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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emancipation_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emancipation_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Emancipation Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emancipation_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hope_Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hope_Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hope Gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hope_Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Law enforcement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fire_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Fire service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Telecommunications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fixed_voice_and_broadband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed_voice_and_broadband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Fixed voice and broadband</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed_voice_and_broadband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_voice_and_broadband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_voice_and_broadband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Mobile voice and broadband</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_voice_and_broadband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postal_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postal_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Postal service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postal_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Twin towns – Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingston, Jamaica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaika" title="Kingston, Jamaika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kingston, Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ኪንግስተን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኪንግስተን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyningest%C5%ABn_(Iamaica)" title="Cyningestūn (Iamaica) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cyningestūn (Iamaica)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="كينغستون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينغستون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Chamaica)" title="Kingston (Chamaica) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kingston (Chamaica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Քինկսթըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քինկսթըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinqston_(Yamayka)" title="Kinqston (Yamayka) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kinqston (Yamayka)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaika" title="Kingston, Jamaika – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kingston, Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="কিংস্টন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিংস্টন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кінгстан (Ямайка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кінгстан (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кінгстан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кінгстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Кингстън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кингстън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D_(%E0%BD%87%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8D)" title="ཁིང་སི་ཐོན། (ཇ་མའི་ཀ།) – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁིང་སི་ཐོན། (ཇ་མའི་ཀ།)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaika)" title="Kingston (Jamaika) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kingston (Jamaika)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Ямайка) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(ulohang_dakbayan_sa_Jamayka)" title="Kingston (ulohang dakbayan sa Jamayka) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kingston (ulohang dakbayan sa Jamayka)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%DD%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="كينݣسطون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كينݣسطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaika)" title="Kingston (Jamaika) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kingston (Jamaika)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_(%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1)" title="Κίνγκστον (Τζαμάικα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνγκστον (Τζαμάικα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingstono" title="Kingstono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kingstono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="کینگستون (جامائیکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کینگستون (جامائیکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jama%C3%AFque)" title="Kingston (Jamaïque) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kingston (Jamaïque)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaika)" title="Kingston (Jamaika) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kingston (Jamaika)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Iam%C3%A1ice" title="Kingston, Iamáice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kingston, Iamáice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Iaimeuca" title="Kingston, Iaimeuca – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Kingston, Iaimeuca" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%B9%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_(%EC%9E%90%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%B4)" title="킹스턴 (자메이카) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킹스턴 (자메이카)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kingston, Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6_(%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1)" title="Քինգսթոն (Ճամայկա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քինգսթոն (Ճամայկա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="किंग्सटन, जमैका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="किंग्सटन, जमैका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaika" title="Kingston, Jamaika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kingston, Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%C3%A6)" title="Кингстон (Ямайкæ) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайкæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jama%C3%ADka)" title="Kingston (Jamaíka) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kingston (Jamaíka)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קינגסטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קינגסטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კინგსტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კინგსტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Ямайка) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaika)" title="Kingston (Jamaika) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kingston (Jamaika)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinst%C3%B2n" title="Kinstòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kinstòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Ямайка) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiopolis_(Iamaica)" title="Regiopolis (Iamaica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regiopolis (Iamaica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingstona" title="Kingstona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kingstona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingstonas" title="Kingstonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kingstonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Giamaica)" title="Kingston (Giamaica) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kingston (Giamaica)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Јамајка) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кингстон (Јамајка)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BA" title="കിങ്സ്റ്റൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിങ്സ്റ്റൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(%C4%A0amajka)" title="Kingston (Ġamajka) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kingston (Ġamajka)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="किंग्स्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="किंग्स्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კინგსტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კინგსტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86,_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="مدينه كينجستون, جامايكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه كينجستون, جامايكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kingston, Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaika" title="Kingston, Jamaika – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kingston, Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Ямайка) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC" title="ကင်းစတန်မြို့၊ ဂျမေကာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်းစတန်မြို့၊ ဂျမေကာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AB)" title="キングストン (ジャマイカ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キングストン (ジャマイカ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Ямайка) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaika)" title="Kingston (Jamaika) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kingston (Jamaika)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaeka" title="Kingston, Jamaeka – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kingston, Jamaeka" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_p%C3%A5_Jamaica" title="Kingston på Jamaica – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kingston på Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Yamayka)" title="Kingston (Yamayka) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kingston (Yamayka)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8,_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਿੰਗਸਟਨ, ਜਮੈਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿੰਗਸਟਨ, ਜਮੈਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کنگسٹن، جمیکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنگسٹن، جمیکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinston,_Jumieka" title="Kinston, Jumieka – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kinston, Jumieka" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kingston, Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Ямайка) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Ямайка) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%A5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Киҥстон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киҥстон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Giam%C3%A0ica)" title="Kingston (Giamàica) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kingston (Giamàica)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kingston, Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingston, Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamajka)" title="Kingston (Jamajka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kingston (Jamajka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamajka" title="Kingston, Jamajka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kingston, Jamajka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Јамајка) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кингстон (Јамајка)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaika)" title="Kingston (Jamaika) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kingston (Jamaika)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kingston, Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="கிங்ஸ்டன், யமைக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிங்ஸ்டன், யமைக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaica)" title="Kingston (Jamaica) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kingston (Jamaica)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2)" title="คิงส์ตัน (ประเทศจาเมกา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คิงส์ตัน (ประเทศจาเมกา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Ямайка) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaika" title="Kingston, Jamaika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kingston, Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Ямайка) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кингстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кінгстон (Ямайка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кінгстон (Ямайка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کنگسٹن، جمیکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنگسٹن، جمیکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Jamaik)" title="Kingston (Jamaik) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kingston (Jamaik)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kingston, Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Cameke%C3%A4n)" title="Kingston (Camekeän) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kingston (Camekeän)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kingston, Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6" title="金斯敦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金斯敦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93_(%E7%89%99%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%A0)" title="京士頓 (牙買加) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="京士頓 (牙買加)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6" title="京斯敦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="京斯敦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaika" title="Kingston, Jamaika – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kingston, Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinqston" title="Kinqston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kinqston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingston,_Jamaica&params=17_58_17_N_76_47_35_W_region:JM_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°58′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°47′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.97139°N 76.79306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.97139; -76.79306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and chief port of Jamaica</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"New Kingston" redirects here. For the hamlet in the state of New York, see <a href="/wiki/New_Kingston,_New_York" title="New Kingston, New York">New Kingston, New York</a>. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/New_Kingston_(band)" title="New Kingston (band)">New Kingston (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Surrey, Jamaica</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement 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.infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kingston</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PortofKingston.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The port of Kingston in 2004"><img alt="The port of Kingston in 2004" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PortofKingston.jpg/250px-PortofKingston.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PortofKingston.jpg/375px-PortofKingston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/PortofKingston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="305" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The port of Kingston in 2004</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">A city which hath foundations<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingston is located in Jamaica"><img alt="Kingston is located in Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jamaica_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Jamaica_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jamaica_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Jamaica_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jamaica_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Jamaica_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.237%;left:71.122%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kingston"><img alt="Kingston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Kingston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Kingston shown within <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Jamaica</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingston is located in North America"><img alt="Kingston is located in North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1185" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.551%;left:77.282%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kingston"><img alt="Kingston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Kingston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Kingston (North America)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of North America</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingston,_Jamaica&params=17_58_17_N_76_47_35_W_region:JM_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°58′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°47′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.97139°N 76.79306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.97139; -76.79306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Jamaica">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surrey,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrey, Jamaica">Surrey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jamaica" title="Parishes of Jamaica">Parish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Parish, Jamaica">Kingston</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica">St. Andrew</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 1692</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Andrew Swaby<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Parish</div></th><td class="infobox-data">480 km<sup>2</sup> (190 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Parish</div></th><td class="infobox-data">662,435<sup id="cite_ref-population_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">65th</a> in North America<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Jamaica" title="List of cities and towns in Jamaica">1st</a> in Jamaica</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,190,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Time Zone</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksamc.gov.jm/">ksamc.gov.jm</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kingston</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbour</a> protected by the <a href="/wiki/Palisadoes" title="Palisadoes">Palisadoes</a>, a long <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">sand spit</a> which connects the town of <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Manley_International_Airport" title="Norman Manley International Airport">Norman Manley International Airport</a> to the rest of the island. Kingston is the largest English-speaking city south of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local government bodies of the parishes of <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Parish" title="Kingston Parish">Kingston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica">Saint Andrew</a> were amalgamated by the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation Act of 1923, to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_St._Andrew_Corporation" title="Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation">Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation</a> (KSAC). Greater Kingston, or the "Corporate Area" refers to those areas under the KSAC; however, it does not solely refer to Kingston Parish, which only consists of the old downtown and Port Royal.<sup id="cite_ref-kingston_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingston-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingston Parish had a population of 89,057, and St. Andrew Parish had a population of 573,369 in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-population_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingston is only bordered by Saint Andrew to the east, west and north. The geographical border for the parish of Kingston encompasses the following communities: <a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Gardens,_Kingston" title="Tivoli Gardens, Kingston">Tivoli Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denham_Town" title="Denham Town">Denham Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rae_Town" title="Rae Town">Rae Town</a>, Kingston Gardens, <a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Park" title="National Heroes Park">National Heroes Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Bournemouth Gardens">Bournemouth Gardens</a>, Norman Gardens, <a href="/wiki/Rennock_Lodge" title="Rennock Lodge">Rennock Lodge</a>, Springfield and Port Royal, along with portions of <a href="/wiki/Rollington_Town" title="Rollington Town">Rollington Town</a>, Franklyn Town, and Allman Town.