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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity_and_unity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity_and_unity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Diversity and unity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diversity_and_unity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diversity and unity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diversity_and_unity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Diversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sense_of_unity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sense_of_unity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sense of unity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sense_of_unity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Classical Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Medieval developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Colonial views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_modernism_and_neo-Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_modernism_and_neo-Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Hindu modernism and neo-Vedanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_modernism_and_neo-Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_India_and_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_India_and_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Modern India and the world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_India_and_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Main traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Main traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Main_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Denominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ethnicities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Scriptures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purusharthas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purusharthas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Purusharthas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purusharthas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dharma_(moral_duties,_righteousness,_ethics)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma_(moral_duties,_righteousness,_ethics)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Dharma (moral duties, righteousness, ethics) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma_(moral_duties,_righteousness,_ethics)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artha_(the_means_or_resources_needed_for_a_fulfilling_life)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artha_(the_means_or_resources_needed_for_a_fulfilling_life)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Artha (the means or resources needed for a fulfilling life) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artha_(the_means_or_resources_needed_for_a_fulfilling_life)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kāma_(sensory,_emotional_and_aesthetic_pleasure)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kāma_(sensory,_emotional_and_aesthetic_pleasure)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Kāma (sensory, emotional and aesthetic pleasure) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kāma_(sensory,_emotional_and_aesthetic_pleasure)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mokṣa_(liberation,_freedom_from_suffering)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mokṣa_(liberation,_freedom_from_suffering)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Mokṣa (liberation, freedom from suffering) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mokṣa_(liberation,_freedom_from_suffering)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differing_views_on_the_nature_of_moksha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differing_views_on_the_nature_of_moksha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4.1 Differing views on the nature of moksha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differing_views_on_the_nature_of_moksha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karma_and_saṃsāra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karma_and_saṃsāra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Karma and saṃsāra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karma_and_saṃsāra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Concept of God </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Rituals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sādhanā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sādhanā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sādhanā </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sādhanā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life-cycle_rites_of_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life-cycle_rites_of_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Life-cycle rites of passage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-cycle_rites_of_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhakti_(worship)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_(worship)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Bhakti (worship) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_(worship)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Pilgrimage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Person_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Person_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Person and society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Person_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Person and society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Person_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Varnas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Yoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Symbolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahiṃsā_and_food_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahiṃsā_and_food_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Ahiṃsā and food customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahiṃsā_and_food_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Institutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Institutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Temple </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asrama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asrama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Asrama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asrama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Monasticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Printed sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Web sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hinduism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 220 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-220" aria-hidden="true" > 220 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%82%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B1_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%96%E1%89%B5" title="የሂንዱ ሃይማኖት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሂንዱ ሃይማኖት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الهندوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهندوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հինտուիզմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հինտուիզմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%B4ismo" title="Hindôismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Hindôismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="হিন্দু ধৰ্ম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিন্দু ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismu" title="Hinduismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hinduismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indu_jerovia" title="Indu jerovia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Indu jerovia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizm" title="Hinduizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hinduizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="هندوئیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هندوئیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Agama Hindu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Hindu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="হিন্দুধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দুধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98-k%C3%A0u" title="Ìn-tō͘-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-tō͘-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Індуізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індуізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Індуізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індуізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिंदू धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदू धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Индуизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индуизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧིན་ཏུའི་ཆོས་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧིན་ཏུའི་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizam" title="Hinduizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hinduizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindouegezh" title="Hindouegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hindouegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Энэдхэгэй шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Энэдхэгэй шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induwismo" title="Induwismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Induwismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhindu" title="Uhindu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uhindu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induisimu" title="Induisimu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Induisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C5%B5aeth" title="Hindŵaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hindŵaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هندوسية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هندوسية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindula%C5%A1vuohta" title="Hindulašvuohta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hindulašvuohta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%AB%DE%8B%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހިންދޫދީން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިންދޫދީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ινδουισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδουισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induismu" title="Induismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Induismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="هندوئیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هندوئیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisma" title="Hinduisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hinduisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindouisme" title="Hindouisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hindouisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinndu" title="Hinndu – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Hinndu" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induisim" title="Induisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Induisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Hiond%C3%BAchas" title="An Hiondúchas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Hiondúchas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hionduthachd" title="Hionduthachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hionduthachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo" title="Hinduísmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hinduísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="ХӀиндий ди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀиндий ди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印度教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="હિંદુ ધર્મ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિંદુ ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिंदू धर्म – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हिंदू धर्म" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%EA%B5%90" title="힌두교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌두교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հինդուիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հինդուիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizam" title="Hinduizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hinduizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitara" title="Pitara – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Pitara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpukpe_Hindu" title="Okpukpe Hindu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Okpukpe Hindu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="হিন্দু লিচেত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হিন্দু লিচেত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Agama Hindu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama Hindu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuHindu" title="UbuHindu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UbuHindu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%BAasi%C3%B0ur" title="Hindúasiður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hindúasiður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induismo" title="Induismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Induismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="הינדואיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הינדואיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindhu" title="Hindhu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hindhu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90nduuyisim" title="Ɛnduuyisim – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛnduuyisim" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induismu" title="Induismu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Induismu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ინდუიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდუიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A0%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%D8%A0_%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%95%D9%85" title="ہؠنٛدؠ دَرٕم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہؠنٛدؠ دَرٕم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoueth" title="Hindoueth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hindoueth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuhindo" title="Umuhindo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umuhindo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhindu" title="Uhindu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhindu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindudarmeva" title="Sindudarmeva – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sindudarmeva" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endouyis" title="Endouyis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Endouyis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endouism" title="Endouism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Endouism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%C3%AEzm" title="Hinduîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hinduîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizmo" title="Induizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Induizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ສາສະໜາພາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາສະໜາພາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisms" title="Hinduisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hinduisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizmas" title="Hinduizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hinduizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induiximo" title="Induiximo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Induiximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induisme" title="Induisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Induisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindulai%C5%BEus" title="Hindulaižus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hindulaižus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jda%27indu" title="jda'indu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jda'indu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induism" title="Induism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Induism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizmus" title="Hinduizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hinduizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хиндуизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хиндуизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoisma" title="Hindoisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hindoisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഹിന്ദുമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിന്ദുമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6indui%C5%BCmu" title="Ħinduiżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħinduiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिंदू धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदू धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ინდუიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდუიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="هندوسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هندوسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0" title="ဟိန္ဒူ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဟိန္ဒူ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هندو دین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هندو دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamo_Hindu" title="Agamo Hindu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Agamo Hindu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ng-d%C3%B4-g%C3%A1u" title="Éng-dô-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Éng-dô-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo" title="Hinduísmo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Hinduísmo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Индуизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Индуизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хиндү шашин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хиндү шашин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဟိန္ဒူဘာသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိန္ဒူဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hindoeïsme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दु धर्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दु धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिन्दू धर्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E6%95%99" title="ヒンドゥー教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンドゥー教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="ХӀиндуизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀиндуизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hinduisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismen" title="Hinduismen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hinduismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEndou%C3%AFsme" title="Hîndouïsme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hîndouïsme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo%C3%AFsme" title="Indoïsme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indoïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduiylik" title="Hinduiylik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hinduiylik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਹਿੰਦੂ ਧਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੂ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="हिंदू धर्म – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हिंदू धर्म" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ہندو مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندو مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ဟေင်ဒူဘာႏသာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟေင်ဒူဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="هندويزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندويزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizim" title="Induizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Induizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="ហិណ្ឌូសាសនា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហិណ្ឌូសាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindouisme" title="Hindouisme – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hindouisme" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induism" title="Induism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Induism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisim" title="Hinduisim – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Hinduisim" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizm" title="Hinduizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hinduizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo" title="Hinduísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hinduísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizm" title="Induizm – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Induizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nduizm" title="İnduizm – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İnduizm" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindipen" title="Hindipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Hindipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduissem" title="Hinduissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Hinduissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inriya_i%C3%B1iy" title="Inriya iñiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inriya iñiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Індуїзм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Індуїзм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индуизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Индуизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="हिन्दूधर्मः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्दूधर्मः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ھندو مت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ھندو مت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizmi" title="Hinduizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hinduizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuismu" title="Innuismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Innuismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="හින්දු ධර්මය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දු ධර්මය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%8C%D8%B1%D9%85" title="هندوڌرم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هندوڌرم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizmus" title="Hinduizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hinduizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizem" title="Hinduizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hinduizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindusam" title="Hindusam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hindusam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ھیندوویزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیندوویزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хиндуизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хиндуизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizam" title="Hinduizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hinduizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindulaisuus" title="Hindulaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindulaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்து சமயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்து சமயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Һинд дине – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һинд дине" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87" title="ၸၢဝ်းႁိၼ်ႇတူႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၸၢဝ်းႁိၼ်ႇတူႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="హిందూధర్మం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిందూధర్మం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9" title="ศาสนาฮินดู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาฮินดู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ҳиндуия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиндуия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizm" title="Hinduizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hinduizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizm" title="Induizm – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Induizm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Индияның хөй арынныг бурганнары – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Индияның хөй арынныг бурганнары" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Індуїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індуїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ہندو مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندو مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="ھىندى دىنى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندى دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yindugyau" title="Yindugyau – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yindugyau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induismo" title="Induismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Induismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induizm" title="Induizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Induizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99_gi%C3%A1o" title="Ấn Độ giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ấn Độ giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indouwisse" title="Indouwisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Indouwisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="印度教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hinduism (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɪnduˌɪzəm/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Hypernymy_and_hyponymy" title="Hypernymy and hyponymy">umbrella-term</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2022339-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-umbrella-term-5">[a]</a> for a broad range of Indian <a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions#Indian_religions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">religious and spiritual</a> traditions (<a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradayas</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolberg2000316Nicholson20132–5McDaniel200752–53Michaels200421-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-definition-7">[note 1]</a> that are unified by the concept of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> ('Hindu dharma'), a <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">universal order</a> maintained by its followers through rituals and righteous living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003a9-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2012175-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2006-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindu_dharma-11">[b]</a> The word Hindu is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hindu_term-12">[note 2]</a> and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world,<a href="#cite_note-oldest_religion-13">[note 3]</a> it has also been described as <a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tana_Dharma" title="Sanātana Dharma">Sanātana Dharma</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'eternal dharma'), a modern usage, based on the belief that its origins lie beyond <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, as revealed in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knott_sanatana_dharma-14">[note 4]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> for Hinduism is <a href="/wiki/Vaidika_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaidika Dharma">Vaidika Dharma</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Vedic dharma').<a href="#cite_note-VD-15">[web 1]</a> Hinduism entails diverse systems of thought, marked by a range of shared <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">concepts</a> that discuss <a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">mythology</a>, among other topics in textual sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004-16">[9]</a> Hindu texts have been classified into <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'heard') and <a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'remembered'). The major Hindu scriptures are the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200746–52,_76–77-17">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaehner19921–7-18">[11]</a> Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> (action, intent and consequences),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200746–52,_76–77-17">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodd2003-19">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra#In_Hinduism" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a> (the cycle of death and rebirth) and the four <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a>, proper goals or aims of human life, namely: <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (ethics/duties), <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a> (prosperity/work), <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a> (desires/passions) and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation/freedom from passions and ultimately saṃsāra).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilimoriaPrabhuSharma2007-20">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller1968-21">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19967-22">[15]</a> Hindu religious practices include devotion (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>), worship (<a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a>), sacrificial rites (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a>), and meditation (<a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">dhyana</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ellinger70-23">[16]</a> Hinduism has no central doctrinal authority and many Hindus do not claim to belong to any denomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner200513,_45-24">[17]</a> However, scholarly studies notify four major denominations: <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_134,_155–161,_167–168-25">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009377,_398-26">[19]</a> The six <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> that recognise the authority of the Vedas are: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolberg2000316-27">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20132–5-28">[21]</a> While the traditional <a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a> and its derived <a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a> present Hinduism as a tradition existing for thousands of years, scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion<a href="#cite_note-Lockard-fusion-29">[note 5]</a> or synthesis<a href="#cite_note-Hiltebeitel-synthesis-30">[note 6]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanical orthopraxy</a><a href="#cite_note-Brahmanism-31">[note 7]</a> with various Indian cultures,<a href="#cite_note-fusion-32">[note 8]</a> having diverse roots<a href="#cite_note-roots-33">[note 9]</a> and no specific founder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler19971,_7-34">[22]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a> emerged after the Vedic period, between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a> to 200<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009-36">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a> in the period of the <a href="/wiki/Second_urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second urbanisation">second urbanisation</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism#Hindu_synthesis_and_Classical_Hinduism_(c._200_BCE_–_1200_CE)" title="History of Hinduism">classical period of Hinduism</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epics</a> and the first Purānas were composed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009-36">[24]</a> It flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval period</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">decline of Buddhism in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson1995109–111-37">[25]</a> Since the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">modern Hinduism</a>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">western culture</a>, has acquired a great appeal in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>, most notably reflected in the popularisation of yoga and various sects such as <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">Hare Krishna movement</a>. Hinduism is the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's third-largest</a> religion, with approximately 1.20 billion followers, or around 15% of the global population, known as <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-pewforum_Hinduism-39">[web 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-40">[web 3]</a> It is the most widely professed faith in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20023-41">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975Bakker1997Howe2001Stuart-Fox2002-42">[28]</a> Significant numbers of Hindu communities are found in the countries of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">South Asia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West_Indies" title="Hinduism in the West Indies">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Hinduism in the Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Africa" title="Hinduism in Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">other regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></div> The word Hindū is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiemensRoodt2009546-46">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaf201436-47">[33]</a> and is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19963-6-48">[34]</a> root Sindhu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-49">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2015"Chapter_1"-50">[36]</a> believed to be the name of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> in the northwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008433-51">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-49">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[note 10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> sound change *s > h occurred between 850 and 600 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-54">[39]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, "The actual term Hindu first occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-49">[35]</a> more specifically in the 6th-century BCE inscription of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (550–486 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2002-55">[40]</a> The term Hindu in these ancient records is a geographical term and did not refer to a religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-49">[35]</a> The word Hindu is found as heptahindu in <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> – equivalent to Rigvedic sapta sindhu, while hndstn (pronounced Hindustan) is found in a <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> inscription from the 3rd century CE, both of which refer to parts of northwestern South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-56">[41]</a> In Arabic texts, al-Hind referred to the land beyond the Indus<a href="#cite_note-57">[42]</a> and therefore, all the people in that land were Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-58">[43]</a> This Arabic term was itself taken from the pre-Islamic Persian term Hindū. By the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> emerged as a popular alternative <a href="/wiki/Names_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of India">name of India</a>, meaning the "land of Hindus".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson_Platts1884-59">[44]</a> Among the earliest known records of 'Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2002-55">[40]</a> and 14th-century Persian text Futuhu's-salatin by 'Abd al-Malik <a href="/wiki/Isami_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isami (historian)">Isami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu_term-12">[note 2]</a> Some 16–18th century <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> texts mention Hindu and Hindu dharma to distinguish from Muslims without positively defining these terms.<a href="#cite_note-60">[45]</a> In the 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> collectively as Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-amp.scroll.in-61">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman2003-62">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[note 11]</a> The use of the English term "Hinduism" to describe a collection of practices and beliefs is a fairly recent construction. The term Hinduism was first used by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohun_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Ram Mohun Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a> in 1816–17.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008433-51">[37]</a> By the 1840s, the term "Hinduism" was used by those Indians who opposed British colonialism, and who wanted to distinguish themselves from Muslims and Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-49">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier201017-67">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger20145-68">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola20155-69">[53]</a> Before the British began to categorise communities strictly by religion, Indians generally did not define themselves exclusively through their religious beliefs; instead identities were largely segmented on the basis of locality, language, <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">jāti</a>, occupation, and sect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger20143-70">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[note 12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> "Hinduism" is an umbrella-term,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2022339-4">[4]</a> referring to a broad range of sometimes opposite and often competitive traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolberg2000316-27">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20132–5-28">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53-73">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421-74">[57]</a> The term "Hinduism" was coined in Western ethnography in the 18th century<a href="#cite_note-Sweetman2003-62">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[note 13]</a> and refers to the fusion,<a href="#cite_note-Lockard-fusion-29">[note 5]</a> or synthesis,<a href="#cite_note-Hiltebeitel-synthesis-30">[note 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2008193-77">[58]</a> of various Indian cultures and traditions,<a href="#cite_note-various_cultures-78">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-fusion-32">[note 8]</a> with diverse roots<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911-79">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-roots-33">[note 9]</a> and no founder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler19971,_7-34">[22]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a> emerged after the Vedic period, between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a>–200<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009-36">[24]</a> BCE and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a> in the period of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Urbanisation">Second Urbanisation</a> and the early classical period of Hinduism, when the <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epics</a> and the first Puranas were composed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009-36">[24]</a> It flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval period</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">decline of Buddhism in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson1995109–111-37">[25]</a> Hinduism's variations in belief and its broad range of traditions make it difficult to define as a religion according to traditional Western conceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996a275-80">[61]</a> Hinduism includes a diversity of ideas on <a href="/wiki/Spirituality#Hinduism" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and traditions; Hindus can be <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">pandeistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lipner2009p8-81">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[63]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu".<a href="#cite_note-83">[64]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, "ideas about all the major issues of faith and lifestyle – vegetarianism, nonviolence, belief in rebirth, even <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> – are subjects of debate, not <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger20143-70">[54]</a> Because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term Hinduism, arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-49">[35]</a> The religion "defies our desire to define and categorize it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott1998117-84">[65]</a> Hinduism has been variously defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and "a way of life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200312–13-85">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-definition-7">[note 1]</a> From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism, like other faiths, is appropriately referred to as a religion. In India, the term (Hindu) dharma is used, which is broader than the Western term "religion," and refers to the religious attitudes and behaviours, the 'right way to live', as preserved and transmitted in the various traditions collectively referred to as "Hinduism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003a9-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2012175-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2006-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindu_dharma-11">[b]</a> The study of India and its cultures and religions, and the definition of "Hinduism", has been shaped by the interests of colonialism and by Western notions of religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweetman2004-86">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999-87">[68]</a> Since the 1990s, those influences and its outcomes have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweetman2004-86">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[note 14]</a> and have also been taken over by critics of the Western view on India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum2009-89">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[note 15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typology">Typology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg/170px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg/255px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg/340px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>, a stylised letter of the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script, used as a religious symbol in Hinduism</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></div> Hinduism as it is commonly known can be subdivided into a number of major currents. Of the historical division into six <a href="/wiki/Darsanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Darsanas">darsanas</a> (philosophies), two schools, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a>, are currently the most prominent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201128-91">[70]</a> The six <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika" class="mw-redirect" title="Āstika">āstika</a> schools of Hindu philosophy, which recognise the authority of the Vedas are: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sānkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyāya">Nyāya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mimāmsā</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81nta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedānta">Vedānta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolberg2000316-27">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20132–5-28">[21]</a> Classified by primary deity or deities, four major Hinduism modern currents are <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> (Vishnu), <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> (Shiva), <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> (Devi) and <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smartism</a> (five deities treated as equals).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1913-92">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.-93">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_134,_155–161,_167–168-25">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009377,_398-26">[19]</a> Hinduism also accepts numerous divine beings, with many Hindus considering the deities to be aspects or manifestations of a single impersonal absolute or ultimate reality or <a href="/wiki/Supreme_God_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme God (Hinduism)">Supreme God</a>, while some Hindus maintain that a specific deity represents the supreme and various deities are lower manifestations of this supreme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199614-94">[73]</a> Other notable characteristics include a belief in the existence of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a> (self), <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> of one's ātman, and karma as well as a belief in dharma (duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and right way of living), although variation exists, with some not following these beliefs. June McDaniel (2007) classifies Hinduism into six major kinds and numerous minor kinds, in order to understand the expression of emotions among the Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53-73">[56]</a> The major kinds, according to McDaniel are <a href="/wiki/Folk_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Hinduism">Folk Hinduism</a>, based on local traditions and cults of local <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> and is the oldest, non-literate system; <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic Hinduism</a> based on the earliest layers of the Vedas, traceable to the 2nd millennium BCE; Vedantic Hinduism based on the philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, emphasising knowledge and wisdom; Yogic Hinduism, following the text of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a> emphasising introspective awareness; Dharmic Hinduism or "daily morality", which McDaniel states is stereotyped in some books as the "only form of Hindu religion with a belief in karma, cows and caste"; and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> or devotional Hinduism, where intense emotions are elaborately incorporated in the pursuit of the spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53-73">[56]</a> Michaels distinguishes three Hindu religions and four forms of Hindu religiosity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421-74">[57]</a> The three Hindu religions are "Brahmanic-Sanskritic Hinduism", "folk religions and tribal religions", and "founded religions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422-95">[74]</a> The four forms of Hindu religiosity are the classical "karma-marga",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423-96">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">jnana-marga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424-97">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">bhakti-marga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424-97">[76]</a> and "heroism", which is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa#Warrior_ascetics" title="Sannyasa">militaristic traditions</a>. These militaristic traditions include Ramaism (the worship of a hero of epic literature, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, believing him to be an incarnation of Vishnu)<a href="#cite_note-98">[77]</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">political Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200423-96">[75]</a> "Heroism" is also called <a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya_(Hinduism)" title="Vīrya (Hinduism)">virya-marga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200424-97">[76]</a> According to Michaels, one out of nine Hindu belongs by birth to one or both of the Brahmanic-Sanskritic Hinduism and Folk religion typology, whether practising or non-practicing. He classifies most Hindus as belonging by choice to one of the "founded religions" such as Vaishnavism and Shaivism that are moksha-focussed and often de-emphasise <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahman</a> (Brahmin) priestly authority yet incorporate ritual grammar of Brahmanic-Sanskritic Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421–22-99">[78]</a> He includes among "founded religions" <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, Sikhism that are now distinct religions, <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> movements such as <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>, as well as various "<a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>-isms" and new religious movements such as <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="BAPS">BAPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200422–23-100">[79]</a> Inden states that the attempt to classify Hinduism by typology started in the imperial times, when proselytising missionaries and colonial officials sought to understand and portray Hinduism from their interests.<a href="#cite_note-ronaldinden127-101">[80]</a> Hinduism was construed as emanating not from a reason of spirit but fantasy and creative imagination, not conceptual but symbolical, not ethical but emotive, not rational or spiritual but of cognitive mysticism. This stereotype followed and fit, states Inden, with the imperial imperatives of the era, providing the moral justification for the colonial project.<a href="#cite_note-ronaldinden127-101">[80]</a> From tribal Animism to Buddhism, everything was subsumed as part of Hinduism. The early reports set the tradition and scholarly premises for the typology of Hinduism, as well as the major assumptions and flawed presuppositions that have been at the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a>. Hinduism, according to Inden, has been neither what imperial religionists stereotyped it to be, nor is it appropriate to equate Hinduism to be merely the monist pantheism and philosophical idealism of Advaita Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-ronaldinden127-101">[80]</a> Some academics suggest that Hinduism can be seen as a category with "fuzzy edges" rather than as a well-defined and rigid entity. Some forms of religious expression are central to Hinduism and others, while not as central, still remain within the category. Based on this idea <a href="/wiki/Gabriella_Eichinger_Ferro-Luzzi" title="Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi">Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi</a> has developed a 'Prototype Theory approach' to the definition of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-102">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanātana_Dharma">Sanātana Dharma</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tan%C4%AB" title="Sanātanī">Sanātanī</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srirangam-Rajagopuram-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Srirangam-Rajagopuram-1.jpg/220px-Srirangam-Rajagopuram-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Srirangam-Rajagopuram-1.jpg/330px-Srirangam-Rajagopuram-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Srirangam-Rajagopuram-1.jpg/440px-Srirangam-Rajagopuram-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple</a>, dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, is said to be worshiped by <a href="/wiki/Ikshvaku" title="Ikshvaku">Ikshvaku</a> (and the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku Vamsam</a>).<a href="#cite_note-103">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> To its adherents, Hinduism is a traditional way of life.<a href="#cite_note-106">[85]</a> Many practitioners refer to the "orthodox" form of Hinduism as <a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tana_Dharma" title="Sanātana Dharma">Sanātana Dharma</a>, "the eternal law" or the "eternal way".<a href="#cite_note-107">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivekjivandas20101-108">[87]</a> Hindus regard Hinduism to be thousands of years old. The <a href="/wiki/Puranic_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic chronology">Puranic chronology</a>, as narrated in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, envisions a timeline of events related to Hinduism starting well before[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>] 3000 BCE. The word dharma is used here to mean <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, rather than with its original Sanskrit meaning. All aspects of a Hindu life, namely acquiring wealth (artha), fulfilment of desires (kama), and attaining liberation (moksha), are viewed here as part of "dharma", which encapsulates the "right way of living" and eternal harmonious principles in their fulfilment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott1998111-109">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[89]</a> The use of the term Sanātana Dharma for Hinduism is a modern usage, based on the belief that the origins of Hinduism lie beyond human history, as revealed in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott19983,_5,_117-111">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2000-112">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2001xiii-113">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola20153-114">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Sanātana Dharma refers to "timeless, eternal set of truths" and this is how Hindus view the origins of their religion. It is viewed as those eternal truths and traditions with origins beyond human history– truths divinely revealed (<a href="/wiki/Shruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shruti">Shruti</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the most ancient of the world's scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatcher20154–5,_69–71,_150–152-115">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott19983-116">[95]</a> To many Hindus, Hinduism is a tradition that can be traced at least to the ancient Vedic era. The Western term "religion" to the extent it means "dogma and an institution traceable to a single founder" is inappropriate for their tradition, states Hatcher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatcher20154–5,_69–71,_150–152-115">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200915–17-117">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[note 16]</a> Sanātana Dharma historically referred to the "eternal" duties religiously ordained in Hinduism, duties such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings (<a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahiṃsā</a>), purity, goodwill, mercy, patience, forbearance, self-restraint, generosity, and asceticism. These duties applied regardless of a Hindu's class, caste, or sect, and they contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Svadharma" title="Svadharma">svadharma</a>, one's "own duty", in accordance with one's class or caste (varṇa) and stage in life (<a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">puruṣārtha</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EB-sanatana_dharma-120">[web 5]</a> In recent years, the term has been used by Hindu leaders, reformers, and nationalists to refer to Hinduism. Sanatana dharma has become a synonym for the "eternal" truth and teachings of Hinduism, that transcend history and are "unchanging, indivisible and ultimately nonsectarian".<a href="#cite_note-EB-sanatana_dharma-120">[web 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaidika_dharma">Vaidika dharma</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></div> Some have referred to Hinduism as the Vaidika dharma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaSharma20041–2-121">[98]</a> The word 'Vaidika' in Sanskrit means 'derived from or conformable to the Veda' or 'relating to the Veda'.<a href="#cite_note-MW_Vaidika_dharma-122">[web 6]</a> Traditional scholars employed the terms Vaidika and Avaidika, those who accept the Vedas as a source of authoritative knowledge and those who do not, to differentiate various Indian schools from Jainism, Buddhism and Charvaka. According to Klaus Klostermaier, the term Vaidika dharma is the earliest self-designation of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier20142-123">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007b7-124">[100]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a>, the historical evidence suggests that "the Hindus were referring to their religion by the term vaidika dharma or a variant thereof" by the 4th-century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma1985a-125">[101]</a> According to Brian K. Smith, "[i]t is 'debatable at the very least' as to whether the term Vaidika Dharma cannot, with the proper concessions to historical, cultural, and ideological specificity, be comparable to and translated as 'Hinduism' or 'Hindu religion'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998-126">[102]</a> Whatever the case, many Hindu religious sources see persons or groups which they consider as non-Vedic (and which reject Vedic <a href="/wiki/Varnasrama_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Varnasrama Dharma">varṇāśrama</a> – 'caste and life stage' orthodoxy) as being heretics (pāṣaṇḍa/pākhaṇḍa). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhāgavata Purāṇa</a> considers Buddhists, Jains as well as some <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> groups like the <a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Paśupatas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kāpālins</a> to be pāṣaṇḍas (heretics).