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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American abolitionist (1815–1882)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Gunpowder Plot conspirator, see <a href="/wiki/Henry_Garnet" title="Henry Garnet">Henry Garnet</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Henry Highland Garnet</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Highland_Garnet_by_James_U._Stead_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Henry_Highland_Garnet_by_James_U._Stead_crop.png/220px-Henry_Highland_Garnet_by_James_U._Stead_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Henry_Highland_Garnet_by_James_U._Stead_crop.png/330px-Henry_Highland_Garnet_by_James_U._Stead_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Henry_Highland_Garnet_by_James_U._Stead_crop.png/440px-Henry_Highland_Garnet_by_James_U._Stead_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3004" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1815-12-23</span>)</span>December 23, 1815<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Market,_Maryland" title="New Market, Maryland">New Market, Maryland</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 13, 1882<span style="display:none">(1882-02-13)</span> (aged 66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>, Liberia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Minister</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Williams_(abolitionist)" title="Julia Williams (abolitionist)">Julia Ward Williams</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category">Christian (<a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry Highland Garnet</b> (December 23, 1815 – February 13, 1882) was an American abolitionist, minister, educator, orator, and diplomat. Having escaped as a child from slavery in Maryland with his family,<sup id="cite_ref-Britanica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britanica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he grew up in New York City. He was educated at the <a href="/wiki/African_Free_School" title="African Free School">African Free School</a> and other institutions, and became an advocate of militant abolitionism. He became a minister and based his drive for abolitionism in religion. </p><p>Garnet was a prominent member of the movement that led beyond <a href="/wiki/Moral_suasion" title="Moral suasion">moral suasion</a> toward more political action. Renowned for his skills as a public speaker, he urged black Americans to take action and claim their own destinies. ("He saw little hope for freeing the slaves except by their own efforts."<sup id="cite_ref-Sernett2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sernett2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) For a period, he supported emigration of American free blacks to Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> ended that effort. In 1841, he married abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Julia_Williams_(abolitionist)" title="Julia Williams (abolitionist)">Julia Ward Williams</a> and they had a family. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Weems#Early_life_and_pre-escape" title="Anna Maria Weems">Stella (Mary Jane) Weems</a>, a runaway slave from Maryland, lived with the Garnets. She may have been adopted by them or employed as their governess. When Henry preached against slavery, he brought her up to talk about her own experiences and about her family still enslaved in Maryland. On one such trip in England, Garnet was hired by a Scottish church as a missionary. The family moved to Jamaica in 1852, and soon caught yellow fever. Stella died and was buried there. The rest, while sickened, boarded a ship for America. After the war, the couple worked in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On Sunday, February 12, 1865, he delivered a sermon in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> while it was not in session, becoming the first African American to speak in that chamber,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-memorialdiscourse_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorialdiscourse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the occasion of Congress's passage on January 31 of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>, ending slavery. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfricanFreeSchool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/AfricanFreeSchool.jpg/220px-AfricanFreeSchool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/AfricanFreeSchool.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Lithograph of <a href="/wiki/African_Free_School" title="African Free School">African Free School</a> which Garnet attended</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry Garnet was born into slavery in <a href="/wiki/Chesterville,_Maryland" title="Chesterville, Maryland">Chesterville</a> (then New Market), <a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Maryland" title="Kent County, Maryland">Kent County, Maryland</a>, on December 23, 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-SNAC_bio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNAC_bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> "[H]is grandfather was an African chief and warrior, and in a tribal fight he was captured and sold to slave-traders who brought him to this continent where he was owned by Colonel William Spencer."<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/James_McCune_Smith" title="James McCune Smith">James McCune Smith</a>, Garnet's father was George Trusty and his enslaved mother was "a woman of extraordinary energy."<sup id="cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifeandlabors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1824, the family, which included a total of 11 members, secured permission to attend a funeral, and from there they all escaped in a covered wagon, via <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>, where they were helped by the <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> stationmaster <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrett" title="Thomas Garrett">Thomas Garrett</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Garnet was ten years old, his family reunited and moved to New York City, where from 1826 through 1831, Garnet attended the <a href="/wiki/African_Free_School" title="African Free School">African Free School</a>. His education there was interrupted in 1828 when Garnet had to find employment, twice making the sea route to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Cabin_boy" title="Cabin boy">cabin boy</a><sup id="cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifeandlabors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> and once as a cook and steward on a <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> running between New York City and Alexandria, Virginia. It was when he returned from the latter voyage in 1829 that he found that his family had been located by <a href="/wiki/Slave_catchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave catchers">slave hunters</a>. His sister, Eliza (born Mary),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was arrested, but was able to free herself by proving residence in the free state of New York. His father jumped off of the roof of a two-story building to escape the slave catchers. Garnet, likely with his mother