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city proper is bounded by Six Miles to the west, <a href="/wiki/Stony_Hill,_Jamaica" title="Stony Hill, Jamaica">Stony Hill</a> to the north, Papine to the northeast, and <a href="/wiki/Harbour_View,_Jamaica" title="Harbour View, Jamaica">Harbour View</a> to the east, which are communities in urban and suburban Saint Andrew. Communities in rural St. Andrew such as Gordon Town, Mavis Bank, Lawrence Tavern, Mt. Airy, and Bull Bay would not be described as being in Kingston city.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two districts make up the central area of Kingston: the historic Downtown and New Kingston. Both are served by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Manley_International_Airport" title="Norman Manley International Airport">Norman Manley International Airport</a> and also by the smaller and primarily domestic <a href="/wiki/Tinson_Pen_Aerodrome" title="Tinson Pen Aerodrome">Tinson Pen Aerodrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Timeline of Kingston, Jamaica">Timeline of Kingston, Jamaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1882_Kingston_Fire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1882_Kingston_Fire.png/220px-1882_Kingston_Fire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1882_Kingston_Fire.png/330px-1882_Kingston_Fire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1882_Kingston_Fire.png/440px-1882_Kingston_Fire.png 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="5050" /></a><figcaption>Scenes in Kingston after the 1882 fire.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Kingston_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Map_Kingston_1897.jpg/220px-Map_Kingston_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Map_Kingston_1897.jpg/330px-Map_Kingston_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Map_Kingston_1897.jpg/440px-Map_Kingston_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>Map of Kingston, 1897</figcaption></figure> <p>Kingston was founded on 22 July 1692,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/1692_Jamaica_earthquake" title="1692 Jamaica earthquake">1692 earthquake</a> that devastated <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a> in 1692; the original section of the city which was situated at the bottom of the Liguanea Plains was laid out to house survivors of that earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the earthquake, Kingston's functions were purely <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthquake survivors set up a camp on the sea front. Approximately two thousand people died due to <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">mosquito-borne diseases</a>. Initially the people lived in a tented camp on Colonel Barry's <i>Hog Crawle</i>. The town did not begin to grow until after the further destruction of Port Royal by fire in 1703. Surveyor John Goffe drew up a plan for the town based on a grid bounded by North, East, West, and Harbour Streets. The new grid system of the town was designed to facilitate commerce, particularly the system of main thoroughfares 66 feet (20 m) across, which allowed transportation between the port and plantations farther inland.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1716, it had become the largest town and the centre of trade for Jamaica. The government sold land to people with the regulation that they purchase no more than the amount of the land that they owned in Port Royal, and only land on the sea front. Gradually, wealthy merchants began to move their residences from above their businesses to the farm lands north on the plains of <a href="/wiki/Liguanea" title="Liguanea">Liguanea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first free school, Wolmers's, was founded in 1729 and there was a theatre, first on Harbour Street and then moved in 1774 to North Parade.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are still in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1755 the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Jamaica">governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Knowles,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet">Sir Charles Knowles</a>, had decided to transfer the government offices from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Town" title="Spanish Town">Spanish Town</a> to Kingston. It was thought by some to be an unsuitable location for the Assembly in proximity to the moral distractions of Kingston, and the next governor rescinded the Act. However, by 1780 the population of Kingston was 11,000, and the merchants began lobbying for the administrative capital to be transferred from Spanish Town, which was by then eclipsed by the commercial activity in Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church of St. Thomas, on King Street, the chief thoroughfare, was first built before 1699 but was rebuilt after the earthquake in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 18th century, the city contained more than 3,000 brick buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harbour fostered trade. It was involved in several naval wars of the 18th century. Kingston took over the functions of Spanish Town (the capital at the time). These functions included agriculture, commercial, processing and a main transport hub to and from Kingston and other sections of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1788, Kingston had a population of 25,000, which was about a tenth of the overall population of the island. One in every four people living in Kingston was white, but there was a large population of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> there too; two out of every five people living in Kingston were free. The remaining three-fifths of Kingston's population was made up of black slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government passed an act to transfer the government offices to Kingston from Spanish Town, which occurred in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, there was a large fire in Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1892, electricity first came to Jamaica, when it was supplied to a coal-burning steam-generating plant on Gold Street in Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston_(1907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kingston_%281907%29.jpg/220px-Kingston_%281907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kingston_%281907%29.jpg/330px-Kingston_%281907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kingston_%281907%29.jpg/440px-Kingston_%281907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Bird's eye view of Kingston after the 1907 earthquake</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston_-_King_Street,_looking_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kingston_-_King_Street%2C_looking_south.jpg/220px-Kingston_-_King_Street%2C_looking_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kingston_-_King_Street%2C_looking_south.jpg/330px-Kingston_-_King_Street%2C_looking_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kingston_-_King_Street%2C_looking_south.jpg/440px-Kingston_-_King_Street%2C_looking_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Kingston - King Street, looking south (1908)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1907, 800 people died in another earthquake known as the <a href="/wiki/1907_Kingston_earthquake" title="1907 Kingston earthquake">1907 Kingston earthquake</a>, destroying nearly all the historical buildings south of Parade in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was when a height restriction of no more than 60 feet (18 m) was instituted on buildings in the city centre. These three-story-high buildings were built with reinforced concrete. Construction on King Street in the city was the first area to breach this building code.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston,_Jamaica_from_the_masthead_of_HMAS_Melbourne_-_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kingston%2C_Jamaica_from_the_masthead_of_HMAS_Melbourne_-_1915.jpg/220px-Kingston%2C_Jamaica_from_the_masthead_of_HMAS_Melbourne_-_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kingston%2C_Jamaica_from_the_masthead_of_HMAS_Melbourne_-_1915.jpg/330px-Kingston%2C_Jamaica_from_the_masthead_of_HMAS_Melbourne_-_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kingston%2C_Jamaica_from_the_masthead_of_HMAS_Melbourne_-_1915.jpg/440px-Kingston%2C_Jamaica_from_the_masthead_of_HMAS_Melbourne_-_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Kingston, Jamaica from the masthead of <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Melbourne_(1912)" title="HMAS Melbourne (1912)">HMAS Melbourne</a> - 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1930s, island-wide riots led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and political parties to represent workers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city became home to the <a href="/wiki/Mona,_Jamaica" title="Mona, Jamaica">Mona</a> campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>. It was founded in 1948, with 24 medical students.