<a href="#cite_note-127">[103]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Sanderson" title="Alexis Sanderson">Alexis Sanderson</a>, the early Sanskrit texts differentiate between Vaidika, Vaishnava, Shaiva, Shakta, Saura, Buddhist and Jaina traditions. However, the late 1st-millennium CE Indic consensus had "indeed come to conceptualize a complex entity corresponding to Hinduism as opposed to Buddhism and Jainism excluding only certain forms of <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomian</a> Shakta-Shaiva" from its fold.<a href="#cite_note-sandersonpart1-128">[web 7]</a> Some in the <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> school of Hindu philosophy considered the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a> such as the Pancaratrika to be invalid because it did not conform to the Vedas. Some Kashmiri scholars rejected the esoteric tantric traditions to be a part of Vaidika dharma.<a href="#cite_note-sandersonpart1-128">[web 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[web 8]</a> The Atimarga Shaivism ascetic tradition, datable to about 500 CE, challenged the Vaidika frame and insisted that their Agamas and practices were not only valid, they were superior than those of the Vaidikas.<a href="#cite_note-sandersonpart3-130">[web 9]</a> However, adds Sanderson, this Shaiva ascetic tradition viewed themselves as being genuinely true to the Vedic tradition and "held unanimously that the Śruti and Smṛti of Brahmanism are universally and uniquely valid in their own sphere, [...] and that as such they [Vedas] are man's sole means of valid knowledge [...]".<a href="#cite_note-sandersonpart3-130">[web 9]</a> The term Vaidika dharma means a code of practice that is "based on the Vedas", but it is unclear what "based on the Vedas" really implies, states Julius Lipner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200915–17-117">[96]</a> The Vaidika dharma or "Vedic way of life", states Lipner, does not mean "Hinduism is necessarily religious" or that Hindus have a universally accepted "conventional or institutional meaning" for that term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200915–17-117">[96]</a> To many, it is as much a cultural term. Many Hindus do not have a copy of the Vedas nor have they ever seen or personally read parts of a Veda, like a Christian, might relate to the Bible or a Muslim might to the Quran. Yet, states Lipner, "this does not mean that their [Hindus] whole life's orientation cannot be traced to the Vedas or that it does not in some way derive from it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200915–17-117">[96]</a> Though many religious Hindus implicitly acknowledge the authority of the Vedas, this acknowledgment is often "no more than a declaration that someone considers himself [or herself] a Hindu,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200916-131">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[note 17]</a> and "most Indians today pay lip service to the Veda and have no regard for the contents of the text."<a href="#cite_note-133">[105]</a> Some Hindus challenge the authority of the Vedas, thereby implicitly acknowledging its importance to the history of Hinduism, states Lipner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200915–17-117">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_definition">Legal definition</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> gave the following definition in Gita Rahasya (1915): "Acceptance of the Vedas with reverence; recognition of the fact that the means or ways to salvation are diverse; and realization of the truth that the number of gods to be worshipped is large".<a href="#cite_note-Tilak2-134">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tilak-135">[107]</a> It was quoted by the Indian Supreme Court in 1966,<a href="#cite_note-Tilak2-134">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tilak-135">[107]</a> and again in 1995, "as an 'adequate and satisfactory definition,"<a href="#cite_note-136">[108]</a> and is still the legal definition of a Hindu today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger201420-137">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity_and_unity">Diversity and unity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity">Diversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg/220px-Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg/330px-Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg/440px-Hindus_in_Ghana_celebrating_Ganesh_Chaturti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> celebrating <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh Chaturti">Ganesh Chaturti</a></figcaption></figure> Hindu beliefs are vast and diverse, and thus Hinduism is often referred to as a family of religions rather than a single religion.<a href="#cite_note-138">[web 10]</a> Within each religion in this family of religions, there are different theologies, practices, and sacred texts.<a href="#cite_note-139">[web 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[web 12]</a> Hinduism does not have a "unified system of belief encoded in a declaration of faith or a <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-49">[35]</a> but is rather an umbrella term comprising the plurality of religious phenomena of India.<a href="#cite_note-umbrella-term-5">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911–22-144">[113]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Unlike other religions in the World, the Hindu religion does not claim any one Prophet, it does not worship any one God, it does not believe in any one philosophic concept, it does not follow any one act of religious rites or performances; in fact, it does not satisfy the traditional features of a religion or creed. It is a way of life and nothing more".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier19941-145">[114]</a></blockquote> Part of the problem with a single definition of the term Hinduism is the fact that Hinduism does not have a founder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19961,_7-146">[115]</a> It is a synthesis of various traditions,<a href="#cite_note-147">[116]</a> the "Brahmanical orthopraxy, the renouncer traditions and popular or local traditions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-148">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a> is also difficult to use as a unifying doctrine for Hinduism, because while some Hindu philosophies postulate a theistic <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> of creation, other <a href="/wiki/Hindu_atheism" title="Hindu atheism">Hindus are or have been atheists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sense_of_unity">Sense of unity</h3></div> Despite the differences, there is also a sense of unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-150">[119]</a> Most Hindu traditions revere a body of religious or <a href="/wiki/Sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sastra">sacred literature</a>, the Vedas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010-151">[120]</a> although there are exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199635-152">[121]</a> These texts are a reminder of the ancient cultural heritage and point of pride for Hindus,<a href="#cite_note-andreapinkney-153">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[123]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renou" title="Louis Renou">Louis Renou</a> stated that "even in the most orthodox domains, the reverence to the Vedas has come to be a simple raising of the hat".<a href="#cite_note-andreapinkney-153">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911-155">[124]</a> Halbfass states that, although Shaivism and Vaishnavism may be regarded as "self-contained religious constellations",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-150">[119]</a> there is a degree of interaction and reference between the "theoreticians and literary representatives"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-150">[119]</a> of each tradition that indicates the presence of "a wider sense of identity, a sense of coherence in a shared context and of inclusion in a common framework and horizon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-150">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Hinduism">Classical Hinduism</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> played an essential role in the development of the post-Vedic Hindu synthesis, disseminating Vedic culture to local communities, and integrating local religiosity into the trans-regional Brahmanic culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi200499–100-156">[125]</a> In the post-<a href="/wiki/Gupta_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta empire">Gupta period</a> Vedanta developed in southern India, where <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">orthodox Brahmanic culture</a> and the Hindu culture were preserved,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi2004100–101-157">[126]</a> building on ancient Vedic traditions while "accommoda[ting] the multiple demands of Hinduism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi2004101-158">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_developments">Medieval developments</h4></div> The notion of common denominators for several religions and traditions of India further developed from the 12th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-159">[128]</a> Lorenzen traces the emergence of a "family resemblance", and what he calls as "beginnings of medieval and modern Hinduism" taking shape, at c. 300–600 CE, with the development of the early Puranas, and continuities with the earlier Vedic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200636-160">[129]</a> Lorenzen states that the establishment of a Hindu self-identity took place "through a process of mutual self-definition with a contrasting Muslim Other".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999648-161">[130]</a> According to Lorenzen, this "presence of the Other"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999648-161">[130]</a> is necessary to recognise the "loose family resemblance" among the various traditions and schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999648,_655-162">[131]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg/227px-Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg/341px-Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg/454px-Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as the lord of all beings</figcaption></figure> According to the Indologist <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Sanderson" title="Alexis Sanderson">Alexis Sanderson</a>, before Islam arrived in India, the "Sanskrit sources differentiated Vaidika, Vaiṣṇava, Śaiva, Śākta, Saura, Buddhist, and Jaina traditions, but they had no name that denotes the first five of these as a collective entity over and against Buddhism and Jainism". This absence of a formal name, states Sanderson, does not mean that the corresponding concept of Hinduism did not exist. By late 1st-millennium CE, the concept of a belief and tradition distinct from Buddhism and Jainism had emerged.<a href="#cite_note-sandersonpart1-128">[web 7]</a> This complex tradition accepted in its identity almost all of what is currently Hinduism, except certain <a href="/wiki/Antinomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian">antinomian</a> tantric movements.<a href="#cite_note-sandersonpart1-128">[web 7]</a> Some conservative thinkers of those times questioned whether certain Shaiva, Vaishnava and Shakta texts or practices were consistent with the Vedas, or were invalid in their entirety. Moderates then, and most orthoprax scholars later, agreed that though there are some variations, the foundation of their beliefs, the ritual grammar, the spiritual premises, and the soteriologies were the same. "This sense of greater unity", states Sanderson, "came to be called Hinduism".<a href="#cite_note-sandersonpart1-128">[web 7]</a> According to Nicholson, already between the 12th and the 16th centuries "certain thinkers began to treat as a single whole the diverse philosophical teachings of the Upanishads, epics, Puranas, and the schools known retrospectively as the 'six systems' (saddarsana) of mainstream Hindu philosophy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20102-163">[132]</a> The tendency of "a blurring of philosophical distinctions" has also been noted by <a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Mikel Burley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200734-164">[133]</a> Hacker called this "inclusivism"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010-151">[120]</a> and Michaels speaks of "the identificatory habit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004-16">[9]</a> Lorenzen locates the origins of a distinct Hindu identity in the interaction between Muslims and Hindus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200624–33-165">[134]</a> and a process of "mutual self-definition with a contrasting Muslim other",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200627-166">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2002-55">[40]</a> which started well before 1800.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200626–27-167">[136]</a> Michaels notes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As a counteraction to Islamic supremacy and as part of the continuing process of regionalization, two religious innovations developed in the Hindu religions: the formation of sects and a historicization which preceded later nationalism ... [S]aints and sometimes militant sect leaders, such as the Marathi poet Tukaram (1609–1649) and Ramdas (1608–1681), articulated ideas in which they glorified Hinduism and the past. The Brahmins also produced increasingly historical texts, especially eulogies and chronicles of sacred sites (Mahatmyas), or developed a reflexive passion for collecting and compiling extensive collections of quotations on various subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200444-168">[137]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_views">Colonial views</h4></div> The notion and reports on "Hinduism" as a "single world religious tradition"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999100–102-169">[138]</a> was also popularised by 19th-century proselytising missionaries and European Indologists, roles sometimes served by the same person, who relied on texts preserved by Brahmins (priests) for their information of Indian religions, and animist observations that the missionary Orientalists presumed was Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999100–102-169">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-ronaldinden127-101">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweetman200414–15-170">[139]</a> These reports influenced perceptions about Hinduism. Scholars such as Pennington state that the colonial polemical reports led to fabricated stereotypes where Hinduism was mere mystic paganism devoted to the service of devils,<a href="#cite_note-172">[note 18]</a> while other scholars state that the colonial constructions influenced the belief that the Vedas, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a> and such texts were the essence of Hindu religiosity, and in the modern association of 'Hindu doctrine' with the schools of Vedanta (in particular Advaita Vedanta) as a paradigmatic example of Hinduism's mystical nature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999169-173">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman-174">[note 19]</a> Pennington, while concurring that the study of Hinduism as a world religion began in the colonial era, disagrees that Hinduism is a colonial European era invention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennington2005pp._4–5_and_Chapter_6-175">[142]</a> He states that the shared theology, common ritual grammar and way of life of those who identify themselves as Hindus is traceable to ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennington2005pp._4–5_and_Chapter_6-175">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[note 20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindu_modernism_and_neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism and neo-Vedanta</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/220px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/330px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/440px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> was a key figure in introducing <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and Yoga in Europe and the United States,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002600-183">[149]</a> raising interfaith awareness and making Hinduism a world religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209-184">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> All of religion is contained in the Vedanta, that is, in the three stages of the Vedanta philosophy, the Dvaita, Vishishtâdvaita and Advaita; one comes after the other. These are the three stages of spiritual growth in man. Each one is necessary. This is the essential of religion: the Vedanta, applied to the various ethnic customs and creeds of India, is Hinduism. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[web 13]</a></cite> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></div> This inclusivism<a href="#cite_note-186">[151]</a> was further developed in the 19th and 20th centuries by <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a> and Neo-Vedanta,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-187">[152]</a> and has become characteristic of modern Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010-151">[120]</a> Beginning in the 19th century, Indian modernists re-asserted Hinduism as a major asset of Indian civilisation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999-87">[68]</a> meanwhile "purifying" Hinduism from its Tantric elements<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200233-188">[153]</a> and elevating the Vedic elements. Western stereotypes were reversed, emphasising the universal aspects, and introducing modern approaches of social problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999-87">[68]</a> This approach had great appeal, not only in India, but also in the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999-87">[68]</a> Major representatives of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">"Hindu modernism"</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258-189">[154]</a> are <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996256–261-190">[155]</a> Raja Rammohan Roy is known as the father of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Renaissance">Hindu Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hindu1-191">[156]</a> He was a major influence on Swami Vivekananda, who, according to Flood, was "a figure of great importance in the development of a modern Hindu self-understanding and in formulating the West's view of Hinduism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996257-192">[157]</a> Central to his philosophy is the idea that the divine exists in all beings, that all human beings can achieve union with this "innate divinity",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258-189">[154]</a> and that seeing this divine as the essence of others will further love and social harmony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258-189">[154]</a> According to Vivekananda, there is an essential unity to Hinduism, which underlies the diversity of its many forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258-189">[154]</a> According to Flood, Vivekananda's vision of Hinduism "is one generally accepted by most English-speaking middle-class Hindus today".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996259-193">[158]</a> Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan sought to reconcile western rationalism with Hinduism, "presenting Hinduism as an essentially rationalistic and humanistic religious experience".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249-194">[159]</a> This "Global Hinduism"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265-195">[160]</a> has a worldwide appeal, transcending national boundaries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265-195">[160]</a> and, according to Flood, "becoming a world religion alongside Christianity, Islam and Buddhism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265-195">[160]</a> both for the Hindu diaspora communities and for westerners who are attracted to non-western cultures and religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265-195">[160]</a> It emphasises universal spiritual values such as social justice, peace and "the spiritual transformation of humanity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265-195">[160]</a> It has developed partly due to "re-enculturation",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-196">[161]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Pizza_effect" title="Pizza effect">pizza effect</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-196">[161]</a> in which elements of Hindu culture have been exported to the West, gaining popularity there, and as a consequence also gained greater popularity in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-196">[161]</a> This globalisation of Hindu culture brought "to the West teachings which have become an important cultural force in western societies, and which in turn have become an important cultural force in India, their place of origin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267–268-197">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_India_and_the_world">Modern India and the world</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hare_Krishna_in_Helsinki_H1118_C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hare_Krishna_in_Helsinki_H1118_C.JPG/220px-Hare_Krishna_in_Helsinki_H1118_C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hare_Krishna_in_Helsinki_H1118_C.JPG/330px-Hare_Krishna_in_Helsinki_H1118_C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hare_Krishna_in_Helsinki_H1118_C.JPG/440px-Hare_Krishna_in_Helsinki_H1118_C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishna</a> group at the <a href="/wiki/Esplanadi_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Esplanadi Park">Esplanadi Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki, Finland">Helsinki, Finland</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> movement has extensively argued for the unity of Hinduism, dismissing the differences and regarding India as a Hindu-country since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-198">[163]</a> And there are assumptions of political dominance of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, also known as 'Neo-Hindutva'.<a href="#cite_note-199">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[165]</a> There have also been increase in pre-dominance of <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, similar to that of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[166]</a> The scope of Hinduism is also increasing in the other parts of the world, due to the cultural influences such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna movement">Hare Krishna movement</a> by many missionaries organisations, especially by <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a> and this is also due to the migration of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Hindus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Hindus">Indian Hindus</a> to the other nations of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatcher2015239-202">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[168]</a> Hinduism is growing fast in many <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">western nations</a> and in some <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Africa" title="Hinduism in Africa">African nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ty78-206">[note 21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_traditions">Main traditions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denominations">Denominations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesha_pachayatana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ganesha_pachayatana.jpg/220px-Ganesha_pachayatana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ganesha_pachayatana.jpg/330px-Ganesha_pachayatana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ganesha_pachayatana.jpg/440px-Ganesha_pachayatana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Ganesha-centric <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana</a> ("five deities", from the Smarta tradition): <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> (centre) with <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (top left), <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> (top right), <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (bottom left) and <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (bottom right). All these deities also have separate sects dedicated to them.</figcaption></figure> Hinduism has no central doctrinal authority and many practising Hindus do not claim to belong to any particular denomination or tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner200513,_45-24">[17]</a> Four major denominations are, however, used in scholarly studies: Shaivism, Shaktism, Smartism, and Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1913-92">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.-93">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_134,_155–161,_167–168-25">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009377,_398-26">[19]</a> These denominations differ primarily in the central deity worshipped, the traditions and the <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriological</a> outlook.<a href="#cite_note-sskumar-207">[171]</a> The denominations of Hinduism, states Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals practising more than one, and he suggests the term "Hindu polycentrism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375-208">[172]</a> There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-209">[173]</a> Estimates vary on the relative number of adherents in the different traditions of Hinduism. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, the Vaishnavism tradition is the largest group with about 641 million or 67.6% of Hindus, followed by Shaivism with 252 million or 26.6%, Shaktism with 30 million or 3.2% and other traditions including Neo-Hinduism and Reform Hinduism with 25 million or 2.6%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonGrim2013400-210">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[175]</a> In contrast, according to Jones and Ryan, Shaivism is the largest tradition of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474-212">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[note 22]</a> Vaishnavism is the devotional religious tradition that worships Vishnu<a href="#cite_note-215">[note 23]</a> and his avatars, particularly Krishna and Rama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200415–17-216">[178]</a> The adherents of this sect are generally non-ascetic, monastic, oriented towards community events and devotionalism practices inspired by "intimate loving, joyous, playful" Krishna and other Vishnu avatars.<a href="#cite_note-sskumar-207">[171]</a> These practices sometimes include community dancing, singing of <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajans</a>, with sound and music believed by some to have meditative and spiritual powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200438–43-217">[179]</a> Temple worship and festivals are typically elaborate in Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-218">[180]</a> The Bhagavad Gita and the Ramayana, along with Vishnu-oriented Puranas provide its theistic foundations.<a href="#cite_note-219">[181]</a> Shaivism is the tradition that focuses on Shiva. Shaivas are more attracted to ascetic individualism, and it has several sub-schools.<a href="#cite_note-sskumar-207">[171]</a> Their practices include bhakti-style devotionalism, yet their beliefs lean towards nondual, monistic schools of Hinduism such as Advaita and Raja Yoga.<a href="#cite_note-lancenelson-220">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200438–43-217">[179]</a> Some Shaivas worship in temples, while others emphasise yoga, striving to be one with Shiva within.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010209-221">[183]</a> Avatars are uncommon, and some Shaivas visualise god as half male, half female, as a fusion of the male and female principles (<a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a>). Shaivism is related to Shaktism, wherein Shakti is seen as spouse of Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-lancenelson-220">[182]</a> Community celebrations include festivals, and participation, with Vaishnavas, in pilgrimages such as the <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[184]</a> Shaivism has been more commonly practised in the Himalayan north from Kashmir to Nepal, and in south India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1995141–145-223">[185]</a> Shaktism focuses on goddess worship of Shakti or Devi as cosmic mother,<a href="#cite_note-sskumar-207">[171]</a> and it is particularly common in northeastern and eastern states of India such as <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">Bengal</a>. Devi is depicted as in gentler forms like <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, the consort of Shiva; or, as fierce warrior goddesses like <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>. Followers of Shaktism recognise Shakti as the power that underlies the male principle. Shaktism is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> practices.<a href="#cite_note-224">[186]</a> Community celebrations include festivals, some of which include processions and idol immersion into sea or other water bodies.<a href="#cite_note-225">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a> centers its worship simultaneously on all the major <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a>: Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Ganesha, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113-226">[188]</a> The Smarta tradition developed during the (early) Classical Period of Hinduism around the beginning of the Common Era, when Hinduism emerged from the interaction between Brahmanism and local traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2002-227">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996-228">[190]</a> The Smarta tradition is aligned with Advaita Vedanta, and regards <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> as its founder or reformer, who considered worship of God-with-attributes (<a href="/wiki/Saguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna Brahman">Saguna Brahman</a>) as a journey towards ultimately realising God-without-attributes (nirguna Brahman, Atman, Self-knowledge).<a href="#cite_note-williamw-229">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[192]</a> The term Smartism is derived from Smriti texts of Hinduism, meaning those who remember the traditions in the texts.<a href="#cite_note-lancenelson-220">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-williamsonp89-231">[193]</a> This Hindu sect practices a philosophical Jnana yoga, scriptural studies, reflection, meditative path seeking an understanding of Self's oneness with God.<a href="#cite_note-lancenelson-220">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicities">Ethnicities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prambanan_Java245.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Prambanan_Java245.jpg/220px-Prambanan_Java245.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Prambanan_Java245.jpg/330px-Prambanan_Java245.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Prambanan_Java245.jpg/440px-Prambanan_Java245.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> Hindu temple complex built in the 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/220px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/330px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/440px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2809" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pura_Besakih" class="mw-redirect" title="Pura Besakih">Pura Besakih</a>, one of the most significant <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a> temples</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism in South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Java" title="Hinduism in Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Vietnam" title="Hinduism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">West</a></div> Hinduism is traditionally a multi- or <a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">polyethnic</a> religion. On the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, it is widespread among many <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asian ethnic groups</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2010-233">[195]</a> for example, the <a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Meitei people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> ethnicity in the northeastern Indian state <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004-234">[196]</a> In addition, in antiquity and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Hinduism was the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> in many Indianized kingdoms of Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> – from Afghanistan (<a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>) in the West and including almost all of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> in the East (<a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, partly <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>) – and only by the 15th century was nearly everywhere supplanted by Buddhism and Islam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECœdès1968Pande2006AcriCreeseGriffiths2011-235">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-spread-236">[198]</a> except several still Hindu minor <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> ethnic groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1975Bakker1997Howe2001Stuart-Fox2002-42">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese people</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHefner1989KinneyKlokkeKieven2003-237">[199]</a> in Indonesia, and the <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhuongLockhart2011Pande2006231-238">[200]</a> Also, a small community of the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> who migrated to India after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> remain committed to Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-239">[201]</a> The Indo-Aryan <a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash people</a> in Pakistan traditionally practice an indigenous religion which is closely related to ancient Indo-Iranian religion, and resembles the ancient Vedic religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael2004-240">[202]</a> While it has been related to Greek religion, due to an origin-narrative which says that the Kalash descend from Alexander the Great's Greek soldiers, the Kalash speak an Indo-Aryan language, and their religion is closer to Hinduism than to the religion of Alexander's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpCiNqFj3MQsCpgPA357_357]quote:_"The_Kalasha_[...]_religion_is_a_form_of_Hinduism_that_recognizes_many_gods_and_spirits_and_has_been_related_to_the_religion_of_the_Ancient_Greeks,_who_mythology_says_are_the_ancestors_of_the_contemporary_Kalash_[...]_However,_it_is_much_more_likely,_given_their_Indo-Aryan_language,_that_the_religion_of_the_Kalasha_is_much_more_closely_aligned_to_the_Hinduism_of_their_Indian_neighbors_that_to_the_religion_of_Alexander_the_Great_and_his_armies."_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpCiNqFj3MQsCpgPA357_357]quote:_"The_Kalasha_[...]_religion_is_a_form_of_Hinduism_that_recognizes_many_gods_and_spirits_and_has_been_related_to_the_religion_of_the_Ancient_Greeks,_who_mythology_says_are_the_ancestors_of_the_contemporary_Kalash_[...]_However,_it_is_much_more_likely,_given_their_Indo-Aryan_language,_that_the_religion_of_the_Kalasha_is_much_more_closely_aligned_to_the_Hinduism_of_their_Indian_neighbors_that_to_the_religion_of_Alexander_the_Great_and_his_armies."-241">[203]</a> There are many new ethnic <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Ghana" title="Hinduism in Ghana">Ghanaian Hindus</a> in Ghana, who have converted to Hinduism due to the works of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Ghanananda_Saraswati" title="Swami Ghanananda Saraswati">Swami Ghanananda Saraswati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Monastery_of_Africa" title="Hindu Monastery of Africa">Hindu Monastery of Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-Joshi-242">[204]</a> From the beginning of the 20th century, by the forces of Baba Premananda Bharati (1858–1914), <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> and other missionaries, Hinduism gained a certain distribution among the Western peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2020-243">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scriptures">Scriptures</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List of Hindu texts</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/220px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/330px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/440px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> is the first among four Vedas<a href="#cite_note-244">[note 24]</a> and is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Religious_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious texts">religious texts</a>. This Rigveda <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.</figcaption></figure> The ancient scriptures of Hinduism are initially in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> and later in classical Sanskrit. These texts are classified into two: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smriti</a>. Shruti is <a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3ey%C4%81" title="Apauruṣeyā">apauruṣeyā</a>, (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'not made of a man') but revealed by the <a href="/wiki/Rishis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishis">rishis</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'seers'), and regarded as having the highest authority, while the smriti are manmade and have secondary authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011202-245">[206]</a> They are the two highest <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of dharma">sources of dharma</a>, the other two being <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Śiṣṭa Āchāra/Sadāchara</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'conduct of noble people') and finally <a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātma tuṣṭi</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'what is pleasing to oneself').<a href="#cite_note-247">[note 25]</a> Hindu scriptures were composed, memorised and transmitted verbally, across generations, for many centuries before they were written down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood200368–69See_[[Michael_Witzel]]_quote-248">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargeantChapple19843-249">[208]</a> Over many centuries, sages refined the teachings and expanded the Shruti and Smriti, as well as developed Shastras with epistemological and metaphysical theories of six classical schools of Hinduism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Shruti (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'that which is heard')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart200468-250">[209]</a> primarily refers to the Vedas, which form the earliest record of the Hindu scriptures, and are regarded as eternal truths revealed to the ancient sages (rishis).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20034-251">[210]</a> There are four Vedas – <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>. Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types – the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a> (mantras and benedictions), the <a href="/wiki/Aranyakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranyakas">Aranyakas</a> (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanas">Brahmanas</a> (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199635–39-252">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya20068–14-253">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[214]</a> The first two parts of the Vedas were subsequently called the Karmakāṇḍa (ritualistic portion), while the last two form the Jñānakāṇḍa (knowledge portion, discussing spiritual insight and philosophical teachings).<a href="#cite_note-256">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner200510,_58,_66-257">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams197425–41-258">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivelle1998Introduction-259">[218]</a> The Upanishads are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and have profoundly influenced diverse traditions.<a href="#cite_note-wendydoniger-260">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDowell-180">[147]</a> Of the Shrutis (Vedic corpus), the Upanishads alone are widely influential among Hindus, considered scriptures par excellence of Hinduism, and their central ideas have continued to influence its thoughts and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-wendydoniger-260">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivelle2014p3q-178">[145]</a> Indian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> states that the Upanishads have played a dominating role ever since their appearance.<a href="#cite_note-262">[221]</a> There are 108 <a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a> Upanishads in Hinduism, of which between 10 and 13 are variously counted by scholars as <a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olivelle1998Introduction-259">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[222]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png/107px-R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png/161px-R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png/214px-R%C4%81ma_slays_R%C4%81va%E1%B9%87a.png 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1310" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/177px-Kurukshetra.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/266px-Kurukshetra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/354px-Kurukshetra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="428" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></div></div></div></div></div> The most notable of the Smritis (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'that which is remembered') are the Hindu epics and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'that which is ancient'). The epics consist of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> is an integral part of the Mahabharata and one of the most popular sacred texts of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-264">[223]</a> It is sometimes called Gitopanishad, then placed in the Shruti ("heard") category, being Upanishadic in content.<a href="#cite_note-265">[224]</a> The Puranas, which started to be composed of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 CE onward,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999655-266">[225]</a> contain extensive mythologies, and are central in the distribution of common themes of Hinduism through vivid narratives. The <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Sutras">Yoga Sutras</a> is a classical text for the Hindu Yoga tradition, which gained renewed popularity in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-267">[226]</a> Since the 19th century, Indian modernists have re-asserted the 'Aryan origins' of Hinduism, "purifying" Hinduism from its Tantric elements<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200233-188">[153]</a> and elevating the Vedic elements. Hindu modernists like Vivekananda see the Vedas as the laws of the spiritual world, which would still exist even if they were not revealed to the sages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivekananda19876–7Volume_I-268">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarshananda1989-269">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> are the religious scriptures that give prominence to the female energy of the deity that in her personified form has both gentle and fierce form. In Tantric tradition, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> are worshipped symbolically as well as in their personified forms.<a href="#cite_note-270">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a> in Tantra refer to authoritative scriptures or the teachings of Shiva to Shakti,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200713-271">[230]</a> while Nigamas refers to the Vedas and the teachings of Shakti to Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200713-271">[230]</a> In Agamic schools of Hinduism, the Vedic literature and the Agamas are equally authoritative.<a href="#cite_note-272">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halebid3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Halebid3.JPG/220px-Halebid3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Halebid3.JPG/330px-Halebid3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Halebid3.JPG/440px-Halebid3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Temple wall panel relief sculpture at the <a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_Temple" title="Hoysaleswara Temple">Hoysaleswara Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></figcaption></figure> Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include (but are not restricted to) <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> (ethics/duties), <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">saṃsāra</a> (the continuing cycle of entanglement in passions and the resulting birth, life, death, and rebirth), Karma (action, intent, and consequences), moksha (liberation from attachment and saṃsāra), and the various yogas (paths or practices).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodd2003-19">[12]</a> However, not all of these themes are found among the various different systems of Hindu beliefs. Beliefs in moksha or saṃsāra are absent in certain Hindu beliefs, and were also absent among early forms of Hinduism, which was characterised by a belief in an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a>, with traces of this still being found among various Hindu beliefs, such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Śrāddha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a> once formed an integral part of Hindu beliefs and is today still found as an important element in various Folk Hindu streams.<a href="#cite_note-A.M._Boyer_1901-274">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yuvraj_Krishan_1997-275">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laumakis-276">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayakawa_2014-277">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sayers-278">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-repositories.lib.utexas.edu-279">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sayers_182–197-280">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purusharthas">Purusharthas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">Diksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kāma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moksha#Hinduism" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></div> Purusharthas refers to the objectives of human life. Classical Hindu thought accepts four proper goals or aims of human life, known as Puruṣārthas – <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bilimoria_2007_p._103-281">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199711-282">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dharma_(moral_duties,_righteousness,_ethics)">Dharma (moral duties, righteousness, ethics)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></div> Dharma is considered the foremost goal of a human being in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-283">[242]</a> The concept of dharma includes behaviours that are considered to be in accord with <a href="/wiki/Rta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rta">rta</a>, the order that makes life and universe possible,<a href="#cite_note-284">[243]</a> and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living".<a href="#cite_note-tce-285">[244]</a> Hindu dharma includes the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviours that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous.<a href="#cite_note-tce-285">[244]</a> Dharma is that which all existing beings must accept and respect to sustain harmony and order in the world. It is the pursuit and execution of one's nature and true calling, thus playing one's role in cosmic concert.<a href="#cite_note-vanbuitenen-286">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadaranyaka">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> states it as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nothing is higher than Dharma. The weak overcomes the stronger by Dharma, as over a king. Truly that Dharma is the Truth (Satya); Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks the Dharma"; and if he speaks Dharma, they say, "He speaks the Truth!" For both are one.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, 1.4.xiv<a href="#cite_note-287">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[247]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> defines dharma as upholding both this-worldly and other-worldly affairs. (Mbh 12.110.11). The word Sanātana means eternal, perennial, or forever; thus, Sanātana Dharma signifies that it is the dharma that has neither beginning nor end.<a href="#cite_note-289">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artha_(the_means_or_resources_needed_for_a_fulfilling_life)">Artha (the means or resources needed for a fulfilling life)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></div> Artha is the virtuous pursuit of means, resources, assets, or livelihood, for the purpose of meeting obligations, economic prosperity, and to have a fulfilling life. It is inclusive of political life, diplomacy, and material well-being. The artha concept includes all "means of life", activities and resources that enables one to be in a state one wants to be in, wealth, career and financial security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller1968-21">[14]</a> The proper pursuit of artha is considered an important aim of human life in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a55–56-290">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-bruces-291">[250]</a> A central premise of Hindu philosophy is that every person should live a joyous, pleasurable and fulfilling life, where every person's needs are acknowledged and fulfilled. A person's needs can only be fulfilled when sufficient means are available. Artha, then, is best described as the pursuit of the means necessary for a joyous, pleasurable and fulfilling life.<a href="#cite_note-292">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kāma_(sensory,_emotional_and_aesthetic_pleasure)">Kāma (sensory, emotional and aesthetic pleasure)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></div> Kāma (Sanskrit, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: काम) means desire, wish, passion, longing, and pleasure of the <a href="/wiki/Senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Senses">senses</a>, the aesthetic enjoyment of life, affection and love, with or without sexual connotations.<a href="#cite_note-293">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-mmwse-294">[253]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho_couple_kissing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Khajuraho_couple_kissing.jpg/159px-Khajuraho_couple_kissing.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="493" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Khajuraho_couple_kissing.jpg/238px-Khajuraho_couple_kissing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Khajuraho_couple_kissing.jpg/318px-Khajuraho_couple_kissing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> depiction of loving embrace at a temple relief of <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho Group of Monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, India - a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> In contemporary Indian literature kama is often used to refer to sexual desire, but in ancient Indian literature kāma is expansive and includes any kind of enjoyment and pleasure, such as pleasure deriving from the arts. The ancient Indian <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epic</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> describes kama as any agreeable and desirable experience generated by the interaction of one or more of the five senses with anything associated with that sense, when in harmony with the other goals of human life (dharma, artha and moksha).<a href="#cite_note-295">[254]</a> In Hinduism, kama is considered an essential and healthy goal of human life when pursued without sacrificing dharma, artha and moksha.<a href="#cite_note-296">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mokṣa_(liberation,_freedom_from_suffering)">Mokṣa (liberation, freedom from suffering)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></div> Moksha (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: मोक्ष, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: mokṣa) or mukti (Sanskrit: मुक्ति) is the ultimate, most important goal in Hinduism. Moksha is a concept associated with liberation from sorrow, suffering, and for many theistic schools of Hinduism, liberation from <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> (a birth-rebirth cycle). A release from this eschatological cycle in the afterlife is called moksha in theistic schools of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-vanbuitenen-286">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart200419–21-297">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[257]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Muktinath_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Muktinath_Temple.jpg/217px-The_Muktinath_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Muktinath_Temple.jpg/326px-The_Muktinath_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Muktinath_Temple.jpg/434px-The_Muktinath_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3545" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muktinath" title="Muktinath">Muktinath temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mustang_District" title="Mustang District">Mustang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, considered one of the focal pilgrimage places for liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>)</figcaption></figure> Due to the belief in Hinduism that the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> is eternal, and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a> (the cosmic self or cosmic consciousness),<a href="#cite_note-299">[258]</a> death can be seen as insignificant in comparison to the eternal Atman or Purusha.<a href="#cite_note-300">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Differing_views_on_the_nature_of_moksha">Differing views on the nature of moksha</h5></div> The meaning of moksha differs among the various Hindu schools of thought. <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> holds that upon attaining moksha a person knows their essence, or self, to be pure consciousness or the witness-consciousness and identifies it as identical to <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-karlpotter-301">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-klausklost-302">[261]</a> The followers of <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> (dualistic) schools believe that in the afterlife moksha state, individual essences are distinct from Brahman but infinitesimally close, and after attaining moksha they expect to spend eternity in a <a href="/wiki/Loka" title="Loka">loka</a> (heaven).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More generally, in the theistic schools of Hinduism moksha is usually seen as liberation from saṃsāra, while for other schools, such as the monistic school, moksha happens during a person's lifetime and is a psychological concept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2001-303">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-karlpotter-301">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-danielingails-305">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-klausklost-302">[261]</a> According to Deutsch, moksha is a transcendental consciousness of the perfect state of being, of self-realization, of freedom, and of "realizing the whole universe as the Self".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2001-303">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-karlpotter-301">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-danielingails-305">[264]</a> Moksha when viewed as a psychological concept, suggests <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-klausklost-302">[261]</a> implies a setting free of hitherto fettered faculties, a removing of obstacles to an unrestricted life, permitting a person to be more truly a person in the fullest sense. This concept presumes an unused human potential of creativity, compassion and understanding which had been previously blocked and shut out.<a href="#cite_note-klausklost-302">[261]</a> Due to these different views on the nature of moksha, the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantic school</a> separates this into two views – <a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">Jivanmukti</a> (liberation in this life) and <a href="/wiki/Videha_mukti" title="Videha mukti">Videhamukti</a> (liberation after death).<a href="#cite_note-klausklost-302">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karma_and_saṃsāra">Karma and saṃsāra</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></div> Karma translates literally as action, work, or deed,<a href="#cite_note-308">[267]</a> and also refers to a Vedic theory of "moral law of cause and effect".<a href="#cite_note-309">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[269]</a> The theory is a combination of (1) causality that may be ethical or non-ethical; (2) ethicisation, that is good or bad actions have consequences; and (3) rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-wdointro-311">[270]</a> Karma theory is interpreted as explaining the present circumstances of an individual with reference to his or her actions in the past. These actions and their consequences may be in a person's current life, or, according to some schools of Hinduism, in past lives.