in mind, who had escaped by running to a corner store, took a knife and walked onto <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>, waiting to be found and confronted by the slave catchers. His friends found him instead and took him out of the city to Jericho, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, where he stayed under the protection of Quaker Thomas Willis. He then became an <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servant</a> to Captain Epenetus Smith of Smithtown, Long Island, but suffered an injury to his right leg and managed to be released from his indentures later in 1829, whereupon he returned to the African Free School for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifeandlabors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–27">: 25–27 </span></sup> </p><p>While in school, Garnet began his career in abolitionism. His classmates at the African Free School included <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Reason" title="Charles L. Reason">Charles L. Reason</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_T._Downing" title="George T. Downing">George T. Downing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ira_Aldridge" title="Ira Aldridge">Ira Aldridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1831, he continued his studies at the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Society_(New_York)" title="Phoenix Society (New York)">Phoenix High School for Colored Youth</a>. While a student there he began to attend a <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Colored_Presbyterian_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Colored Presbyterian Church (page does not exist)">First Colored Presbyterian Church</a>, also known as Shiloh Presbyterian Church, The first African American Presbyterian Church in New York City, and was <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a> as a Christian by Reverend <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Sedgwick_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Sedgwick Wright (page does not exist)">Theodore Sedgwick Wright</a>, with whom he was friends for the remainder of Wright's life.<sup id="cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifeandlabors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28–29">: 28–29 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1834, Garnet, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Day" title="William H. Day">William H. Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Ruggles" title="David Ruggles">David Ruggles</a> established the all-male <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Literary_and_Benevolent_Association" title="Garrison Literary and Benevolent Association">Garrison Literary and Benevolent Association</a>; "Garrison" is a reference to the famous <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a>, and indicates the character of the association. It garnered mass support among whites, but the club ultimately had to move due to racist feelings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oneida_Institute,_Whitestown,_New_York.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Oneida_Institute%2C_Whitestown%2C_New_York.png/280px-Oneida_Institute%2C_Whitestown%2C_New_York.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Oneida_Institute%2C_Whitestown%2C_New_York.png/420px-Oneida_Institute%2C_Whitestown%2C_New_York.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Oneida_Institute%2C_Whitestown%2C_New_York.png/560px-Oneida_Institute%2C_Whitestown%2C_New_York.png 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Oneida Institute, Whitesboro, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1835, Garnet enrolled at the new <a href="/wiki/Noyes_Academy" title="Noyes Academy">Noyes Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canaan,_New_Hampshire" title="Canaan, New Hampshire">Canaan, New Hampshire</a>, but anti-abolitionists soon destroyed the school building and forced the Negro students out of town. He completed his education at the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whitesboro,_New_York" title="Whitesboro, New York">Whitesboro, New York</a>, which had recently begun admitting all races. Here he was acclaimed for his wit, brilliance, and rhetorical skills. The year after graduation in 1839, he injured his knee playing sports.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It never fully healed,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his lower leg had to be amputated in 1840<sup id="cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifeandlabors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> or 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 658–659">: 658–659 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Julia_Williams">Julia Williams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Julia Williams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1841, Garnet married <a href="/wiki/Julia_Williams_(abolitionist)" title="Julia Williams (abolitionist)">Julia Ward Williams</a>, whom he had met as a fellow student at the Noyes Academy. She had also completed her education at the Oneida Institute. Together they had three children, only one of whom survived to adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ministry">Ministry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15th_St_Presbyterian_Wash_DC_3b15749t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/15th_St_Presbyterian_Wash_DC_3b15749t.jpg/220px-15th_St_Presbyterian_Wash_DC_3b15749t.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/15th_St_Presbyterian_Wash_DC_3b15749t.jpg/330px-15th_St_Presbyterian_Wash_DC_3b15749t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/15th_St_Presbyterian_Wash_DC_3b15749t.jpg/440px-15th_St_Presbyterian_Wash_DC_3b15749t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>Garnet served as pastor of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifteenth_Street_Presbyterian_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church (page does not exist)">Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church</a> in Washington, D.C., from 1864 to 1866. The church is shown here as it was in about 1899.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fifteenth_Street_Presbyterian_Church_-_Washington,_DC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Fifteenth_Street_Presbyterian_Church_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/220px-Fifteenth_Street_Presbyterian_Church_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Fifteenth_Street_Presbyterian_Church_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/330px-Fifteenth_Street_Presbyterian_Church_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Fifteenth_Street_Presbyterian_Church_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/440px-Fifteenth_Street_Presbyterian_Church_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="2310" /></a><figcaption>The Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church today.