NLC 003440677</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.au=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-03-018277-7&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180177243&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>（<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/239609/1">同塑性</a></span>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evolution-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evolution_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evolution_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ridley, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Polyphyletic_group.asp">Evolution - A-Z - Polyphyletic group</a>. <span></span><i>Evolution</i><span></span>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布莱克威尔出版社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blackwell Publishing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布莱克威尔出版社（页面不存在）">Blackwell Publishing</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="extiw" title="en:Blackwell Publishing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blackwell Publishing</span></a></span>）</span></span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040920013238/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Polyphyletic_group.asp">存档</a>于2004-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.atitle=Evolution+-+A-Z+-+Polyphyletic+group&rft.au=Ridley%2C+Mark&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%27%27Evolution%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellpublishing.com%2Fridley%2Fa-z%2FPolyphyletic_group.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailly,_1981-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly,_1981_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly,_1981_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailly,_1981_9-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bailly, Anatole. <span></span><i>Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français</i><span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris">Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AD%87%E7%89%B9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="阿歇特出版公司">Hachette</a>. 1981-01-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-01003528-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-01003528-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-2-01003528-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/461974285"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 461974285</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.au=Bailly%2C+Anatole&rft.btitle=Abr%C3%A9g%C3%A9+du+dictionnaire+grec+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-01003528-9&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F461974285&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="法語">（法文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabularium-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabularium_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabularium_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabularium_10-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bailly, Anatole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/">Greek-french dictionary online</a>. <span></span><i>Tabularium.be</i><span></span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005113310/http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/">存档</a>于2016-10-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.atitle=Greek-french+dictionary+online&rft.au=Bailly%2C+Anatole&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%27%27Tabularium.be%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabularium.be%2Fbailly%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="法語">（法文）</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">生物学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相關多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polyphyly" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polyphyly">多系群</a></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Funk, D.J.; Omland, K.E. Species-Level Paraphyly and Polyphyly: Frequency, Causes, and Consequences, with Insights from Animal Mitochondrial DNA. <span></span><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態學、演化和系統學年評" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%81%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態學、演化和系統學年評（页面不存在）">Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Ecology,_Evolution,_and_Systematics" class="extiw" title="en:Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></i><span></span>. 2003, <b>34</b>: 397–423. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/30033781"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 30033781</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33951905"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 33951905</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132421"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132421</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4&rft.atitle=Species-Level+Paraphyly+and+Polyphyly%3A+Frequency%2C+Causes%2C+and+Consequences%2C+with+Insights+from+Animal+Mitochondrial+DNA&rft.au=Funk%2C+D.J.&rft.au=Omland%2C+K.E.&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%27%27%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%81%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A9%95%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Annual+Review+of+Ecology%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Systematics%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EAnnual+Review+of+Ecology%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Systematics%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EAnnual+Review+of+Ecology%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Systematics%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%27%27&rft.pages=397-423&rft.volume=34&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30033781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33951905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132421&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" 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href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系统发生學</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="计算系统发生学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Computational phylogenetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算系统发生学（页面不存在）">计算系统发生学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Computational phylogenetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Computational phylogenetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="分子系统发生学">分子系统发生学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序系統學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化分类学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化分类学（页面不存在）">演化分类学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary taxonomy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系統發生</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分支發生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cladogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分支發生（页面不存在）">分支發生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Cladogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cladogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">系統發生樹</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%9B%BE" title="支序图">支序图</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="演化網路">演化網路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9E%9D%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%95%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="長枝吸引效應">長枝吸引效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="演化支">演化支</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化级" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary grade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化级（页面不存在）">演化级</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary grade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary grade</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="谱系 (演化)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lineage (evolution)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB_(%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谱系 (演化)（页面不存在）">谱系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" class="extiw" title="en:Lineage (evolution)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lineage (evolution)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="幽灵谱系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ghost