<a href="#cite_note-wdointro-311">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[271]</a> This cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth is called <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>. Liberation from saṃsāra through moksha is believed to ensure lasting <a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">happiness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace#Hinduism" title="Peace">peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1996254-313">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[273]</a> Hindu scriptures teach that the future is both a function of current human effort derived from free will and past human actions that set the circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-315">[274]</a> The idea of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>, is not mentioned in the early layers of historical Hindu texts such as the Rigveda.<a href="#cite_note-316">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[276]</a> The later layers of the Rigveda do mention ideas that suggest an approach towards the idea of rebirth, according to Ranade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99-318">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[278]</a> According to Sayers, these earliest layers of Hindu literature show ancestor worship and rites such as sraddha (offering food to the ancestors). The later Vedic texts such as the Aranyakas and the Upanisads show a different soteriology based on reincarnation, they show little concern with ancestor rites, and they begin to philosophically interpret the earlier rituals.<a href="#cite_note-320">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[281]</a> The idea of reincarnation and karma have roots in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, predating the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-damienkeown32-323">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis2008-324">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_of_God">Concept of God</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></div> Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with a wide variety of beliefs<a href="#cite_note-Lipner2009p8-81">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[web 15]</a> its concept of God is complex and depends upon each individual and the tradition and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">philosophy</a> followed. It is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">henotheistic</a> (i.e., involving devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of others), but any such term is an overgeneralisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004xiv-327">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[286]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: left; width: 33%;">Who really knows? Who will here proclaim it? Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? The gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe. Who then knows whence it has arisen?<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a>, concerns the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the universe">origin of the universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, 10:129–6<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRzUAu-43W5oCpgPA34_34–]-329">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmapstimeintroduc00chri_515pagen46_18–]-330">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidH3lUIIYxWkECpgPA206_206–]-331">[289]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a> (Creation Hymn) of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> is one of the earliest texts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996226-332">[290]</a> which "demonstrates a sense of metaphysical speculation" about what created the universe, the concept of god(s) and The One, and whether even The One knows how the universe came into being.<a href="#cite_note-333">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-3translations-334">[292]</a> The Rig Veda praises various <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">deities</a>, none superior nor inferior, in a henotheistic manner.<a href="#cite_note-335">[293]</a> The hymns repeatedly refer to <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">One Truth and One Ultimate Reality</a>. The "One Truth" of <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic literature</a>, in modern era scholarship, has been interpreted as monotheism, monism, as well as a deified Hidden Principles behind the great happenings and processes of nature.<a href="#cite_note-336">[294]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Gods and Goddesses</a> in Hinduism</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.70.5.1_(1_of_12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vishnu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.70.5.1_%281_of_12%29.jpg/130px-The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.70.5.1_%281_of_12%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.70.5.1_%281_of_12%29.jpg/195px-The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.70.5.1_%281_of_12%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.70.5.1_%281_of_12%29.jpg/260px-The_Hindu_God_Vishnu_LACMA_M.70.5.1_%281_of_12%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahma_on_hamsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brahma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brahma_on_hamsa.jpg/154px-Brahma_on_hamsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brahma_on_hamsa.jpg/231px-Brahma_on_hamsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brahma_on_hamsa.jpg/308px-Brahma_on_hamsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1390" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MurudeshwarStatue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shiva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MurudeshwarStatue.JPG/142px-MurudeshwarStatue.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MurudeshwarStatue.JPG/213px-MurudeshwarStatue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MurudeshwarStatue.JPG/284px-MurudeshwarStatue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_idol_2011_Burdwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shakti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Durga_idol_2011_Burdwan.jpg/142px-Durga_idol_2011_Burdwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Durga_idol_2011_Burdwan.jpg/213px-Durga_idol_2011_Burdwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Durga_idol_2011_Burdwan.jpg/284px-Durga_idol_2011_Burdwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></div></div></div></div></div> Hindus believe that all living creatures have a Self. This true "Self" of every person, is called the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">ātman</a>. The Self is believed to be eternal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams197420–37-337">[295]</a> According to the monistic/pantheistic (<a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">non-dualist</a>) theologies of Hinduism (such as <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta school</a>), this <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> is indistinct from <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the supreme spirit or <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_reality" title="Ultimate reality">the Ultimate Reality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bhaskaranandaessential-338">[296]</a> The goal of life, according to the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita school</a>, is to realise that <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">one's Self</a> is identical to <a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">supreme Self</a>, that the supreme Self is present in everything and everyone, all life is interconnected and there is oneness in all life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivekananda1987-339">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">Dualistic</a> schools (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>) understand <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> as a Supreme Being separate from <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">individual Selfs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-R_Prasad_2009_pages_345-347-342">[300]</a> They worship the Supreme Being variously as <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, depending upon the sect. God is called <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parameshwara_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshwara (god)">Parameshwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, and these terms have different meanings in different schools of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200973–76-343">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore196737–39,_401–403,_498–503-344">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams2001-345">[303]</a> Hindu texts accept a polytheistic framework, but this is generally conceptualised as the divine essence or luminosity that gives vitality and animation to the inanimate natural substances.<a href="#cite_note-Wallin1999p64-346">[304]</a> There is a divine in everything, human beings, animals, trees and rivers. It is observable in offerings to rivers, trees, tools of one's work, animals and birds, rising sun, friends and guests, teachers and parents.<a href="#cite_note-Wallin1999p64-346">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[306]</a> It is the divine in these that makes each sacred and worthy of reverence, rather than them being sacred in and of themselves. This perception of divinity manifested in all things, as Buttimer and Wallin view it, makes the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> foundations of Hinduism quite distinct from <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, in which all things are themselves divine.<a href="#cite_note-Wallin1999p64-346">[304]</a> The animistic premise sees multiplicity, and therefore an equality of ability to compete for power when it comes to man and man, man and animal, <a href="/wiki/Man_and_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Man and nature">man and nature</a>, etc. The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> view does not perceive this competition, equality of man to nature, or multiplicity so much as an overwhelming and interconnecting single divinity that unifies everyone and everything.<a href="#cite_note-Wallin1999p64-346">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[308]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures</a> name celestial entities called <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> in feminine form), which may be translated into English as gods or heavenly beings.<a href="#cite_note-351">[note 26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> are an integral part of Hindu culture and are depicted in art, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">architecture</a> and through <a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">icons</a>, and stories about them are related in the scriptures, particularly in Indian epic poetry and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>. They are, however, often distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, a personal god, with many Hindus worshipping <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> in one of its particular manifestations as their <a href="/wiki/I%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADa_devat%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Iṣṭa devatā">iṣṭa devatā</a>, or chosen ideal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner20059,_15,_49,_54,_86-352">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenou196455-353">[310]</a> The choice is a matter of individual preference,<a href="#cite_note-harman1-354">[311]</a> and of regional and family traditions.<a href="#cite_note-harman1-354">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[note 27]</a> The multitude of Devas is considered manifestations of Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-avatars-357">[313]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Avatars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vishnu_Avatars.jpg/220px-Vishnu_Avatars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vishnu_Avatars.jpg/330px-Vishnu_Avatars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Vishnu_Avatars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (centre) surrounded by his <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">ten major avatars</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>; <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></figcaption></figure> The word <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic literature</a>;<a href="#cite_note-358">[314]</a> It appears in verb forms in post-Vedic literature, and as a noun particularly in the Puranic literature after the 6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-359">[315]</a> Theologically, the reincarnation idea is most often associated with the avatars of Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, though the idea has been applied to other deities.<a href="#cite_note-360">[316]</a> Varying lists of avatars of Vishnu appear in Hindu scriptures, including the ten <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a> and the twenty-two avatars in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, though the latter adds that the incarnations of Vishnu are innumerable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200718-361">[317]</a> The avatars of Vishnu are important in Vaishnavism theology. In the goddess-based <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism tradition</a>, avatars of the <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> are found and all goddesses are considered to be different aspects of the same <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">metaphysical Brahman</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[318]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (energy).<a href="#cite_note-363">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[320]</a> While avatars of other deities such as <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and Shiva are also mentioned in medieval Hindu texts, this is minor and occasional.<a href="#cite_note-365">[321]</a> Both theistic and atheistic ideas, for epistemological and metaphysical reasons, are profuse in different schools of Hinduism. The early <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> school of Hinduism, for example, was non-theist/atheist,<a href="#cite_note-366">[322]</a> but later <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> school scholars argued that God exists and offered proofs using its theory of logic.<a href="#cite_note-367">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[324]</a> Other schools disagreed with Nyaya scholars. <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-369">[325]</a> Mimamsa<a href="#cite_note-Coward2008p114-370">[326]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carvaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Carvaka">Carvaka</a> schools of Hinduism, were non-theist/atheist, arguing that "God was an unnecessary metaphysical assumption".<a href="#cite_note-371">[web 16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_Gupta1986viii-372">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[328]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> school started as another non-theistic tradition relying on naturalism and that all matter is eternal, but it later introduced the concept of a non-creator God.<a href="#cite_note-374">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007337–338-376">[331]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Raja_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja yoga">Yoga</a> school of Hinduism accepted the concept of a "personal god" and left it to the Hindu to define his or her god.<a href="#cite_note-377">[332]</a> Advaita Vedanta taught a monistic, abstract Self and Oneness in everything, with no room for gods or deity, a perspective that Mohanty calls, "spiritual, not religious".<a href="#cite_note-378">[333]</a> Bhakti sub-schools of Vedanta taught a creator God that is distinct from each human being.<a href="#cite_note-R_Prasad_2009_pages_345-347-342">[300]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg/220px-Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg/330px-Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg/440px-Khajuraho_Ardharnareshvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a>, showing both feminine and masculine aspect of god in Hinduism</figcaption></figure> God in Hinduism is often represented having both the <a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">feminine and masculine</a> aspects. The notion of the feminine in deity is much more pronounced and is evident in the pairings of Shiva with Parvati (<a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> accompanied by Lakshmi, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> with <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[334]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Graham_Schweig" title="Graham Schweig">Graham Schweig</a>, Hinduism has the strongest presence of the divine feminine in world religion from ancient times to the present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007441-380">[335]</a> The goddess is viewed as the heart of the most esoteric <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Saiva traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003200–203-381">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authority">Authority</h3></div> Authority and eternal truths play an important role in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-frazier1415-382">[337]</a> Religious traditions and truths are believed to be contained in its sacred texts, which are accessed and taught by sages, gurus, saints or avatars.<a href="#cite_note-frazier1415-382">[337]</a> But there is also a strong tradition of the questioning of authority, internal debate and challenging of religious texts in Hinduism. The Hindus believe that this deepens the understanding of the eternal truths and further develops the tradition. Authority "was mediated through [...] an intellectual culture that tended to develop ideas collaboratively, and according to the shared logic of natural reason."<a href="#cite_note-frazier1415-382">[337]</a> Narratives in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> present characters questioning persons of authority.<a href="#cite_note-frazier1415-382">[337]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena Upanishad</a> repeatedly asks kena, 'by what' power something is the case.<a href="#cite_note-frazier1415-382">[337]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a> and Bhagavad Gita present narratives where the student criticises the teacher's inferior answers.<a href="#cite_note-frazier1415-382">[337]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a>, Shiva questions Vishnu and Brahma.<a href="#cite_note-frazier1415-382">[337]</a> Doubt plays a repeated role in the Mahabharata.<a href="#cite_note-frazier1415-382">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a> presents criticism via <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frazier1415-382">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals">Rituals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja (Hinduism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Arti (Hinduism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havan" class="mw-redirect" title="Havan">Havan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu wedding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(A)_Hindu_wedding,_Saptapadi_ritual_before_Agni_Yajna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%28A%29_Hindu_wedding%2C_Saptapadi_ritual_before_Agni_Yajna.jpg/220px-%28A%29_Hindu_wedding%2C_Saptapadi_ritual_before_Agni_Yajna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%28A%29_Hindu_wedding%2C_Saptapadi_ritual_before_Agni_Yajna.jpg/330px-%28A%29_Hindu_wedding%2C_Saptapadi_ritual_before_Agni_Yajna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%28A%29_Hindu_wedding%2C_Saptapadi_ritual_before_Agni_Yajna.jpg/440px-%28A%29_Hindu_wedding%2C_Saptapadi_ritual_before_Agni_Yajna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A wedding is the most extensive personal ritual an adult Hindu undertakes in his or her life. A typical <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu wedding</a> is solemnised before Vedic <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">fire</a> ritual (shown).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a427-383">[338]</a></figcaption></figure> Most Hindus observe <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">religious rituals at home</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[339]</a> The rituals vary greatly among regions, villages, and individuals. They are not mandatory in Hinduism. The nature and place of rituals is an individual's choice. Some devout Hindus perform daily rituals such as worshiping at dawn after bathing (usually at a family shrine, and typically includes lighting a lamp and offering foodstuffs before the images of deities), recitation from religious scripts, singing bhajans (devotional hymns), yoga, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, chanting mantras and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden1996145–146-385">[340]</a> Vedic rituals of fire-oblation (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a>) and chanting of Vedic hymns are observed on special occasions, such as a Hindu wedding.<a href="#cite_note-386">[341]</a> Other major life-stage events, such as rituals after death, include the yajña and chanting of Vedic <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[web 17]</a> The words of the mantras are "themselves sacred,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996346–347-388">[342]</a> and "do not constitute <a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">linguistic utterances</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996347-389">[343]</a> Instead, as Klostermaier notes, in their application in Vedic rituals they become <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magical</a> sounds, "means to an end."<a href="#cite_note-390">[note 28]</a> In the Brahmanical perspective, the sounds have their own meaning, mantras are considered "primordial rhythms of creation", preceding the forms to which they refer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996347-389">[343]</a> By reciting them the cosmos is regenerated, "by enlivening and nourishing the forms of creation at their base. As long as the purity of the sounds is preserved, the recitation of the mantras will be efficacious, irrespective of whether their discursive meaning is understood by human beings."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996347-389">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coward2008p114-370">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></div> Sādhanā is derived from the root "sādh-", meaning "to accomplish", and denotes a means for the realisation of spiritual goals. Although different denominations of Hinduism have their own particular notions of sādhana, they share the feature of liberation from bondage. They differ on what causes bondage, how one can become free of that bondage, and who or what can lead one on that path.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200736–37-391">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life-cycle_rites_of_passage">Life-cycle rites of passage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃskāra">Saṃskāra</a></div> Major life stage milestones are celebrated as sanskara (saṃskāra, <a href="/wiki/Rites_of_passage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rites of passage">rites of passage</a>) in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-pandey-393">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-knipe-394">[347]</a> The rites of passage are not mandatory, and vary in details by gender, community and regionally.<a href="#cite_note-pvkanesamsk-395">[348]</a> Gautama <a href="/wiki/Dharmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasutra">Dharmasutras</a> composed in about the middle of 1st millennium BCE lists 48 sanskaras,<a href="#cite_note-patrick-396">[349]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Gryhasutra</a> and other texts composed centuries later list between 12 and 16 sanskaras.<a href="#cite_note-pandey-393">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-carlolson-397">[350]</a> The list of sanskaras in Hinduism include both external rituals such as those marking a baby's birth and a baby's name giving ceremony, as well as inner rites of resolutions and ethics such as <a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">compassion</a> towards all living beings and positive attitude.<a href="#cite_note-patrick-396">[349]</a> The major traditional rites of passage in Hinduism include<a href="#cite_note-pvkanesamsk-395">[348]</a> <a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a> (pregnancy), <a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a> (rite before the fetus begins moving and kicking in womb), <a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a> (parting of pregnant woman's hair, baby shower), Jatakarman (rite celebrating the new born baby), Namakarana (naming the child), Nishkramana (baby's first outing from home into the world), Annaprashana (baby's first feeding of solid food), Chudakarana (baby's first haircut, tonsure), Karnavedha (ear piercing), Vidyarambha (baby's start with knowledge), <a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a> (entry into a school rite),<a href="#cite_note-398">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[352]</a> Keshanta and Ritusuddhi (first shave for boys, menarche for girls), <a href="/wiki/Samavartana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samavartana">Samavartana</a> (graduation ceremony), Vivaha (wedding), Vratas (fasting, spiritual studies) and <a href="/wiki/Antyeshti" class="mw-redirect" title="Antyeshti">Antyeshti</a> (cremation for an adult, burial for a child).<a href="#cite_note-400">[353]</a> In contemporary times, there is regional variation among Hindus as to which of these <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃskāra">sanskaras</a> are observed; in some cases, additional regional rites of passage such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Śrāddha</a> (ritual of feeding people after cremation) are practised.<a href="#cite_note-pvkanesamsk-395">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden1996146–148-401">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti_(worship)">Bhakti (worship)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja (Hinduism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishu-kani_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vishu-kani_1.JPG/182px-Vishu-kani_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vishu-kani_1.JPG/273px-Vishu-kani_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vishu-kani_1.JPG/364px-Vishu-kani_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumuthavalli_AvatharaAthalam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kumuthavalli_AvatharaAthalam.jpg/102px-Kumuthavalli_AvatharaAthalam.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kumuthavalli_AvatharaAthalam.jpg/153px-Kumuthavalli_AvatharaAthalam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kumuthavalli_AvatharaAthalam.jpg/204px-Kumuthavalli_AvatharaAthalam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A home shrine with offerings at a regional <a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a> festival (left); a priest in a temple (right)</div></div></div></div> Bhakti refers to devotion, participation in and the love of a personal god or a representational god by a devotee.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopediabrit-402">[web 18]</a><a href="#cite_note-karen-403">[355]</a> Bhakti-marga is considered in Hinduism to be one of many possible paths of spirituality and alternative means to moksha.<a href="#cite_note-404">[356]</a> The other paths, left to the choice of a Hindu, are Jnana-marga (path of knowledge), Karma-marga (path of works), Rāja-marga (path of contemplation and meditation).<a href="#cite_note-johnmartin-405">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[358]</a> Bhakti is practised in a number of ways, ranging from reciting mantras, <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">japas</a> (incantations), to individual private prayers in one's home shrine,<a href="#cite_note-407">[359]</a> or in a temple before a <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> or sacred image of a deity.<a href="#cite_note-408">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199741–50-409">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> and domestic altars, are important elements of worship in contemporary theistic Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Foulston2012p20-410">[362]</a> While many visit a temple on special occasions, most offer daily prayers at a domestic altar, typically a dedicated part of the home that includes sacred images of deities or gurus.<a href="#cite_note-Foulston2012p20-410">[362]</a> One form of daily worship is <a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">aarati</a>, or "supplication", a ritual in which a flame is offered and "accompanied by a song of praise".<a href="#cite_note-:0-411">[363]</a> Notable aaratis include <a href="/wiki/Om_Jai_Jagdish_Hare" title="Om Jai Jagdish Hare">Om Jai Jagdish Hare</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> prayer to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sukhakarta_Dukhaharta" title="Sukhakarta Dukhaharta">Sukhakarta Dukhaharta</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> prayer to <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[365]</a> Aarti can be used to make offerings to entities ranging from deities to "human exemplar[s]".<a href="#cite_note-:0-411">[363]</a> For instance, Aarti is offered to <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, a devotee of God, in many temples, including <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Mandir_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Balaji Mandir (disambiguation)">Balaji temples</a>, where the primary deity is an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[366]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a> temples and home shrines, aarati is offered to <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a>, considered by followers to be <a href="/wiki/Supreme_God_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme God (Hinduism)">Supreme God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-415">[367]</a> Other personal and community practices include puja as well as aarati,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a51-416">[368]</a> kirtan, or bhajan, where devotional verses and hymns are read or poems are sung by a group of devotees.<a href="#cite_note-417">[web 19]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[369]</a> While the choice of the deity is at the discretion of the Hindu, the most observed traditions of Hindu devotion include Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism.<a href="#cite_note-419">[370]</a> A Hindu may worship multiple deities, all as henotheistic manifestations of the same ultimate reality, cosmic spirit and absolute spiritual concept called Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss2014-420">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200072–75-421">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-avatars-357">[313]</a> Bhakti-marga, states Pechelis, is more than ritual devotionalism, it includes practices and spiritual activities aimed at refining one's state of mind, knowing god, participating in god, and internalising god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss201422–29-422">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[374]</a> While bhakti practices are popular and easily observable aspect of Hinduism, not all Hindus practice bhakti, or believe in god-with-attributes (saguna Brahman).<a href="#cite_note-424">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[376]</a> Concurrent Hindu practices include a belief in god-without-attributes (<a href="/wiki/Nirguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna Brahman">nirguna Brahman</a>), and god within oneself.<a href="#cite_note-426">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">List of Hindu festivals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepawali-festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg/220px-Deepawali-festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg/330px-Deepawali-festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The festival of lights, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, is celebrated by Hindus all over the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah,_United_States_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg/220px-Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg/330px-Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg/440px-Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> being celebrated at the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_Radha_Krishna_Temple_(Spanish_Fork)" title="Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple (Spanish Fork)">Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utah,_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah, United States">Utah, United States</a> (2013)</figcaption></figure> Hindu festivals (Sanskrit: Utsava; literally: "to lift higher") are ceremonies that weave individual and social life to dharma.<a href="#cite_note-sandrarobinson-428">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-yustf-429">[380]</a> Hinduism has many festivals throughout the year, where the dates are set by the lunisolar <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, many coinciding with either the full moon (Holi) or the new moon (Diwali), often with seasonal changes.<a href="#cite_note-denisecushf-430">[381]</a> Some festivals are found only regionally and they celebrate local traditions, while a few such as Holi and Diwali are pan-Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-denisecushf-430">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[382]</a> The festivals typically celebrate events from Hinduism, connoting spiritual themes and celebrating aspects of human relationships such as the sister-brother bond over the Raksha Bandhan (or <a href="/wiki/Bhau-beej" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhau-beej">Bhai Dooj</a>) festival.<a href="#cite_note-yustf-429">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[383]</a> The same festival sometimes marks different stories depending on the Hindu denomination, and the celebrations incorporate regional themes, traditional agriculture, local arts, family get togethers, <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a> rituals and feasts.<a href="#cite_note-sandrarobinson-428">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[384]</a> Some major regional or pan-Hindu festivals include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashadhi_Ekadashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashadhi Ekadashi">Ashadhi Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonalu" title="Bonalu">Bonalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deepawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepawali">Deepawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dussehra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dussehra">Dussehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Habba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowri Habba">Gowri Habba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karva_Chauth" title="Karva Chauth">Karva Chauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartika_Purnima" title="Kartika Purnima">Kartika Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhashtami" title="Radhashtami">Radhashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigmo" title="Shigmo">Shigmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha (Hinduism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirtha locations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></div> Many adherents undertake <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a>, which have historically been an important part of Hinduism and remain so today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2004204–05-434">[385]</a> Pilgrimage sites are called <a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a>, Kshetra, Gopitha or Mahalaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002b698–699-435">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20134,_22,_27,_140–148,_157–158-436">[387]</a> The process or journey associated with Tirtha is called Tirtha-yatra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19832-437">[388]</a> According to the Hindu text <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>, Tirtha are of three kinds: Jangam Tirtha is to a place movable of a <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>; Sthawar Tirtha is to a place immovable, like Benaras, Haridwar, Mount Kailash, holy rivers; while Manas Tirtha is to a place of mind of truth, charity, patience, compassion, soft speech, Self.<a href="#cite_note-438">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[390]</a> Tīrtha-yatra is, states Knut A. Jacobsen, anything that has a salvific value to a Hindu, and includes pilgrimage sites such as mountains or forests or seashore or rivers or ponds, as well as virtues, actions, studies or state of mind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2013157–158-440">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004288–289-441">[392]</a> Pilgrimage sites of Hinduism are mentioned in the epic Mahabharata and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953561-442">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20127–9-443">[394]</a> Most Puranas include large sections on Tirtha Mahatmya along with tourist guides,<a href="#cite_note-444">[395]</a> which describe sacred sites and places to visit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953559–560-445">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmBowker200168-446">[397]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_447-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-447">[398]</a> In these texts, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> (Benares, Kashi), <a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Rangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Rangam">Sri Rangam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayapur" title="Mayapur">Mayapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a>, twelve <a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakti_Pitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti Pitha">Shakti Pitha</a> have been mentioned as particularly holy sites, along with geographies where major rivers meet (sangam) or join the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953553–556,_560–561-448">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20127–9-443">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> is another major pilgrimage on the eve of the solar festival <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>. This pilgrimage rotates at a gap of three years among four sites: <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> rivers, <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a> near source of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Shipra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipra">Shipra</a> river and <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a> on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck2013152–154-449">[400]</a> This is one of world's largest mass pilgrimage, with an estimated 40 to 100 million people attending the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck2013152–154-449">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010553,_note_55-450">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[web 20]</a> At this event, they say a prayer to the sun and bathe in the river,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck2013152–154-449">[400]</a> a tradition attributed to <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010chapter_Kumbh_Mela-452">[402]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kedar_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kedar_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg/220px-Kedar_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kedar_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg/330px-Kedar_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kedar_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg/440px-Kedar_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Kedar Ghat, a bathing place for pilgrims on the Ganges at Varanasi</figcaption></figure> Some pilgrimages are part of a Vrata (vow), which a Hindu may make for a number of reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20129–11-453">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19836-454">[404]</a> It may mark a special occasion, such as the birth of a baby, or as part of a <a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">rite of passage</a> such as a baby's first haircut, or after healing from a sickness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20129-455">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[406]</a> It may also be the result of prayers answered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20129-455">[405]</a> An alternative reason for Tirtha, for some Hindus, is to respect wishes or in memory of a beloved person after his or her death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20129-455">[405]</a> This may include dispersing their cremation ashes in a Tirtha region in a stream, river or sea to honour the wishes of the dead. The journey to a Tirtha, assert some Hindu texts, helps one overcome the sorrow of the loss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20129-455">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[note 29]</a> Other reasons for a Tirtha in Hinduism is to rejuvenate or gain spiritual merit by travelling to famed temples or bathe in rivers such as the Ganges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19833–5-460">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmBowker200169–77-462">[411]</a> Tirtha has been one of the recommended means of addressing remorse and to perform penance, for unintentional errors and intentional sins, in the Hindu tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingat197398–99-463">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19834-464">[413]</a> The proper procedure for a pilgrimage is widely discussed in Hindu texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953573-465">[414]</a> The most accepted view is that the greatest austerity comes from travelling on foot, or part of the journey is on foot, and that the use of a conveyance is only acceptable if the pilgrimage is otherwise impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953576–577-466">[415]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> The term "<a href="/wiki/Hindu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu culture">Hindu culture</a>" refers to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion, such as <a href="/wiki/Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals">festivals</a> and dress codes followed by the <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> which is mainly can be inspired from the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_architecture&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_century_Nilakantha_Mahadeva_Hindu_temple,_Nagara_architecture,_Sunak,_Gujarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/10th_century_Nilakantha_Mahadeva_Hindu_temple%2C_Nagara_architecture%2C_Sunak%2C_Gujarat.jpg/280px-10th_century_Nilakantha_Mahadeva_Hindu_temple%2C_Nagara_architecture%2C_Sunak%2C_Gujarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/10th_century_Nilakantha_Mahadeva_Hindu_temple%2C_Nagara_architecture%2C_Sunak%2C_Gujarat.jpg/420px-10th_century_Nilakantha_Mahadeva_Hindu_temple%2C_Nagara_architecture%2C_Sunak%2C_Gujarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/10th_century_Nilakantha_Mahadeva_Hindu_temple%2C_Nagara_architecture%2C_Sunak%2C_Gujarat.jpg/560px-10th_century_Nilakantha_Mahadeva_Hindu_temple%2C_Nagara_architecture%2C_Sunak%2C_Gujarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The architecture of a Hindu temple in Sunak, Gujarat</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> is the traditional system of Indian architecture for structures such as temples, monasteries, statues, homes, market places, gardens and town planning as described in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya1927xviii-xx-467">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindu_architecture_Sinha_1998_pp._27–41-468">[417]</a> The architectural guidelines survive in Sanskrit manuscripts and in some cases also in other regional languages. These texts include the <a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a>, the Brihat Samhita, architectural portions of the Puranas and the Agamas, and regional texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Manasara" title="Manasara">Manasara</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya1927xviii-xx,_Appendix_I_lists_hundreds_of_Hindu_architectural_texts-469">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukla1993-470">[419]</a> By far the most important, characteristic and numerous surviving examples of Hindu architecture are <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">architectural tradition</a> that has left surviving examples in stone, brick, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">rock-cut architecture</a> dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. These architectures had influence of Ancient Persian and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art" title="Hellenistic influence on Indian art">Hellenistic</a> architecture.<a href="#cite_note-471">[420]</a> Far fewer secular Hindu architecture have survived into the modern era, such as palaces, homes and cities. Ruins and archaeological studies provide a view of early secular architecture in India.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu_architecture_Murthy1987-472">[421]</a> Studies on Indian palaces and civic architectural history have largely focussed on the Mughal and Indo-Islamic architecture particularly of the northern and western India given their relative abundance. In other regions of India, particularly the South, Hindu architecture continued to thrive through the 16th-century, such as those exemplified by the temples, ruined cities and secular spaces of the Vijayanagara Empire and the Nayakas.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu_architecture_Branfoot_2008_pp._171–194-473">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindu_architecture_harle331-474">[423]</a> The secular architecture was never opposed to the religious in India, and it is the sacred architecture such as those found in the Hindu temples which were inspired by and adaptations of the secular ones. Further, states Harle, it is in the reliefs on temple walls, pillars, toranas and madapams where miniature version of the secular architecture can be found.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu_architecture_Harle1994-475">[424]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_with_flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Krishna_with_flute.jpg/250px-Krishna_with_flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Krishna_with_flute.jpg/375px-Krishna_with_flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Krishna_with_flute.jpg/500px-Krishna_with_flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3145" /></a><figcaption>Krishna with cows, herdsmen, and <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopis</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a> encompasses the artistic traditions and styles culturally connected to Hinduism and have a long history of religious association with Hindu scriptures, rituals and worship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar">Calendar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar">Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></div> The Hindu calendar, Panchanga (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: पञ्चाङ्ग) or Panjika is one of various <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendars</a> that are traditionally used in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, with further regional variations for social and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> religious purposes. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping based on <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal year</a> for solar cycle and adjustment of lunar cycles in every three years, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start.<a href="#cite_note-richmond80-476">[425]</a> Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the <a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shalivahana Shaka</a> (Based on the <a href="/wiki/Shalivahana" title="Shalivahana">King Shalivahana</a>, also the <a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Indian national calendar</a>) found in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan region</a> of Southern India and the <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a> (Bikrami) found in Nepal and the North and Central regions of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> – both of which emphasise the lunar cycle. Their new year starts in spring. In regions such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the solar cycle is emphasised and this is called the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil calendar</a> (though Tamil calendar uses month names like in Hindu Calendar) and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a> and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-richmond80-476">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fuller2004p109-477">[426]</a> A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a> (पञ्चाङ्गम्), which is also known as <a href="/wiki/Panjika" title="Panjika">Panjika</a> in Eastern India.<a href="#cite_note-478">[427]</a> The ancient Hindu calendar conceptual design is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian calendar</a>, but different from the Gregorian calendar.<a href="#cite_note-nesbittbc-479">[428]</a> Unlike the Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to the month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days)<a href="#cite_note-480">[429]</a> and nearly 365 solar days, the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but inserts an extra full month, once every 32–33 months, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season.<a href="#cite_note-nesbittbc-479">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fuller2004p109-477">[426]</a> The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since Vedic times, and remain in use by the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> all over the world, particularly to set Hindu festival dates. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Vedic calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendars</a>. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system.<a href="#cite_note-481">[430]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a> and the traditional lunisolar calendars of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the Buddhist and Jain timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes as their reference points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong20136–7-482">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[433]</a> The Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system. It is also employed for observing the auspicious days of deities and occasions of fasting, such as <a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-485">[434]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Person_and_society">Person and society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varnas">Varnas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna (Hinduism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12BCM11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/12BCM11.jpg/220px-12BCM11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/12BCM11.jpg/330px-12BCM11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/12BCM11.jpg/440px-12BCM11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Priests performing Kalyanam (marriage) of the holy deities at <a href="/wiki/Bhadrachalam_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrachalam Temple">Bhadrachalam Temple</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>. It is one of the temples in India, where Kalyanam is done everyday throughout the year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Hindu society has been categorised into four classes, called <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varṇas</a>. They are the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> teachers and priests; the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a>: warriors and kings; the <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishyas</a>: farmers and merchants; and the <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a>: servants and labourers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000132–180-486">[435]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gītā</a> links the varṇa to an individual's duty (svadharma), inborn nature (svabhāva), and natural tendencies (<a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">guṇa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass1995264-487">[436]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a> categorises the different <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">castes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-488">[web 21]</a> Some mobility and flexibility within the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varṇas</a> challenge allegations of social discrimination in the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system</a>, as has been pointed out by several sociologists,<a href="#cite_note-Silverberg_Paper-489">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserLipset2005-490">[438]</a> although some other scholars disagree.<a href="#cite_note-491">[439]</a> Scholars debate whether the so-called <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system</a> is part of Hinduism sanctioned by the scriptures or social custom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004188–197-492">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[web 22]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[note 30]</a> And various contemporary scholars have argued that the caste system was constructed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-496">[441]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">renunciant</a> man of knowledge is usually called Varṇatita or "beyond all varṇas" in <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantic</a> works. The bhiksu is advised to not bother about the caste of the family from which he begs his food. Scholars like <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Sankara</a> affirm that not only is <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> beyond all <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varṇas</a>, the man who is identified with Him also transcends the distinctions and limitations of caste.<a href="#cite_note-497">[442]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga">Yoga</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Bangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shiva_Bangalore.jpg/220px-Shiva_Bangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shiva_Bangalore.jpg/330px-Shiva_Bangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shiva_Bangalore.jpg/440px-Shiva_Bangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> in yogic meditation</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div> In whatever way a Hindu defines the goal of life, there are several methods (yogas) that <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">sages</a> have taught for reaching that goal. <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> is a Hindu discipline which trains the body, mind, and consciousness for health, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">tranquility</a>, and spiritual insight.<a href="#cite_note-498">[443]</a> Texts dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Sutras">Yoga Sutras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> and, as their philosophical and historical basis, the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> is means, and the four major marga (paths) of Hinduism are: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</a> (the path of love and devotion), <a href="/wiki/Karma_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma Yoga">Karma Yoga</a> (the path of right action), <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Rāja Yoga">Rāja Yoga</a> (the path of meditation), and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81na_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāna Yoga">Jñāna Yoga</a> (the path of wisdom)<a href="#cite_note-bhaskaressentgeneral-499">[444]</a> An individual may prefer one or some yogas over others, according to his or her inclination and understanding. Practice of one yoga does not exclude others. The modern practice of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a> (traditionally <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a>) has a contested relationship with Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain2015130–157-500">[445]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_Symbols2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hindu_Symbols2.png/220px-Hindu_Symbols2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hindu_Symbols2.png/330px-Hindu_Symbols2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hindu_Symbols2.png/440px-Hindu_Symbols2.