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, the international attention of <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> music at that time coincided with the expansion and development of 95 acres (38 ha) of the Kingston city centre waterfront area; by the 1980s, most of the old buildings were demolished by construction companies and the entire waterfront was re-developed with hotels, shops, offices, cultural centres, and cruise and cargo ship facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, Kingston was the host city to the <a href="/wiki/1966_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Kingston_waterfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Downtown_Kingston_waterfront.jpg/220px-Downtown_Kingston_waterfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Downtown_Kingston_waterfront.jpg/330px-Downtown_Kingston_waterfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Downtown_Kingston_waterfront.jpg/440px-Downtown_Kingston_waterfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>View of the central Kingston waterfront showing the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Nova Scotia">Bank of Nova Scotia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Jamaica" title="Bank of Jamaica">Bank of Jamaica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1980 general elections, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a> (PNP) government was voted out, and subsequent governments have been more market-oriented and focused on tourism and relations with the United States, which reflected the "turbulent" and "volatile" era, in which Cuba and the United States fought for cultural control over Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, crime increased in the region and several riots were reported, including one in 1999 against a rise of fuel prices.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the Jamaican government ordered army troops to patrol the streets of Kingston in an attempt to curb the violent crime.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, army troops and armoured vehicles used force to "restore order" in Kingston after "three days of unrest leave at least 27 people dead".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/2010_Kingston_unrest" title="2010 Kingston unrest">Kingston unrest</a>, an armed conflict between Jamaica's <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force" title="Jamaica Defence Force">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Constabulary_Force" title="Jamaica Constabulary Force">police</a> forces in Kingston and the <a href="/wiki/Shower_Posse" title="Shower Posse">Shower Posse</a> <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartel</a>, attracted international attention.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rises2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rises2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence, which largely took place over 24–25 May, killed at least 73 civilians and wounded at least 35 others.<sup id="cite_ref-Jamaica_police_put_death_toll_at_73_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_police_put_death_toll_at_73-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and four soldiers and police were also killed.<sup id="cite_ref-rises2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rises2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of the population of Kingston is of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African descent</a>. Large minority ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Jamaican">East Indians</a> and Chinese, who came to the country as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servants">indentured servants</a> in the late 19th century. The Chinese occupy important roles in Jamaica's economy especially in the retail markets in Downtown Kingston and the wider metropolitan area. There is also a minority of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a>, mostly descending from immigrants from Germany and Great Britain. <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> form one of the most influential ethnic groups in not only Kingston, but the entire island. Though a minority ethnic group, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> were able to give Jamaica one of its prime ministers, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Philip_George_Seaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Philip George Seaga">Edward Philip George Seaga</a>. Multi-racial Jamaicans continue to form the second largest racial group, and there is also a small Jewish population in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_breakdown">Demographic breakdown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographic breakdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>79.2% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Black</a></li> <li>12.8% <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a></li> <li>5.2% <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a></li> <li>3.4% <a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">White</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches in the city, most of which are <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>. The chief denominations are <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a>. </p><p>There is a strong Roman Catholic community in Kingston. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Kingston)" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Kingston)">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a> is the seat of the metropolitan archbishop and was consecrated in 1911. There are several Catholic schools and institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_High_School_(Jamaica)" title="Immaculate Conception High School (Jamaica)">Immaculate Conception High School</a> and St. Francis Primary and Infant School. <a href="/wiki/Holy_Childhood_High" title="Holy Childhood High">Holy Childhood High School</a> was founded and is owned by the Franciscan Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary of our Lady of Perpetual Help (FMS). </p><p>Afro-Christian <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> religions such as the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a> also have a significant following. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shaare_Shalom_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaare Shalom Synagogue">Shaare Shalom Synagogue</a> serves Kingston's <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> population. The city also has communities of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. The Islamic Council of Jamaica and the Islamic Education and Dawah Centre are both located in Kingston. There are three units of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_jamaica_building_from_the_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Air_jamaica_building_from_the_west.jpg/220px-Air_jamaica_building_from_the_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Air_jamaica_building_from_the_west.jpg/330px-Air_jamaica_building_from_the_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Air_jamaica_building_from_the_west.jpg/440px-Air_jamaica_building_from_the_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="2455" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Air_Jamaica" title="Air Jamaica">Air Jamaica</a> headquarters</figcaption></figure> <p>Kingston plays a central role in Jamaica's economy. The vast majority of economic activity takes place within Kingston, and as most government ministries are located in the city, it is a key force in legislation in regards to Jamaica's finances. The high population density of the capital city means that the majority of monetary transactions occur in Kingston – stimulating much of Jamaica's local economy. The city is also home to the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Jamaica" title="List of hospitals in Jamaica">hospitals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">universities</a> anywhere in Jamaica. Kingston is also the island's main transportation hub<sup id="cite_ref-JIS_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its largest seaport.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Jamaica" title="List of companies of Jamaica">Many multinational conglomerates and financial institutions are headquartered in and around the Kingston Metropolitan Area</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Jamaica" title="Air Jamaica">Air Jamaica</a> was headquartered in Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of making Jamaica an <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="International Financial Centre">International Financial Centre</a> has also been proposed as a way to boost the city's financial sector and create more jobs, especially for professionals such as accountants and lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_resumes_battle_to_make_Jamaica_an_International_Financial_Centre_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_resumes_battle_to_make_Jamaica_an_International_Financial_Centre-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's major industries include tourism, apparel manufacturing, and shipping. Many international exports are traded through the city's seaport, with major exports including bauxite, sugar and coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-JIS_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is also a major tourist destination, and tourism is one of its largest sources of economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has suffered economic troubles recently, however, along with the rest of the country of Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-Jamaica_struggles_toward_a_sound_economic_future_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_struggles_toward_a_sound_economic_future-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans to help the city's economy have made downtown Kingston the subject of numerous redevelopment plans.