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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_of_saint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Type of saint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_of_saint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>East Asian religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-East_Asian_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle East Asian religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-East_Asian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yi_(Confucianism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yi_(Confucianism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Yi (Confucianism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yi_(Confucianism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indian religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indian religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Persian religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Persian_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Persian religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Persian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Righteousness</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduramo" title="Nduramo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nduramo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtschaffenheit" title="Rechtschaffenheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rechtschaffenheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95igsus" title="Õigsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õigsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectitud" title="Rectitud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rectitud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzentasun" title="Zuzentasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuzentasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="درستی اخلاقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درستی اخلاقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droiture" title="Droiture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droiture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADr%C3%A9antacht" title="Fíréantacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíréantacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98" title="도의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budiman" title="Budiman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budiman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giusto_di_Dio" title="Giusto di Dio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giusto di Dio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%BE%A9" title="道義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="道義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Праведность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Праведность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Righteousness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanhurskaus" title="Vanhurskaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vanhurskaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ttf%C3%A4rdighet" title="Rättfärdighet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rättfärdighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkamabuting_tao" title="Pagkamabuting tao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkamabuting tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappasitinaja" title="Mappasitinaja – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Mappasitinaja" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Праведність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Праведність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نیکو کاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیکو کاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%BE%A9" title="道義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="道義" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State of being morally correct and justifiable</div> <p><b>Righteousness</b>, or <b>rectitude</b>, is the quality or state of being morally correct and justifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-OLD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be considered synonymous with "rightness" or being "upright" or to-the-light and visible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It can be found in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> religions and traditions, among others, as a <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a>. For example, from various perspectives in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Confucianism" title="Religious Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> it is considered an <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">attribute</a> that implies that a person's actions are justified, and can have the connotation that the person has been "judged" or "reckoned" as leading a life that is pleasing to God. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">translator of the Bible</a> into English in 1526) remodelled the word after an earlier word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">rihtwis</i></span>, which would have yielded <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">modern English</a> *<i>rightwise</i> or *<i>rightways</i>. He used it to translate the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> root <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צדק</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">tzedek</a></i></span>, which appears over five hundred times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δίκαιος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dikaios</i></span>), which appears more than two hundred times in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. </p><p>Etymologically, it comes from Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">rihtwīs</i></span>, from <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">riht</i></span> 'right' + <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wīs</i></span> 'manner, state, condition' (as opposed to <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wrangwīs</i></span>, "wrongful"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The change in the ending in the 16th century was due to association with words such as bounteous.<sup id="cite_ref-OLD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics_or_moral_philosophy">Ethics or moral philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethics or moral philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> is a major branch of philosophy which encompasses right conduct and good living.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. this paragraph needs some sort of link to "righteousness" specifically (September 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Rushworth_Kidder" title="Rushworth Kidder">Rushworth Kidder</a> states that "standard definitions of ethics have typically included such phrases as 'the science of the ideal human character' or 'the science of moral duty'".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word <a href="/wiki/Ethics#Defining_ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> is "commonly used interchangeably with 'morality' ... and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group or individual".