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Some of the most prominent Hindu symbols: <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> (left) and the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> Hinduism has a developed system of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">symbolism and iconography</a> to represent the sacred in art, architecture, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">literature</a> and worship. These symbols gain their meaning from the scriptures or cultural traditions. The syllable <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> (which represents the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>) has grown to represent Hinduism itself, while other markings such as the <a href="/wiki/Swastika#Hinduism" title="Swastika">Swastika</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: स्वस्तिक, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: svastika) a sign that represents auspiciousness,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger20001041-501">[446]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a> (literally, seed) on forehead – considered to be the location of <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">spiritual third eye</a>,<a href="#cite_note-502">[447]</a> marks ceremonious welcome, blessing or one's participation in a <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">ritual or rite of passage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-503">[448]</a> Elaborate Tilaka with lines may also identify a devotee of a particular denomination. Flowers, birds, animals, instruments, symmetric <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> drawings, objects, <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a>, idols are all part of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">symbolic iconography</a> in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-504">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[450]</a> <a href="#cite_note-506">[451]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahiṃsā_and_food_customs">Ahiṃsā and food customs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gosala_in_Guntur,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gosala_in_Guntur%2C_India.jpg/188px-Gosala_in_Guntur%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gosala_in_Guntur%2C_India.jpg/282px-Gosala_in_Guntur%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gosala_in_Guntur%2C_India.jpg/376px-Gosala_in_Guntur%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Goshala" title="Goshala">goshala</a> or cow shelter at <a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%278%27_A_Thali,_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg/188px-%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg/282px-%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg/376px-%278%27_A_Thali%2C_a_traditional_style_of_serving_meal_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A vegetarian <a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thali</a></div></div></div></div></div> Hindus advocate the practice of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahiṃsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>) and respect for all life because divinity is believed to permeate all beings, including plants and non-human animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1974-507">[452]</a> The term ahiṃsā appears in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Radhakrishnan-508">[453]</a> the epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[454]</a> and ahiṃsā is the first of the five <a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a> (vows of self-restraint) in <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Patanjali's Yoga Sutras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[455]</a> In accordance with <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahiṃsā</a>, many Hindus embrace <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> to respect higher forms of life. Estimates of strict <a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacto vegetarian">lacto vegetarians</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (includes adherents of all religions) who never eat any meat, fish or eggs vary between 20% and 42%, while others are either less strict vegetarians or non-vegetarians.<a href="#cite_note-veg-511">[456]</a> Those who eat meat seek <a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a> (quick death) method of meat production, and dislike <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a> (slow bled death) method, believing that quick death method reduces suffering to the animal.<a href="#cite_note-512">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[458]</a> The food habits vary with region, with Bengali Hindus and Hindus living in <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan regions</a>, or river delta regions, regularly eating meat and fish.<a href="#cite_note-514">[459]</a> Some avoid meat on specific festivals or occasions.<a href="#cite_note-515">[460]</a> Observant Hindus who do eat meat almost always abstain from beef. Hinduism specifically considers <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Bos indicus</a> to be sacred.<a href="#cite_note-516">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[463]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a> in Hindu society is traditionally identified as a caretaker and a maternal figure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1968257-519">[464]</a> and Hindu society honours the cow as a symbol of unselfish giving,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1988272-520">[465]</a> selfless sacrifice, gentleness and tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-ajai16P_pg62-521">[466]</a> There are many Hindu groups that have continued to abide by a strict <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a> diet in modern times. Some adhere to a diet that is devoid of meat, eggs, and seafood.<a href="#cite_note-522">[467]</a> Food affects body, mind and spirit in Hindu beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Vasudha-523">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-524">[469]</a> Hindu texts such as <a href="/wiki/Shandilya_Upanishad" title="Shandilya Upanishad">Śāṇḍilya Upanishad</a><a href="#cite_note-KN_Aiyar_1914_pages_173-176-525">[470]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Svātmārāma</a><a href="#cite_note-svatmaram-526">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-527">[472]</a> recommend <a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a> (eating in moderation) as one of the <a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a> (virtuous Self restraints). The Bhagavad Gita links body and mind to food one consumes in verses 17.8 through 17.10.<a href="#cite_note-ckc-528">[473]</a> Some Hindus such as those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> tradition,<a href="#cite_note-529">[474]</a> and Hindus in regions such as <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483"Chapter_4"-530">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-531">[476]</a> practise <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice_in_Hinduism" title="Animal sacrifice in Hinduism">animal sacrifice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483"Chapter_4"-530">[475]</a> The sacrificed animal is eaten as ritual food.<a href="#cite_note-532">[477]</a> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> Hindus abhor and vigorously oppose animal sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-533">[478]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2004101–102,_Quote:_"Blood_sacrifice_was_a_clear_case_in_point,_(,_,_,_)_sacrifice_was_a_barbarity_inconsistent_with_Hinduism's_central_tenet_of_non-violence._[...]_Contemporary_opposition_to_animal_sacrifice_rests_on_an_old_foundation,_although_it_also_stems_from_the_very_widespread_influence_of_reformism,_whose_antipathy_to_ritual_killing_has_spread_well_beyond_the_self-consciously_nationalist_political_classes"._534-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2004101–102,_Quote:_"Blood_sacrifice_was_a_clear_case_in_point,_(,_,_,_)_sacrifice_was_a_barbarity_inconsistent_with_Hinduism's_central_tenet_of_non-violence._[...]_Contemporary_opposition_to_animal_sacrifice_rests_on_an_old_foundation,_although_it_also_stems_from_the_very_widespread_influence_of_reformism,_whose_antipathy_to_ritual_killing_has_spread_well_beyond_the_self-consciously_nationalist_political_classes".-534">[479]</a> The principle of non-violence to animals has been so thoroughly adopted in Hinduism that animal sacrifice is uncommon<a href="#cite_note-535">[480]</a> and historically reduced to a vestigial marginal practice.<a href="#cite_note-536">[481]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple">Temple</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For list of temples, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List of Hindu temples</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:327px;max-width:327px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> in Asia</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg/169px-Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg/254px-Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg/338px-Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Somanathapura_Keshava_temple_altered.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Somanathapura_Keshava_temple_altered.JPG/150px-Somanathapura_Keshava_temple_altered.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Somanathapura_Keshava_temple_altered.JPG/225px-Somanathapura_Keshava_temple_altered.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Somanathapura_Keshava_temple_altered.JPG/300px-Somanathapura_Keshava_temple_altered.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shri_Jagannatha_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shri_Jagannatha_Temple.jpg/169px-Shri_Jagannatha_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shri_Jagannatha_Temple.jpg/254px-Shri_Jagannatha_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shri_Jagannatha_Temple.jpg/338px-Shri_Jagannatha_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram,_kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/150px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/225px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/300px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:325px;max-width:325px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:242px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Vadtal-temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vadtal-temple.jpg/323px-Vadtal-temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="323" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vadtal-temple.jpg/485px-Vadtal-temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vadtal-temple.jpg/646px-Vadtal-temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top-left: <a href="/wiki/Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple" title="Kandariya Mahadeva Temple">Kandariya Mahadeva Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Somanathapura" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura">Chennakeshava Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple, Puri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>;<a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmanabhaswamy temple">Padmanabhaswamy temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>; <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Vadtal" title="Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal">Swaminarayan Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadtal" title="Vadtal">Vadtal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.</div></div></div></div> A <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> is a house of god(s).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell198861–65-537">[482]</a> It is a space and structure designed to bring human beings and gods together, infused with symbolism to express the ideas and beliefs of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-stellakvol1-538">[483]</a> A temple incorporates all elements of Hindu cosmology, the highest spire or dome representing <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> – reminder of the abode of Brahma and the center of spiritual universe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976a161–169-539">[484]</a> the carvings and iconography symbolically presenting <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976b346–357,_423–424-540">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007a268–277-541">[486]</a> The layout, the motifs, the plan and the building process recite ancient rituals, geometric symbolisms, and reflect beliefs and values innate within various schools of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-stellakvol1-538">[483]</a> Hindu temples are spiritual destinations for many Hindus (not all), as well as landmarks for arts, annual festivals, <a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">rite of passage</a> rituals, and community celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-542">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell198858–65-543">[488]</a> Hindu temples come in many styles, diverse locations, deploy different construction methods and are adapted to different deities and regional beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-544">[489]</a> Two major styles of Hindu temples include the <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">Gopuram</a> style found in south India, and <a href="/wiki/Nagara_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagara architecture">Nagara</a> style found in north India.<a href="#cite_note-545">[web 24]</a><a href="#cite_note-546">[web 25]</a> Other styles include cave, forest and mountain temples.<a href="#cite_note-547">[490]</a> Yet, despite their differences, almost all Hindu temples share certain common architectural principles, core ideas, symbolism and themes.<a href="#cite_note-stellakvol1-538">[483]</a> Many temples feature one or more idols (<a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murtis</a>). The idol and Grabhgriya in the Brahma-pada (the center of the temple), under the main spire, serves as a focal point (darsana, a sight) in a Hindu temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976a8–9-548">[491]</a> In larger temples, the central space typically is surrounded by an ambulatory for the devotee to walk around and ritually circumambulate the <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>), the universal essence.<a href="#cite_note-stellakvol1-538">[483]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asrama">Asrama</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraivan_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Iraivan_Temple.jpg/220px-Iraivan_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Iraivan_Temple.jpg/330px-Iraivan_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Iraivan_Temple.jpg/440px-Iraivan_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saiva_Siddhanta_Church" title="Saiva Siddhanta Church">Kauai Hindu monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kauai_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauai Island">Kauai Island</a> in Hawaii is the only Hindu monastery in the North American continent.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (stage)</a></div> Traditionally the life of a Hindu is divided into four Āśramas (phases or life stages; another meaning includes monastery).<a href="#cite_note-549">[492]</a> The four ashramas are: <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a> (student), <a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a> (householder), <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a> (retired) and <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a> (renunciation).<a href="#cite_note-rks-550">[493]</a> Brahmacharya represents the bachelor student stage of life. Grihastha refers to the individual's married life, with the duties of maintaining a household, raising a family, educating one's children, and leading a family-centred and a dharmic social life.<a href="#cite_note-rks-550">[493]</a> Grihastha stage starts with Hindu wedding, and has been considered the most important of all stages in sociological context, as Hindus in this stage not only pursued a virtuous life, they produced food and wealth that sustained people in other stages of life, as well as the offsprings that continued mankind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930-551">[494]</a> Vanaprastha is the retirement stage, where a person hands over household responsibilities to the next generation, took an advisory role, and gradually withdrew from the world.<a href="#cite_note-alnu-552">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-553">[496]</a> The Sannyasa stage marks renunciation and a state of disinterest and detachment from material life, generally without any meaningful property or home (ascetic state), and focused on Moksha, peace and simple spiritual life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1922-554">[497]</a></ref><a href="#cite_note-DP_Bhawuk_2011_pages_93-110-555">[498]</a> The Ashramas system has been one facet of the dharma concept in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930-551">[494]</a> Combined with four proper goals of human life (<a href="/wiki/Purusartha" class="mw-redirect" title="Purusartha">Purusartha</a>), the Ashramas system traditionally aimed at providing a Hindu with fulfilling life and spiritual liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930-551">[494]</a> While these stages are typically sequential, any person can enter Sannyasa (ascetic) stage and become an Ascetic at any time after the Brahmacharya stage.<a href="#cite_note-556">[499]</a> Sannyasa is not religiously mandatory in Hinduism, and elderly people are free to live with their families.<a href="#cite_note-557">[500]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monasticism">Monasticism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_sadhu_performing_namaste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Indian_sadhu_performing_namaste.jpg/220px-Indian_sadhu_performing_namaste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Indian_sadhu_performing_namaste.jpg/330px-Indian_sadhu_performing_namaste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Indian_sadhu_performing_namaste.jpg/440px-Indian_sadhu_performing_namaste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>A sadhu in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></div> Some Hindus choose to live a <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> life (Sannyāsa) in pursuit of liberation (moksha) or another form of spiritual perfection.<a href="#cite_note-ellinger70-23">[16]</a> Monastics commit themselves to a simple and celibate life, detached from material pursuits, of meditation and spiritual contemplation.<a href="#cite_note-bhaskaranandaessential112-558">[501]</a> A Hindu monk is called a <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sanyāsī</a>, Sādhu, or Swāmi. A female renunciate is called a Sanyāsini. Renunciates receive high respect in Hindu society because of their simple <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahiṃsā</a>-driven lifestyle and dedication to spiritual liberation (moksha) – believed to be the ultimate goal of life in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-DP_Bhawuk_2011_pages_93-110-555">[498]</a> Some monastics live in monasteries, while others wander from place to place, depending on donated food and charity for their needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004316-559">[502]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Kali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Goddess_Kali.jpg/220px-Goddess_Kali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Goddess_Kali.jpg/330px-Goddess_Kali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Goddess_Kali.jpg/440px-Goddess_Kali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="3405" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> depiction of Kali from the 12th century</figcaption></figure> Hinduism's varied history<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodd2003-19">[12]</a> overlaps or coincides with the development of religion in the Indian subcontinent since the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a>, with some of its traditions tracing back to <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">prehistoric religions</a> such as those of the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>. While the traditional <a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a> derived from it present Hinduism as a tradition existing for thousands of years, scholars regard Hinduism as a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">synthesis</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-560">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a> of various Indian cultures and traditions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-148">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200750-560">[503]</a> with diverse roots<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911-79">[60]</a> and no single founder,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne20059-561">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-565">[note 31]</a> which emerged after the Vedic period, between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a>–200<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2009-36">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200212-35">[23]</a> The history of Hinduism is often divided into periods of development. The first period is the pre-Vedic period, which includes the Indus Valley Civilization and local pre-historic religions, ending at about 1750 BCE. This period was followed in northern India by the Vedic period, which saw the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrations" title="Indo-Aryan migrations">Indo-Aryan migrations</a>, starting somewhere between 1900 BCE to 1400 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200432–36-566">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-569">[note 32]</a> The subsequent period, between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200438-570">[511]</a> and a formative period for Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. The Epic and Early Puranic period, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 BCE to 500 CE, saw the classical "Golden Age" of Hinduism (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 320–650 CE), which coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. In this period the six branches of Hindu philosophy evolved, namely <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>. Monotheistic sects like <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> developed during this same period through the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>. The period from roughly 650 to 1100 CE forms the late Classical period<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004-16">[9]</a> or early Middle Ages, in which classical Puranic Hinduism is established, and <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>'s influential consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-571">[512]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shore_temple,_mahabalipuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shore_temple%2C_mahabalipuram.jpg/220px-Shore_temple%2C_mahabalipuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shore_temple%2C_mahabalipuram.jpg/330px-Shore_temple%2C_mahabalipuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shore_temple%2C_mahabalipuram.jpg/440px-Shore_temple%2C_mahabalipuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Hindu <a href="/wiki/Shore_Temple" title="Shore Temple">Shore Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_II" title="Narasimhavarman II">Narasimhavarman II</a>.</figcaption></figure> Hinduism under both Hindu and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in South Asia">Islamic</a> rulers from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1250–1750 CE,<a href="#cite_note-572">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-573">[514]</a> saw the increasing prominence of the Bhakti movement, which remains influential today. Historic persecutions of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> happened under <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of India">Muslim rulers</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[515]</a> and also by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Missionaries">Christian Missionaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-575">[516]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">1560 inquisition</a> by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese colonists</a> is also considered one of the most brutal <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">persecutions of Hindus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-576">[517]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial period</a> saw the emergence of various <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a> partly inspired by western movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200227-577">[518]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a> was accompanied by the Hinduization of the <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">state</a> and continued till the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Vir_1988_https://books.google.com/books?id=yEHODCDK-8kC&pg=PA56_56-578">[519]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> were hired as plantation labourers in <a href="/wiki/British_colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonial">British colonies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-579">[520]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947 was along religious lines, with the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a> emerging with a Hindu majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2003176–189Thapar1993239–241-580">[521]</a> Between 200,000 and one million people, including both Muslims and Hindus, were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-581">[522]</a> During the 20th century, due to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a>, Hindu minorities have formed in all continents, with the largest communities in absolute numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-582">[523]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-583">[524]</a> Although religious conversion from and to Hinduism has been a controversial and debated subject in India, Nepal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Sebastian20051–29-584">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-585">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua2015Ch._2_and_8-586">[527]</a> and in Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamstedt200493–108Robert_Hefner._''Hindu_Reform_in_an_Islamising_Java:_Pluralism_and_Peril''-587">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-589">[note 33]</a> in the 20th–21st century, many missionary organisations such as <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathya Sai Organization">Sathya Sai Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a> have been influential in spreading the core culture of Hinduism outside India.<a href="#cite_note-ty78-206">[note 21]</a> Religious leaders of some Hindu reform movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a> movement to proselytise and reconvert Muslims and Christians back to Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-csadcock-590">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-591">[531]</a> while those such as the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> suggested Hinduism to be a non-missionary religion.<a href="#cite_note-arvindmr-588">[529]</a> All these sects of Hinduism have welcomed new members to their group, while other leaders of Hinduism's diverse schools have stated that given the intensive proselytisation activities from missionary Islam and Christianity, this "there is no such thing as proselytism in Hinduism" view must be re-examined.<a href="#cite_note-arvindmr-588">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-csadcock-590">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-592">[532]</a> There have also been an increase of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu identity">Hindu identity</a> in politics, mostly in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-593">[533]</a> The revivalist movement was mainly started and encouraged by many organisations like <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">RSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a> and other organisations of <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> in India, while there are also many <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist parties">Hindu nationalist parties and organisations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shivsena_Nepal" title="Shivsena Nepal">Shivsena Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">RPP</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/HINDRAF" title="HINDRAF">HINDRAF</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-594">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vir_1988_https://books.google.com/books?id=yEHODCDK-8kC&pg=PA56_56-578">[519]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Ganesha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buddhist_Ganesha.jpg/220px-Buddhist_Ganesha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buddhist_Ganesha.jpg/330px-Buddhist_Ganesha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buddhist_Ganesha.jpg/440px-Buddhist_Ganesha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption>Artwork of Ganesha in Nepal, holding a gold bowl of <a href="/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">laddoos</a>, implements, vajra weapon, vegetable, fruits, mala, mouse, wish fulfilling jewels</figcaption></figure> Hinduism is a major <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">religion in India</a>. Hinduism was followed by around 80% of the country's population of 1.21 billion (<a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>) (966 million adherents).<a href="#cite_note-595">[535]</a> India contains 94% of the global Hindu population.<a href="#cite_note-596">[536]</a><a href="#cite_note-597">[537]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">significant populations</a> are found in Nepal (23 million), Bangladesh (13 million) and the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> (3.9 million).<a href="#cite_note-bps-598">[538]</a> A significant population of Hindus are also present in Pakistan (5.2 million).<a href="#cite_note-599">[539]</a> The majority of the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese people</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHefner1989KinneyKlokkeKieven2003-237">[199]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham people</a> also follow Hinduism, with the largest proportion of the Chams in <a href="/wiki/Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninh Thuận Province">Ninh Thuận Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-600">[540]</a> Demographically, Hinduism is the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's third largest religion</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-601">[541]</a><a href="#cite_note-602">[542]</a> Hinduism is the <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">third fastest-growing religion</a> in the world after <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, with a predicted growth rate of 34% between 2010 and 2050.<a href="#cite_note-603">[543]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_percentage_of_adherents_to_Hinduism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Countries_by_percentage_of_adherents_to_Hinduism.svg/220px-Countries_by_percentage_of_adherents_to_Hinduism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Countries_by_percentage_of_adherents_to_Hinduism.svg/330px-Countries_by_percentage_of_adherents_to_Hinduism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Countries_by_percentage_of_adherents_to_Hinduism.svg/440px-Countries_by_percentage_of_adherents_to_Hinduism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Hindus by country<a href="#cite_note-prcpercent-604">[544]</a></figcaption></figure> Countries with the greatest proportion of Hindus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Nepal</a> – 81.3%<a href="#cite_note-605">[545]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">India</a> – 80.0%<a href="#cite_note-606">[546]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Mauritius" title="Hinduism in Mauritius"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Mauritius" title="Hinduism in Mauritius">Mauritius</a> – 48.5%<a href="#cite_note-607">[547]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Guyana" title="Hinduism in Guyana"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Guyana" title="Hinduism in Guyana">Guyana</a> – 31%<a href="#cite_note-608">[548]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Fiji" title="Hinduism in Fiji"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Fiji" title="Hinduism in Fiji">Fiji</a> – 27.9%<a href="#cite_note-609">[549]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> – 24.3%<a href="#cite_note-610">[550]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bhutan" title="Hinduism in Bhutan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bhutan" title="Hinduism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a> – 22.6%<a href="#cite_note-611">[551]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Suriname" title="Hinduism in Suriname"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Suriname" title="Hinduism in Suriname">Suriname</a> – 22.3%<a href="#cite_note-612">[552]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Qatar" title="Hinduism in Qatar"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Qatar">Qatar</a> – 15.9%<a href="#cite_note-613">[553]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> – 12.6%<a href="#cite_note-614">[554]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bahrain" title="Hinduism in Bahrain"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Bahrain">Bahrain</a> – 9.8%<a href="#cite_note-615">[555]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> – 7.9%<a href="#cite_note-616">[556]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Hinduism in Réunion"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Hinduism in Réunion">Réunion</a> – 6.8%<a href="#cite_note-617">[note 34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> – 6.6%<a href="#cite_note-618">[557]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia" title="Hinduism in Malaysia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia" title="Hinduism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> – 6.3%<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-619">[558]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kuwait" title="Hinduism in Kuwait"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Kuwait">Kuwait</a> – 6%<a href="#cite_note-620">[559]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Oman" title="Hinduism in Oman"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Oman" title="Hinduism in Oman">Oman</a> – 5.5%<a href="#cite_note-621">[560]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Seychelles" title="Hinduism in Seychelles"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Seychelles" title="Hinduism in Seychelles">Seychelles</a> – 5.4% <a href="#cite_note-2022Census-622">[561]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Singapore</a> – 5%<a href="#cite_note-2010_census_Full_report-623">[562]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> – 3.9%<a href="#cite_note-624">[563]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Australia</a> – 2.7%<a href="#cite_note-625">[564]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" title="Hinduism in New Zealand"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" title="Hinduism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> – 2.6%<a href="#cite_note-626">[565]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> – 2.2%<a href="#cite_note-627">[566]</a></li></ol> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Demographics of major traditions within Hinduism (World Religion Database, as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduism&action=edit">[update]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-628">[567]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hinduism" title="Talk:Hinduism">discuss</a>] </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tradition </th> <th scope="col">Followers </th> <th scope="col">% of the Hindu population </th> <th scope="col">% of the world population </th> <th scope="col">Follower dynamics </th> <th scope="col">World dynamics </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> </td> <td align="center">640,806,845 </td> <td align="center">67.6 </td> <td align="center">9.3 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> </td> <td align="center">252,200,000 </td> <td align="center">26.6 </td> <td align="center">3.7 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> </td> <td align="center">30,000,000 </td> <td align="center">3.2 </td> <td align="center">0.4 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Stable </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Declining </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Hinduism</a> </td> <td align="center">20,300,000 </td> <td align="center">2.1 </td> <td align="center">0.3 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform Hinduism</a> </td> <td align="center">5,200,000 </td> <td align="center">0.5 </td> <td align="center">0.1 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cumulative </th> <th>948,575,000 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>13.8 </th> <th><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </th> <th><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a topical guide, see <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline of Hinduism</a>.</div> <dl><dt>Hinduism</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_atheism" title="Hindu atheism">Hindu atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Hinduism" title="Crypto-Hinduism">Crypto-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Gautama Buddha in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomania" title="Indomania">Indomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagran" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagran">Jagran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">Lists of Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Hinduism" title="Encyclopedia of Hinduism">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Related systems and religions</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Adivasi religion">Adivasi religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Hinduism and other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism and Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Hinduism and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions#Zoroastrianism" title="Hinduism and other religions">Hinduism and Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiratism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiratism">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_sthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarna sthal">Sarna sthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Hinduism and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-definition-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-definition_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-definition_7-1">b</a> Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "way of life" (<a href="#CITEREFSharma2003">Sharma 2003</a>, pp. 12–13), etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 1–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu_term-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_term_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_term_12-1">b</a> There are several views on the earliest mention of 'Hindu' in the context of religion: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 6 states: "In Arabic texts, Al-Hind is a term used for the people of modern-day India and 'Hindu', or 'Hindoo', was used towards the end of the eighteenth century by the British to refer to the people of 'Hindustan', the people of northwest India. Eventually 'Hindu' became virtually equivalent to an 'Indian' who was not a Muslim, Sikh, Jain, or Christian, thereby encompassing a range of religious beliefs and practices. The '-ism' was added to Hindu in around 1830 to denote the culture and religion of the high-caste Brahmans in contrast to other religions, and the term was soon appropriated by Indians themselves in the context of building a national identity opposed to colonialism, though the term 'Hindu' was used in Sanskrit and Bengali hagiographic texts in contrast to 'Yavana' or Muslim as early as the sixteenth century."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSharma2002">Sharma 2002</a> and other scholars state that the 7th-century Chinese scholar <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, whose 17-year travel to India and interactions with its people and religions were recorded and preserved in the Chinese language, uses the transliterated term In-tu whose "connotation overflows in the religious".(<a href="#CITEREFSharma2002">Sharma 2002</a>) Xuanzang describes <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu Deva-temples</a> of the early 7th century CE, worship of <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Sun</a> deity and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, his debates with scholars of Samkhya and Vaisheshika schools of Hindu philosophies, monks and monasteries of Hindus, Jains and Buddhists (both Mahayana and Theravada), and the study of the Vedas along with Buddhist texts at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>. See also <a href="#CITEREFGoschStearns2007">Gosch & Stearns 2007</a>, pp. 88–99, <a href="#CITEREFSharma2011">Sharma 2011</a>, pp. 5–12, <a href="#CITEREFSmithVan_De_Mieroopvon_GlahnLane2012">Smith et al. 2012</a>, pp. 321–324.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSharma2002">Sharma 2002</a> also mentions the use of the word Hindu in Islamic texts such as those relating to the 8th-century Arab invasion of Sindh by Muhammad ibn Qasim, Al Biruni's 11th-century text Tarikh Al-Hind, and those of the Delhi Sultanate period, where the term Hindu retains the ambiguities of including all non-Islamic people such as Buddhists and of being "a region or a religion".</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a> states, citing Richard Eaton: "one of the earliest occurrences of the word 'Hindu' in Islamic literature appears in 'Abd al-Malik Isami's Persian work, Futuhu's-Salatin, composed in the Deccan in 1350. In this text, 'Isami uses the word 'hindi' to mean Indian in the ethno-geographical sense and the word 'hindu' to mean 'Hindu' in the sense of a follower of the Hindu religion".(<a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, p. 33)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, pp. 32–33 also mentions other non-Persian texts such as Prithvíráj Ráso by ~12th century Canda Baradai, and epigraphical inscription evidence from Andhra Pradesh kingdoms who battled military expansion of Muslim dynasties in the 14th century, where the word 'Hindu' partly implies a religious identity in contrast to 'Turks' or Islamic religious identity.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, p. 15 states that one of the earliest uses of word 'Hindu' in religious context, in a European language (Spanish), was the publication in 1649 by Sebastiao Manrique.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldest_religion-13"><a href="#cite_ref-oldest_religion_13-0">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFFowler1997">Fowler 1997</a>, p. 1: "probably the oldest religion in the world."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007">Klostermaier 2007</a>, p. 1: The "oldest living major religion" in the world.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKurien2006">Kurien 2006</a>: "There are almost a billion Hindus living on Earth. They practice the world's oldest religion..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBakker1997">Bakker 1997</a>: "it [Hinduism] is the oldest religion".</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNoble1998">Noble 1998</a>: "Hinduism, the world's oldest surviving religion, continues to provide the framework for daily life in much of South Asia."</li></ul> <a href="#CITEREFSmart1993">Smart 1993</a>, p. 1, on the other hand, calls it also one of the youngest religions: "Hinduism could be seen to be much more recent, though with various ancient roots: in a sense it was formed in the late 19th Century and early 20th Century." Animism has also been called "the oldest religion."(<a href="#CITEREFSponsel2012">Sponsel 2012</a>: "Animism is by far the oldest religion in the world. Its antiquity seems to go back at least as far as the period of the Neanderthals some 60,000 to 80,000 years ago.") Australian <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._M._W._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="R. M. W. Dixon">R. M. W. Dixon</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Aboriginal myths</a> regarding the origin of the Crater Lakes might be dated as accurate back to 10,000 years ago (<a href="#CITEREFDixon1996">Dixon 1996</a>). <a href="#CITEREFDavidMullettWrightStephenson2024">David et al. (2024)</a> found archaeological evidence that the mulla-mullung ritual, described in the 19th century, dates back at least 12,000 years. See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Hypotheses_on_origins" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> for some of the oldest forms of religion</li> <li>Indian tribal religions such as <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sari_Dharam" title="Sari Dharam">Sari Dharam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a>, connected to the earliest migrations into India</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knott_sanatana_dharma-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Knott_sanatana_dharma_14-0">^</a> Sanatāna Dharma: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2001">Harvey 2001</a>, p. xiii: "In modern Indian usage, sanātana dharma is often equated with 'Hinduism' as a name, stressing the eternal foundation of it."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKnott1998">Knott 1998</a>, p. 5: "Many describe Hinduism as sanatana dharma, the eternal tradition or religion. This refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond human history."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKnott1998">Knott 1998</a>, p. 117: " The phrase sanatana dharma, eternal tradition, used often by Hindus to describe their religion, implies antiquity, but its usage is modern."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFParpola2015">Parpola 2015</a>, p. 3: "Some Indians object to having a foreign term for their religion, preferring the Sanskrit expression sanātana dharma, "eternal law or truth," despite the fact that this expression was not applied to any religious system in ancient texts."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockard-fusion-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lockard-fusion_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockard-fusion_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p. 50: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Aryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis." <a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p. 52: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiltebeitel-synthesis-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hiltebeitel-synthesis_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiltebeitel-synthesis_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2002">Hiltebeitel 2002</a>, p. 12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of 'Hindu synthesis', 'Brahmanic synthesis', or 'orthodox synthesis', takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency (c. 320–467 CE)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Brahmanism-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Brahmanism_31-0">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, p. 194: "The Brahmanical pattern"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 16: "The tradition of brahmanical orthopraxy has played the role of 'master narrative'"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2002">Hiltebeitel 2002</a>, p. 12: "Brahmanical synthesis"</li></ul> According to <a href="#CITEREFHeesterman2005">Heesterman 2005</a>, Brahmanism developed out of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a>; "It is loosely known as Brahmanism because of the religious and legal importance it places on the brāhmaṇa (priestly) class of society." According to <a href="#CITEREFWitzel1995">Witzel 1995</a>, this development started around 1000 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru Kingdom</a>, with the Brahmins providing elaborate rituals to enhance the status of the Kuru kings. </li> <li id="cite_note-fusion-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fusion_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fusion_32-1">b</a> See also: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGhurye1980">Ghurye 1980</a>, pp. 3–4: "He [J. H. Hutton, the Commissioner of the Census of 1931] considers modern Hinduism to be the result of an amalgam between pre-Aryan Indian beliefs of Mediterranean inspiration and the religion of the Rigveda. 'The Tribal religions present, as it were, surplus material not yet built into the temple of Hinduism'."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1951">Zimmer 1951</a>, pp. 218–219.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSjoberg1990">Sjoberg 1990</a>, p. 43. Quote: [<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Tyler (1973). India: An Anthropological Perspective. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+An+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988">]; "The Hindu synthesis was less the dialectical reduction of orthodoxy and heterodoxy than the resurgence of the ancient, aboriginal Indus civilization. In this process the rude, barbaric Aryan tribes were gradually civilised and eventually merged with the autochthonous Dravidians. Although elements of their domestic cult and ritualism were jealously preserved by Brahman priests, the body of their culture survived only in fragmentary tales and allegories embedded in vast, syncretistic compendia. On the whole, the Aryan contribution to Indian culture is insignificant. The essential pattern of Indian culture was already established in the third millennium B.C., and ... the form of Indian civilization perdured and eventually reasserted itself."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSjoberg1990">Sjoberg 1990</a>.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 16: "Contemporary Hinduism cannot be traced to a common origin [...] The many traditions which feed into contemporary Hinduism can be subsumed under three broad headings: the tradition of Brahmanical orthopraxy, the renouncer traditions and popular or local traditions. The tradition of Brahmanical orthopraxy has played the role of 'master narrative', transmitting a body of knowledge and behaviour through time, and defining the conditions of orthopraxy, such as adherence to varnasramadharma."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNath2001">Nath 2001</a>.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWerner1998">Werner 1998</a>.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWerner2005">Werner 2005</a>, pp. 8–9.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p. 50.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2002">Hiltebeitel 2002</a>.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHopfeWoodward2008">Hopfe & Woodward 2008</a>, p. 79: "The religion that the Aryans brought with them mingled with the religion of the native people, and the culture that developed between them became classical Hinduism."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-roots-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roots_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roots_33-1">b</a> Among its roots are the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (<a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 16) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans (<a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, pp. 48–53), but also the religions of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> (<a href="#CITEREFNarayanan2009">Narayanan 2009</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2002">Hiltebeitel 2002</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. xviii) the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇa</a> or renouncer traditions of <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">northeastern India</a> (<a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFGomez2013">Gomez 2013</a>, p. 42), with possible roots in a non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture (<a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2007">Bronkhorst 2007</a>); and "popular or <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">local traditions</a>" (<a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 16) and prehistoric cultures "that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence."<a href="#CITEREFDoniger2010">Doniger 2010</a>, p. 66) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The Indo-Aryan word Sindhu means "river", "ocean".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20033-52">[38]</a> It is frequently being used in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. The Sindhu-area is part of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a>, "the land of the Aryans". </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> In the contemporary era, the term Hindus are individuals who identify with one or more aspects of Hinduism, whether they are practising or non-practicing or <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[48]</a> The term does not include those who identify with other Indian religions such as Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism or various animist tribal religions found in India such as Sarnaism.<a href="#cite_note-64">[49]</a> The term Hindu, in contemporary parlance, includes people who accept themselves as culturally or ethnically Hindu rather than with a fixed set of religious beliefs within Hinduism. One need not be religious in the minimal sense, states <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius Lipner</a>, to be accepted as Hindu by Hindus, or to describe oneself as Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner20098-65">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/D._N._Jha" title="D. N. Jha">D. N. Jha</a>'s essay Looking for a Hindu identity, he writes: "No Indians described themselves as Hindus before the fourteenth century" and "Hinduism was a creation of the colonial period and cannot lay claim to any great antiquity."<a href="#cite_note-amp.scroll.in-61">[46]</a> He further wrote "The British borrowed the word 'Hindu' from India, gave it a new meaning and significance, [and] reimported it into India as a reified phenomenon called Hinduism."<a href="#cite_note-71">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Hinduism is derived from Persian hindu- and the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ism">-ism</a> suffix. It is first recorded in 1786, in the generic sense of "polytheism of India".<a href="#cite_note-75">[web 4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Sweetman mentions: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1988">Halbfass 1988</a>, India and Europe</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSontheimer1989">Sontheimer 1989</a>, Hinduism Reconsidered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inden" title="Ronald Inden">Ronald Inden</a>, Imagining India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Breckenridge" title="Carol Breckenridge">Carol Breckenridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_der_Veer" title="Peter van der Veer">Peter van der Veer</a>, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudha_Dalmia" title="Vasudha Dalmia">Vasudha Dalmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stietencron" title="Heinrich von Stietencron">Heinrich von Stietencron</a>, Representing Hinduism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.N._Balagangadhara" class="mw-redirect" title="S.N. Balagangadhara">S.N. Balagangadhara</a>, The Heathen in his Blindness...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Thomas Trautmann</a>, Aryans and British India</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, Orientalism and religion</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Malhotra" title="Rajiv Malhotra">Rajiv Malhotra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Being_Different" title="Being Different">Being Different</a> for a critic who gained widespread attention outside the academia, <a href="/wiki/Invading_the_Sacred" title="Invading the Sacred">Invading the Sacred</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> The term sanatana dharma and its Vedic roots had another context in the colonial era, particularly the early 19th-century through movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>. These movements, particularly active in British and French colonies outside India, such as in Africa and the Caribbean, interpreted Hinduism to be a monotheistic religion and attempted to demonstrate that it to be similar to Christianity and Islam. Their views were opposed by other Hindus such as the Sanatan Dharma Sabha of 1895.<a href="#cite_note-118">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Lipner quotes Brockington (1981), The sacred tread, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Pennington<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennington200576–77-171">[140]</a> describes the circumstances in which early impressions of Hinduism were reported by colonial era missionaries: "Missionary reports from India also reflected the experience of foreigners in a land whose native inhabitants and British rulers often resented their presence. Their accounts of Hinduism were forged in physically, politically and spiritually hostile surroundings [impoverished, famine-prone Bengal – now West Bengal and Bangladesh]. Plagued with anxieties and fears about their own health, regularly reminded of colleagues who had lost their lives or reason, uncertain of their own social location, and preaching to crowds whose reactions ranged from indifference to amusement to hostility, missionaries found expression for their darker misgivings in their production of what is surely part of their speckled legacy: a fabricated Hinduism crazed by blood-lust and devoted to the service of devils." </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweetman-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Sweetman_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman (2004</a>, p. 13) identifies several areas in which "there is substantial, if not universal, an agreement that colonialism influenced the study of Hinduism, even if the degree of this influence is debated": <ul><li>The wish of European Orientalists "to establish a textual basis for Hinduism", akin to the Protestant culture,(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, p. 13) which was also driven by preference among the colonial powers for "written authority" rather than "oral authority".