lineage"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幽灵谱系（页面不存在）">幽灵谱系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_lineage" class="extiw" title="en:Ghost lineage"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ghost lineage</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="幽灵种群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ghost population"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幽灵种群（页面不存在）">幽靈种群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_population" class="extiw" title="en:Ghost population"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ghost population</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">推理方法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%B0%A1%E7%B4%84%E6%B3%95" title="最大簡約法">最大簡約法</a></li> <li>概率法（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="最大似然估计">最大似然估计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95" title="贝叶斯法">贝叶斯法</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生中的距离矩阵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Distance matrices in phylogeny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生中的距离矩阵（页面不存在）">距離矩陣法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_matrices_in_phylogeny" class="extiw" title="en:Distance matrices in phylogeny"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Distance matrices in phylogeny</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E6%B3%95" title="邻接法">邻接法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不加權算術平均連鎖法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="UPGMA"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8A%A0%E6%AC%8A%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不加權算術平均連鎖法（页面不存在）">不加權算術平均連鎖法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPGMA" class="extiw" title="en:UPGMA"><span lang="en" dir="auto">UPGMA</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生中的最小二乘法推理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Least squares inference in phylogeny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生中的最小二乘法推理（页面不存在）">最小二乘法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares_inference_in_phylogeny" class="extiw" title="en:Least squares inference in phylogeny"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Least squares inference in phylogeny</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三元分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Three-taxon analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三元分析（页面不存在）">三元分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-taxon_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Three-taxon analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Three-taxon analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="親緣包圍法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic bracketing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%AA%E7%B7%A3%E5%8C%85%E5%9C%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="親緣包圍法（页面不存在）">系统发生包圍法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_bracketing" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic bracketing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic bracketing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生和解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic reconciliation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生和解（页面不存在）">系统发生和解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_reconciliation" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic reconciliation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic reconciliation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">前沿课题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物谱系命名法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic nomenclature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物谱系命名法（页面不存在）">生物谱系命名法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic nomenclature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic nomenclature</span></a></span>）</span></span>（《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际系统发生命名法规" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PhyloCode"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际系统发生命名法规（页面不存在）">国际系统发生命名法规</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCode" class="extiw" title="en:PhyloCode"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PhyloCode</span></a></span>）</span></span>》）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E7%A0%81" title="DNA条形码">DNA 条形码</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生比较方法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic comparative methods"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生比较方法（页面不存在）">系统发生比较方法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic comparative methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic comparative methods</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生生态位保守性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic niche conservatism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生生态位保守性（页面不存在）">系统发生生态位保守性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_niche_conservatism" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic niche conservatism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic niche conservatism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生信号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic signal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生信号（页面不存在）">系統發生信號</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_signal" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic signal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic signal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生软件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of phylogenetics software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生软件列表（页面不存在）">系统发生软件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phylogenetics_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of phylogenetics software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of phylogenetics software</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生基因组学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenomics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生基因组学（页面不存在）">系统发生基因组学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenomics" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenomics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenomics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%B7%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="親緣地理學">系统发生生物地理学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類群特徵</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始 (系统发生学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Primitive (phylogenetics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始 (系统发生学)（页面不存在）">原始特徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" class="extiw" title="en:Primitive (phylogenetics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Primitive (phylogenetics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祖徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖徵（页面不存在）">祖徵／共有祖徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy" class="extiw" title="en:Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li>衍生特徵（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8D%E5%BE%B5" title="共有衍徵">衍徵／共有衍徵</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自有衍徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Autapomorphy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8D%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自有衍徵（页面不存在）">自有衍徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy" class="extiw" title="en:Autapomorphy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Autapomorphy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類群性質</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%BB" title="单系">单系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">多系群（複系群）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他術語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E7%BE%A4" title="冠群">冠群／幹群／泛群（總群）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4" title="姐妹群">姐妹群（姊妹群）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%BE%A4" title="外群">外群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%A4" title="基群">基群</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超樹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Supertree"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E6%A8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超樹（页面不存在）">超樹</a></span><span class="noprint 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