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1839, Garnet moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy, New York</a>, where he taught school and studied theology. In 1842, Garnet became pastor of the Liberty Street Presbyterian church, a position he held for six years. With his friend <a href="/wiki/William_G._Allen" title="William G. Allen">William G. Allen</a>, also an Oneida <a href="/wiki/Alumnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumnus">alumnus</a>, he published the <i>National Watchman</i>, an abolitionist newspaper. Closely identifying with the church, Garnet supported the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> and became a strong advocate of abolishing slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garnet sheltered <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slaves">fugitive slaves</a> in his Liberty Street church, and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a> announced in his church his plan for giving grants of land to disenfranchised Black men (see <a href="/wiki/Timbuctoo,_New_York" title="Timbuctoo, New York">Timbuctoo, New York</a>). </p><p>He later returned to New York City, where he joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a> and frequently spoke at abolitionist conferences and became pastor of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Colored_Presbyterian_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Colored Presbyterian Church (page does not exist)">First Colored Presbyterian Church</a>, also known as Shiloh Presbyterian Church. One of his most famous speeches, "Call to Rebellion", was delivered to the <a href="/wiki/1843_National_Convention_of_Colored_Citizens" title="1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens">1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britanica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britanica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>. "Upon the conclusion of the Negro national convention of 1843, Garnet led a state convention of Negroes assembled in Rochester".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These conventions by black activists were called to work for abolition and equal rights. Garnet said that slaves should act for themselves to achieve total emancipation. He promoted an armed rebellion as the most effective way to end slavery. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, along with many other abolitionists both black and white, thought that Garnet's ideas were too radical and could damage the cause by arousing too much fear and resistance among whites.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848 Garnet relocated from Troy to <a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro, New York</a>, home of the great abolition activist <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garnet supported Smith's <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a>, a reform party that was eventually absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-slavery_role">Anti-slavery role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anti-slavery role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women's participation in the abolitionist movement was controversial and resulted in a split in the American Anti-Slavery Society. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tappan" title="Arthur Tappan">Arthur Tappan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Tappan" title="Lewis Tappan">Lewis Tappan</a>, "and a group of Black ministers, including Henry Highland Garnet" founded the <a href="/wiki/American_and_Foreign_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society">American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a> (AFAS).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It "was committed to political abolitionism and to male leadership at the top levels."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1849, Garnet began to support emigration of blacks to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, Liberia, or <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, where he thought they would have more opportunities. In support of this, he founded the <a href="/wiki/African_Civilization_Society" title="African Civilization Society">African Civilization Society</a>. Similar to the British <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Aid_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Aid Society (page does not exist)">African Aid Society</a>, it sought to establish a West African colony in Yorubaland (part of present-day Nigeria). Garnet advocated a kind of <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a> in the United States, which included establishing Black colonies in the sparsely-inhabited Western territories. Other prominent members of this movement included minister <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Payne" title="Daniel Payne">Daniel Payne</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_L._Perry" title="Rufus L. Perry">Rufus L. Perry</a>, Henry M. Wilson, and <a href="/wiki/Amos_No%C3%AB_Freeman" title="Amos Noë Freeman">Amos Noë Freeman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, Garnet went to Great Britain at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Richardson_(abolitionist)" title="Anna Richardson (abolitionist)">Anna Richardson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_produce_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free produce movement">free produce movement</a>, which opposed slavery by rejecting the use of products produced by slave labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Holcomb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holcomb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a popular lecturer, and spent two and a half years lecturing. At first, the work separated Garnet from his family, who remained back in New York State. While Garnet was abroad, his seven-year-old son, James Crummell Garnet, died on March 1, 1851. His wife Julia, his young son Henry, and their adopted daughter Stella Weims joined Garnet in Great Britain later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1852, Garnet was sent to <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston, Jamaica</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a>. He and his family spent three years there; his wife Julia Garnet led an industrial school for girls. Garnet had health problems that led to the family returning to the United States. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a> in 1859, Garnet in a sermon "declared [it] to be the duty of every man who loved the cause of freedom to declare that the Harper's Ferry movement was right, and that any one who would not say so boldly had much better say nothing at all."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was described as "friend and admirer" of "the heroic <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1859 Garnet was president of the <a href="/wiki/African_Civilization_Society" title="African Civilization Society">African Civilization Society</a>, whose declared goal was "to engage in the great work of christianizing and civilizing Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> started, Garnet's hopes ended for emigration as a solution for American Blacks. In the three-day <a href="/wiki/New_York_Draft_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Draft Riot">New York draft riots</a> of July 1863, mobs attacked Blacks and Black-owned buildings. Garnet and his family escaped attack because his daughter quickly chopped their nameplate off their door before the mobs found them.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He organized a committee for sick soldiers and served as <a href="/wiki/Almoner" title="Almoner">almoner</a> to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Benevolent_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Benevolent Society (page does not exist)">New York Benevolent Society</a> for victims of the mob.