(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, p. 13)</li> <li>The influence of <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> on European conceptions of Hinduism.(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, p. 13)</li> <li>[T]he identification of Vedanta, more specifically <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, as 'the paradigmatic example of the mystical nature of the Hindu religion'.(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, p. 13) (Sweetman cites <a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, p. 128.) Several factors led to the favouring of Vedanta as the "central philosophy of the Hindus":(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, pp. 13–14) <ul><li>According to Niranjan Dhar's theory that Vedanta was favoured because British feared French influence, especially the impact of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>; and Ronald Inden's theory that Advaita Vedanta was portrayed as 'illusionist pantheism' reinforcing the colonial stereotypical construction of Hinduism as indifferent to ethics and life-negating.(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, pp. 13–14)</li> <li>"The amenability of Vedantic thought to both Christian and Hindu critics of 'idolatry' in other forms of Hinduism".(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, p. 14)</li></ul></li> <li>The colonial constructions of caste as being part of Hinduism.(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, pp. 14–16) According to Nicholas Dirks' theory that, "Caste was refigured as a religious system, organising society in a context where politics and religion had never before been distinct domains of social action. (Sweetman cites <a href="#CITEREFDirks2001">Dirks 2001</a>, p. xxvii.)</li> <li>"[T]he construction of Hinduism in the image of Christianity"(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, p. 15)</li> <li>Anti-colonial Hindus(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, pp. 15–16) "looking toward the systematisation of disparate practices as a means of recovering a pre-colonial, national identity".(<a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, p. 15) (Sweetman cites <a href="#CITEREFViswanathan2003">Viswanathan 2003</a>, p. 26.)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Many scholars have presented pre-colonial common denominators and asserted the importance of ancient Hindu textual sources in medieval and pre-colonial times: <ul><li>Klaus Witz<a href="#cite_note-176">[143]</a> states that Hindu <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> ideas in the medieval era grew on the foundation of Upanishadic knowledge and Vedanta philosophies.</li> <li>John Henderson<a href="#cite_note-177">[144]</a> states that "Hindus, both in medieval and in modern times, have been particularly drawn to those canonical texts and philosophical schools such as the Bhagavad Gita and Vedanta, which seem to synthesize or reconcile most successfully diverse philosophical teachings and sectarian points of view. Thus, this widely recognised attribute of Indian culture may be traced to the exegetical orientation of medieval Hindu commentarial traditions, especially Vedanta.</li> <li>Patrick Olivelle<a href="#cite_note-Olivelle2014p3q-178">[145]</a> and others<a href="#cite_note-179">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDowell-180">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[148]</a> state that the central ideas of the Upanishads in the Vedic corpus are at the spiritual core of Hindus.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-ty78-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ty78_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ty78_206-1">b</a> * Hinduism is the fastest growing religion in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Russia" title="Hinduism in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Ghana" title="Hinduism in Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">United States</a>. This was due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a> and the migration of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> in these nations.<a href="#cite_note-204">[169]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">In western nations</a>, the growth of Hinduism has been very fast and is the second fastest growing religion in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[170]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> According to <a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 474, "The followers of Vaishnavism are many fewer than those of Shaivism, numbering perhaps 200 million."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474-212">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hinduism#Dubious" title="Talk:Hinduism">discuss</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> sometimes with <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the spouse of Vishnu; or, as Narayana and Sri;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200565_and_Chapter_5-214">[177]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Rigveda is not only the oldest among the Vedas, but is one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> texts. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a>, Brahmaparva, Adhyaya 7, there are four <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of dharma">sources of dharma</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a> (Vedas), <a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a> (Dharmaśāstras, Puranas), <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Śiṣṭa Āchāra/Sadāchara</a> (conduct of noble people) and finally <a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātma tuṣṭi</a> (Self satisfaction). From the sloka: <dl><dd>वेदः स्मृतिः सदाचारः स्वस्य च प्रियमात्मनः । एतच्चतुर्विधं प्राहुः साक्षाद्धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥<a href="#cite_note-246">[web 14]</a></dd> <dd>vedaḥ smṛtiḥ sadācāraḥ svasya ca priyamātmanah etaccaturvidham prāhuḥ sākshāddharmasya lakshaṇam</dd> <dd>– Bhavishya Purāṇa, Brahmaparva, Adhyāya 7</dd></dl> The meaning is vedas, smritis, good (approved) tradition and what is agreeable to one's Self (conscience), the wise have declared to be the four direct evidences of dharma. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> For translation of deva in singular noun form as "a deity, god", and in plural form as "the gods" or "the heavenly or shining ones", see: <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams2001">Monier-Williams 2001</a>, p. 492. For translation of devatā as "godhead, divinity", see: <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams2001">Monier-Williams 2001</a>, p. 495. </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> Among some regional Hindus, such as Rajputs, these are called <a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuldevis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuldevata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[312]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> Klostermaier: "Brahman, derived from the root bŗh = to grow, to become great, was originally identical with the Vedic word, that makes people prosper: words were the pricipan means to approach the gods who dwelled in a different sphere. It was not a big step from this notion of "reified <a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">speech-act</a>" to that "of the speech-act being looked at implicitly and explicitly as a means to an end." <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007">Klostermaier 2007</a>, p. 55 quotes Madhav M. Deshpande (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/378011865/Madhav-Deshpande-Changing-Conceptions-of-the-Veda-From-Speech-Acts-to-Magical-Sounds">Changing Conceptions of the Veda: From Speech-Acts to Magical Sounds</a>, p.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> The cremation ashes are called phool (flowers). These are collected from the pyre in a rite-of-passage called asthi sanchayana, then dispersed during asthi visarjana. This signifies redemption of the dead in waters considered to be sacred and a closure for the living. Tirtha locations offer these services.<a href="#cite_note-457">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a68-458">[408]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> Venkataraman and Deshpande: "Caste-based discrimination does exist in many parts of India today.... Caste-based discrimination fundamentally contradicts the essential teaching of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu sacred texts</a> that divinity is inherent in all beings."<a href="#cite_note-494">[web 23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-565"><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a> Among its roots are the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-148">[117]</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201048–53-562">[505]</a> but also the religions of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911-79">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200752-563">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel20023-41">[27]</a> the śramaṇa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomez201342-564">[507]</a> or renouncer traditions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-148">[117]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">east India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomez201342-564">[507]</a> and "popular or <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">local traditions</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-148">[117]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a> There is no exact dating possible for the beginning of the Vedic period. Witzel mentions a range between 1900 and 1400 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel19953–4-567">[509]</a> Flood mentions 1500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199621-568">[510]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-589"><a href="#cite_ref-589">^</a> According to Sharma, the concept of missionary conversion, either way, is anathema to the precepts of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-arvindmr-588">[529]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-617"><a href="#cite_ref-617">^</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> is not a country, but an independent <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French terretory</a>. </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-umbrella-term-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umbrella-term_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-umbrella-term_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1963">Smith (1963</a>, pp. 65–66): "My point, and I think that this is the first step that one must take towards understanding something of the vision of Hindus, is that the mass of religious phenomena that we shelter under the umbrella of that term, is not a unity and does not aspire to be." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu_dharma-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_dharma_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_dharma_11-1">b</a> There is <a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">no single-word translation</a> for dharma in Western languages (<a href="#CITEREFWidgery1930">Widgery 1930</a>, <a href="#CITEREFRocher2003">Rocher 2003</a>). The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1">Dharma</a>, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See <a href="#Dharma_(moral_duties,_righteousness,_ethics)">Dharma (righteousness, ethics)</a>. 'Hindu dharma' refers to the religious behaviours and attitudes of the various traditions collectively referred to as Hinduism: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFFlood2003a">Flood (2003a</a>, p. 9): "V. D. Savarkar [...] in his highly influential book Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? (1923) distinguishes between “Hindu Dharma,” the various traditions subsumed under the term “Hinduism,” and “Hindutva” or “Hinduness,” a sociopolitical force to unite all Hindus against “threatening Others”</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFThomas2012">Thomas (2012</a>, p. 175): "Some 'Hindus' refer to this agglomeration of religious forms as 'Hindu dharma' (dharma here standing loosely for' religion'), but that is only to enable them to communicate to westerners some of their own religious attitudes."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2006">Bhattacharya (2006</a>, p. 1): "Dharma, therefore, is just not a belief but righteous living."</li></ul> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hinduism">"Hinduism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. 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Retrieved 14 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindus&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-hindu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201224548/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php?sort=numberHindu">"Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers (2010)"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php?sort=numberHindu">the original</a> on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+in+Numbers+%282010%29&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.pewforum.org%2Fgrl%2Fpopulation-number.php%3Fsort%3DnumberHindu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> }} </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiemensRoodt2009546-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiemensRoodt2009546_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiemensRoodt2009">Siemens & Roodt 2009</a>, p. 546. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaf201436-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaf201436_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeaf2014">Leaf 2014</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19963-6-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19963-6_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 3-6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_49-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2015"Chapter_1"-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola2015"Chapter_1"_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParpola2015">Parpola 2015</a>, "Chapter 1". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008433-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008433_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008433_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20033-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20033_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParpola2015">Parpola (2015)</a>, "Chapter 9": "In Iranian languages, Proto-Iranian *s became h before a following vowel at a relatively late period, perhaps around 850–600 BCE." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2002-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2002_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2002_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2002_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma2002">Sharma 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2004" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap">Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8"><bdi>978-0-520-24225-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+A.D.+1300&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24225-8&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyindiafromor00thap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapar2004">Thapar 2004</a>, p. 38: "...in Arab sources, al-Hind (the land beyond the Indus)." </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapar1989">Thapar 1989</a>, p. 222: "Al-Hind was therefore a geographical identity and the Hindus were all the people who lived on this land." <a href="#CITEREFThapar1993">Thapar 1993</a>, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson_Platts1884-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson_Platts1884_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson_Platts1884">Thompson Platts 1884</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Conell1973" class="citation journal cs1">O'Conell, Joseph T. (1973). "The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 93 (3): 340–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599467">10.2307/599467</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599467">599467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Word+%27Hindu%27+in+Gau%E1%B8%8D%C4%ABya+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Texts&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=340-344&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599467&rft.aulast=O%27Conell&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amp.scroll.in-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amp.scroll.in_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amp.scroll.in_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDube2016" class="citation web cs1">Dube, Mukul (10 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/801580/a-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism">"A short note on the short history of Hinduism"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128182331/https://scroll.in/article/801580/a-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=A+short+note+on+the+short+history+of+Hinduism&rft.date=2016-01-10&rft.aulast=Dube&rft.aufirst=Mukul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F801580%2Fa-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweetman2003-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sweetman2003_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sweetman2003_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweetman2003" class="citation book cs1">Sweetman, Will (2003). Mapping Hinduism: 'Hinduism' and the Study of Indian Religions, 1600–1776. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 163, 154–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931479-49-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-931479-49-7"><bdi>978-3-931479-49-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Hinduism%3A+%27Hinduism%27+and+the+Study+of+Indian+Religions%2C+1600%E2%80%931776&rft.pages=163%2C+154-168&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-931479-49-7&rft.aulast=Sweetman&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2010" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Bryan (2010). The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 424–425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8852-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8852-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-8852-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Blackwell+Companion+to+the+Sociology+of+Religion&rft.pages=424-425&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8852-4&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio. pp. 97–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-659-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=97-99&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-659-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner20098-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner20098_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier201017-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier201017_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2010">Klostermaier 2010</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger20145-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger20145_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoniger2014">Doniger 2014</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola20155-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola20155_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParpola2015">Parpola 2015</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger20143-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger20143_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger20143_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoniger2014">Doniger 2014</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.scroll.in/article/801580/a-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism">"Short note on the short history of Hinduism"</a>. 10 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113220512/https://amp.scroll.in/article/801580/a-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+note+on+the+short+history+of+Hinduism&rft.date=2016-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.scroll.in%2Farticle%2F801580%2Fa-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200752–53_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2007">McDaniel 2007</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200421_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2008193-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2008193_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-various_cultures-78"><a href="#cite_ref-various_cultures_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2002">Hiltebeitel 2002</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayanan200911_79-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNarayanan2009">Narayanan 2009</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996a275-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1996a275_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1996a">Turner 1996a</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipner2009p8-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipner2009p8_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipner2009p8_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, p. 8 Quote: "[...] one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, henotheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu." </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz2008" class="citation book cs1">Kurtz, Lester, ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict. 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Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Philosophy+in+Modern+Times&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Chande&rft.aufirst=M.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulp2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Culp, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/panentheism/">"Panentheism"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174122/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/panentheism/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panentheism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2017&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Culp&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2017%2Fentries%2Fpanentheism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911–22-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911–22_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, pp. 1–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier19941-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier19941_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier1994">Klostermaier 1994</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19961,_7-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19961,_7_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 1, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockard2007">Lockard 2007</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2002">Hiltebeitel 2002</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199616-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_148-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199616_148-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuackBinder2018" class="citation journal cs1">Quack, Johannes; Binder, Stefan (22 February 2018). "Atheism and Rationalism in Hinduism". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0196">10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Atheism+and+Rationalism+in+Hinduism&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0196&rft.aulast=Quack&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Binder%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_150-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010_151-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199635-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199635_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-andreapinkney-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreapinkney_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreapinkney_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkney2014" class="citation book cs1">Pinkney, Andrea (2014). Turner, Bryan; Salemink, Oscar (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia. Routledge. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-63503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-63503-5"><bdi>978-0-415-63503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Religions+in+Asia&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-63503-5&rft.aulast=Pinkney&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2008" class="citation book cs1">Haines, Jeffrey (2008). Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics. Routledge. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60029-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60029-3"><bdi>978-0-415-60029-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Religion+and+Politics&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-60029-3&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19911_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi200499–100-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi200499–100_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004">Deutsch & Dalvi 2004</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi2004100–101-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi2004100–101_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004">Deutsch & Dalvi 2004</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi2004101-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi2004101_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004">Deutsch & Dalvi 2004</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, pp. 1–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200636-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200636_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999648-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999648_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999648_161-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen1999">Lorenzen 1999</a>, p. 648. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999648,_655-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999648,_655_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen1999">Lorenzen 1999</a>, pp. 648, 655. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20102-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20102_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200734-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200734_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurley2007">Burley 2007</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200624–33-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200624–33_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, pp. 24–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200627-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200627_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200626–27-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200626–27_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200444-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels200444_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999100–102-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999100–102_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999100–102_169-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, pp. 100–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESweetman200414–15-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweetman200414–15_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSweetman2004">Sweetman 2004</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennington200576–77-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennington200576–77_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPennington2005">Pennington 2005</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1999169-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1999169_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennington2005pp._4–5_and_Chapter_6-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennington2005pp._4–5_and_Chapter_6_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennington2005pp._4–5_and_Chapter_6_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPennington2005">Pennington 2005</a>, pp. 4–5 and Chapter 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitz1998" class="citation book cs1">Witz, Klaus G (1998). The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1573-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1573-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1573-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Wisdom+of+the+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads%3A+An+Introduction%2C+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1573-5&rft.aulast=Witz&rft.aufirst=Klaus+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2014" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scripturecanonco0000hend">Scripture, Canon and Commentary</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scripturecanonco0000hend/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60172-4"><bdi>978-0-691-60172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripture%2C+Canon+and+Commentary&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-60172-4&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscripturecanonco0000hend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olivelle2014p3q-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle2014p3q_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle2014p3q_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (2014). The Early Upanisads. Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535242-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535242-9"><bdi>978-0-19-535242-9</bdi></a>. <q>Even though theoretically the whole of Vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [shruti], in reality it is the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanisads&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535242-9&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoniger1990">Doniger 1990</a>, pp. 2–3: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they alone of the Vedic corpus are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus." </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowell-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDowell_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDowell_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowellBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Michael; Brown, Nathan (2009). World Religions. Penguin. pp. 208–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-846-7"><bdi>978-1-59257-846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions&rft.pages=208-210&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-846-7&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Brown%2C+Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDissanayake1993" class="citation book cs1">Dissanayake, Wiman (1993). Kasulis, Thomas P.; et al. (eds.). Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice. State University of New York Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1080-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1080-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-1080-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self+as+Body+in+Asian+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1080-6&rft.aulast=Dissanayake&rft.aufirst=Wiman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002600-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002600_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein2002">Feuerstein 2002</a>, p. 600. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke2006">Clarke 2006</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Hackel in <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2001">King 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200233-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200233_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200233_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2002">Lorenzen 2002</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258_189-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996258_189-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996256–261-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996256–261_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 256–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-hindu1-191"><a href="#cite_ref-hindu1_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2007" class="citation book cs1">Young, Serinity (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduism0000youn">Hinduism</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduism0000youn/page/87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2116-0"><bdi>978-0-7614-2116-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 February 2015. <q>Rammohun Roy Father of Hindu Renaissance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2116-0&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Serinity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhinduism0000youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996257-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996257_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996259-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996259_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996249_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265_195-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265_195-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996265_195-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267_196-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267–268-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996267–268_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 267–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen1999" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Thomas Blom (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C&q=hindutva+in+modern+india">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2305-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2305-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-2305-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116180224/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saffron+Wave%3A+Democracy+and+Hindu+Nationalism+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2305-5&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Blom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAqn3OIGE54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonLongkumer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Edward; Longkumer, Arkotong (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09584935.2018.1548576">"'Neo-Hindutva': evolving forms, spaces, and expressions of Hindu nationalism"</a>. Contemporary South Asia. 26 (4): 371–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09584935.2018.1548576">10.1080/09584935.2018.1548576</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F8da58c02-ac36-46f1-a4f6-71ad6be1be09">20.500.11820/8da58c02-ac36-46f1-a4f6-71ad6be1be09</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-4935">0958-4935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+South+Asia&rft.atitle=%27Neo-Hindutva%27%3A+evolving+forms%2C+spaces%2C+and+expressions+of+Hindu+nationalism&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=371-377&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F8da58c02-ac36-46f1-a4f6-71ad6be1be09&rft.issn=0958-4935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09584935.2018.1548576&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Longkumer%2C+Arkotong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09584935.2018.1548576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChacko2019c" class="citation journal cs1">Chacko, Priya (2019c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/marketizing-hindutva-the-state-society-and-markets-in-hindu-nationalism/92243742C585CD73910BA63030F6A655">"Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism"</a>. Modern Asian Studies. 53 (2): 377–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X17000051">10.1017/S0026749X17000051</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F117274">2440/117274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149588748">149588748</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307235100/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/marketizing-hindutva-the-state-society-and-markets-in-hindu-nationalism/92243742C585CD73910BA63030F6A655">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Marketizing+Hindutva%3A+The+state%2C+society%2C+and+markets+in+Hindu+nationalism&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-410&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F117274&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149588748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X17000051&rft.aulast=Chacko&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmarketizing-hindutva-the-state-society-and-markets-in-hindu-nationalism%2F92243742C585CD73910BA63030F6A655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/insights/24085/will-an-incident-of-anti-muslim-violence-upend-nepals-bid-for-inclusivity">"As Nepal Strives to Become More Inclusive, Are Muslims Being Left Behind?"</a>. www.worldpoliticsreview.com. 30 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413000033/https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/insights/24085/will-an-incident-of-anti-muslim-violence-upend-nepals-bid-for-inclusivity">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldpoliticsreview.com&rft.atitle=As+Nepal+Strives+to+Become+More+Inclusive%2C+Are+Muslims+Being+Left+Behind%3F&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpoliticsreview.com%2Finsights%2F24085%2Fwill-an-incident-of-anti-muslim-violence-upend-nepals-bid-for-inclusivity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatcher2015239-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatcher2015239_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatcher2015">Hatcher 2015</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergKniss2008" class="citation journal cs1">Berg, Travis Vande; Kniss, Fred (2008). "ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement". <a href="/wiki/The_Sociological_Quarterly" title="The Sociological Quarterly">The Sociological Quarterly</a>. 49 (1): 79–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2007.00107.x">10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00107.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0253">0038-0253</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40220058">40220058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146169730">146169730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=ISKCON+and+Immigrants%3A+The+Rise%2C+Decline%2C+and+Rise+Again+of+a+New+Religious+Movement&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-104&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0038-0253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146169730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40220058%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2007.00107.x&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Travis+Vande&rft.au=Kniss%2C+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/700557/how-iskcon-took-hinduism-to-the-us-heartland">"How ISKCON took Hinduism to the US heartland"</a>. scroll.in. 17 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511101216/https://scroll.in/article/700557/how-iskcon-took-hinduism-to-the-us-heartland">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scroll.in&rft.atitle=How+ISKCON+took+Hinduism+to+the+US+heartland&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F700557%2Fhow-iskcon-took-hinduism-to-the-us-heartland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erg.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.329209.1492613166!/menu/standard/file/Hinduism%20in%20Europe_Abstracts.pdf">"Hinduism in Europe"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>. 28 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523082912/https://www.erg.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.329209.1492613166!/menu/standard/file/Hinduism%20in%20Europe_Abstracts.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Word&rft.atitle=Hinduism+in+Europe&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erg.su.se%2Fpolopoly_fs%2F1.329209.1492613166%21%2Fmenu%2Fstandard%2Ffile%2FHinduism%2520in%2520Europe_Abstracts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sskumar-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sskumar_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sskumar_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sskumar_207-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sskumar_207-3">d</a> SS Kumar (2010), Bhakti – the Yoga of Love, LIT Verlag Münster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50130-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50130-1">978-3-643-50130-1</a>, pp. 35–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, pp. 371–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/">The global religious landscape: Hindus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209012719/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/">Archived</a> 9 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pew Research (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonGrim2013400-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonGrim2013400_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013">Johnson & Grim 2013</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> See also (<a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007">Klostermaier 2007</a>, p. 199) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_212-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200565_and_Chapter_5-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200565_and_Chapter_5_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, p. 65 and Chapter 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200415–17-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200415–17_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryantEkstrand2004">Bryant & Ekstrand 2004</a>, pp. 15–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200438–43-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200438–43_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200438–43_217-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryantEkstrand2004">Bryant & Ekstrand 2004</a>, pp. 38–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettlStonePorterRice1998" class="citation book cs1">Nettl, Bruno; Stone, Ruth M.; Porter, James; Rice, Timothy (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC">The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: the Indian subcontinent</a>. Routledge. pp. 246–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011163910/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=246-247&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Stone%2C+Ruth+M.&rft.au=Porter%2C+James&rft.au=Rice%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFEspínNickoloff2007">Espín & Nickoloff 2007</a>, pp. 1441, 376) </li> <li id="cite_note-lancenelson-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lancenelson_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancenelson_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancenelson_220-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancenelson_220-3">d</a> (<a href="#CITEREFEspínNickoloff2007">Espín & Nickoloff 2007</a>, pp. 562–563) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010209-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010209_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> James Lochtefeld (2010), God's Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538614-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538614-1">978-0-19-538614-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1995141–145-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1995141–145_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1995">Isaeva 1995</a>, pp. 141–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaligero1955" class="citation journal cs1">Scaligero, Massimo (1955). "The Tantra and the Spirit of the West". East and West. 5 (4): 291–296. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29753633">29753633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=The+Tantra+and+the+Spirit+of+the+West&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-296&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29753633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scaligero&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> History: Hans Koester (1929), The Indian Religion of the Goddess Shakti, Journal of the Siam Society, Vol 23, Part 1, pp. 1–18; Modern practices: June McDaniel (2010), Goddesses in World Culture, Volume 1 (Editor: Patricia Monaghan), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6">978-0-313-35465-6</a>, Chapter 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2002-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2002_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2002">Hiltebeitel 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-williamw-229"><a href="#cite_ref-williamw_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright2012" class="citation book cs1">Wainwright, William (2012). "Concepts of God". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323084508/http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concepts+of+God&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanford.library.usyd.edu.au%2Fentries%2Fconcepts-god%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurthy1979" class="citation book cs1">Murthy, U (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samskarariteford0000anan">Samskara</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samskarariteford0000anan/page/n150">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561079-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561079-6"><bdi>978-0-19-561079-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samskara&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-561079-6&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamskarariteford0000anan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamsonp89-231"><a href="#cite_ref-williamsonp89_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2010" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, L (2010). Transcendent in America: Hindu-inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion. New York University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9450-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9450-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-9450-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcendent+in+America%3A+Hindu-inspired+Meditation+Movements+as+New+Religion&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9450-0&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner1994" class="citation book cs1">Milner, Murray (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statussacredness00miln">Status and Sacredness</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statussacredness00miln/page/194">194</a>–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508489-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508489-4"><bdi>978-0-19-508489-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+and+Sacredness&rft.pages=194-197&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508489-4&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatussacredness00miln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2010-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2010_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2010">West 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2004">Singh 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECœdès1968Pande2006AcriCreeseGriffiths2011-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECœdès1968Pande2006AcriCreeseGriffiths2011_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCœdès1968">Cœdès 1968</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPande2006">Pande 2006</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAcriCreeseGriffiths2011">Acri, Creese & Griffiths 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-spread-236"><a href="#cite_ref-spread_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-spread-of-Hinduism-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Pacific">"The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116205245/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-spread-of-Hinduism-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+spread+of+Hinduism+in+Southeast+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHinduism%2FThe-spread-of-Hinduism-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHefner1989KinneyKlokkeKieven2003-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHefner1989KinneyKlokkeKieven2003_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHefner1989KinneyKlokkeKieven2003_237-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHefner1989">Hefner 1989</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKinneyKlokkeKieven2003">Kinney, Klokke & Kieven 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhuongLockhart2011Pande2006231-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhuongLockhart2011Pande2006231_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhuongLockhart2011">Phuong & Lockhart 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPande2006">Pande 2006</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider,_Suhasini2018" class="citation news cs1">Haider, Suhasini (3 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots/article22645932.ece">"Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822082221/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots/article22645932.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tattooed+%27blue-skinned%27+Hindu+Pushtuns+look+back+at+their+roots&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft.au=Haider%2C+Suhasini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots%2Farticle22645932.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael2004-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael2004_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael2004">Michael 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpCiNqFj3MQsCpgPA357_357]quote:_"The_Kalasha_[...]_religion_is_a_form_of_Hinduism_that_recognizes_many_gods_and_spirits_and_has_been_related_to_the_religion_of_the_Ancient_Greeks,_who_mythology_says_are_the_ancestors_of_the_contemporary_Kalash_[...]_However,_it_is_much_more_likely,_given_their_Indo-Aryan_language,_that_the_religion_of_the_Kalasha_is_much_more_closely_aligned_to_the_Hinduism_of_their_Indian_neighbors_that_to_the_religion_of_Alexander_the_Great_and_his_armies."-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpCiNqFj3MQsCpgPA357_357]quote:_"The_Kalasha_[...]_religion_is_a_form_of_Hinduism_that_recognizes_many_gods_and_spirits_and_has_been_related_to_the_religion_of_the_Ancient_Greeks,_who_mythology_says_are_the_ancestors_of_the_contemporary_Kalash_[...]_However,_it_is_much_more_likely,_given_their_Indo-Aryan_language,_that_the_religion_of_the_Kalasha_is_much_more_closely_aligned_to_the_Hinduism_of_their_Indian_neighbors_that_to_the_religion_of_Alexander_the_Great_and_his_armies."_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2010">West 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA357">357</a>, quote: "The Kalasha [...] religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits and has been related to the religion of the Ancient Greeks, who mythology says are the ancestors of the contemporary Kalash [...] However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.". </li> <li id="cite_note-Joshi-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Joshi_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajesh_Joshi" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Joshi" title="Rajesh Joshi">Rajesh Joshi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/10401741.stm">"Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231013628/https://www.bbc.com/news/10401741">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ghana%27s+unique+African-Hindu+temple&rft.au=Rajesh+Joshi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F10401741.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2020-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2020_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarney2020">Carney 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011202-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuesse2011202_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuesse2011">Muesse 2011</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood200368–69See_[[Michael_Witzel]]_quote-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood200368–69See_[[Michael_Witzel]]_quote_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 68–69, See <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> quote. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESargeantChapple19843-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESargeantChapple19843_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSargeantChapple1984">Sargeant & Chapple 1984</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart200468-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart200468_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRinehart2004">Rinehart 2004</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20034-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20034_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199635–39-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199635–39_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 35–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya20068–14-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya20068–14_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2006">Bhattacharya 2006</a>, pp. 8–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> George M. Williams (2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2">978-0-19-533261-2</a>, p. 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01603-2">978-3-447-01603-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoer1908">Roer 1908</a>, pp. 1–5; "The Vedas are divided in two parts, the first is the karma-kanda, the ceremonial part, also (called) pūrva-kāṇḍa, and treats on ceremonies; the second part is the jñāna-kāṇḍa, the part which contains knowledge, also named uttarra-kāṇḍa or posterior part and unfolds the knowledge of Brahma or the universal Self." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner200510,_58,_66-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner200510,_58,_66_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner2005">Werner 2005</a>, pp. 10, 58, 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams197425–41-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams197425–41_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1974">Monier-Williams 1974</a>, pp. 25–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Olivelle1998Introduction-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle1998Introduction_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olivelle1998Introduction_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1998" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1998). "Introduction". Upaniṣads. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282292-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282292-5"><bdi>978-0-19-282292-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Upani%E1%B9%A3ads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-282292-5&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wendydoniger-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wendydoniger_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wendydoniger_260-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoniger1990">Doniger 1990</a>, pp. 2–3: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they alone of the Vedic corpus are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus." </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDissanayake1993" class="citation book cs1">Dissanayake, Wiman (1993). Kasulis, Thomas P.; et al. (eds.). Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice. State University of New York Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1080-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1080-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-1080-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self+as+Body+in+Asian+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1080-6&rft.aulast=Dissanayake&rft.aufirst=Wiman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1951" class="citation book cs1">Radhakrishnan, S. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PrincipalUpanishads/129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan#page/n19/mode/2up">The Principal Upanishads</a> (reprint ed.). George Allen & Co. pp. 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-124-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-124-8"><bdi>978-81-7223-124-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pages=17-19&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-81-7223-124-8&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPrincipalUpanishads%2F129481965-The-Principal-Upanishads-by-S-Radhakrishnan%23page%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n1/mode/2up">Thirteen Principal Upanishads</a>. Translated by Hume, Robert. Oxford University Press. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Sarvopaniṣado gāvo, etc. (Gītā Māhātmya 6). Gītā Dhyānam, cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/bg/introduction/">"Introduction"</a>. Bhagavad-gītā [As It Is]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174201/https://vedabase.io/en/library/bg/introduction/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020 – via Bhaktivedanta VedaBase.