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_and_Abrahamic-inspired_religions">Abrahamic and Abrahamic-inspired religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Abrahamic and Abrahamic-inspired religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God<br /><small><small> in Christianity</small></small></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass,_Holy_Family_Church,_Teconnaught,_September_2010_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg/220px-Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg/330px-Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg/440px-Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="1577" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Core attributes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_eternity" title="God and eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overarching attributes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfection#Christian_monotheism" title="Perfection">Perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellaneous</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Graciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">Immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeccability" title="Impeccability">Impeccability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_incomprehensibility" title="Divine incomprehensibility">Incomprehensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporeality" title="Incorporeality">Incorporeality</a></li> <li><a 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#b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Righteousness%22">"Righteousness"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Righteousness%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Righteousness%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Righteousness%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Righteousness%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Righteousness%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the New Testament, the word <i>righteousness</i>, a translation for the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dikaiosunē</i></span>, is used in the sense of 'being righteous before others' (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_5:20" title="Matthew 5:20">Matthew 5:20</a>) or 'being righteous before God' (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Romans_1:17" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans 1:17">Romans 1:17</a>). <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> argues that we should think of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> as the "paradigm, the locus, the source of all moral value and standards".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Matthew's account of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a>, Jesus tells the prophet "it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness" as Jesus requests that John perform the rite for him. The <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> contains the memorable commandment "Seek ye first the kingdom of God and His righteousness". </p><p>A secondary meaning of the Greek word is 'justice',<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is used to render it in a few places by a few Bible translations, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:33" title="Matthew 6:33">Matthew 6:33</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">New English Bible</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> asserts the importance of righteousness by saying in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_5:20" title="Matthew 5:20">Matthew 5:20</a>, "For I tell you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven". </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> speaks of <a href="/wiki/Dual-covenant_theology" title="Dual-covenant theology">two ways</a>, at least in theory, to achieve righteousness: through the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>), and through <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> made possible through the death and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> Christ (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2010:3–13&version=nrsv">Romans 10:3–13</a>). However he repeatedly emphasizes that faith is the effective way.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, just a few verses earlier, he states the Jews did not attain the law of righteousness because they sought it not by faith, but by works.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Testament speaks of a salvation founded on God's righteousness, as exemplified throughout the history of salvation narrated in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%209–11&version=nrsv">Romans 9–11</a>). Paul writes to the Romans that righteousness comes by faith: "... a righteousness that is by faith from first to last, just as it is written: 'The righteous will live by faith'" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%201:17&version=nrsv">Romans 1:17</a>). </p><p>In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%209:9&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 9:9</a> the New Revised Standard Version has a footnote that the original word has the meaning of 'benevolence', and the Messianic Jewish commentary of David Stern affirms the Jewish practice of 'doing <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">tzedakah</i></span>' as charity, in referring to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%206:33&version=nrsv">Matthew 6:33</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%209:9&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 9:9</a> passages.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%202:14–26&version=nrsv">James 2:14–26</a> speaks of the relationship between works of righteousness and faith, saying that "faith without works is dead". Righteous acts according to James include <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">works of charity</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%202:15–16&version=nrsv">James 2:15–16</a>) as well as avoiding <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sins</a> against the Law of Moses (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%202:11–12&version=nrsv">James 2:11–12</a>). </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%202:7–8&version=nrsv">2 Peter 2:7–8</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a> as a righteous man. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_of_saint">Type of saint</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Type of saint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, "Righteous" is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">type of saint</a> who is regarded as a holy person under the <a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a> (Old Testament Israel). The word is also sometimes used for married saints of the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> (the Church). According to Orthodox theology, the Righteous saints of the Old Covenant were not able to enter into heaven until after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Jesus">death of Jesus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">cross</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2011:40&version=nrsv">Hebrews 11:40</a>), but had to await salvation in the <a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Bosom of Abraham</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Righteousness%22">"Righteousness"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Righteousness%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Righteousness%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Righteousness%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Righteousness%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Righteousness%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Righteousness is mentioned several times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran says that a life of righteousness is the only way to go to Heaven. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We will give the home of the Hereafter to those who do not want arrogance or mischief on earth; and the end is best for the righteous.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_28:83" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 28:83">Quran 28:83</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes that ye may know each other (not that ye may despise each other). Verily the most honored of you in the sight of Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of you. And Allah has full knowledge and is well acquainted (with all things).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_49:13" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 49:13">Quran 49:13</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Righteousness is not that you turn your faces to the east and the west [in prayer]. But righteous is the one who believes in God, the Last Day, the Angels, the Scripture and the Prophets; who gives his wealth in spite of love for it to kinsfolk, orphans, the poor, the wayfarer, to those who ask and to set slaves free. And (righteous are) those who pray, pay alms, honor their agreements, and are patient in (times of) poverty, ailment and during conflict. Such are the people of truth. And they are the God-Fearing.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_2:177" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 2:177">Quran 2:177</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Righteousness%22">"Righteousness"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Righteousness%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Righteousness%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Righteousness%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Righteousness%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Righteousness%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Righteousness is one of the chief <a href="/wiki/God#Specific_attributes" title="God">attributes of God</a> as portrayed in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. Its chief meaning concerns <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> conduct (for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2019:36&version=nrsv">Leviticus 19:36</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2025:1&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 25:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%201:6&version=nrsv">Psalms 1:6</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverbs%208:20&version=nrsv">Proverbs 8:20</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">title character</a> is introduced as "a good and righteous man".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a> calls on rulers of the world to embrace righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans#Origin" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans § Origin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">Zidqa</a></div> <p>An early self-appellation for <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> is <span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">bhiri zidqa</i></span> meaning 'elect of righteousness' or 'the chosen righteous', a term found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a> II, 4.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to righteousness, <span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">zidqa</a></i></span> also refers to <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Almsgiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Almsgiving">almsgiving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_Asian_religions">East Asian religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East Asian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yi_(Confucianism)"><span id="Yi_.28Confucianism.29"></span>Yi (Confucianism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yi (Confucianism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yi_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi (Confucianism)">Yi (Confucianism)</a></div> <p><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yi</i></span>, (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">義</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">义</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">義</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yì</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">Ji6</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Zhuyin Fuhao</a>: <span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄧˋ</span>), literally "<a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, or justness, righteousness or rightness, <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(non-linguistic)" title="Meaning (non-linguistic)">meaning</a>", is an important concept in <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. It involves a moral disposition for the <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">good</a> in life, with the sustainable intuition, purpose, and sensibility to do good competently with no expectation of reward.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yi</i></span> resonates with Confucian philosophy's orientation towards the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">reverence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">benevolence</a> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ren</i></span>) and skillful practice (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">li</i></span>). </p><p><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yi</i></span> represents moral acumen that goes beyond simple rule-following, as it is based on <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, it involves a balanced understanding of a situation, and it incorporates the "creative insights" and grounding necessary to apply <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a> through deduction (<a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and Yang</a>) and reason "with no loss of purpose and direction for the total good of <a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">fidelity</a>. <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yi</i></span> represents this ideal of totality as well as a decision-generating ability to apply a virtue properly and appropriately in a situation."