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the federal government approved creating Black units, Garnet helped with recruiting <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a>. He moved with his family to Washington, DC, so that he could support the black soldiers and the war effort. He preached to many of them while serving as pastor of the prominent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberty_(Fifteenth)_Street_Presbyterian_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberty (Fifteenth) Street Presbyterian Church (page does not exist)">Liberty (Fifteenth) Street Presbyterian Church</a> from 1864 until 1866. During this time, Garnet was the first Black minister to preach to the US House of Representatives, addressing them on February 12, 1865, about the end of slavery, on occasion of the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war in 1868, Garnet was appointed president of <a href="/wiki/Avery_College" title="Avery College">Avery College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>. Later he returned to New York City as a pastor at the Shiloh Presbyterian Church (formerly the First Colored Presbyterian Church, and now <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._James_Presbyterian_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. James Presbyterian Church (page does not exist)">St. James Presbyterian Church</a> in Harlem).<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He remained politically active upon his return to New York, and was known to provide support to the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Cuban independence movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, while living at 102 West 3rd Street,<sup id="cite_ref-NYPL_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYPL-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a neighborhood often referred to as Little Africa, Garnet hosted a reception for Cuban revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Grajales" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Maceo Grajales">Antonio Maceo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first wife Julia Williams died at their home in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, on January 7, 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, Garnet married <a href="/wiki/Sarah_J._Garnet" title="Sarah J. Garnet">Sarah Smith Tompkins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who was a New York teacher and school principal, suffragist, and community organizer.<sup id="cite_ref-Polcino_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polcino-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ambassador_to_Liberia">Ambassador to Liberia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ambassador to Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garnet's last wish was to go, even for a few weeks, to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, where his daughter Mary Garnet Barboza was,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to die there. He was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Liberia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Liberia">U.S. Minister (ambassador) to Liberia</a>, where he arrived on December 28, 1881,<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and died February 13 of malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-SNAC_bio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNAC_bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garnet was given a state funeral by the Liberian government. As described by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crummell" title="Alexander Crummell">Alexander Crummell</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]hey buried him like a prince, this princely man, with the blood of a long line of chieftains in his veins, in the soil of his fathers. The entire military forces of the capital of the republic turned out to render a last tribute of respect and honor. The President and his cabinet, the ministry of every name, the president, professors and students of the college, large bodies of citizens from the river settlement, as well as the townsmen, attended his obsequies as mourners. A noble tribute was accorded him by Rev. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">E. W. Blyden, D. D., LL. D.</a>, one of the finest scholars and thinkers in the nation. Minute guns were fired at every footfall of the solemn procession.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Palm_Grove_Cemetery" title="Palm Grove Cemetery">Palm Grove Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frederick Douglass, who had not been on speaking terms with Garnet for many years because of their differences, still mourned Garnet's passing and noted his achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1952, Garnet's portrait was included among those in <i>Civil Rights Bill Passes, 1866</i>, a mural painted in the Hall of Capitols, the Cox Corridors of the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. It was painted by <a href="/wiki/Allyn_Cox" title="Allyn Cox">Allyn Cox</a>.</li> <li>P.S. 175 or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet_School_for_Success&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Highland Garnet School for Success (page does not exist)">Henry Highland Garnet School for Success</a> in Harlem, as well as the Henry Highland Garnet Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Chestertown,_Maryland" title="Chestertown, Maryland">Chestertown, Maryland</a>, are named for him.</li> <li>In 2002, scholar <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> listed Henry Highland Garnet on his list of <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Garnet School at 10th Street and U Avenue, N.W., in Washington, D.C., was named in his honor in 1880. It was merged with the Patterson school in a new building erected in 1929 and renamed Shaw Middle School at Garnet-Patterson. It was closed in 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet_High_School" title="Garnet High School">Garnet High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a>, was named for him from 1900 until 1956 when it closed with desegregation. The building served as John Adams Junior High until 1969 when a new John Adams school was built. Garnet's name was restored as the Garnet Adult Education Center and is now Garnet Career Center.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Garnet is included on a <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_historical_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire historical marker">New Hampshire historical marker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Hampshire_historical_markers_(226%E2%80%93250)#246" title="List of New Hampshire historical markers (226–250)">number 246</a>) commemorating Noyes Academy in Canaan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">List of African-American abolitionists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garnet's father changed his family's given names when they escaped slavery and also changed its surname to Garnet from Trusty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garnet reportedly had <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/white_swelling" class="extiw" title="wikt:white swelling">white swelling</a> of his diseased leg that became symptomatic during Garnet's teenage years, most likely as a complication of <a href="/wiki/Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis" title="Extrapulmonary tuberculosis">tuberculous arthritis</a>, a progressive disease that may cause predisposition to additional trauma.