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Bhagavad-g%C4%ABt%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fbg%2Fintroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoburn1984" class="citation journal cs1">Coburn, Thomas B. (September 1984). ""Scripture" in India: Towards a Typology of the Word in Hindu Life". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Religion" title="Journal of the American Academy of Religion">Journal of the American Academy of Religion</a>. 52 (3): 435–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2F52.3.435">10.1093/jaarel/52.3.435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=%22Scripture%22+in+India%3A+Towards+a+Typology+of+the+Word+in+Hindu+Life&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=435-459&rft.date=1984-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2F52.3.435&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999655-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen1999655_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen1999">Lorenzen 1999</a>, p. 655. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelis2005" class="citation book cs1">Michelis, Elizabeth De (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC">A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8772-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8772-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-8772-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328155602/https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Yoga%3A+Patanjali+and+Western+Esotericism&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8772-8&rft.aulast=Michelis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHBBDq_Ul3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivekananda19876–7Volume_I-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivekananda19876–7Volume_I_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVivekananda1987">Vivekananda 1987</a>, pp. 6–7, Volume I. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarshananda1989-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarshananda1989_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarshananda1989">Harshananda 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1885" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Edward (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3U0OAAAAQAAJ&dq=worship+radha&pg=PA62">The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures</a>. B. Quaritch. p. 60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320150436/https://books.google.com/books?id=3U0OAAAAQAAJ&dq=worship+radha&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+India+and+of+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia%3A+Commercial%2C+Industrial+and+Scientific%2C+Products+of+the+Mineral%2C+Vegetable%2C+and+Animal+Kingdoms%2C+Useful+Arts+and+Manufactures&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=B.+Quaritch&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3U0OAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dworship%2Bradha%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200713-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200713_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200713_271-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavamony1999" class="citation book cs1">Dhavamony, Mariasusai (1999). Hindu Spirituality. Gregorian University and Biblical Press. pp. 31–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7"><bdi>978-88-7652-818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality&rft.pages=31-34&rft.pub=Gregorian+University+and+Biblical+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-818-7&rft.aulast=Dhavamony&rft.aufirst=Mariasusai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danceofsivarelig0000smit">The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danceofsivarelig0000smit/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48234-9"><bdi>978-0-521-48234-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dance+of+Siva%3A+Religion%2C+Art+and+Poetry+in+South+India&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48234-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdanceofsivarelig0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.M._Boyer_1901-274"><a href="#cite_ref-A.M._Boyer_1901_274-0">^</a> A.M. Boyer: Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara. Journal Asiatique, (1901), Volume 9, Issue 18, S. 451–453, 459–468 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuvraj_Krishan_1997-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Yuvraj_Krishan_1997_275-0">^</a> Yuvraj Krishan: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8">978-81-208-1233-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laumakis-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Laumakis_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaumakis2008" class="citation book cs1">Laumakis, Stephen J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC">An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46966-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46966-1"><bdi>978-1-139-46966-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328155520/https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46966-1&rft.aulast=Laumakis&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_29ZDAcUEwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayakawa_2014-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayakawa_2014_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayakawa2014" class="citation book cs1">Hayakawa, Atsushi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w7LtAgAAQBAJ">Circulation of Fire in the Veda</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90472-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90472-0"><bdi>978-3-643-90472-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circulation+of+Fire+in+the+Veda&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90472-0&rft.aulast=Hayakawa&rft.aufirst=Atsushi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw7LtAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayers-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Sayers_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers2013" class="citation book cs1">Sayers, Matthew R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AOBwiZBjRMC">Feeding the Dead: Ancestor Worship in Ancient India</a>. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989643-1"><bdi>978-0-19-989643-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123257/https://books.google.com/books?id=3AOBwiZBjRMC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feeding+the+Dead%3A+Ancestor+Worship+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989643-1&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AOBwiZBjRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-repositories.lib.utexas.edu-279"><a href="#cite_ref-repositories.lib.utexas.edu_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Sayers, Matthew R. (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/3945">Feeding the ancestors: ancestor worship in ancient Hinduism and Buddhism</a> (Thesis thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163432/https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/3945">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Feeding+the+ancestors%3A+ancestor+worship+in+ancient+Hinduism+and+Buddhism&rft.degree=Thesis&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%2Fhandle%2F2152%2F3945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayers_182–197-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Sayers_182–197_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sayers, Matthew R. (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec3.12155">"The Śrāddha : The Development of Ancestor Worship in Classical Hinduism: The Śrāddha"</a>. Religion Compass. 9 (6): 182–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12155">10.1111/rec3.12155</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119210615/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec3.12155">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=The+%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha+%3A+The+Development+of+Ancestor+Worship+in+Classical+Hinduism%3A+The+%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=182-197&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12155&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bilimoria_2007_p._103-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Bilimoria_2007_p._103_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilimoriaPrabhuSharma2007">Bilimoria, Prabhu & Sharma 2007</a>; see also <a href="#CITEREFKoller1968">Koller 1968</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199711-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199711_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1997">Flood 1997</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996a). "The meaning and context of the Purusarthas". In Lipner, Julius (ed.). The Fruits of Our Desiring. Bayeux. pp. 16–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896209-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896209-30-2"><bdi>978-1-896209-30-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+meaning+and+context+of+the+Purusarthas&rft.btitle=The+Fruits+of+Our+Desiring&rft.pages=16-21&rft.pub=Bayeux&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-896209-30-2&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1">"Dharma"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926234045/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1">Archived</a> 26 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_World_Religions" title="Oxford Dictionary of World Religions">Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a>: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." </li> <li id="cite_note-tce-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tce_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tce_285-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Dharma". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiaencyclop00laga">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a> (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5"><bdi>978-0-7876-5015-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dharma&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5015-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiaencyclop00laga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanbuitenen-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanbuitenen_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanbuitenen_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Buitenen1957" class="citation journal cs1">Van Buitenen, J. A. B. (April–July 1957). "Dharma and Moksa". Philosophy East and West. 7 (1/2): 33–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396832">10.2307/1396832</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396832">1396832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Dharma+and+Moksa&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=33-40&rft.date=1957-04%2F1957-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1396832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Van+Buitenen&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnston_(Theosophist)" title="Charles Johnston (Theosophist)">Charles Johnston</a>, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, Kshetra, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-4653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-4653-0">978-1-4959-4653-0</a>, p. 481, for discussion: pp. 478–505 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Paul Horsch (Translated by Jarrod Whitaker), "From Creation Myth to World Law: The early history of Dharma", Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol 32, pp. 423–448, (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Prabhupādā1986" class="citation book cs1">Swami Prabhupādā, A. C. Bhaktivedanta (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSA3hsIq5dsC&q=%22neither%20beginning%20nor%20end%22&pg=PA16">Bhagavad-gītā as it is</a>. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89213-268-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89213-268-3"><bdi>978-0-89213-268-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174159/https://books.google.com/books?id=dSA3hsIq5dsC&q=%22neither+beginning+nor+end%22&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagavad-g%C4%ABt%C4%81+as+it+is&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=The+Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89213-268-3&rft.aulast=Swami+Prabhup%C4%81d%C4%81&rft.aufirst=A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSA3hsIq5dsC%26q%3D%2522neither%2520beginning%2520nor%2520end%2522%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a55–56-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a55–56_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002a">Lochtefeld 2002a</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-bruces-291"><a href="#cite_ref-bruces_291-0">^</a> Bruce Sullivan (1997), Historical Dictionary of Hinduism, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3327-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3327-2">978-0-8108-3327-2</a>, pp. 29–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> John Koller, Puruṣārtha as Human Aims, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct. 1968), pp. 315–319 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacy1975" class="citation journal cs1">Macy, Joanna (1975). "The Dialectics of Desire". Numen. 22 (2): 145–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3269765">10.2307/3269765</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269765">3269765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Dialectics+of+Desire&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-160&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3269765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3269765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Macy&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwse-294"><a href="#cite_ref-mmwse_294-0">^</a> Monier Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0304.html">काम, kāma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211540/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0304.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, p. 271, see 3rd column </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> R. Prasad (2008), History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume 12, Part 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8180695445" title="Special:BookSources/978-8180695445">978-8180695445</a>, Chapter 10, particularly pp. 252–255 </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> See: <ul><li>"The Hindu Kama Shastra Society" (1925), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kamasutraofvatsy00vatsuoft#page/8/mode/2up">The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana</a>, University of Toronto Archives, pp. 8;</li> <li>A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99936-24-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-99936-24-31-8">978-99936-24-31-8</a>, pp. 9–12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (July 1984), pp. 140–142;</li> <li>A. Sharma (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018229">"The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174154/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018229">Archived</a> 29 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223–256;</li> <li>Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17281-3">978-0-415-17281-3</a>, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, p. 443</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart200419–21-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart200419–21_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRinehart2004">Rinehart 2004</a>, pp. 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1980" class="citation book cs1">Long, J. Bruce (1980). "2 Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions". In O'Flaherty, Wendy D. (ed.). The concepts of human action and rebirth in the Mahabharata. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.btitle=The+concepts+of+human+action+and+rebirth+in+the+Mahabharata&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=J.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5Az1lGCJwQC&pg=PA39">The Far East and Australasia, 2003 – Regional surveys of the world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. 2003. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-133-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-133-9"><bdi>978-1-85743-133-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174155/https://books.google.com/books?id=e5Az1lGCJwQC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+East+and+Australasia%2C+2003+%E2%80%93+Regional+surveys+of+the+world&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-133-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5Az1lGCJwQC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC">Hindu spirituality – Volume 25 of Documenta missionalia</a>. Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana. 1999. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7"><bdi>978-88-7652-818-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229001010/https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+spirituality+%E2%80%93+Volume+25+of+Documenta+missionalia&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Editrice+Pontificia+Universit%C3%A0+Gregoriana&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-818-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58UZWWzqglMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-karlpotter-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karlpotter_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karlpotter_301-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karlpotter_301-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1958" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, Karl H. (1958). "Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View". Philosophy East and West. 8 (1/2): 49–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397421">10.2307/1397421</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8221">0031-8221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397421">1397421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Dharma+and+Mok%E1%B9%A3a+from+a+Conversational+Point+of+View&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=49-63&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0031-8221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397421&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Karl+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-klausklost-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klausklost_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klausklost_302-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klausklost_302-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klausklost_302-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klausklost_302-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6gvAAAAIAAJ&q=Mok%E1%B9%A3a+and+Critical+Theory">Philosophy East & West</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University Press of Hawaii">University Press of Hawaii</a>. pp. 61–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164244/https://books.google.com/books?id=x6gvAAAAIAAJ&q=Mok%E1%B9%A3a+and+Critical+Theory">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+East+%26+West&rft.pages=61-71&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6gvAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMok%25E1%25B9%25A3a%2Band%2BCritical%2BTheory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2001-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2001_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2001_303-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch2001">Deutsch 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngalls1957d" class="citation journal cs1">Ingalls, Daniel H. H. 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Philosophy East and West. 7 (2): 41–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396833">10.2307/1396833</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396833">1396833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Dharma+and+Moksha&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-48&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1396833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396833%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ingalls&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FPhilosophies-of-Happiness-Supplementary-Notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-danielingails-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danielingails_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-danielingails_305-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal2004" class="citation book cs1">Pal, Jagat (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y48QAQAAIAAJ&q=Dharma+and+Moksha">Karma, Dharma and Moksha: Conceptual Essays on Indian Ethics</a>. Abhijeet Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88683-23-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88683-23-9"><bdi>978-81-88683-23-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164240/https://books.google.com/books?id=y48QAQAAIAAJ&q=Dharma+and+Moksha">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. 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Indian Theological Studies. 23 (2): 95–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Imitation+or+Identification%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-105&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=von+Br%C3%BCck&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFort1998" class="citation book cs1">Fort, Andrew O. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iG_J96ALMZYC&q=Jivanmukti+in+Transformation">Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta</a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3904-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3904-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-3904-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164245/https://books.google.com/books?id=iG_J96ALMZYC&q=Jivanmukti+in+Transformation#v=snippet&q=Jivanmukti%20in%20Transformation&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jivanmukti+in+Transformation%3A+Embodied+Liberation+in+Advaita+and+Neo-Vedanta&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3904-3&rft.aulast=Fort&rft.aufirst=Andrew+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiG_J96ALMZYC%26q%3DJivanmukti%2Bin%2BTransformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApte1997" class="citation book cs1">Apte, Vaman S (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studentsenglishs00apte_271">The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary</a> (New ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0300-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+English-Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0300-8&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Vaman+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudentsenglishs00apte_271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Smith, Huston</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsreligions000smit">The World's Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions</a>. San Francisco: Harper. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250799-0"><bdi>978-0-06-250799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions%3A+Our+Great+Wisdom+Traditions&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-06-250799-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsreligions000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Karl Potter (1964), "The Naturalistic Principle of Karma", Philosophy East and West, Vol. 14, No. 1 (April 1964), pp. 39–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-wdointro-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wdointro_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdointro_311-1">b</a> Wendy D. O'Flaherty (1980), Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0">978-0-520-03923-0</a>, pp. xi–xxv (Introduction) and 3–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Karl Potter (1980), in Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions (O'Flaherty, Editor), University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0">978-0-520-03923-0</a>, pp. 241–267 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1996254-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1996254_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1996">Radhakrishnan 1996</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivekananda2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda, Swami</a> (2005). Jnana Yoga. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 301–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-8288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-8288-6"><bdi>978-1-4254-8288-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jnana+Yoga&rft.pages=301-302&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4254-8288-6&rft.aulast=Vivekananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> (8th Printing 1993) </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple1986" class="citation book cs1">Chapple, Christopher Key (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSrzLfyHvxYC&q=Karma+and+Creativity">Karma and Creativity</a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. pp. 60–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-250-6"><bdi>978-0-88706-250-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164244/https://books.google.com/books?id=QSrzLfyHvxYC&q=Karma+and+Creativity#v=snippet&q=Karma%20and%20Creativity&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Creativity&rft.pages=60-64&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-250-6&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Key&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSrzLfyHvxYC%26q%3DKarma%2Band%2BCreativity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1901" class="citation journal cs1">Boyer, A. M. (1901). "Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara". Journal Asiatique. 9 (18): 451–453, 459–468.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Etude+sur+l%27origine+de+la+doctrine+du+samsara&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=451-453%2C+459-468&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishan1997" class="citation book cs1">Krishan, Yuvraj (1997). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1233-8&rft.aulast=Krishan&rft.aufirst=Yuvraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaumakis2008">Laumakis 2008</a>, pp. 90–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanade1926" class="citation book cs1">Ranade, R. D. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n181/mode/2up">A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 147–148. <q>... in certain other places [of Rigveda], an approach is being made to the idea of Transmigration. ... There we definitely know that the whole hymn is address to a departed spirit, and the poet [of the Rigvedic hymn] says that he is going to recall the departed soul in order that it may return again and live.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constructive+Survey+of+Upanishadic+Philosophy&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Ranade&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FA.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu%2FA.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926%23page%2Fn181%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers2013" class="citation book cs1">Sayers, Matthew R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AOBwiZBjRMC">Feeding the Dead: Ancestor worship in ancient India</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989643-1"><bdi>978-0-19-989643-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123257/https://books.google.com/books?id=3AOBwiZBjRMC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feeding+the+Dead%3A+Ancestor+worship+in+ancient+India&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989643-1&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AOBwiZBjRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers" class="citation thesis cs1">Sayers, Matthew Rae. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/3945">Feeding the ancestors: ancestor worship in ancient Hinduism and Buddhism</a> (PhD thesis). University of Texas. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163432/https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/3945">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Feeding+the+ancestors%3A+ancestor+worship+in+ancient+Hinduism+and+Buddhism&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Texas&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Rae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%2Fhandle%2F2152%2F3945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sayers, Matthew R. (1 November 2015). McGovern, Nathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article/8/3/336/2358466">"Feeding the Dead: Ancestor worship in ancient India"</a>. The Journal of Hindu Studies. 8 (3): 336–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhiv034">10.1093/jhs/hiv034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-4255">1756-4255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204170604/https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article/8/3/336/2358466">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Feeding+the+Dead%3A+Ancestor+worship+in+ancient+India&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=336-338&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhiv034&rft.issn=1756-4255&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjhs%2Farticle%2F8%2F3%2F336%2F2358466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-damienkeown32-323"><a href="#cite_ref-damienkeown32_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2013" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QXX0Uq29aoC">Buddhism: A very short introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 28, 32–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966383-5"><bdi>978-0-19-966383-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164154/https://books.google.com/books?id=_QXX0Uq29aoC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+very+short+introduction&rft.pages=28%2C+32-38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966383-5&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QXX0Uq29aoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis2008-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis2008_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaumakis2008">Laumakis 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1991" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71">Hinduism, a way of life</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0899-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413105302/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+a+way+of+life&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0899-7&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Sitansu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_-rASTgw8wC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004xiv-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004xiv_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation web cs1">Gill, N.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317151629/http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/egyptmyth/g/henotheism.htm">"Henotheism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About, Inc</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/egyptmyth/g/henotheism.htm">the original</a> on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henotheism&rft.pub=About%2C+Inc&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=N.S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancienthistory.about.com%2Fcs%2Fegyptmyth%2Fg%2Fhenotheism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRzUAu-43W5oCpgPA34_34–]-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRzUAu-43W5oCpgPA34_34–]_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer1986">Kramer 1986</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUAu-43W5oC&pg=PA34">34–</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmapstimeintroduc00chri_515pagen46_18–]-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmapstimeintroduc00chri_515pagen46_18–]_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristian2011">Christian 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mapstimeintroduc00chri_515/page/n46">18–</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidH3lUIIYxWkECpgPA206_206–]-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidH3lUIIYxWkECpgPA206_206–]_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA206">206–</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996226-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996226_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 226; <a href="#CITEREFKramer1986">Kramer 1986</a>, pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-3translations-334"><a href="#cite_ref-3translations_334-0">^</a> * Original Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१२९">Rigveda 10.129</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525145645/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%3A_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AF">Archived</a> 25 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wikisource; <ul><li>Translation 1: <a href="#CITEREFMuller1859">Muller 1859</a>, pp. 559–565</li> <li>Translation 2: <a href="#CITEREFKramer1986">Kramer 1986</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldscripturesi0000kram/page/21">21</a></li> <li>Translation 3: <a href="#CITEREFChristian2011">Christian 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA17">17</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA18">18</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Muller, Max</a> (1878). Lectures on the Origins and Growth of Religions: As Illustrated by the Religions of India. Longmans Green & Co. pp. 260–271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+Origins+and+Growth+of+Religions%3A+As+Illustrated+by+the+Religions+of+India&rft.pages=260-271&rft.pub=Longmans+Green+%26+Co&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins1882" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, William Joseph (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA8">Hindu Mythology: Vedic and Purānic</a>. Calcutta: London Missionary Society. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164250/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Mythology%3A+Vedic+and+Pur%C4%81nic&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=London+Missionary+Society&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=William+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZBUHAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavendrachar1944" class="citation journal cs1">Raghavendrachar, H.N. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206070146/http://eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in/15675/1/12MONISMINTHEVEDAS.pdf">"Monism in the Vedas"</a> (PDF). Section A – Arts. The Half-yearly Journal of the Mysore University. 4 (2): 137–152. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in/15675/1/12MONISMINTHEVEDAS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Half-yearly+Journal+of+the+Mysore+University&rft.atitle=Monism+in+the+Vedas&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-152&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Raghavendrachar&rft.aufirst=H.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.uni-mysore.ac.in%2F15675%2F1%2F12MONISMINTHEVEDAS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1982" class="citation journal cs1">Werner, K. (1982). "Men, gods and powers in the Vedic outlook". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 114 (1): 14–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00158575">10.1017/S0035869X00158575</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163754819">163754819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.atitle=Men%2C+gods+and+powers+in+the+Vedic+outlook&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-24&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00158575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163754819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1995" class="citation journal cs1">Coward, H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1116">"The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas"</a>. Book Review. Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies. 8 (1): 45–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1116">10.7825/2164-6279.1116</a>. <q>There is little doubt that the theo-monistic category is an appropriate one for viewing a wide variety of experiences in the Hindu tradition</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hindu-Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Scripture%3A+Vivekananda%27s+Reinterpretation+of+the+Vedas&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-47&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7825%2F2164-6279.1116&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7825%252F2164-6279.1116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams197420–37-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams197420–37_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1974">Monier-Williams 1974</a>, pp. 20–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-bhaskaranandaessential-338"><a href="#cite_ref-bhaskaranandaessential_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhaskarananda1994">Bhaskarananda 1994</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivekananda1987-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivekananda1987_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVivekananda1987">Vivekananda 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> John Koller (2012), Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78294-4">978-0-415-78294-4</a>, pp. 99–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> Lance Nelson (1996), "Living liberation in Shankara and classical Advaita", in Living Liberation in Hindu Thought (Editors: Andrew O. Fort, Patricia Y. Mumme), State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2706-4">978-0-7914-2706-4</a>, pp. 38–39, 59 (footnote 105) </li> <li id="cite_note-R_Prasad_2009_pages_345-347-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R_Prasad_2009_pages_345-347_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R_Prasad_2009_pages_345-347_342-1">b</a> R Prasad (2009), A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, Concept Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-595-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-595-7">978-81-8069-595-7</a>, pp. 345–347 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200973–76-343"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade200973–76_343-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliade2009">Eliade 2009</a>, pp. 73–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore196737–39,_401–403,_498–503-344"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore196737–39,_401–403,_498–503_344-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1967">Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967</a>, pp. 37–39, 401–403, 498–503. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams2001-345"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams2001_345-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams2001">Monier-Williams 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallin1999p64-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallin1999p64_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallin1999p64_346-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallin1999p64_346-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallin1999p64_346-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtimerWallin1999" class="citation book cs1">Buttimer, Anne; Wallin, L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUHFyGQcJxgC">Nature and Identity in Cross-Cultural Perspective</a>. Springer. pp. 64–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5651-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5651-6"><bdi>978-0-7923-5651-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162533/https://books.google.com/books?id=zUHFyGQcJxgC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+and+Identity+in+Cross-Cultural+Perspective&rft.pages=64-68&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5651-6&rft.aulast=Buttimer&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Wallin%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUHFyGQcJxgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerntsen1988" class="citation book cs1">Berntsen, Maxine (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell">The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell/page/n45">18</a>–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-662-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-662-7"><bdi>978-0-88706-662-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Hinduism%3A+Essays+on+Religion+in+Maharashtra&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-662-7&rft.aulast=Berntsen&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexperienceofhind00zell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n301/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translator), pp. 281–282; Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4">978-81-208-1468-4</a>, pp. 229–231 </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabry2006" class="citation book cs1">Mabry, John R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWVsNYQ5Gh4C">Noticing the Divine: An Introduction to Interfaith Spiritual Guidance</a>. New York: Morehouse. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2238-1"><bdi>978-0-8192-2238-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160602/https://books.google.com/books?id=qWVsNYQ5Gh4C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noticing+the+Divine%3A+An+Introduction+to+Interfaith+Spiritual+Guidance&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Morehouse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-2238-1&rft.aulast=Mabry&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqWVsNYQ5Gh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamovarPorterMcDaniel2016" class="citation book cs1">Samovar, Larry A.; Porter, Richard E.; McDaniel, Edwin R.; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsYaCgAAQBAJ">Communication Between Cultures</a>. Cengage. pp. 140–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-88806-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-88806-7"><bdi>978-1-305-88806-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160746/https://books.google.com/books?id=lsYaCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+Between+Cultures&rft.pages=140-144&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-305-88806-7&rft.aulast=Samovar&rft.aufirst=Larry+A.&rft.au=Porter%2C+Richard+E.&rft.au=McDaniel%2C+Edwin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsYaCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner20059,_15,_49,_54,_86-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner20059,_15,_49,_54,_86_352-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner2005">Werner 2005</a>, pp. 9, 15, 49, 54, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenou196455-353"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenou196455_353-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRenou1964">Renou 1964</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-harman1-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harman1_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harman1_354-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarman2004">Harman 2004</a>, pp. 104–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan1992" class="citation book cs1">Harlan, Lindsey (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7HLrPYOe38gC">Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives</a>. University of California Press. pp. 19–20, 48 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07339-5"><bdi>978-0-520-07339-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817160746/https://books.google.com/books?id=7HLrPYOe38gC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Rajput+Women%3A+The+Ethic+of+Protection+in+Contemporary+Narratives&rft.pages=19-20%2C+48+with+footnotes&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07339-5&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7HLrPYOe38gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-avatars-357">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avatars_357-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avatars_357-1">b</a> * <a href="#CITEREFHarkDeLisser2011">Hark & DeLisser 2011</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. "Three gods or <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, and other deities are considered manifestations of and are worshipped as incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>." <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFToropovBuckles2011">Toropov & Buckles 2011</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. "The members of various Hindu sects worship a dizzying number of specific deities and follow innumerable rituals in honor of specific gods. Because this is Hinduism, however, its practitioners see the profusion of forms and practices as expressions of the same unchanging reality. The panoply of deities is understood by believers as symbols for a single transcendent reality."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEspínNickoloff2007">Espín & Nickoloff 2007</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. "The <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> are powerful spiritual beings, somewhat like angels in the West, who have certain functions in the cosmos and live immensely long lives. Certain devas, such as Ganesha, are regularly worshiped by the Hindu faithful. Note that, while Hindus believe in many devas, many are monotheistic to the extent that they will recognise only one Supreme Being, a God or Goddess who is the source and ruler of the devas."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassuk1987" class="citation book cs1">Bassuk, Daniel E (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ">Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9"><bdi>978-1-349-08642-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160747/https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incarnation+in+Hinduism+and+Christianity%3A+The+Myth+of+the+God-Man&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-349-08642-9&rft.aulast=Bassuk&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3iwCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacker1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hacker, Paul (1978). Schmithausen, Lambert (ed.). Zur Entwicklung der Avataralehre (in German). Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 424, also 405–409, 414–417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04860-6"><bdi>978-3-447-04860-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zur+Entwicklung+der+Avataralehre&rft.pages=424%2C+also+405-409%2C+414-417&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04860-6&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley2005" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (2005). Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 707–708. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865735-6"><bdi>978-0-02-865735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=707-708&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865735-6&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200718-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200718_361-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, June (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC&pg=PA90">Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5"><bdi>978-0-19-534713-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls%3A+Popular+Goddess+Worship+in+West+Bengal%3A+Popular+Goddess+Worship+in+West+Bengal&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534713-5&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaeJpIj9SdkC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawleyNarayanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton; Narayanan, Vasudha (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DLj1tYmoTQC&pg=PA174">The life of Hinduism</a>. University of California Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24914-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174125/https://books.google.com/books?id=7DLj1tYmoTQC&pg=PA174">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24914-1&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rft.au=Narayanan%2C+Vasudha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DLj1tYmoTQC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1998" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkCsrfghkZ4C">Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 115–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1522-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1522-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1522-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160534/https://books.google.com/books?id=gkCsrfghkZ4C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine%3A+The+Ten+Mah%C4%81vidy%C4%81s&rft.pages=115-119&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1522-3&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkCsrfghkZ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> "Shiva" in <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002b">Lochtefeld 2002b</a>, p. 635 </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12627-4">978-0-521-12627-4</a>, page 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Sharma, C. (1997). A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7">978-81-208-0365-7</a>, pp. 209–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichenbach1989" class="citation journal cs1">Reichenbach, Bruce R. (April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027070413/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/reiche2.htm">"Karma, causation, and divine intervention"</a>. Philosophy East and West. 39 (2): 135–149 [145]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1399374">10.2307/1399374</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399374">1399374</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/reiche2.htm">the original</a> on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Karma%2C+causation%2C+and+divine+intervention&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-149+145&rft.date=1989-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1399374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399374%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reichenbach&rft.aufirst=Bruce+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-PHIL%2Freiche2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajadhyaksha1959" class="citation book cs1">Rajadhyaksha (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihkRAQAAIAAJ">The six systems of Indian philosophy</a>. p. 95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025131/https://books.google.com/books?id=ihkRAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015. <q>Under the circumstances God becomes an unnecessary metaphysical assumption. Naturally the Sankhyakarikas do not mention God, Vachaspati interprets this as rank atheism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+six+systems+of+Indian+philosophy&rft.pages=95&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Rajadhyaksha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihkRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coward2008p114-370">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coward2008p114_370-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coward2008p114_370-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoward2008">Coward 2008</a>, p. 114: "For the Mimamsa the ultimate reality is nothing other than the eternal words of the Vedas. They did not accept the existence of a single supreme creator god, who might have composed the Veda. According to the Mimamsa, gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the mantras that speak their names. The power of the gods, then, is nothing other than the power of the mantras that name them." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_Gupta1986viii-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_Gupta1986viii_372-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen_Gupta1986">Sen Gupta 1986</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeville2001" class="citation book cs1">Neville, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThLR13JpCWsC">Religious truth</a>. SUNY Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4778-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4778-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-4778-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025131/https://books.google.com/books?id=ThLR13JpCWsC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015. <q>Mimamsa theorists (theistic and atheistic) decided that the evidence allegedly proving the existence of God was insufficient. They also thought there was no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there was no need for an author to compose the Veda or an independent God to validate the Vedic rituals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+truth&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4778-9&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThLR13JpCWsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> A Goel (1984), Indian philosophy: Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika and modern science, Sterling, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86590-278-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86590-278-7">978-0-86590-278-7</a>, pp. 149–151 </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> Collins, Randall (2000), The sociology of philosophies, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00187-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00187-9">978-0-674-00187-9</a>, p. 836 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007337–338-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007337–338_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007">Klostermaier 2007</a>, pp. 337–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Burley, Mikel</a> (2012). Classical Samkhya and Yoga – An Indian Metaphysics of Experience. Routledge. pp. 39–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64887-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64887-5"><bdi>978-0-415-64887-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Samkhya+and+Yoga+%E2%80%93+An+Indian+Metaphysics+of+Experience&rft.pages=39-41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-64887-5&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=Mikel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflueger2008" class="citation book cs1">Pflueger, Lloyd (2008). Knut Jacobsen (ed.). Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3232-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3232-9"><bdi>978-81-208-3232-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Person+Purity+and+Power+in+Yogasutra%2C+in+Theory+and+Practice+of+Yoga&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3232-9&rft.aulast=Pflueger&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehanan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._T._Behanan" title="K. T. Behanan">Behanan, K. T.</a> (2002). Yoga: Its Scientific Basis. Dover. pp. 56–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41792-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41792-9"><bdi>978-0-486-41792-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+Its+Scientific+Basis&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-486-41792-9&rft.aulast=Behanan&rft.aufirst=K.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> Knut Jacobsen (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3232-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3232-9">978-81-208-3232-9</a>, pp. 77–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1984" class="citation journal cs1">Rankin, John (1 June 1984). "Teaching Hinduism: Some Key Ideas". British Journal of Religious Education. 6 (3): 133–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0141620840060306">10.1080/0141620840060306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-6200">0141-6200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Religious+Education&rft.atitle=Teaching+Hinduism%3A+Some+Key+Ideas&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=133-160&rft.date=1984-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0141620840060306&rft.issn=0141-6200&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007441-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007441_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2003200–203-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2003200–203_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, pp. 200–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-frazier1415-382">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frazier1415_382-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazier1415_382-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazier1415_382-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazier1415_382-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazier1415_382-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazier1415_382-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazier1415_382-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazier1415_382-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazier1415_382-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2011" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Jessica (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz">The Continuum companion to Hindu studies</a>. London: Continuum. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz/page/14">14</a>–15, 321–325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+companion+to+Hindu+studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14-15%2C+321-325&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontinuumcompani00fraz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a427-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a427_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002a">Lochtefeld 2002a</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuesse2011">Muesse 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindutraditionsc00mues/page/216">216</a>. "rituals daily prescribe routine" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden1996145–146-385"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden1996145–146_385-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeitzmanWorden1996">Heitzman & Worden 1996</a>, pp. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1985" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, A (1985). "Marriage in the Hindu religious tradition". Journal of Ecumenical Studies. 22 (1): 69–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecumenical+Studies&rft.atitle=Marriage+in+the+Hindu+religious+tradition&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-80&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996346–347-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996346–347_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoldrege1996">Holdrege 1996</a>, pp. 346–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996347-389">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996347_389-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996347_389-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldrege1996347_389-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoldrege1996">Holdrege 1996</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200736–37-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200736–37_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007">Klostermaier 2007</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> NK Brahma, Philosophy of Hindu Sādhanā, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120333062" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120333062">978-8120333062</a>, pp. ix–x </li> <li id="cite_note-pandey-393">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandey_393-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandey_393-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey1969" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, R (1969). Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments (2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0434-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0434-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0434-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Sa%E1%B9%81sk%C4%81ras%3A+Socio-Religious+Study+of+the+Hindu+Sacraments&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0434-0&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-knipe-394"><a href="#cite_ref-knipe_394-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnipe2015" class="citation book cs1">Knipe, David (2015). Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition. Oxford University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939769-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939769-3"><bdi>978-0-19-939769-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Voices%3A+Intimate+Narratives+of+a+Living+Andhra+Tradition&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939769-3&rft.aulast=Knipe&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvkanesamsk-395">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pvkanesamsk_395-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvkanesamsk_395-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvkanesamsk_395-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1941" class="citation book cs1">Kane, PV (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n248/mode/2up">"Saṁskāra"</a>. History of Dharmasastras. Part I. Vol. II. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. pp. 190–417.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sa%E1%B9%81sk%C4%81ra&rft.btitle=History+of+Dharmasastras&rft.series=Part+I&rft.pages=190-417&rft.pub=Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=PV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofdharmas029210mbp%23page%2Fn248%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-patrick-396">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patrick_396-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrick_396-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2009" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (2009). Dharmasutras – The Law Codes of Ancient India. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955537-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955537-6"><bdi>978-0-19-955537-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dharmasutras+%E2%80%93+The+Law+Codes+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955537-6&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carlolson-397"><a href="#cite_ref-carlolson_397-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Carl (2007). The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction. Rutgers University Press. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-4068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Colors+of+Hinduism%3A+A+Thematic-historical+Introduction&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> For Vedic school, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1986" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Brian K. (1986). "Ritual, Knowledge, and Being: Initiation and Veda Study in Ancient India". Numen. 33 (1): 65–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3270127">10.2307/3270127</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270127">3270127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Ritual%2C+Knowledge%2C+and+Being%3A+Initiation+and+Veda+Study+in+Ancient+India&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-89&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3270127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> For music school, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1999" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Alison; et al. (1999). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia. Vol. 5. Routledge. p. 459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> For sculpture, crafts and other professions, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgood2000" class="citation book cs1">Elgood, Heather (2000). Hinduism and the religious arts. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 32–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3"><bdi>978-0-304-70739-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+religious+arts&rft.pages=32-134&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70739-3&rft.aulast=Elgood&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiqueira1935" class="citation journal cs1">Siqueira, Thomas N. (March 1935). "The Vedic Sacraments". Thought. 9 (4): 598–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fthought1935945">10.5840/thought1935945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thought&rft.atitle=The+Vedic+Sacraments&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=598-609&rft.date=1935-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fthought1935945&rft.aulast=Siqueira&rft.aufirst=Thomas+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden1996146–148-401"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden1996146–148_401-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeitzmanWorden1996">Heitzman & Worden 1996</a>, pp. 146–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-karen-403"><a href="#cite_ref-karen_403-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPechelis2011" class="citation book cs1">Pechelis, Karen (2011). "Bhakti Traditions". In Frazier, Jessica; Flood, Gavin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz">The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies</a>. Bloomsbury. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani00fraz/page/107">107</a>–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bhakti+Traditions&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Companion+to+Hindu+Studies&rft.pages=107-121&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.aulast=Pechelis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontinuumcompani00fraz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002a">Lochtefeld 2002a</a>, pp. 98–100; also see articles on karmamārga and jnanamārga </li> <li id="cite_note-johnmartin-405"><a href="#cite_ref-johnmartin_405-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahajananda2014" class="citation book cs1">Sahajananda, John Martin (2014). Fully Human Fully Divine. Partridge India. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-1955-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-1955-7"><bdi>978-1-4828-1955-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fully+Human+Fully+Divine&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Partridge+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-1955-7&rft.aulast=Sahajananda&rft.aufirst=John+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiwari2009" class="citation book cs1">Tiwari, Kedar Nath (2009). Comparative Religion. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0293-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religion&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0293-3&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Kedar+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuyler2002" class="citation book cs1">Huyler, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cnNcDn36VHcC">Meeting God: Elements of Hindu Devotion</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 10–11, 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08905-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08905-9"><bdi>978-0-300-08905-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161119/https://books.google.com/books?id=cnNcDn36VHcC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+God%3A+Elements+of+Hindu+Devotion&rft.pages=10-11%2C+71&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08905-9&rft.aulast=Huyler&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnNcDn36VHcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1963" class="citation journal cs1">Gonda, Jan (1963). "The Indian Mantra". Oriens. 16: 244–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18778372-01601016">10.1163/18778372-01601016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Mantra&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=244-297&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18778372-01601016&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199741–50-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199741–50_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler1997">Fowler 1997</a>, pp. 41–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-Foulston2012p20-410">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foulston2012p20_410-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foulston2012p20_410-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulston2012" class="citation book cs1">Foulston, Lynn (2012). Cush, Denise; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Routledge. pp. 21–22, 868. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18978-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18978-5"><bdi>978-1-135-18978-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161120/https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=21-22%2C+868&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18978-5&rft.aulast=Foulston&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3N4mGlbutbgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-411">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_411-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_411-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf2007" class="citation book cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&q=hanuman's+tale">Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804220-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804220-4"><bdi>978-0-19-804220-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174158/https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&q=hanuman%27s+tale">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanuman%27s+Tale%3A+The+Messages+of+a+Divine+Monkey&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804220-4&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVFC2Nx-LP8C%26q%3Dhanuman%27s%2Btale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal,_Pratapaditya1995" class="citation book cs1">Pal, Pratapaditya, ed. (1995). Ganesh, the benevolent. Bombay: Marg Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85026-31-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-85026-31-9"><bdi>81-85026-31-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34752006">34752006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganesh%2C+the+benevolent&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34752006&rft.isbn=81-85026-31-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj2003" class="citation book cs1">Raj, Dhooleka S. (2003). Where Are You From?: Middle-Class Migrants in the Modern World. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23382-9"><bdi>978-0-520-23382-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pn917">10.1525/j.ctt1pn917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Are+You+From%3F%3A+Middle-Class+Migrants+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1pn917%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23382-9&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Dhooleka+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf2007" class="citation book cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&q=hanuman's+tale">Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 23, 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804220-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804220-4"><bdi>978-0-19-804220-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174126/https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&q=hanuman%27s+tale">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanuman%27s+Tale%3A+The+Messages+of+a+Divine+Monkey&rft.pages=23%2C+262&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804220-4&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVFC2Nx-LP8C%26q%3Dhanuman%27s%2Btale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond Brady (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ODdqDwAAQBAJ&q=an+introduction+to+swaminarayan+hinduism">Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84, 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42114-0"><bdi>978-1-108-42114-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ODdqDwAAQBAJ&q=an+introduction+to+swaminarayan+hinduism">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.pages=84%2C+153-154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42114-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DODdqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dan%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bswaminarayan%2Bhinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a51-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a51_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002a">Lochtefeld 2002a</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeNapoli2014" class="citation book cs1">DeNapoli, Antoinette (2014). Real Sadhus Sing to God. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994003-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994003-5"><bdi>978-0-19-994003-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Sadhus+Sing+to+God&rft.pages=19-24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994003-5&rft.aulast=DeNapoli&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhart2004" class="citation book cs1">Reinhart, Robin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryhind0000unse_x1k0">Contemporary Hinduism: ritual, culture, and practice</a>. Abc-Clio. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryhind0000unse_x1k0/page/35">35</a>–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism%3A+ritual%2C+culture%2C+and+practice&rft.pages=35-47&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-905-8&rft.aulast=Reinhart&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporaryhind0000unse_x1k0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss2014-420"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss2014_420-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrentiss2014">Prentiss 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200072–75-421"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200072–75_421-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma2000">Sharma 2000</a>, pp. 72–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentiss201422–29-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentiss201422–29_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrentiss2014">Prentiss 2014</a>, pp. 22–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 2. Thomson Gale. pp. 856–857. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865735-6"><bdi>978-0-02-865735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=856-857&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865735-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2011" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Bob (2011). Hindus meeting Christians. OCMS. pp. 288–295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870345-39-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870345-39-2"><bdi>978-1-870345-39-2</bdi></a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus+meeting+Christians&rft.pages=288-295&rft.pub=OCMS&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-870345-39-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVroom1996" class="citation book cs1">Vroom, Hendrick (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noothergodschris0000vroo">No Other Gods</a>. Cambridge: Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noothergodschris0000vroo/page/68">68</a>–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4097-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-4097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Gods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4097-4&rft.aulast=Vroom&rft.aufirst=Hendrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoothergodschris0000vroo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2012" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Ninian (2012). The Yogi and the Devotee. Routledge. pp. 52–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68499-6"><bdi>978-0-415-68499-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yogi+and+the+Devotee&rft.pages=52-80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68499-6&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdley2015" class="citation book cs1">Ardley, Jane (2015). Spirituality and Politics: Gandhian and Tibetan cases, in The Tibetan Independence Movement. Routledge. pp. ix, 98–99, 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-86264-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-86264-7"><bdi>978-1-138-86264-7</bdi></a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirituality+and+Politics%3A+Gandhian+and+Tibetan+cases%2C+in+The+Tibetan+Independence+Movement&rft.pages=ix%2C+98-99%2C+112-113&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-86264-7&rft.aulast=Ardley&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2014" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Helen (2014). Roots of Wisdom: A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions. Cengage Learning. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-19712-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-19712-8"><bdi>978-1-285-19712-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Wisdom%3A+A+Tapestry+of+Philosophical+Traditions&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-285-19712-8&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhavasar2004" class="citation book cs1">Bhavasar, SN (2004). Sundararajan, K. R.; Mukerji, Bithika (eds.). Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1937-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality%3A+Postclassical+and+Modern&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1937-5&rft.aulast=Bhavasar&rft.aufirst=SN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandrarobinson-428">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandrarobinson_428-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandrarobinson_428-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Sandra (2007). Cush, Denise; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. pp. 908–912. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=908-912&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yustf-429">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yustf_429-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yustf_429-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYust2005" class="citation book cs1">Yust, Karen-Marie (2005). "Sacred Celebrations, see also Chapter 18.". Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4463-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4463-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-4463-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sacred+Celebrations%2C+see+also+Chapter+18.&rft.btitle=Nurturing+Child+and+Adolescent+Spirituality&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4463-5&rft.aulast=Yust&rft.aufirst=Karen-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-denisecushf-430">^ <a href="#cite_ref-denisecushf_430-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-denisecushf_430-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Sandra (2007). Cush, Denise; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. p. 907. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=907&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulstonAbbott2009" class="citation book cs1">Foulston, Lynn; Abbott, Stuart (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul">Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8"><bdi>978-1-902210-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-43-8&rft.aulast=Foulston&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindugoddessesbe0000foul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolberg2000">Holberg 2000</a>, Festival calendar of India, p. 120: "Raksha Bandhan (also called Rakhi), when girls and women tie a rakhi (a symbolic thread) on their brothers' wrists and pray for their prosperity, happiness and goodwill. The brothers, in turn, give their sisters a token gift and promise protection." </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2015" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Jessica (2015). The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 255, 271–273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1151-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1151-5"><bdi>978-1-4725-1151-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Hindu+Studies&rft.pages=255%2C+271-273&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-1151-5&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2004204–05-434"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2004204–05_434-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuller2004">Fuller 2004</a>, pp. 204–05. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002b698–699-435"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002b698–699_435-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002b">Lochtefeld 2002b</a>, pp. 698–699. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20134,_22,_27,_140–148,_157–158-436"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20134,_22,_27,_140–148,_157–158_436-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2013">Jacobsen 2013</a>, pp. 4, 22, 27, 140–148, 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19832-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19832_437-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj1983">Bhardwaj 1983</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaSinhaBanerjee2009" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Krishan; Sinha, Anil Kishore; Banerjee, Bijon Gopal (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrkUMlsu_YIC">Anthropological Dimensions of Pilgrimage</a>. Northern Book Centre. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89091-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89091-09-5"><bdi>978-81-89091-09-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161616/https://books.google.com/books?id=RrkUMlsu_YIC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropological+Dimensions+of+Pilgrimage&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-89091-09-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Krishan&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Anil+Kishore&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Bijon+Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRrkUMlsu_YIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Maw, Geoffrey Waring (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ">Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas</a>. Sessions Book Trust. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85072-190-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85072-190-1"><bdi>978-1-85072-190-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216202914/https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrims+in+Hindu+Holy+Land%3A+Sacred+Shrines+of+the+Indian+Himalayas&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Sessions+Book+Trust&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85072-190-1&rft.aulast=Maw&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Waring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIarXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2013157–158-440"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2013157–158_440-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2013">Jacobsen 2013</a>, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004288–289-441"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004288–289_441-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, pp. 288–289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953561-442"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1953561_442-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1953">Kane 1953</a>, p. 561. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20127–9-443">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck20127–9_443-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck20127–9_443-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck2012">Eck 2012</a>, pp. 7–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Glucklich, Ariel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC">The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971825-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161546/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016. <q>The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called mahatmyas [in Puranas].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971825-2&rft.aulast=Glucklich&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953559–560-445"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1953559–560_445-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1953">Kane 1953</a>, pp. 559–560. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmBowker200168-446"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmBowker200168_446-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolmBowker2001">Holm & Bowker 2001</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-447"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_447-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953553–556,_560–561-448"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1953553–556,_560–561_448-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1953">Kane 1953</a>, pp. 553–556, 560–561. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck2013152–154-449">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck2013152–154_449-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck2013152–154_449-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck2013152–154_449-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck2013">Eck 2013</a>, pp. 152–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010553,_note_55-450"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010553,_note_55_450-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2010">Klostermaier 2010</a>, p. 553, note 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010chapter_Kumbh_Mela-452"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010chapter_Kumbh_Mela_452-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, chapter Kumbh Mela. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20129–11-453"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck20129–11_453-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck2012">Eck 2012</a>, pp. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19836-454"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19836_454-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj1983">Bhardwaj 1983</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck20129-455">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck20129_455-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck20129_455-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck20129_455-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck20129_455-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck2012">Eck 2012</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharati1963" class="citation journal cs1">Bharati, Agehananda (1963). "Pilgrimage in the Indian Tradition". History of Religions. 3 (1): 135–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462476">10.1086/462476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162220544">162220544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Pilgrimage+in+the+Indian+Tradition&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-167&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162220544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bharati&rft.aufirst=Agehananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean2008" class="citation book cs1">Maclean, Kama (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HznRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA228">Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 228–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971335-6"><bdi>978-0-19-971335-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161603/https://books.google.com/books?id=HznRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Power%3A+The+Kumbh+Mela+in+Allahabad%2C+1765%E2%80%931954&rft.pages=228-229&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971335-6&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=Kama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHznRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a68-458"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002a68_458-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002a">Lochtefeld 2002a</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19833–5-460"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19833–5_460-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj1983">Bhardwaj 1983</a>, pp. 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmazzone2012" class="citation book cs1">Amazzone, Laura (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC">Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-5314-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111153836/https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Durga+and+Sacred+Female+Power&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5314-5&rft.aulast=Amazzone&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM_TNDu8NHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmBowker200169–77-462"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmBowker200169–77_462-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolmBowker2001">Holm & Bowker 2001</a>, pp. 69–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELingat197398–99-463"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingat197398–99_463-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLingat1973">Lingat 1973</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19834-464"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj19834_464-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhardwaj1983">Bhardwaj 1983</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953573-465"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1953573_465-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1953">Kane 1953</a>, p. 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1953576–577-466"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1953576–577_466-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1953">Kane 1953</a>, pp. 576–577. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya1927xviii-xx-467"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya1927xviii-xx_467-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAcharya1927">Acharya 1927</a>, p. xviii-xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu_architecture_Sinha_1998_pp._27–41-468"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_architecture_Sinha_1998_pp._27–41_468-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinha1998">Sinha 1998</a>, pp. 27–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya1927xviii-xx,_Appendix_I_lists_hundreds_of_Hindu_architectural_texts-469"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya1927xviii-xx,_Appendix_I_lists_hundreds_of_Hindu_architectural_texts_469-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAcharya1927">Acharya 1927</a>, p. xviii-xx, Appendix I lists hundreds of Hindu architectural texts. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukla1993-470"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukla1993_470-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShukla1993">Shukla 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1977" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Vincent Arthur (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPstAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+Hellenistic+is+not+the+only+foreign+element+in+ancient+Indian+art+.+The+influence+of+Persia+is+apparent+,+and+the+columnar+architecture+of+the+Achaemenian+monarchy+supplied+the+models+for+Asoka's+monolithic+pillars+and+many%22">Research Articles in Epigraphy, Archaeology, and Numismatics of India</a>. Sheikh Mubarak Ali.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+Articles+in+Epigraphy%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Numismatics+of+India&rft.pub=Sheikh+Mubarak+Ali&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPstAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BHellenistic%2Bis%2Bnot%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Bforeign%2Belement%2Bin%2Bancient%2BIndian%2Bart%2B.%2BThe%2Binfluence%2Bof%2BPersia%2Bis%2Bapparent%2B%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bcolumnar%2Barchitecture%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAchaemenian%2Bmonarchy%2Bsupplied%2Bthe%2Bmodels%2Bfor%2BAsoka%27s%2Bmonolithic%2Bpillars%2Band%2Bmany%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu_architecture_Murthy1987-472"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_architecture_Murthy1987_472-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Krishna_Murthy1987" class="citation book cs1">K. Krishna Murthy (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0gsNAQAAIAAJ">Early Indian Secular Architecture</a>. Sundeep Prakashan. pp. 5–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85067-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85067-01-8"><bdi>978-81-85067-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Indian+Secular+Architecture&rft.pages=5-16&rft.pub=Sundeep+Prakashan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-85067-01-8&rft.au=K.+Krishna+Murthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0gsNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu_architecture_Branfoot_2008_pp._171–194-473"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_architecture_Branfoot_2008_pp._171–194_473-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranfoot2008" class="citation journal cs1">Branfoot, Crispin (2008). "Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India". The Art Bulletin. 90 (2). Taylor & Francis: 171–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.2008.10786389">10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154135978">154135978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Imperial+Frontiers%3A+Building+Sacred+Space+in+Sixteenth-Century+South+India&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-194&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043079.2008.10786389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154135978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Branfoot&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu_architecture_harle331-474"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_architecture_harle331_474-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994" class="citation book cs1">James C. Harle (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC">The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 330–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=330-331&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.au=James+C.+Harle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwcBVvdqyBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu_architecture_Harle1994-475"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_architecture_Harle1994_475-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994" class="citation book cs1">James C. Harle (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC">The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 43–47, 67–68, 467–480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=43-47%2C+67-68%2C+467-480&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.au=James+C.+Harle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwcBVvdqyBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-richmond80-476">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richmond80_476-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-richmond80_476-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Richmond1956" class="citation book cs1">B. Richmond (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwEVAAAAIAAJ">Time Measurement and Calendar Construction</a>. Brill Archive. pp. 80–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328165207/https://books.google.com/books?id=wwEVAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Measurement+and+Calendar+Construction&rft.pages=80-82&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1956&rft.au=B.+Richmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwwEVAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller2004p109-477">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fuller2004p109_477-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fuller2004p109_477-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_John_Fuller2004" class="citation book cs1">Christopher John Fuller (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC">The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69112-04-85" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69112-04-85"><bdi>978-0-69112-04-85</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162536/https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-69112-04-85&rft.au=Christopher+John+Fuller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo6XSeBUW3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2007" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C&pg=PA490">A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-7082-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161801/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C&pg=PA490&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4&rft.au=Klaus+K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_6-JbUiHB4C%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nesbittbc-479">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nesbittbc_479-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nesbittbc_479-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122">Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874557-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073742/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+a+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874557-0&rft.au=Eleanor+Nesbitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXebnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrazio_Marucchi2011" class="citation book cs1">Orazio Marucchi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoBjBYdzrkQC&pg=PA289">Christian Epigraphy: An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23594-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23594-5"><bdi>978-0-521-23594-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Epigraphy%3A+An+Elementary+Treatise+with+a+Collection+of+Ancient+Christian+Inscriptions+Mainly+of+Roman+Origin&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23594-5&rft.au=Orazio+Marucchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoBjBYdzrkQC%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988">, Quote: "the lunar year consists of 354 days". </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Ganeri2003" class="citation book cs1">Anita Ganeri (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B-EawToG-6YC&pg=PT11">Buddhist Festivals Through the Year</a>. BRB. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-375-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-375-4"><bdi>978-1-58340-375-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Festivals+Through+the+Year&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=BRB&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58340-375-4&rft.au=Anita+Ganeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB-EawToG-6YC%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong20136–7-482"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong20136–7_482-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Cort2001" class="citation book cs1">John E. Cort (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip7mCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513234-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513234-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513234-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jains+in+the+World%3A+Religious+Values+and+Ideology+in+India&rft.pages=142-146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513234-2&rft.au=John+E.+Cort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIp7mCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=Robert+E.+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsgram.com/ekadasi-importance-hinduism/">"Ekadasi: Why Ekadasi is celebrated in Hinduism?-by Dr Bharti Raizada"</a>. NewsGram. 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewsGram&rft.atitle=Ekadasi%3A+Why+Ekadasi+is+celebrated+in+Hinduism%3F-by+Dr+Bharti+Raizada&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsgram.com%2Fekadasi-importance-hinduism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000132–180-486"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000132–180_486-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma2000">Sharma 2000</a>, pp. 132–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass1995264-487"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass1995264_487-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1995">Halbfass 1995</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverberg_Paper-489"><a href="#cite_ref-Silverberg_Paper_489-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1969">Silverberg 1969</a>, pp. 442–443 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserLipset2005-490"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserLipset2005_490-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmelserLipset2005">Smelser & Lipset 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Smith, Huston</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedworld00smit_1">"Hinduism: The Stations of Life"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedworld00smit_1">The Illustrated World's Religions</a>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-067440-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-067440-3"><bdi>978-0-06-067440-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hinduism%3A+The+Stations+of+Life&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+World%27s+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-067440-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedworld00smit_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004188–197-492"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004188–197_492-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, pp. 188–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Zwart2000" class="citation journal cs1">de Zwart, Frank (July 2000). "The Logic of Affirmative Action: Caste, Class and Quotas in India". Acta Sociologica. 43 (3): 235–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000169930004300304">10.1177/000169930004300304</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4201209">4201209</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220432103">220432103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Sociologica&rft.atitle=The+Logic+of+Affirmative+Action%3A+Caste%2C+Class+and+Quotas+in+India&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-249&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220432103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4201209%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000169930004300304&rft.aulast=de+Zwart&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhingran1989" class="citation book cs1">Jhingran, Saral (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsofhindumo0000jhin">Aspects of Hindu Morality</a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsofhindumo0000jhin/page/143">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0574-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0574-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905765957">905765957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Hindu+Morality&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905765957&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0574-3&rft.aulast=Jhingran&rft.aufirst=Saral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faspectsofhindumo0000jhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra1998" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Suresh (1998). Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-039-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-039-9"><bdi>978-81-7625-039-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40479929">40479929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hindu+Gods+and+Goddesses&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40479929&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-039-9&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Suresh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhaskaressentgeneral-499"><a href="#cite_ref-bhaskaressentgeneral_499-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhaskarananda1994">Bhaskarananda 1994</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain2015130–157-500"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain2015130–157_500-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJain2015">Jain 2015</a>, pp. 130–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger20001041-501"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger20001041_501-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoniger2000">Doniger 2000</a>, p. 1041. </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapier1987" class="citation book cs1">Napier, A David (1987). Masks, Transformation, and Paradox. University of California Press. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04533-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04533-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04533-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks%2C+Transformation%2C+and+Paradox&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04533-0&rft.aulast=Napier&rft.aufirst=A+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2010" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, SD (2010). Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History. CRC Press. pp. 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-680-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-680-1"><bdi>978-1-57808-680-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rice%3A+Origin%2C+Antiquity+and+History&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57808-680-1&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=SD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1998" class="citation book cs1">Rao, TA Gopinath (1998). Elements of Hindu iconography. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=TA+Gopinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjea2004" class="citation book cs1">Banerjea, JN (September 2004). The Development of Hindu Iconography. Kessinger. pp. 247–248, 472–508. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-5008-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-5008-9"><bdi>978-1-4179-5008-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Hindu+Iconography&rft.pages=247-248%2C+472-508&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2004-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-5008-9&rft.aulast=Banerjea&rft.aufirst=JN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabary,_AbrarZeeshan,_Mahwish" class="citation journal cs1">Babary, Abrar; Zeeshan, Mahwish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126215653/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37458369/EJSS__30_REMINISCENT_OF_HINDUISM_AN_INSIGHT_OF_KATAS_RAJ_MANDIR_Aftab_Chaudhrys_conflicted_copy_2015-04-29-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1669503265&Signature=I~TyyMPSWigzUm~PSf6wtc9ZkJonPeGFd9TNfh3RWD7xfeNBXX1oBsuba0VIRR~yn4TbjllmNc2EIdjmc3PRPv5UXKaUNSrbjs4HA6ULwg6FInDXfVjOdSAkAk62Yp06Q7S~dRr52ao1euNu8YUNY8tp-KUkJzlOJxwQSgZhJz78Ql388BwiXHmrRf1ApJE87J98awqVlzRfo9wufG-xeDfCzQ4jkrpXpKeYFup0mFlcJg9phn5YF35CrQ2rnVxuuN3xRBKwbkGR3iSR1wLrjoyJxKqrQNDyM6upOiddLPRHDVZd2YiwfC5Ep4F3l77KUzicDuavMds6JhUdFSLQbg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">"Reminiscent of Hinduism: An Insight of Katas Raj Mandir"</a> (PDF). The Explorer: Journal of Social Sciences. 1 (4): 122. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37458369/EJSS__30_REMINISCENT_OF_HINDUISM_AN_INSIGHT_OF_KATAS_RAJ_MANDIR_Aftab_Chaudhrys_conflicted_copy_2015-04-29-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1669503265&Signature=I~TyyMPSWigzUm~PSf6wtc9ZkJonPeGFd9TNfh3RWD7xfeNBXX1oBsuba0VIRR~yn4TbjllmNc2EIdjmc3PRPv5UXKaUNSrbjs4HA6ULwg6FInDXfVjOdSAkAk62Yp06Q7S~dRr52ao1euNu8YUNY8tp-KUkJzlOJxwQSgZhJz78Ql388BwiXHmrRf1ApJE87J98awqVlzRfo9wufG-xeDfCzQ4jkrpXpKeYFup0mFlcJg9phn5YF35CrQ2rnVxuuN3xRBKwbkGR3iSR1wLrjoyJxKqrQNDyM6upOiddLPRHDVZd2YiwfC5Ep4F3l77KUzicDuavMds6JhUdFSLQbg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Explorer%3A+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Reminiscent+of+Hinduism%3A+An+Insight+of+Katas+Raj+Mandir&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=122&rft.au=Babary%2C+Abrar&rft.au=Zeeshan%2C+Mahwish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F37458369%2FEJSS__30_REMINISCENT_OF_HINDUISM_AN_INSIGHT_OF_KATAS_RAJ_MANDIR_Aftab_Chaudhrys_conflicted_copy_2015-04-29-with-cover-page-v2.pdf%3FExpires%3D1669503265%26Signature%3DI~TyyMPSWigzUm~PSf6wtc9ZkJonPeGFd9TNfh3RWD7xfeNBXX1oBsuba0VIRR~yn4TbjllmNc2EIdjmc3PRPv5UXKaUNSrbjs4HA6ULwg6FInDXfVjOdSAkAk62Yp06Q7S~dRr52ao1euNu8YUNY8tp-KUkJzlOJxwQSgZhJz78Ql388BwiXHmrRf1ApJE87J98awqVlzRfo9wufG-xeDfCzQ4jkrpXpKeYFup0mFlcJg9phn5YF35CrQ2rnVxuuN3xRBKwbkGR3iSR1wLrjoyJxKqrQNDyM6upOiddLPRHDVZd2YiwfC5Ep4F3l77KUzicDuavMds6JhUdFSLQbg__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1974-507"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1974_507-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1974">Monier-Williams 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Radhakrishnan-508"><a href="#cite_ref-Radhakrishnan_508-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, S.</a> (1929). Indian Philosophy, Volume 1. Muirhead library of philosophy (2nd ed.). London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Philosophy%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.series=Muirhead+library+of+philosophy&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin+Ltd.&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> For ahiṃsā as one of the "emerging ethical and religious issues" in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a> see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockington2003" class="citation book cs1">Brockington, John (2003). "The Sanskrit Epics". Flood. p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sanskrit+Epics&rft.btitle=Flood&rft.pages=125&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brockington&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> For text of Y.S. 2.29 and translation of yama as "vow of self-restraint", see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaimni1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._K._Taimni" title="I. K. Taimni">Taimni, I. K.</a> (1961). The Science of Yoga. Adyar, India: The Theosophical Publishing House. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7059-212-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7059-212-9"><bdi>978-81-7059-212-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Yoga&rft.place=Adyar%2C+India&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=The+Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-81-7059-212-9&rft.aulast=Taimni&rft.aufirst=I.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-veg-511"><a href="#cite_ref-veg_511-0">^</a> Surveys studying food habits of Indians include: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Delgado, Christopher L.; Narrod, Claire A.; Tiongco, Marites (24 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/x6170e09.htm">"Growth and Concentration in India"</a>. Policy, Technical, and Environmental Determinants and Implications of the Scaling-Up of Livestock Production in Four Fast-Growing Developing Countries: A Synthesis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174129/http://www.fao.org/3/x6170e09.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020. <q>An analysis of consumption data originating from National Sample Survey (NSS) shows that 42 percent of households are vegetarian, in that they never eat fish, meat or eggs. The remaining 58 percent of households are less strict vegetarians or non-vegetarians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy%2C+Technical%2C+and+Environmental+Determinants+and+Implications+of+the+Scaling-Up+of+Livestock+Production+in+Four+Fast-Growing+Developing+Countries%3A+A+Synthesis&rft.atitle=Growth+and+Concentration+in+India&rft.date=2003-07-24&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=Christopher+L.&rft.au=Narrod%2C+Claire+A.&rft.au=Tiongco%2C+Marites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fx6170e09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Goldammer, Ted. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619160055/http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/highlights/2001/india.pdf">"Passage to India"</a> (PDF). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/highlights/2001/india.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passage+to+India&rft.pub=USDA+Foreign+Agricultural+Service&rft.aulast=Goldammer&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Fhtp%2Fhighlights%2F2001%2Findia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Landes, Maurice R. (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061228214808/http://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/february04/features/elephantjogs.htm">"The Elephant Is Jogging: New Pressures for Agricultural Reform in India"</a>. Amber Waves. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/February04/Features/ElephantJogs.htm">the original</a> on 28 December 2006. <q>Results indicate that Indians who eat meat do so infrequently with less than 30% consuming non-vegetarian foods regularly, although the reasons may be economical.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amber+Waves&rft.atitle=The+Elephant+Is+Jogging%3A+New+Pressures+for+Agricultural+Reform+in+India&rft.date=2004-02&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=Maurice+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2Famberwaves%2FFebruary04%2FFeatures%2FElephantJogs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryGrandin2007" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Neville; Grandin, Temple (2007). Animal Welfare and Meat Production. CABI. pp. 206–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-215-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-215-2"><bdi>978-1-84593-215-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Welfare+and+Meat+Production&rft.pages=206-208&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-215-2&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft.au=Grandin%2C+Temple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2003" class="citation book cs1">Das, Veena (2003). The Oxford India companion to sociology and social anthropology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564582-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564582-8"><bdi>978-0-19-564582-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+India+companion+to+sociology+and+social+anthropology&rft.pages=151-152&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564582-8&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Veena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroverSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Grover, Neelam; Singh, Kashi N. (2004). Cultural Geography, Form and Process, Concept. Concept Publishing Company. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-074-7"><bdi>978-81-8069-074-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Geography%2C+Form+and+Process%2C+Concept&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-074-7&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Neelam&rft.au=Singh%2C+Kashi+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagannathan2005" class="citation book cs1">Jagannathan, Maithily (2005). South Indian Hindu Festivals and Traditions. Abhinav. pp. 53, 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-415-8"><bdi>978-81-7017-415-8</bdi></a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Hindu+Festivals+and+Traditions&rft.pages=53%2C+69&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-415-8&rft.aulast=Jagannathan&rft.aufirst=Maithily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMin2010" class="citation book cs1">Min, Pyong Gap (2010). Preserving Ethnicity through Religion in America. 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Animals. 8 (5): 64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fani8050064">10.3390/ani8050064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5981275">5981275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29701646">29701646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animals&rft.atitle=The+Sheltering+of+Unwanted+Cattle%2C+Experiences+in+India+and+Implications+for+Cattle+Industries+Elsewhere&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5981275%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29701646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fani8050064&rft.au=Uttara+Kennedy%2C+Arvind+Sharma+and+Clive+J.C.