<sup id="cite_ref-JIS_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been attempts to grow the manufacturing industry in the area and to attract call centres to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Jamaica_struggles_toward_a_sound_economic_future_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_struggles_toward_a_sound_economic_future-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston,_Jamaica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kingston%2C_Jamaica.JPG/220px-Kingston%2C_Jamaica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kingston%2C_Jamaica.JPG/330px-Kingston%2C_Jamaica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kingston%2C_Jamaica.JPG/440px-Kingston%2C_Jamaica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Kingston taken from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kingston is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)" title="Blue Mountains (Jamaica)">Blue Mountains</a>, Red Hills, Long Mountain and the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Harbour" title="Kingston Harbour">Kingston Harbour</a>, which is the seventh largest natural harbour in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is on the <a href="/wiki/Liguanea" title="Liguanea">Liguanea</a> plain, an alluvial plain alongside the Hope River. Kingston experiences frequent earthquakes, including the 1907 earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kingston has a tropical climate, specifically a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical wet-and-dry climate</a> (<i>Aw/As</i>), that borders on a hot <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> (<i>BSh</i>). characterised by a wet season from May to November, which coincides with the hurricane season, and a dry season from December to April. During the dry season, there is not much rainfall, however, cold and stationary fronts occur at this time, and often bring heavy showers, especially in March. Kingston is in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the Blue Mountains; therefore, little to none of the moisture carried by the Northeast <a href="/wiki/Trade_Winds" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Winds">Trade Winds</a> falls over Kingston, causing Kingston to be very dry in comparison to <a href="/wiki/Portland_Parish,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Parish, Jamaica">Portland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Parish,_Jamaica" title="Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica">Saint Mary</a> on the windward side of the Blue Mountains. Kingston is on a coastal location, hence it comes under the influence of the sea, though dense urban development can negate this effect. In the 21st century, Kingston has experienced temperatures as high as 38.8 °C (102 °F) and as low as 13.4 °C (56 °F). Between 1895 and 1990, the total average rainfall was recorded at 813 mm (32.0 in), the highest monthly average rainfall recorded in October at 177 mm (7.0 in), and the lowest monthly average rainfall recorded in March at 18 mm (0.71 in).<sup id="cite_ref-climate_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fog, hail, thunder and tornadoes are all extremely rare.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kingston (<a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_College,_Jamaica" title="St. George's College, Jamaica">St. George's College, Jamaica</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100<br />(3.9) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98<br />(3.9) </td> <td style="background: #4FFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114<br />(4.5) </td> <td style="background: #00F600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177<br />(7.0) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">813<br />(32.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">93 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(at 13:00)</span> </th> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.1 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">258.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.2 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.4 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.2 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235.6 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,918.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Meteorological Service (Jamaica)<sup id="cite_ref-climate_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kingston, Jamaica (<a href="/wiki/Norman_Manley_International_Airport" title="Norman Manley International Airport">Norman Manley International Airport</a>) 1991-2020, extremes 1852–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.1<br />(98.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(0.35) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(0.98) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(1.10) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.6<br />(3.88) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3<br />(2.57) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0<br />(2.20) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.0<br />(4.02) </td> <td style="background: #00E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.7<br />(7.27) </td> <td style="background: #0DFF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.8<br />(6.37) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.3<br />(3.48) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8<br />(1.61) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">885.2<br />(34.85) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">105 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(at 13:00)</span> </th> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">259.1 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">246.5 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">268.1 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.6 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">253.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.3 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">252.3 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.9 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.4 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.9 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,928.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteorological Service (Jamaica) (precipitation days, humidity, daily sun)<sup id="cite_ref-climate_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<sup id="cite_ref-meteoclimat_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Housing">Housing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1848 the Jamaican government expanded Kingston by constructing new homes in the west, north and east of the city. This housing became highly segregated in terms of race and class and by 1860 the majority of white elites lived on the outskirts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Kingston's population grew, existing settlements became so densely occupied that marshes in the southwest were filled in to allow the development of new housing. By 1935, continued population growth and poverty resulted in the emergence of slums in the east and west of the city. Later these areas were demolished by the government and residents were rehoused in <a href="/wiki/Denham_Town" title="Denham Town">Denham Town</a>. This development accommodated 3,000 people, leaving more than one sixth of displaced resident homeless. Consequently, overcrowding persisted throughout the city; further, cramped living conditions resulted in public health issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">Suburbanization</a> also became significant and by the 1960s this residential area spread to the foothills of the Blue Mountains. Subsequently, the lack of space and continued consumerism meant this area then expanded to the east of the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kingston, 20% of the population now live in squatter settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrastingly, Kingston is also home to Red Hills, Norbrook, Cherry Gardens, Stony Hill, Jack's Hill, suburbs that hold some of the most expensive houses in all of Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2019)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks">Parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Kingston is home to a number of urban parks which are frequently transformed to accommodate various events and festivities on the Jamaican calendar. The most popular parks include: Emancipation Park, Hope Gardens, Devon House, National Heroes' Park, <a href="/wiki/St._William_Grant" title="St. William Grant">St William Grant Park</a> and Mandela Park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emancipation_Park">Emancipation Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emancipation Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Park_(Kingston,_Jamaica)" title="Emancipation Park (Kingston, Jamaica)">Emancipation Park (Kingston, Jamaica)</a></div> <p>The Liguanea Club, a recreational and social club for the upper class in society, located on Knutsford Boulevard, owned over 35 acres (14 ha) of land including the former Liguanea Park now the site of Emancipation Park. The club gave the land measuring seven acres as a gift to the Jamaican Government. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bust_of_Marcus_Garvey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_bust_of_Marcus_Garvey.jpg/220px-A_bust_of_Marcus_Garvey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_bust_of_Marcus_Garvey.jpg/330px-A_bust_of_Marcus_Garvey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_bust_of_Marcus_Garvey.jpg/440px-A_bust_of_Marcus_Garvey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A bust of Marcus Garvey in Emancipation Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Several government members argued that the land should be converted into a business district, while others felt a multi-functional entertainment complex should be built on the site. The large financial input needed for either venture, was not forthcoming. In 2002 Cabinet granted approval for the transfer of the land to the National Housing Trust on the condition that a park was built and maintained at that location. The land was transferred for one Jamaican dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The park is well known for the 11 ft. (approximately 3m) high bronze sculpture done by Jamaican artist Laura Facey, situated at the park's main entrance. This prominent sculpture comprises two naked black male and female statues gazing to the skies – symbolic of their triumphant rise from the horrors of slavery. The statue was unveiled in July 2003, in time for the park's first anniversary<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which caused an out cry from the Jamaican populace who believed that the blatant nudity and generous bodily proportions of the figures were very inappropriate to depict the freedom of black people.