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britanica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britanica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britanica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Highland-Garnet">"Henry Highland Garnet"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. January 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+Highland+Garnet&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHenry-Highland-Garnet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sernett2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sernett2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSernett2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Sernett" title="Milton Sernett">Sernett, Milton C.</a> (2004). <i>Abolition's Axe. Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black Freedom Struggle</i>. Syracuse, New York: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815623704" title="Special:BookSources/0815623704"><bdi>0815623704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abolition%27s+Axe.+Beriah+Green%2C+Oneida+Institute%2C+and+the+Black+Freedom+Struggle&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0815623704&rft.aulast=Sernett&rft.aufirst=Milton+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1851-1900/The-first-African-American-to-speak-in-the-House-Chamber/">"The First African American to Speak in the House Chamber | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"</a>. <i>history.house.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.house.gov&rft.atitle=The+First+African+American+to+Speak+in+the+House+Chamber+%7C+US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FHistorical-Highlights%2F1851-1900%2FThe-first-African-American-to-speak-in-the-House-Chamber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memorialdiscourse-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-memorialdiscourse_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnet1865" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garnet, Henry Highland</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memorialdiscourse00garn/page/n7"><i>A memorial discourse; by Henry Highland Garnet, delivered in the hall of the House of Representatives, Washington City, D.C. on Sabbath, February 12, 1865. With an introduction, by James McCune Smith, M.D</i></a>. Philadelphia: Joseph M. Wilson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514223204/https://archive.org/details/memorialdiscourse00garn/page/n7">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+memorial+discourse%3B+by+Henry+Highland+Garnet%2C+delivered+in+the+hall+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+Washington+City%2C+D.C.+on+Sabbath%2C+February+12%2C+1865.+With+an+introduction%2C+by+James+McCune+Smith%2C+M.D&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Joseph+M.+Wilson&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Garnet&rft.aufirst=Henry+Highland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemorialdiscourse00garn%2Fpage%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNAC_bio-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SNAC_bio_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNAC_bio_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qz2b4p">"Garnet, Henry Highland, 1815–1882"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garnet%2C+Henry+Highland%2C+1815%E2%80%931882&rft.pub=SNAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnaccooperative.org%2Fark%3A%2F99166%2Fw6qz2b4p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmons-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Simmons_(teacher)" title="William J. Simmons (teacher)">Simmons, William J.</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menmarkeminentp00turngoog/page/n8">"Rev. Henry Highland Garnet, D. D."</a>. <i>Men of mark; eminent, progressive and rising</i>. Cleveland, Ohio: New York, Arno Press. pp. 656–661. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514223159/https://archive.org/details/menmarkeminentp00turngoog/page/n8">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rev.+Henry+Highland+Garnet%2C+D.+D.&rft.btitle=Men+of+mark%3B+eminent%2C+progressive+and+rising&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=656-661&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Arno+Press&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenmarkeminentp00turngoog%2Fpage%2Fn8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lifeandlabors-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifeandlabors_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_McCune_Smith" title="James McCune Smith">Smith, James McCune</a> (1865). "Sketch of the life and labors of Rev. Henry Highland Garnet". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memorialdiscourse00garn"><i>A memorial discourse; by Henry Highland Garnet, delivered in the hall of the House of Representatives, Washington City, D.C. on Sabbath, February 12, 1865. With an introduction, by James McCune Smith, M.D.</i></a> Philadelphia: Joseph Wilson. pp. 17–68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407170617/https://archive.org/details/memorialdiscourse00garn">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sketch+of+the+life+and+labors+of+Rev.+Henry+Highland+Garnet&rft.btitle=A+memorial+discourse%3B+by+Henry+Highland+Garnet%2C+delivered+in+the+hall+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+Washington+City%2C+D.C.+on+Sabbath%2C+February+12%2C+1865.+With+an+introduction%2C+by+James+McCune+Smith%2C+M.D.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=17-68&rft.pub=Joseph+Wilson&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+McCune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemorialdiscourse00garn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchor1977" class="citation book cs1">Schor, Joel (1977). <i>Henry Highland Garnet: A Voice of Black Radicalism in the Nineteenth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Conn" class="mw-redirect" title="Westport, Conn">Westport, Conn</a>.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0837189373" title="Special:BookSources/0837189373"><bdi>0837189373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Highland+Garnet%3A+A+Voice+of+Black+Radicalism+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0837189373&rft.aulast=Schor&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchor1979" class="citation journal cs1">Schor, Joel (January 1, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2717124">"The Rivalry Between Frederick Douglass and Henry Highland Garnet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Negro History">The Journal of Negro History</a></i>. <b>64</b> (1): 30–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2717124">10.2307/2717124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2992">0022-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717124">2717124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150276836">150276836</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203926/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2717124">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=The+Rivalry+Between+Frederick+Douglass+and+Henry+Highland+Garnet&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-38&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft.issn=0022-2992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150276836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2717124%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2717124&rft.aulast=Schor&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F2717124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"(Untitled)". <i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" title="The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">The North Star</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>. December 8, 1848. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+Star&rft.atitle=%28Untitled%29&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1848-12-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteBayMartin2013" class="citation book cs1">White, Deborah Gray; Bay, Mia; Martin, Waldo E. Jr. (2013). <i>Freedom on my mind : a history of African Americans, with documents</i>. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312648831" title="Special:BookSources/9780312648831"><bdi>9780312648831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+on+my+mind+%3A+a+history+of+African+Americans%2C+with+documents&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780312648831&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Gray&rft.au=Bay%2C+Mia&rft.au=Martin%2C+Waldo+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteBayMartin2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Gray_White" title="Deborah Gray White">White, Deborah Gray</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mia_Bay" title="Mia Bay">Bay, Mia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Martin" title="Waldo Martin">Martin, Waldo E. Jr.</a> (2013). <i>Freedom on my mind: A History of African Americans, with documents</i>. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312648831" title="Special:BookSources/9780312648831"><bdi>9780312648831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+on+my+mind%3A+A+History+of+African+Americans%2C+with+documents&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780312648831&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Gray&rft.au=Bay%2C+Mia&rft.au=Martin%2C+Waldo+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Clarence (1994). <i>The Black Churches of Brooklyn</i>, Columbia University Press. pp. 19, 26. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231099806" title="Special:BookSources/9780231099806">9780231099806</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holcomb-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holcomb_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcomb2016" class="citation book cs1">Holcomb, Julie L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qjD3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT189"><i>Moral Commerce: Quakers and the Transatlantic Boycott of the Slave Labor Economy</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501706622" title="Special:BookSources/9781501706622"><bdi>9781501706622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Commerce%3A+Quakers+and+the+Transatlantic+Boycott+of+the+Slave+Labor+Economy&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781501706622&rft.aulast=Holcomb&rft.aufirst=Julie+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqjD3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuane2020" class="citation book cs1">Duane, Anna Mae (2020). <i>Educated for Freedom: The Incredible Story of Two Fugitive Schoolboys Who Grew Up to Change a Nation</i>. New York: NYU Press. pp. 146–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479847471" title="Special:BookSources/9781479847471"><bdi>9781479847471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educated+for+Freedom%3A+The+Incredible+Story+of+Two+Fugitive+Schoolboys+Who+Grew+Up+to+Change+a+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=146-150&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781479847471&rft.aulast=Duane&rft.aufirst=Anna+Mae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41738495/reactions_to_john_browns_raid_on/">"An Incident of the Rebellion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Sun">Baltimore Sun</a></i>. October 25, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514224535/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41738495/reactions_to_john_browns_raid_on/">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=An+Incident+of+the+Rebellion&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F41738495%2Freactions_to_john_browns_raid_on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/93646081">"Seeking equality abroad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. December 29, 1878. p. 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/93646081">93646081</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710111104/https://www.proquest.com/docview/93646081">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Seeking+equality+abroad&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1878-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F93646081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_anti-slavery-reporter-and-aborigines-friend_1859-11-01_7_11/page/262/mode/2up">"African Civilization Society of New York"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Reporter_and_Aborigines%27_Friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines' Friend">Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines' Friend</a></i>. Vol. 7, no. 11. November 1, 1859. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anti-Slavery+Reporter+and+Aborigines%27+Friend&rft.atitle=African+Civilization+Society+of+New+York&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=262&rft.date=1859-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_anti-slavery-reporter-and-aborigines-friend_1859-11-01_7_11%2Fpage%2F262%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, Barnet (2009). <i>The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802715087" title="Special:BookSources/0802715087">0802715087</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnet1865" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garnet, Henry Highland</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memorialdiscourse00garn"><i>A memorial discourse; by Henry Highland Garnet, delivered in the hall of the House of Representatives, Washington City, D.C. on Sabbath, February 12, 1865. With an introduction, by James McCune Smith, M.D.</i></a> Philadelphia: Joseph Wilson<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+memorial+discourse%3B+by+Henry+Highland+Garnet%2C+delivered+in+the+hall+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+Washington+City%2C+D.C.+on+Sabbath%2C+February+12%2C+1865.+With+an+introduction%2C+by+James+McCune+Smith%2C+M.D.