+Philips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5981275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_Harris" class="citation book cs1">Marvin Harris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spraakdata.gu.se/taraka/SacredCow.pdf">India's scared cow</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907031005/http://spraakdata.gu.se/taraka/SacredCow.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/preliminary_literature_review_on_sacred_species__3_.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Literature+Review+On+Scared+Species&rft.au=Gloria+Pungetti%2C+Anna+Maclvor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fsites%2Fdev%2Ffiles%2Fimport%2Fdownloads%2Fpreliminary_literature_review_on_sacred_species__3_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1968257-519"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1968257_519-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1968">Walker 1968</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1988272-520"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1988272_520-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichman1988">Richman 1988</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-ajai16P_pg62-521"><a href="#cite_ref-ajai16P_pg62_521-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansingh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mansingh, Ajai (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075">"Stewards of Creation Covenant: Hinduism and the Environment"</a>. Caribbean Quarterly. 41 (1). A Journal of Caribbean Culture: 62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00086495.1995.11672075">10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907185105/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Stewards+of+Creation+Covenant%3A+Hinduism+and+the+Environment&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00086495.1995.11672075&rft.aulast=Mansingh&rft.aufirst=Ajai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00086495.1995.11672075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will">An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism</a> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/159">159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521652797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521652797"><bdi>978-0521652797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521652797&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontosw0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasudha-523"><a href="#cite_ref-Vasudha_523-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2007" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, Vasudha (2007). "The Hindu Tradition". In Oxtoby, Willard G.; Segal, Alan F. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseintroduct00oxto">A Concise Introduction to World Religions</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542207-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542207-8"><bdi>978-0-19-542207-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Tradition&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-542207-8&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseintroduct00oxto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-524"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_524-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Steven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialhinduis00stev">Essential Hinduism</a> (1st ed.). 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State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgitatwen00sarg/page/641">641</a>–643. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2842-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-2842-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita&rft.pages=641-643&rft.edition=25th+Anniversary&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2842-0&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Key&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbhagavadgitatwen00sarg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Harold F. (2007). "12". Outline of Hinduism. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-8944-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-8944-7"><bdi>978-1-4067-8944-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12&rft.btitle=Outline+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-8944-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Harold+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483"Chapter_4"-530">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483"Chapter_4"_530-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483"Chapter_4"_530-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuller2004">Fuller 2004</a>, p. 83, "Chapter 4". </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYayasan2005" class="citation book cs1">Yayasan, Bumi Kita (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookshop.blackwell.co.uk/jsp/welcome.jsp?action=search&type=isbn&term=9793780002">"The Hidden Life of Bali"</a>. In Gouyon, Anne (ed.). The natural guide to Bali: enjoy nature, meet the people, make a difference. Equinox Publishing (Asia). p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-00-9"><bdi>978-979-3780-00-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113644/http://bookshop.blackwell.co.uk/jsp/welcome.jsp?action=search&type=isbn&term=9793780002">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Life+of+Bali&rft.btitle=The+natural+guide+to+Bali%3A+enjoy+nature%2C+meet+the+people%2C+make+a+difference&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing+%28Asia%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-979-3780-00-9&rft.aulast=Yayasan&rft.aufirst=Bumi+Kita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookshop.blackwell.co.uk%2Fjsp%2Fwelcome.jsp%3Faction%3Dsearch%26type%3Disbn%26term%3D9793780002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynne2011" class="citation book cs1">Gwynne, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&pg=RA5-PT75">World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5 footnote 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6005-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-6005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+in+Practice%3A+A+Comparative+Introduction&rft.pages=5+footnote+16&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-6005-9&rft.aulast=Gwynne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdsRKc_knZoC%26pg%3DRA5-PT75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlcott1906" class="citation book cs1">Olcott, H.S. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jKBVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146">The Theosophist</a>. Vol. XXVII. Theosophical Publishing House. pp. 146 with footnote. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162108/https://books.google.com/books?id=jKBVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theosophist&rft.pages=146+with+footnote&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Olcott&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjKBVAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988">, Quote: "It is well known that Vaishnavas abhor animal sacrifice. In this province, like nearly all Bengalis, they celebrate <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, but their ceremonies are bloodless". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2004101–102,_Quote:_"Blood_sacrifice_was_a_clear_case_in_point,_(,_,_,_)_sacrifice_was_a_barbarity_inconsistent_with_Hinduism's_central_tenet_of_non-violence._[...]_Contemporary_opposition_to_animal_sacrifice_rests_on_an_old_foundation,_although_it_also_stems_from_the_very_widespread_influence_of_reformism,_whose_antipathy_to_ritual_killing_has_spread_well_beyond_the_self-consciously_nationalist_political_classes".-534"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2004101–102,_Quote:_"Blood_sacrifice_was_a_clear_case_in_point,_(,_,_,_)_sacrifice_was_a_barbarity_inconsistent_with_Hinduism's_central_tenet_of_non-violence._[...]_Contemporary_opposition_to_animal_sacrifice_rests_on_an_old_foundation,_although_it_also_stems_from_the_very_widespread_influence_of_reformism,_whose_antipathy_to_ritual_killing_has_spread_well_beyond_the_self-consciously_nationalist_political_classes"._534-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuller2004">Fuller 2004</a>, pp. 101–102, Quote: "Blood sacrifice was a clear case in point, (, , , ) sacrifice was a barbarity inconsistent with Hinduism's central tenet of non-violence. [...] Contemporary opposition to animal sacrifice rests on an old foundation, although it also stems from the very widespread influence of reformism, whose antipathy to ritual killing has spread well beyond the self-consciously nationalist political classes".. </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>, p. 169, Quote: "The acceptance of the principle of non-violence has been so through that animal sacrifice among Hindus today is uncommon, and many Indians are of the opinion that such things as cow slaughter were never practiced in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekoff2009" class="citation book cs1">Bekoff, Marc (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AmgYIBQ-XKkC&pg=PA482">Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare</a> (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35256-0"><bdi>978-0-313-35256-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162252/https://books.google.com/books?id=AmgYIBQ-XKkC&pg=PA482">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Rights+and+Animal+Welfare&rft.pages=482&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35256-0&rft.aulast=Bekoff&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAmgYIBQ-XKkC%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell198861–65-537"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell198861–65_537-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichell1988">Michell 1988</a>, pp. 61–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-stellakvol1-538">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvol1_538-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvol1_538-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvol1_538-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvol1_538-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1976a">Kramrisch 1976a</a>, pp. 1–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976a161–169-539"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976a161–169_539-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1976a">Kramrisch 1976a</a>, pp. 161–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976b346–357,_423–424-540"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976b346–357,_423–424_540-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1976b">Kramrisch 1976b</a>, pp. 346–357, 423–424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007a268–277-541"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007a268–277_541-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007a">Klostermaier 2007a</a>, pp. 268–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1960" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Burton (February 1960). "The Economic Function of a Medieval South Indian Temple". The Journal of Asian Studies. 19 (2): 163–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2943547">10.2307/2943547</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2943547">2943547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162283012">162283012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Function+of+a+Medieval+South+Indian+Temple&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-176&rft.date=1960-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162283012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2943547%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2943547&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell198858–65-543"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell198858–65_543-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichell1988">Michell 1988</a>, pp. 58–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoner1990" class="citation book cs1">Boner, Alice (1990). Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. Introduction and pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0705-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Composition+in+Hindu+Sculpture%3A+Cave+Temple+Period&rft.pages=Introduction+and+pp.+36-37&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0705-1&rft.aulast=Boner&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister1981" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Michael W. (1981). "Forest and Cave: Temples at Candrabhāgā and Kansuān". Archives of Asian Art. 34: 56–73. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111117">20111117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Forest+and+Cave%3A+Temples+at+Candrabh%C4%81g%C4%81+and+Kansu%C4%81n&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=56-73&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976a8–9-548"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976a8–9_548-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1976a">Kramrisch 1976a</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1993" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asramasystemhist00oliv">The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asramasystemhist00oliv/page/n1">1</a>–29, 84–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508327-9"><bdi>978-0-19-508327-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466428084">466428084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C4%80%C5%9Brama+System%3A+The+History+and+Hermeneutics+of+a+Religious+Institution&rft.pages=1-29%2C+84-111&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466428084&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508327-9&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasramasystemhist00oliv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rks-550">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rks_550-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rks_550-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1999" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, RK (1999). Indian Society, Institutions and Change. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-665-5"><bdi>978-81-7156-665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Society%2C+Institutions+and+Change&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-665-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930-551">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930_551-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930_551-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidgery1930_551-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWidgery1930">Widgery 1930</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-alnu-552"><a href="#cite_ref-alnu_552-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugteren2005" class="citation book cs1">Nugteren, Albertina (2005). Belief, Bounty, And Beauty: Rituals Around Sacred Trees in India. Brill Academic. pp. 13–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14601-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14601-3"><bdi>978-90-04-14601-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belief%2C+Bounty%2C+And+Beauty%3A+Rituals+Around+Sacred+Trees+in+India&rft.pages=13-21&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14601-3&rft.aulast=Nugteren&rft.aufirst=Albertina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraswathi2010" class="citation book cs1">Saraswathi; et al. (2010). "Reconceptualizing Lifespan Development through a Hindu Perspective". In Jensen, Lene Arnett (ed.). Bridging Cultural and Developmental Approaches to Psychology. Oxford University Press. pp. 280–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538343-0"><bdi>978-0-19-538343-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconceptualizing+Lifespan+Development+through+a+Hindu+Perspective&rft.btitle=Bridging+Cultural+and+Developmental+Approaches+to+Psychology&rft.pages=280-286&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538343-0&rft.au=Saraswathi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1922-554"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1922_554-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1922">Radhakrishnan 1922</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-DP_Bhawuk_2011_pages_93-110-555">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DP_Bhawuk_2011_pages_93-110_555-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP_Bhawuk_2011_pages_93-110_555-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhawuk2011" class="citation book cs1">Bhawuk, DP (2011). "The Paths of Bondage and Liberation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritualityindi00bhaw">Spirituality and Indian Psychology</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+1+Global+Religious+Populations&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.johnwiley.com.au%2Fproduct_data%2Fexcerpt%2F47%2F04706745%2F0470674547-196.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> For references on specific authors or topics, please see the relevant article. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya1927" class="citation book cs1">Acharya, P. 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From Lanka Eastwards: The Ramayaṇa in the Literature and Visual Arts of Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Lanka+Eastwards%3A+The+Ramaya%E1%B9%87a+in+the+Literature+and+Visual+Arts+of+Indonesia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=KITLV+Press&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bakker, F.L. (1997). "Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments". 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-84701-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-84701-9"><bdi>978-1-138-84701-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+%27Conversion%27+in+Hinduism+and+Christianity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-84701-9&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Ankur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZmsBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C">Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</a>. 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Merriam-Webster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC">The Hindus: An Alternative History</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959334-7"><bdi>978-0-19-959334-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindus%3A+An+Alternative+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959334-7&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNsXZkdHvXUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2014" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iM_QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">On Hinduism</a>. Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936007-9"><bdi>978-0-19-936007-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Hinduism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936007-9&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiM_QAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Eck, Diana L.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uD_0P6gS-vMC">India: A Sacred Geography</a>. Harmony. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53190-0"><bdi>978-0-385-53190-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Sacred+Geography&rft.pub=Harmony&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53190-0&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Diana+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuD_0P6gS-vMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Eck, Diana L.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC">India: A Sacred Geography</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53192-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53192-4"><bdi>978-0-385-53192-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Sacred+Geography&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53192-4&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Diana+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPyC4o7i9tnEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliade2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a> (2009). Yoga: Immortality and Freedom. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14203-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14203-6"><bdi>978-0-691-14203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+Immortality+and+Freedom&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14203-6&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspínNickoloff2007" class="citation book cs1">Espín, Orlando O.; Nickoloff, James B., eds. (2007). An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5856-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5856-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5856-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Dictionary+of+Theology+and+Religious+Studies&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuerstein2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Feuerstein, Georg</a> (2002). The Yoga Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-935001-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-935001-06-9"><bdi>978-3-935001-06-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-935001-06-9&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129185620/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1997). "The Meaning and Context of the Puruṣārthas". In Lipner, Julius J. (ed.). The Bhagavadgītā for Our Times. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565039-6"><bdi>978-0-19-565039-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+and+Context+of+the+Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rthas&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavadg%C4%ABt%C4%81+for+Our+Times&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565039-6&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144114/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C">The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21535-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21535-2"><bdi>0-631-21535-2</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-631-21535-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKBxa-MNqA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003a" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (2003a). "Introduction: Establishing the Boundaries". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Establishing+the+Boundaries&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2022" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (2022). 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Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8"><bdi>978-1-898723-60-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-60-8&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmGKHu20hA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Christopher John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC">The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12048-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12048-5&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo6XSeBUW3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhurye1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._S._Ghurye" title="G. S. Ghurye">Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTNmCIc9hCUC">The Scheduled Tribes of India</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-308-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-308-2"><bdi>978-0-87855-308-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scheduled+Tribes+of+India&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87855-308-2&rft.aulast=Ghurye&rft.aufirst=Govind+Sadashiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpTNmCIc9hCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez2013" class="citation book cs1">Gomez, Luis O. (2013) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">"Buddhism in India"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Kitagawa, Joseph M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ">The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</a>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8"><bdi>978-1-136-87590-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+India&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3-40&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87590-8&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Luis+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Gonda, Jan</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1">"The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ">Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3. Southeast Asia, Religions</a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Religions+in+Pre-Islamic+Indonesia+and+their+survival+in+Bali&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+3.+Southeast+Asia%2C+Religions&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1-47&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7YfAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoschStearns2007" class="citation book cs1">Gosch, Stephen; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stearns" title="Peter Stearns">Stearns, Peter</a> (2007). Premodern Travel in World History. 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New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions.+J.+Gordon+Melton%2C+Series+Editor&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance+A.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Kane, P. 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Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-2779-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worshiping+Siva+and+Buddha%3A+The+Temple+Art+of+East+Java&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2779-3&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Ann+R.&rft.au=Klokke%2C+Marijke+J.&rft.au=Kieven%2C+Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsfa2FiIERLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus K.</a> (1994). 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SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2411-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-2411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Agony+Over+Religion&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2411-7&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwIOSb97ph3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2009" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Gerald James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C">"Hinduism"</a>. World Religions in America: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 179–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-047-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-047-2"><bdi>978-1-61164-047-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hinduism&rft.btitle=World+Religions+in+America%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=179-198&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61164-047-2&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D34vGv_HDGG8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaf2014" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Leaf" title="Murray Leaf">Leaf, Murray J.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NRavAwAAQBAJ">The Anthropology of Eastern Religions: Ideas, Organizations, and Constituencies</a>. 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Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86464-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86464-7"><bdi>978-0-203-86464-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812916971">812916971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+their+religious+beliefs+and+practices&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812916971&rft.isbn=978-0-203-86464-7&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002a" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. 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Retrieved 14 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Kumbh+Mela%3A+The+Largest+Gathering+on+Earth&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fphoto%2F2013%2F01%2Fkumbh-mela-the-largest-gathering-on-earth%2F100438%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMemmott2013" class="citation news cs1">Memmott, Mark (14 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/14/169313222/biggest-gathering-on-earth-begins-in-india-kumbh-mela-may-draw-100-million">"Biggest Gathering On Earth' Begins In India; Kumbh Mela May Draw 100 Million"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174326/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/14/169313222/biggest-gathering-on-earth-begins-in-india-kumbh-mela-may-draw-100-million">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Biggest+Gathering+On+Earth%27+Begins+In+India%3B+Kumbh+Mela+May+Draw+100+Million&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Memmott&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2013%2F01%2F14%2F169313222%2Fbiggest-gathering-on-earth-begins-in-india-kumbh-mela-may-draw-100-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528064608/http://www.bergen.edu/phr/121/ManuGC.pdf">"Manu Smriti Laws of Manu"</a> (PDF). 1.87–1.91. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bergen.edu/phr/121/ManuGC.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manu+Smriti+Laws+of+Manu&rft.pages=1.87-1.91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bergen.edu%2Fphr%2F121%2FManuGC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV" class="citation web cs1">V, Jayaram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_caste.asp">"The Hindu Caste System"</a>. Hinduwebsite. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902004553/https://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_caste.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hinduwebsite&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Caste+System&rft.aulast=V&rft.aufirst=Jayaram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduwebsite.com%2Fhinduism%2Fh_caste.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkataramanDeshpande" class="citation web cs1">Venkataraman, Swaminathan; Deshpande, Pawan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202101032/http://www.hafsite.org/media/pr/hinduism-not-cast-caste-full-report">"Hinduism: Not Cast In Caste"</a>. Hindu American Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hafsite.org/media/pr/hinduism-not-cast-caste-full-report">the original</a> on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Not+Cast+In+Caste&rft.pub=Hindu+American+Foundation&rft.aulast=Venkataraman&rft.aufirst=Swaminathan&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+Pawan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hafsite.org%2Fmedia%2Fpr%2Fhinduism-not-cast-caste-full-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura">"Gopura"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819003114/https://www.britannica.com/technology/gopura">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gopura&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9037402%2Fgopura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/North-Indian-temple-architecture">"Nagara"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174235/https://www.britannica.com/topic/North-Indian-temple-architecture">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nagara&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNorth-Indian-temple-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <dl><dt>Encyclopedias</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roshen_Dalal" title="Roshen Dalal">Dalal, Roshen</a> (2010b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC">Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</a>. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Knut A.</a>; et al., eds. (2009–2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/package/9789004271289?language=en&packages=about">Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Vol. 1–6. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004271289" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004271289"><bdi>978-9004271289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009%2F2015&rft.isbn=978-9004271289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fpackage%2F9789004271289%3Flanguage%3Den%26packages%3Dabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Vol. 1: Regions, Pilgrimage, Deities (2009).</li> <li>Vol. 2: Sacred Languages, Ritual Traditions, Arts, Concepts (2010).</li> <li>Vol. 3: Society, Religious Professionals, Religious Communities, Philosophies (2011).</li> <li>Vol. 4: Historical Perspectives, Poets/Teachers/Saints, Relation to Other Religions and Traditions, Hinduism and Contemporary Issues (2012).</li> <li>Vol. 5: Symbolism, Diaspora, Modern Groups and Teachers (2013).</li> <li>Vol. 6: Indices (2015).</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainShermaKhanna2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Jain" title="Pankaj Jain">Jain, Pankaj</a>; Sherma, Rita; <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Khanna" title="Madhu Khanna">Khanna, Madhu</a>, eds. (2018). "Hinduism and Tribal Religions". Swaminarayan. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-1036-5_541-1">10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_541-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-024-1036-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-024-1036-5"><bdi>978-94-024-1036-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swaminarayan&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Religions&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Religions&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-024-1036-5_541-1&rft.isbn=978-94-024-1036-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Johnson, W. J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250">A Dictionary of Hinduism</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0"><bdi>978-0-19-861025-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861025-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198610250.001.0001%2Facref-9780198610250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a>, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5458-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions.+J.+Gordon+Melton%2C+Series+Editor&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance+A.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus K.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DB29DwAAQBAJ">A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. London: Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-672-2"><bdi>978-1-78074-672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-672-2&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDB29DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Harrington_Potter" title="Karl Harrington Potter">Potter, Karl H.</a>, ed. (1970–2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201160007/https://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/xencyclo.html">Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophers</a>. Vol. 1–25. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/xencyclo.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophers&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1970%2F2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fkpotter%2Fxencyclo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> Ongoing <a href="/wiki/Monographic_series" title="Monographic series">monographic series</a> project.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sullivan, Bruce M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atozofhinduism2001sull">The A to Z of Hinduism</a> (Rev. ed.). Lanham, Md; London: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4070-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4070-7"><bdi>0-8108-4070-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md%3B+London&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8108-4070-7&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatozofhinduism2001sull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Werner, Karel</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvuQAgAAQBAJ">A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism</a> (Rev. ed.). Surrey: Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1049-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1049-3"><bdi>0-7007-1049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Surrey&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7007-1049-3&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvuQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Introductory</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129185620/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144114/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C">The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21535-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21535-2"><bdi>0-631-21535-2</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-631-21535-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKBxa-MNqA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C">Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8"><bdi>978-1-898723-60-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-60-8&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmGKHu20hA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"Hinduism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Kitagawa, Joseph M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ">The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</a>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1762-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1762-5"><bdi>0-7007-1762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hinduism&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3-40&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1762-5&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus K.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0VCO1900dMC">Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide</a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-026-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-026-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174233/https://books.google.com/books?id=P0VCO1900dMC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-026-3&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0VCO1900dMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Knott, Kim (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4kzNzII3zAC">Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160645-8"><bdi>978-0-19-160645-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174324/https://books.google.com/books?id=p4kzNzII3zAC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160645-8&rft.aulast=Knott&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp4kzNzII3zAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._P._Chattopadhyaya" title="D. P. Chattopadhyaya">Chattopadhyaya, D. P.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Project_of_History_of_Indian_Science,_Philosophy_and_Culture" title="Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture">History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization</a>. Vol. 1–15. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Studies_in_Civilizations" title="Centre for Studies in Civilizations">Centre for Studies in Civilizations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Science%2C+Philosophy+and+Culture+in+Indian+Civilization&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Centre+for+Studies+in+Civilizations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Llewellyn_Basham" title="Arthur Llewellyn Basham">Basham, Arthur Llewellyn</a> (1954). <a href="/wiki/The_Wonder_That_was_India" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wonder That was India">The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims</a>. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wonder+That+Was+India%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Culture+of+the+Indian+Sub-Continent+Before+the+Coming+of+the+Muslims&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Llewellyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ">The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022693-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022693-0"><bdi>978-0-19-022693-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism.+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022693-0&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDagXCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Samuel, Geoffrey</a> (2010). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Philosophy and theology</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Dasgupta" title="Surendranath Dasgupta">Dasgupta, Surendranath</a> (1922–1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/history-indian-philosophy-vol-i">A History of Indian Philosophy</a>. Vol. 1–5. London: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922%2F1955&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianculture.gov.in%2Freports-proceedings%2Fhistory-indian-philosophy-vol-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96713">Vol. 1</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57593">Vol. 2</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57392">Vol. 3</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.231099">Vol. 4</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfIndianPhilosophyVol5/page/n1/mode/2up">Vol. 5.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli</a> (1923–1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2">Indian Philosophy</a>. Vol. 1–2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1923%2F1927&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus K.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC">A Survey of Hinduism</a> (3rd ed.). New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CVviRghVtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Richards, Glyn, ed. (1985). A Sourcebook of Modern Hinduism. Surrey: Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0173-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0173-5"><bdi>978-0-7007-0173-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+of+Modern+Hinduism&rft.place=Surrey&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0173-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHinduism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Hinduism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hinduism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hinduism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hinduism" class="extiw" title="b:Hinduism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9089#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9089#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9089#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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244.288 52 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.96% 230.351 23 Template:Flagg"," 2.32% 134.967 108 Template:Harvnb"," 2.21% 128.832 2 Template:Hinduism"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.847","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21820899,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcharya1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcriCreeseGriffiths2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdcock2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAiyar1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmazzone2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonLongkumer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnita_Ganeri2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApte1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArdley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._Richmond1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabary,_AbrarZeeshan,_Mahwish\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalfour1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjea2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarua2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassuk1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehanan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBekoff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergKniss2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerntsen1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhandarkar1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBharati1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhardwaj1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhaskarananda1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharya2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhavasar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhawuk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilimoriaPrabhuSharma2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowker2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyer1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockington2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodd2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronkhorst2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantEkstrand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButtimerWallin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarney2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChacko2019c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarti1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChande2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapple1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapple2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_John_Fuller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoburn1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoward1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoward1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoward2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulp2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCœdès1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2010b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasguptaBanarsidass1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidMullettWrightStephenson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeNapoli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhavamony1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirks2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDissanayake1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDixon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDube2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEck2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElgood2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliade2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllinger1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElst2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspínNickoloff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerro-Luzzi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuerstein2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFort1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoulston2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoulstonAbbott2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhurye1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGloria_Pungetti,_Anna_Maclvor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlucklich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonda1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonda1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoschStearns2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryGrandin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroverSingh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwynne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaider,_Suhasini2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaines2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalbfass1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalbfass1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalbfass1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarkDeLisser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarshananda1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatcher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawleyNarayanan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayakawa2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeesterman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHefner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeitzmanWorden1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltebeitel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolberg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoldrege1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoldrege2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmBowker2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopfeWoodward2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuyler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngalls1957d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInsoll2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaeva1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._J._Navone1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJagannathan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJainShermaKhanna2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJhingran1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_E._Cort2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeown2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim,_Sebastian2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinneyKlokkeKieven2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2007a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2007b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnipe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnott1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoller1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramrisch1976a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramrisch1976b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurien2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaumakis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaf2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingat1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutgendorf2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMabry2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacy1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansingh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin_Harris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasud2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowellBrown2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeister1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMemmott2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier-Williams1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier-Williams1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier-Williams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuesse2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurthy1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNapier1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettlStonePorterRice1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeville2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNugteren2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNussbaum2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Conell1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlcott1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrazio_Marucchi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPal,_Pratapaditya1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPande2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParpola2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPechelis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPflueger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhuongLockhart2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinkney2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrentiss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriolkar1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuackBinder2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavendrachar1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajadhyaksha1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajesh_Joshi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamstedt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanade1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichenbach1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenou1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinehart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoer1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahajananda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamovarPorterMcDaniel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson2016\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSaraswathi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargeantChapple1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayers2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSayers2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFScaligero1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen_Gupta1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1985\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaSharma2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaSinhaBanerjee2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShukla1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiemensRoodt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverberg1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingapore_Department_of_Statistics2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiqueira1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSjoberg1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmelserLipset2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithVan_De_Mieroopvon_GlahnLane2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSontheimer1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouza1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSponsel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart-Fox2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvatmaramaBrahmananda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwami_Prabhupādā1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweetman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweetman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaimni1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTattwanandan.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorCase2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson_Platts1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiwari2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToropovBuckles2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1996a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUttara_Kennedy,_Arvind_Sharma_and_Clive_J.C._Philips2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Buitenen1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenkataramanDeshpande\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVertovec2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVir1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViswanathan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViswanathan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivekananda1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivekananda2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivekjivandas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVroom1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWainwright2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidgery1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkins1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWormald2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYayasan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYust2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaehner1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Zwart2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Brück1986\"] = 1,\n [\"Questioning_authority\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"CE\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 12,\n [\"Citation\"] = 17,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 321,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 67,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col start\"] = 2,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Etymonline\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagg\"] = 23,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"For outline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 38,\n [\"Harv\"] = 17,\n [\"Harvard citation no brackets\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 107,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 5,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 21,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 26,\n [\"Increase\"] = 10,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Lit\"] = 2,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 9,\n [\"Main\"] = 24,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Multipleimage\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 2,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 49,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 335,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Spaced en dash\"] = 23,\n [\"Steady\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weasel inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","560","13.5"],["?","440","10.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","380","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","280","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","240","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","220","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","140","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","140","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","2.9"],["[others]","1300","31.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zcwrk","timestamp":"20241122140358","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hinduism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hinduism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9089","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9089","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-07T18:59:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T11:43:49Z","headline":"religion widely practiced in the Indian subcontinent"}</script> </body> </html>