<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 271">: 271 </span></sup> </p><p>In application, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yi</i></span> is a "complex principle" that includes:<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>skill in crafting actions which have moral fitness according to a given concrete situation</li> <li>the wise recognition of such fitness</li> <li>the intrinsic satisfaction that comes from that recognition.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There might not be a <a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">single-word translation</a> for <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i></span> in English, but it can be translated as righteousness, religion, faith, duty, law, and virtue. Connotations of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> include rightness, good, natural, morality, righteousness, and virtue. In common parlance, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> means "right way of living" and "path of rightness". It encompasses ideas such as duty, rights, character, vocation, religion, customs and all behaviour considered appropriate, correct or "morally upright". It is explained as a law of righteousness and equated to <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">satya</a></i></span> (truth): "...when a man speaks the Truth, they say, 'He speaks the Dharma'; and if he speaks Dharma, they say, 'He speaks the Truth!' For both are one"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/220px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/330px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/440px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The wheel in the centre of India's flag symbolises Dharma.</figcaption></figure> <p>The importance of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> to Indian sentiments is illustrated by the government of India's decision in 1947 to include the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra" title="Ashoka Chakra">Ashoka Chakra</a>, a depiction of the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">dharmachakra</a></i></span> ( the "wheel of dharma"), as the central motif on its flag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="sa-Latn" class="poem"> <p>yada yada hi dharmasya glanir bhavati bharata<br /> abhyutthanam adharmasya tadatmanam srjamy aham </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Whenever there is decay of righteousness, O Bharata,<br /> And there is exaltation of unrighteousness, then I Myself come forth </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> Chapter 4: Text 7<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">religion</a>, major emphasis is placed on individual practical morality. In the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit epic">Sanskrit epics</a>, this concern is omnipresent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Sentence_fragment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence fragment"><span title="The text preceding this tag is not a complete sentence. Please help to fix this. (September 2023)">sentence fragment</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit epic">Sanskrit epics</a> contain themes and examples where right prevails over wrong, good over evil. </p><p>In an inscription attributed to the Indian Emperor Ashoka from the year 258 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>, in Sanskrit, Aramaic, and Greek text, appears a Greek rendering for the Sanskrit word <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span>: the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">eusebeia</a></i></span> This suggests <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> was a central concept in India at that time, and meant not only religious ideas, but ideas of right, of good, and of one's duty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Ramayana</i> is one of the two great Indian epics. It tells about life in India around 1000 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span> and offers models in <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span>. The hero, Rama, lived his whole life by the rules of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span>; this is why he is considered heroic. When Rama was a young boy, he was the perfect son. Later he was an ideal husband to his faithful wife, Sita, and a responsible ruler of Aydohya. Each episode of Ramayana presents life situations and ethical questions in symbolic terms. The situation is debated by the characters, and finally right prevails over wrong, good over evil. For this reason, in Hindu Epics, the good, morally upright, law-abiding king is referred to as <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharmaraja</i></span>. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, the other major Indian epic, similarly, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> is central, and it is presented with symbolism and metaphors. Near the end of the epic, the god Yama, referred to as <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> in the text, is portrayed as taking the form of a dog to test the compassion of <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>, who is told he may not enter paradise with such an animal, but who refuses to abandon his companion, for which decision he is then praised by <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span>. The value and appeal of the <i>Mahabharata</i> is not as much in its complex and rushed presentation of metaphysics in the 12th book, claims <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._H._Ingalls_Sr." title="Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.">Daniel H.H. Ingalls</a>, because Indian metaphysics is more eloquently presented in other Sanskrit scriptures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The appeal of Mahabharata, like Ramayana, is in its presentation of a series of moral problems and life situations, to which there are usually three answers given, according to Ingalls: one answer is of <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a>, which is the answer of brute force, an individual angle representing materialism, egoism, and self; the second answer is of <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>, which is always an appeal to piety and gods, of social virtue and of tradition; the third answer is of introspective <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, which falls between the two extremes, and who, claims Ingalls, symbolically reveals the finest moral qualities of man.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Epics of Hinduism are a symbolic treatise about life, virtues, customs, morals, ethics, law, and other aspects of dharma. There is extensive discussion of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> at the individual level in the Epics of Hinduism, observes Ingalls; for example, on free will versus destiny, when and why human beings believe in either, ultimately concluding that the strong and prosperous naturally uphold free will, while those facing grief or frustration naturally lean towards destiny.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Epics of Hinduism illustrate various aspects of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span>, they are a means of communicating <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> with metaphors. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></i></span>, the order that makes life and universe possible, and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues, and "right way of living". The concept of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> was already in use in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a>, and its meaning and conceptual scope has evolved over several millennia. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> moral text of <i><a href="/wiki/Tirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkural">Tirukkural</a></i> is solely based on <span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aram_(Kural_book)" title="Aram (Kural book)">aṟam</a></i></span>, the Tamil term for <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonym</a> of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> is <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Adharma" title="Adharma">adharma</a></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Buddhism <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> means cosmic law and order, but is also applied to the teachings of the Buddha. In <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>, <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">dhamma</i></span>/<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> is also the term for "<a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a>". Dharma refers not only to the sayings of the Buddha, but also to the later traditions of interpretation and addition that the various <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">schools of Buddhism</a> have developed to help explain and to expand upon the Buddha's teachings. For others still, they see the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span> as referring to the "truth", or the ultimate reality of "the way that things really are" (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཆོས</span>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>chö</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. This is about "dharma" but has mostly stopped being about "righteousness" which is the page topic; Buddhism also talks about righteousness in e.g. the Noble Eightfold Path, so why not discuss that instead? (September 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a> mentions <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Das-dharma</a></i></span> with the meaning of "righteous". These are forbearance, modesty, straightforwardness, purity, truthfulness, self-restraint, austerity, renunciation, non-attachment, and celibacy. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A right believer should constantly meditate on virtues of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharma</i></span>, like supreme modesty, in order to protect the soul from all contrary dispositions. He should also cover up the shortcomings of others.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya</i> (27)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Sikhs, the word <span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn">Dharm</i></span> means the path of righteousness and proper religious practice. For <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, the word <span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn">dharam</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਧਰਮ</span></span>, <span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn">dharam</i></span>) means the path of righteousness and proper religious practice. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> in hymn 1353 connotes <span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn">dharam</i></span> as duty. The <a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a> movement in Western culture, which has incorporated certain Sikh beliefs, defines Sikh <span title="Punjabi-language romanization"><i lang="pa-Latn">dharam</i></span> broadly as all that constitutes religion, moral duty, and way of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persian_religions">Persian religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Persian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">asha</a></i></span> is an important tenet of the Zoroastrian religion with a complex and nuanced range of meaning. It is commonly summarized in accord with its contextual implications of 'truth' and 'right(eousness)', 'order' and 'right working'. </p><p>From an early age, Zoroastrians are taught to pursue righteousness by following the Threefold Path of <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">asha</i></span>: <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">humata</i></span>, <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">huxta</i></span>, <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">huvarshta</i></span> (Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds). </p><p>One of the most sacred mantras in the religion is the <a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a>, which has been translated as an "Ode to Righteousness". There are many translations, that differ due to the complexity of <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> and the concepts involved (for other translations, see: <a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a>). </p><p>"Righteousness is the best good and it is happiness. Happiness is to her/him who is righteous, for the sake of the best righteousness".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_righteousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien righteousness">Alien righteousness</a> – Term coined by Martin Luther<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a> – Central and complex Zoroastrian theological concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a> – Traditional ideology and code of conduct of knights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a> – Process of achieving spiritual perfection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī (Buddhism)</a> – Buddhist term<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> – Fundamental rights belonging to all humans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputed righteousness</a> – Doctrine in Christianity; faithful humans are accepted by God</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a> – Concept of moral fairness and administration of the law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification (theology)</a> – Concept of Christian theology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a> – Greek notion of duty and honor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> – Religious devotion or spirituality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pono_(word)" title="Pono (word)">Pono</a> – Hawaiian word commonly rendered as "righteousness"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_righteousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper righteousness">Proper righteousness</a> – Term coined by Martin Luther<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a> – Non-Jews who saved Jews during the Holocaust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a> – Man's version of