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Joseph+Wilson&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Garnet&rft.aufirst=Henry+Highland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemorialdiscourse00garn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1977" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Philip (1977). <i>Antonio Maceo: The 'Bronze Titan' of Cuba's Struggle for Independence</i>. New York: Monthly Review Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853454809" title="Special:BookSources/9780853454809"><bdi>9780853454809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Maceo%3A+The+%27Bronze+Titan%27+of+Cuba%27s+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780853454809&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYPL-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYPL_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDigital_Collections,_The_New_York_Public_Library" class="citation web cs1">Digital Collections, The New York Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/8177fed0-6c6f-0134-8440-00505686a51c">"(New York City directory) New York City directory, (1879)"</a>. The New York Public Library, Astor, Lennox, and Tilden Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223706/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/8177fed0-6c6f-0134-8440-00505686a51c">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28New+York+City+directory%29+New+York+City+directory%2C+%281879%29&rft.pub=The+New+York+Public+Library%2C+Astor%2C+Lennox%2C+and+Tilden+Foundation&rft.au=Digital+Collections%2C+The+New+York+Public+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fitems%2F8177fed0-6c6f-0134-8440-00505686a51c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirabal2017" class="citation book cs1">Mirabal, Nancy Raquel (2017). <i>Suspect Freedoms: The Racial and Sexual Politics of Cubanidad in New York, 1823–1957</i>. New York: NYU Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814761120" title="Special:BookSources/9780814761120"><bdi>9780814761120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suspect+Freedoms%3A+The+Racial+and+Sexual+Politics+of+Cubanidad+in+New+York%2C+1823%E2%80%931957&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780814761120&rft.aulast=Mirabal&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Raquel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obituary, <i>National Anti-Slavery Standard</i>, February 12, 1870</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Certificate of Marriage, State of New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polcino-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polcino_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolcino2004" class="citation web cs1">Polcino, Christine Ann (Fall 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Garnet__Henry_Highland.html">"Biography: Garnet, Henry Highland"</a>. <i>Literary and Cultural Heritage Map of Pennsylvania Writers</i>. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515221327/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Garnet__Henry_Highland.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+and+Cultural+Heritage+Map+of+Pennsylvania+Writers&rft.atitle=Biography%3A+Garnet%2C+Henry+Highland&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Polcino&rft.aufirst=Christine+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpabook.libraries.psu.edu%2Fpalitmap%2Fbios%2FGarnet__Henry_Highland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Kenneth C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZIKsezkeqsC&pg=PA154"><i>Journey of Hope: The Back-to-Africa Movement in Arkansas in the Late 1800s</i></a>. UNC Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2879-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2879-3"><bdi>0-8078-2879-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+of+Hope%3A+The+Back-to-Africa+Movement+in+Arkansas+in+the+Late+1800s&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8078-2879-3&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZIKsezkeqsC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kentcountyhistory.org/history/">"The Key to Kent County History"</a>. <i>Historical Society of Kent County</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Society+of+Kent+County&rft.atitle=The+Key+to+Kent+County+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkentcountyhistory.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). <i>100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i>, Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8">1-57392-963-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/0198fd64-58aa-4c65-aee3-64697f60cee2">C. W. Boyd, Educator, Dies; Formed Garnet High</a>, <i>Charleston Daily Mail</i>, February 1, 1951, p. 30. “Garnet High School,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212131421/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/0198fd64-58aa-4c65-aee3-64697f60cee2">Archived</a> February 12, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Piersen, William Dillon, <i>Black Legacy: America's Hidden Heritage</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">University of Massachusetts</a> Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-859-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87023-859-0">0-87023-859-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasinski2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jasinski, James (2007). "Constituting Antebellum African American Identity: Resistance, Violence, and Masculinity in Henry Highland Garnet's (1843) 'Address to the Slaves'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Quarterly Journal of Speech</i>. <b>93</b>: 27–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00335630701326878">10.1080/00335630701326878</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144821078">144821078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Speech&rft.atitle=Constituting+Antebellum+African+American+Identity%3A+Resistance%2C+Violence%2C+and+Masculinity+in+Henry+Highland+Garnet%27s+%281843%29+%27Address+to+the+Slaves%27&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=27-57&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00335630701326878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144821078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jasinski&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Highland_Garnet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Henry_Highland_Garnet" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_Highland_Garnet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/8/">Henry H. Garnet, "An Address to the Slaves of the United States of America"</a>, Buffalo, NY, 1843, Digital Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/13/">Henry H. Garnet, "The Past and the Present Condition, and the Destiny, of the Colored Race" (1848)</a>, Digital Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storyoftheweek.loa.org/2023/06/let-slavery-die.html">Henry H. Garnet, "Let Slavery Die" (1865), preceded by introductory material, from <i>The Civil War: The Final Year Told by Those Who Lived It</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/6763">Works by Henry Highland