commination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">Sacred</a> – Dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">Sanctification</a> – Dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a> – Masculine virtue in Ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a> – Concept in Confucianism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OLD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OLD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OLD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044012/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/righteousness">"righteousness"</a>. <i>Oxford Living Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/righteousness">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Living+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=righteousness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Frighteousness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1855" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hensleigh_Wedgwood" title="Hensleigh Wedgwood">Wedgwood, Hensleigh</a> (1855). "On False Etymologies". <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i> (6). London: George Bell: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=80">68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+False+Etymologies&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=Hensleigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnabelle2017" class="citation web cs1">Annabelle, Laura (5 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/the-ethical-world/ethics-defined-33a1a6cc3064#:~:text=Defining%2520Ethics,science%2520of%2520moral%2520duty'%E2%80%9D.">"Ethics Defined"</a>. <i>The Ethical World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanities+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=5%3A+Ethics&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FPhilosophy%2FIntroduction_to_Philosophy_Reader_%28Levin_et_al.%29%2F05%3A_Ethics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jlsb.science-line.com/attachments/article/48/J.%20Life%20Sci.%20Biomed.%206(3)%2066-70,%202016.pdf">https://jlsb.science-line.com/attachments/article/48/J.%20Life%20Sci.%20Biomed.%206(3)%2066-70,%202016.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjlsb.science-line.com%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F48%2FJ.%2520Life%2520Sci.%2520Biomed.%25206%283%29%252066-70%2C%25202016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig" class="citation web cs1">Craig, William Lane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org/podcasts/defenders-podcast-series-2/doctrine-of-god-part-19/doctrine-of-god-part-19">"Doctrine of God (part 19)"</a>. Reasonable Faith<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrine+of+God+%28part+19%29&rft.pub=Reasonable+Faith&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fdefenders-podcast-series-2%2Fdoctrine-of-god-part-19%2Fdoctrine-of-god-part-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1998" class="citation book cs1">Young, Robert (1998). <i>Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible</i>. Hendrickson Academic. p. 819. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-810-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-810-5"><bdi>978-1-56563-810-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young%27s+Analytical+Concordance+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=819&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-810-5&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%204:5&version=nrsv">Romans 4:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%203:21–24&version=nrsv">Romans 3:21–24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%209:30–33&version=nrsv">Romans 9:30–33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern, David H. (1992) Jewish New Testament Commentary: A companion volume to the 'Jewish New Testament'. pp. 30, 512. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9653590081" title="Special:BookSources/9653590081">9653590081</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMababaya" class="citation web cs1">Mababaya, Norlain Dindang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010311204856/http://www.wefound.org/texts/Islam_files/IslamRighteousness.htm">"Islam Teaches Righteousness And Forbids Evil Deeds"</a>. <i>www.wefound.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wefound.org/texts/Islam_files/IslamRighteousness.htm">the original</a> on 11 March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wefound.org&rft.atitle=Islam+Teaches+Righteousness+And+Forbids+Evil+Deeds&rft.aulast=Mababaya&rft.aufirst=Norlain+Dindang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wefound.org%2Ftexts%2FIslam_files%2FIslamRighteousness.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+1:1&version=ncb">Job 1:1</a> in the New Catholic Bible</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Wisdom%20of%20Solomon%201:1&version=nrsvae">Wisdom 1:1</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph1964" class="citation journal cs1">Rudolph, Kurt (April 1964). 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Brill: 52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006382X00035">10.1163/157006382X00035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism+in+the+Persian%2C+Hellenistic%2C+and+Roman+Period&rft.atitle=The+Wisdom+Stance+of+Enoch%27s+Redactor&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1982-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006382X00035&rft.aulast=Coughenour&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph2008" class="citation web cs1">Rudolph, Kurt (7 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/mandaeans-2-religion">"Mandeans ii. 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University College London. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+story+of+creation+in+the+Mandaean+holy+book+in+the+Ginza+Rba&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Aldihisi&rft.aufirst=Sabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1444088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelbert2011" class="citation book cs1">Gelbert, Carlos (2011). <i>Ginza Rba</i>. 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(1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010221151403/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew27136.htm">"Dharma and Moksa"</a>. <i>Philosophy East & West</i>. pp. 41–48. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew27136.htm">the original</a> on 21 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+%26+West&rft.atitle=Dharma+and+Moksa&rft.pages=41-48&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Ingalls&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-PHIL%2Few27136.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanga" class="citation book cs1">Kanga, Ervad Kawasji Eduljee. <i>English Translation of Gujarati Khordeh Avesta</i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Translation+of+Gujarati+Khordeh+Avesta&rft.pages=1&rft.aulast=Kanga&rft.aufirst=Ervad+Kawasji+Eduljee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARighteousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righteousness&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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