Garnet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Garnet%2C%20Henry%20Highland%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Garnet%2C%20Henry%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Garnet%2C%20H%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henry%20Highland%20Garnet%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henry%20H%2E%20Garnet%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H%2E%20H%2E%20Garnet%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Garnet%2C%20Henry%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henry%20Garnet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henry%20Highland%20Garnet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henry%20H%2E%20Garnet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20H%2E%20Garnet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20Highland%20Garnet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garnet%2C%20Henry%20Highland%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garnet%2C%20Henry%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garnet%2C%20H%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garnet%2C%20H%2E%20Highland%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henry%20Garnet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garnet%2C%20Henry%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henry%20Highland%20Garnet%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henry%20H%2E%20Garnet%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H%2E%20H%2E%20Garnet%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henry%20Garnet%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henry%20Highland%20Garnet%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henry%20H%2E%20Garnet%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H%2E%20H%2E%20Garnet%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Garnet%2C%20Henry%20Highland%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Garnet%2C%20Henry%20H%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henry%20Garnet%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Garnet%2C%20Henry%22%29%20OR%20%28%221815-1882%22%20AND%20Garnet%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Henry Highland Garnet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031213130209/http://www.ugrworkshop.com/hgarnet.htm">Underground Workshop</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Garnet, Henry Highland"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Garnet,_Henry_Highland">"Garnet, Henry Highland" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Garnet%2C+Henry+Highland&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Highland+Garnet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Smythe" title="John H. Smythe">John H. Smythe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Liberia">United States Minister to Liberia</a> </b><br />June 30, 1881 – February 13, 1882 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Smythe" title="John H. Smythe">John H. Smythe</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_Ambassadors_to_Liberia_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Liberia&#124;link=Liberia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Liberia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Liberia">United States Ambassadors to Liberia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissioner<br />and Consul General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hanson" title="Abraham Hanson">Hanson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister Resident/Consul General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Seys" title="John Seys">Seys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Milton_Turner" title="James Milton Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Smythe" title="John H. Smythe">Smythe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Smythe" title="John H. Smythe">Smythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_A._Hopkins" title="Moses A. Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._J._Taylor" title="C. H. J. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Ezra_Smith" title="Ezekiel Ezra Smith">E. E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Clark" title="Alexander Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._McCoy" title="William D. McCoy">McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Heard" title="William Henry Heard">Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_L._W._Smith" title="Owen L. W. Smith">O. L. W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._A._Crossland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. A. Crossland (page does not exist)">Crossland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Crum" class="mw-redirect" title="William D. Crum">Crum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Buckner" title="George Washington Buckner">Buckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Curtis" title="James L. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Johnson" title="Joseph L. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Porter_Hood" title="Solomon Porter Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Francis" title="William T. Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary<br />and Minister Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_E._Mitchell_(diplomat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles E. Mitchell (diplomat) (page does not exist)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Walton" title="Lester Walton">Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lanier" title="Raphael Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Richard_Dudley" title="Edward Richard Dudley">Dudley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Richard_Dudley" title="Edward Richard Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Locker" title="Jesse D. Locker">Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lee_Jones" title="Richard Lee Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_G._Mathews" title="Elbert G. Mathews">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Rhetts" title="Charles Edward Rhetts">Rhetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_H._Brown_Jr." title="Ben H. Brown Jr.">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Z._Westerfield_Jr." title="Samuel Z. Westerfield Jr.">Westerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_L._Manfull" class="mw-redirect" title="Melvin L. Manfull">Manfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Beverly_Carter_Jr." title="W. Beverly Carter Jr.">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Smith_(ambassador)" title="Robert P. Smith (ambassador)">R. P. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Swing" title="William L. Swing">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Perkins" title="Edward J. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bishop_(diplomat)" title="James Bishop (diplomat)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jon_de_Vos" title="Peter Jon de Vos">de Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Myrick" title="Bismarck Myrick">Myrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Blaney" title="John W. Blaney">Blaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Booth" title="Donald E. Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Thomas-Greenfield" title="Linda Thomas-Greenfield">Thomas-Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_R._Malac" title="Deborah R. Malac">Malac</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boulware" title="Mark Boulware">Boulware</a></i> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_A._Elder" title="Christine A. Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._McCarthy" title="Michael A. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132833#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132833#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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