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hope_Gardens">Hope Gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hope Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Royal Botanical Gardens at Hope, popularly called Hope Gardens serves as a national attraction. The Hope Gardens is a part of the 2,000 acres (809 ha) of land making it the largest botanical garden in the English-speaking Caribbean. The land situated by the foothills of the Blue Mountains was originally owned by Major Richard Hope from whom it got its name. Two hundred acres of this land was obtained by the Government of Jamaica in 1880 and was originally established as a plant introduction and crop-testing facility for plants such as pineapple, cocoa, coffee and tobacco. The formal Botanical Gardens were laid out on approximately 60 acres (24 ha) of this land with the assistance of personnel from the Kew Gardens in England. </p><p>In the 1950s, the Queen, after visiting the island and being pleased with the state of the gardens, gave permission for it to be called the Royal Botanical Gardens, Hope. The Gardens have many exotic species along with some endemic trees of Jamaica. Over the years, the ravages of hurricanes and other disasters have resulted in the loss of a significant number of species. However, there are still some prominent trees and popular sites to be viewed in the Gardens. At Hope Gardens, visitors can view a number of other features including the Coconut Museum, the Sunken Gardens, the Orchid House, the Lily Pond, the Maze and Palm Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hope Gardens has an adjoining zoo referred to as Hope Gardens Zoo. The gardens and zoo are undergoing redevelopment to improve the physical landscape and the animal inventory as a part of Bring Back The Hope campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/St._William_Grant" title="St. William Grant">St William Grant Park</a> (Parade) in the heart of downtown Kingston is the starting point for three of <a href="/wiki/A2_road_(Jamaica)" class="mw-redirect" title="A2 road (Jamaica)">Jamaica's four A roads</a>, namely the A1 (Kingston to <a href="/wiki/Lucea,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucea, Jamaica">Lucea</a>), the A3 (Kingston to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ann%27s_Bay" title="Saint Ann's Bay">Saint Ann's Bay</a>) and the A4 (Kingston to <a href="/wiki/Annotto_Bay" title="Annotto Bay">Annotto Bay</a>), while the city itself is provided with a dense network of trunk, main, secondary and minor roads. It also consists of the <a href="/wiki/Highway_2000,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 2000, Jamaica">Highway 2000, Jamaica</a> which runs through <a href="/wiki/Portmore,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmore, Jamaica">Portmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocho_Rios" title="Ocho Rios">Ocho Rios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandeville,_Jamaica" title="Mandeville, Jamaica">Mandeville</a>. A new section of <a href="/wiki/Highway_2000,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 2000, Jamaica">Highway 2000, Jamaica</a> (called "T3") was recently opened to the public. It has greatly reduced the travel time between Kingston and Montego Bay from 4 hours to a mere <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours. </p><p>Kingston is served well by a modern bus system, mini buses and taxis, which operate throughout the city with major hubs at Parade, <a href="/wiki/Cross_Roads,_Jamaica" title="Cross Roads, Jamaica">Cross Roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_Way_Tree" title="Half Way Tree">Half Way Tree</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated66_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated66-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1898, the existing mule car service was phased out and a transition to electric trams, initially operated by the West India Electric Company and later by the Jamaica Public Service Company, was undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transition to the electric tram was completed on 31 March 1899. This service continued to operate, but the inflexibility of a tram service could not keep pace with a growing city, and the tram service ceased to operate on 7 August 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1948 and 1953, a motor bus service was operated by a company called Jamaica Utilities. The government revoked its franchise in 1953. </p><p>From 1953 to 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Omnibus_Service" title="Jamaica Omnibus Service">Jamaica Omnibus Service</a> operated a service, which at its peak consisted of over 600 buses and served an area spanning Spanish Town, Border, Mt. James, Bull Bay and Port Royal. It was wound up by the government in 1983 after being nationalised in 1974. </p><p>Kingston is served well by a modern bus system, the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Urban_Transit_Company" title="Jamaica Urban Transit Company">Jamaica Urban Transit Company</a> (JUTC), mini buses, and taxis, which operate throughout the city with major hubs at Parade, <a href="/wiki/Cross_Roads,_Jamaica" title="Cross Roads, Jamaica">Cross Roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_Way_Tree" title="Half Way Tree">Half Way Tree</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated66_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated66-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The now disused <a href="/wiki/Kingston_railway_station,_Jamaica" title="Kingston railway station, Jamaica">Kingston railway station</a> served the <a href="/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_Kingston_to_Montego_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways of Jamaica: Kingston to Montego Bay">Kingston to Montego Bay</a> main line with branches from <a href="/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_Spanish_Town_to_Ewarton" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways of Jamaica: Spanish Town to Ewarton">Spanish Town to Ewarton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_Bog_Walk_to_Port_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways of Jamaica: Bog Walk to Port Antonio">Bog Walk to Port Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_Linstead_to_New_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways of Jamaica: Linstead to New Works">Linstead to New Works</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_May_Pen_to_Frankfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways of Jamaica: May Pen to Frankfield">May pen to Frankfield</a>. </p><p>The railway station opened in 1845 and closed in October 1992 when all passenger traffic on Jamaica's railways abruptly ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-JTH18_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTH18-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston's international airport is the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Manley_International_Airport" title="Norman Manley International Airport">Norman Manley International Airport</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Tinson_Pen_Aerodrome" title="Tinson Pen Aerodrome">Tinson Pen Aerodrome</a> in Kingston provides domestic services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the Kingston waterfront was Jamaica's main port with many <a href="/wiki/Pier#Working_piers" title="Pier">finger piers</a> at which freighters and passenger liners could dock. More recently, with the <a href="/wiki/Containerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Containerisation">containerisation</a> of freight, the port has moved to Newport West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jamaica's police force, the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Constabulary_Force" title="Jamaica Constabulary Force">Jamaica Constabulary Force</a>, is based on Old Hope Road near <a href="/wiki/Liguanea" title="Liguanea">Liguanea</a>. Smaller police stations, such as Hunt's Bay, Matilda's Corner and Half-Way-Tree, are dispersed across the Corporate Area. The Supreme Court of Jamaica is also located in Kingston. Other courts, such as the Half-Way-Tree Resident Magistrate's Court, <a href="/wiki/Gun_Court" title="Gun Court">Gun Court</a>, Traffic Court and Family Court, make Kingston their home. The <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force" title="Jamaica Defence Force">Jamaica Defence Force</a> (JDF) has its headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Up_Park_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Up Park Camp">Up Park Camp</a> near New Kingston and Cross Roads. The JDF also operates a major naval base at Port Royal. </p><p>Crime rates are high in and around Kingston and <a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a>, and include gang violence and shootings in inner city areas. The highest-crime areas include West Kingston, Grants Pen, August Town, Harbour View and Spanish Town.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_service">Fire service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fire service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fire response in Kingston is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Fire_Brigade" title="Jamaica Fire Brigade">Jamaica Fire Brigade</a>, the national fire service. The service operates from fire stations spread throughout the Corporate Area. Fire stations are located at<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>York Park (HQ)</li> <li>Half-Way-Tree</li> <li>Rollington Town</li> <li>Port Royal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Manley_International_Airport" title="Norman Manley International Airport">Norman Manley International Airport</a></li> <li>Stony Hill</li> <li>Trench Town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Harbour" title="Kingston Harbour">Kingston Harbour</a> (Fire Boat)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gleaner_Company" title="Gleaner Company">Gleaner Company</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Observer" title="Jamaica Observer">Jamaica Observer</a></i> and the <i>Sunday Herald</i>, three of Jamaica's large newspaper companies, make their home in Kingston. Several television and radio stations including <a href="/wiki/Television_Jamaica" title="Television Jamaica">Television Jamaica</a> (TVJ), CVM TV, <a href="/wiki/RJR_94_FM" title="RJR 94 FM">RJR 94 FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/TBC_Radio" title="TBC Radio">TBC Radio</a> 88.5 FM, Hitz 92 FM, FAME 95 FM, LOVE TV, ZIP 103, Kool 97 FM and LOVE FM, are all based in Kingston. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Independence_Park.jpg/220px-Independence_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Independence_Park.jpg/330px-Independence_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Independence_Park.jpg/440px-Independence_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_Park_(Jamaica)" title="Independence Park (Jamaica)">Independence Park National Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>, including test matches, is played at <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Park" title="Sabina Park">Sabina Park</a>. The capital is home to five <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> teams who play in Jamaica's <a href="/wiki/National_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Premier League">National Premier League</a>. The teams are <a href="/wiki/Arnett_Gardens_F.C." title="Arnett Gardens F.C.">Arnett Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Town_F.C." title="Boys' Town F.C.">Boys' Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbour_View_F.C." title="Harbour View F.C.">Harbour View</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maverley_Hughenden" class="mw-redirect" title="Maverley Hughenden">Maverley Hughenden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterhouse_F.C." title="Waterhouse F.C.">Waterhouse</a>. Olympic Sprinter <a href="/wiki/Shelly-Ann_Fraser-Pryce" title="Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce">Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce</a> also was born and raised in the suburb of Waterhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-Journey_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journey-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Telecommunications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed_voice_and_broadband">Fixed voice and broadband</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fixed voice and broadband"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fixed voice and broadband services in Kingston are provided by either <a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">FLOW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel</a> (via their new Digicel Play service which is exclusive to the Kingston Metropolitan Area). FLOW uses a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fibre-coaxial" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid fibre-coaxial">Hybrid Fibre and Coaxial</a> network to provide IPTV, VoIP & POTS and broadband capable of speeds up to 100 Mbit/s. FLOW also uses a Copper network to provide <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a> and <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> capable of speeds up to 12 Mbit/s. Digicel uses a <a href="/wiki/GPON" title="GPON">GPON</a> fibre-optic network, providing IPTV, VoIP and broadband speeds of up to 200 Mbit/s. Digicel's Fibre-optic network boasts capacity of up to 10 Gbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_voice_and_broadband">Mobile voice and broadband</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mobile voice and broadband"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mobile voice and broadband services in Kingston are dominated by incumbents, <a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">FLOW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel</a>. Both carriers provide GSM, EDGE, HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE connectivity in and around the city. </p><p>FLOW offers HSPA+ of up to 21 Mbit/s on 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. FLOW also offers <a href="/wiki/DC-HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-HSDPA">DC-HSDPA</a> (commonly known as DC-HSPA+) allowing capable devices speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s on contiguous 1900 MHz spectrum. </p><p>Digicel also offers 21 Mbit/s HSPA+ however, they also offer <a href="/wiki/DC-HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-HSDPA">DC-HSDPA</a> (commonly known as DC-HSPA+) allowing capable devices speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s on contiguous 850 MHz spectrum. Digicel was also first to market with LTE in Jamaica. Their network covers all of Kingston Parish and most of the populous areas in the Kingston Metropolitan Area, capable of speeds of up to 75 Mbit/s on 10 MHz of Band 17 spectrum. </p><p>FLOW also offers LTE in Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FLOW's LTE network is accessible on Band 4 or AWS spectrum. Due to the network delaying its rollout to acquire more spectrum, its network is theoretically faster than both Digicel and Caricel, to the tune of 150 Mbit/s (20 MHz of Bandwidth)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with further plans to add low band spectrum, possibly increasing theoretical speeds up to 225 Mbit/s. </p><p>Kingston is also home to <a href="/wiki/Caricel" title="Caricel">Caricel</a>, Jamaica's newest telecoms operator, which deployed its LTE network first to the Kingston Metropolitan Area. </p><p>In addition, both carriers have their Jamaican head offices in the city (with the exception of Digicel, which has its company headquarters in Kingston rather than a regional office there as is the case with FLOW, which is based in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postal_service">Postal service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Postal service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postal services in Kingston and throughout the island are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Postal_Corporation_of_Jamaica" title="Postal Corporation of Jamaica">Postal Corporation of Jamaica</a>, the national post office of Jamaica. Services include domestic and international mail delivery, post office boxes, registered mail, priority mail (local courier), parcel delivery, express mail service (international courier), advertising mail and provision of post office boxes. </p><p>Kingston is divided in several postal zones; they are enumerated as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Zone name </th> <th>Area served </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston CSO </td> <td>(Central Sorting Office) Downtown Kingston </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 2 </td> <td>Bournemouth Gardens (Windward Road) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 3 </td> <td>Vineyard Town </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 4 </td> <td>Allman Town </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 5 </td> <td>Cross Roads </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 6 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liguanea,_Papine.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liguanea, Papine. (page does not exist)">Liguanea, Papine.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mona,_Jamaica" title="Mona, Jamaica">Mona</a> <p>August Town </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constant_Spring,_Jamaica" title="Constant Spring, Jamaica">Constant Spring</a> <p>Norbrook </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 9 </td> <td>Stony Hill </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 10 </td> <td>Half-Way-Tree </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 11 </td> <td>Richmond Park (Hagley Park Rd) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 12 </td> <td>Jones Town </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 13 </td> <td>Whitfield Town </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 14 </td> <td>Denham Town </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Gardens,_Kingston" title="Tivoli Gardens, Kingston">Tivoli Gardens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 16 </td> <td>Franklyn Town </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 17 </td> <td>Harbour View </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 19 </td> <td>Havendale </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingston 20 </td> <td>Western District (Duhaney Park) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston, as the capital, is the financial, cultural, economic and industrial centre of Jamaica. Many financial institutions are based in Kingston, and the city boasts the largest number of hospitals, schools, universities and cultural attractions of any urban area on the island. Notable Kingston landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force" title="Jamaica Defence Force">Jamaica Defence Force</a> Museum, and <a href="/wiki/56_Hope_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="56 Hope Road">Bob Marley Museum</a>. A United Nations agency, the <a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a> is headquartered in Kingston. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Caribbean#Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Caribbean">List of twin towns and sister cities in Jamaica</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_Sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – Sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Twin towns – Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo, Michigan</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka, Kansas</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, England<sup id="cite_ref-Coventry_twinnings_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coventry_twinnings-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coventry_twins_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coventry_twins-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-Guadalajara_sisters_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guadalajara_sisters-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, People's Republic of China<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Panevėžys">Panevėžys</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, Namibia<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/48px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/64px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies">List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kingston,_Jamaica" title="List of people from Kingston, Jamaica">List of people from Kingston, Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Anthony_Bridge" title="Roy Anthony Bridge">Roy Anthony Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenchtown" title="Trenchtown">Trenchtown</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunheraldja.com/article/show/1331">KSAC lauds contribution of century-old churches downtown</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527110756/http://www.sunheraldja.com/article/show/1331">Archived</a> 27 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statinja.gov.jm/Census/PopCensus/PopulationUsuallyResidentinJamaicabyParish.aspx">"Population usually resident in Jamaica by parish":2011"</a>. <i>Statistical Institute of Jamaica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Institute+of+Jamaica&rft.atitle=Population+usually+resident+in+Jamaica+by+parish%22%3A2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatinja.gov.jm%2FCensus%2FPopCensus%2FPopulationUsuallyResidentinJamaicabyParish.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308105808/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Williams-as-Kingston-Mayor--Ennis-his-deputy_82641">"Williams as Kingston Mayor, Ennis his deputy"</a>. <i>Jamaica Observer</i>. 4 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Williams-as-Kingston-Mayor--Ennis-his-deputy_82641">the original</a> on 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Williams+as+Kingston+Mayor%2C+Ennis+his+deputy&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fnews%2FWilliams-as-Kingston-Mayor--Ennis-his-deputy_82641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caribjournal.com/2016/07/16/five-things-you-didnt-know-about-kingston-jamaica/">"Five Things You Didn't Know About Kingston, Jamaica"</a>. <i>Caribbean Journal</i>. 17 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Journal&rft.atitle=Five+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Kingston%2C+Jamaica&rft.date=2016-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribjournal.com%2F2016%2F07%2F16%2Ffive-things-you-didnt-know-about-kingston-jamaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingston-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kingston_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190604/http://www.smartyoung.com/cities/kingston/brief_history.htm">"Brief history of Kingston, Jamaica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartyoung.com/cities/kingston/brief_history.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+history+of+Kingston%2C+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartyoung.com%2Fcities%2Fkingston%2Fbrief_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105171119/http://eoj.com.jm/parish-4.htm">"Electoral Commission of Jamaica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoj.com.jm/parish-4.htm">the original</a> on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+Commission+of+Jamaica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoj.com.jm%2Fparish-4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112121/http://www1.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jamaica.html">"University of Texas, Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jamaica.html/">the original</a> on 15 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Texas%2C+Perry%E2%80%93Casta%C3%B1eda+Library+Map+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fjamaica.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamaica-land-we-love.com/map-of-kingston-jamaica.html">"Map of Kingston Jamaica – Jamaica's Capital City"</a>. <i>Jamaica Land We Love</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visitjamaica.com&rft.atitle=Airports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitjamaica.com%2Fgroups%2Fmeeting-services-and-support%2Fgetting-there%2Fairports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/information/parish-profiles/parish-profile-kingston/">"Parish Profile: Kingston – Jamaica Information Service"</a>. <i>jis.gov.jm</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jis.gov.jm&rft.atitle=Parish+Profile%3A+Kingston+%E2%80%93+Jamaica+Information+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Finformation%2Fparish-profiles%2Fparish-profile-kingston%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kingston-Jamaica">"Kingston | national capital, Jamaica"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+capital+city+agrees+to+twin+with+Windhoek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lelamobile.com%2Fcontent%2F72049%2FJamaican-capital-city-agrees-to-twin-with-Windhoek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Alecia (10 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/twinning-resolution-approved-kingston-st-andrew-municipal-corporation/">"Twinning Resolution Approved by Kingston and St. Andrew Municipal Corporation"</a>. Jamaica Information Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twinning+Resolution+Approved+by+Kingston+and+St.+Andrew+Municipal+Corporation&rft.pub=Jamaica+Information+Service&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Ftwinning-resolution-approved-kingston-st-andrew-municipal-corporation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMu_Xuequan2019" class="citation web cs1">Mu Xuequan, ed. (6 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207021636/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-02/06/c_137803189.htm">"Namibia's Windhoek, Jamaica's Kingston sign twinning agreement"</a>. <i>Xinhua</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-02/06/c_137803189.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=Namibia%27s+Windhoek%2C+Jamaica%27s+Kingston+sign+twinning+agreement&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2019-02%2F06%2Fc_137803189.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Jamaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kingston,_Jamaica#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Kingston, Jamaica">Bibliography of the history of Kingston, Jamaica</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Kingston,_Jamaica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Kingston, Jamaica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mona,_Jamaica" title="Mona, Jamaica">Mona, Jamaica</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Portmore,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmore, Jamaica">Portmore</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Town" title="Spanish Town">Spanish Town</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Kingston</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Settlements_in_Jamaica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Settlements_in_Jamaica" title="Template:Settlements in Jamaica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Settlements_in_Jamaica" title="Template talk:Settlements in Jamaica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Settlements_in_Jamaica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Settlements in Jamaica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Settlements_in_Jamaica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Jamaica" title="List of cities and towns in Jamaica">Settlements in Jamaica</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>For the definition of city, town, etc., see: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Jamaica" title="List of cities and towns in Jamaica">Settlements in Jamaica</a>.</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montego_Bay" title="Montego Bay">Montego Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portmore,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmore, Jamaica">Portmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Above_Rocks" title="Above Rocks">Above Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Town,_Jamaica" title="Albert Town, Jamaica">Albert Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Jamaica" title="Alexandria, Jamaica">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Pond" title="Alligator Pond">Alligator Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy,_Jamaica" title="Anchovy, Jamaica">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annotto_Bay" title="Annotto Bay">Annotto Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaclava,_Jamaica" title="Balaclava, Jamaica">Balaclava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo,_Jamaica" title="Bamboo, Jamaica">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Jamaica" title="Bath, Jamaica">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Town,_Jamaica" title="Bethel Town, Jamaica">Bethel Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_River,_Jamaica" title="Black River, Jamaica">Black River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefields,_Jamaica" title="Bluefields, Jamaica">Bluefields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_Walk" title="Bog Walk">Bog Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown%27s_Town" title="Brown's Town">Brown's Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buff_Bay,_Jamaica" title="Buff Bay, Jamaica">Buff Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Savanna,_Jamaica" title="Bull Savanna, Jamaica">Bull Savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Jamaica" title="Cambridge, Jamaica">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade,_Jamaica" title="Cascade, Jamaica">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Valley,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave Valley, Jamaica">Cave Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelton,_Jamaica" title="Chapelton, Jamaica">Chapelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana,_Jamaica" title="Christiana, Jamaica">Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont,_Jamaica" title="Claremont, Jamaica">Claremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Town,_Jamaica" title="Clark's Town, Jamaica">Clark's Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleyville,_Jamaica" title="Coleyville, Jamaica">Coleyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croft%27s_Hill,_Jamaica" title="Croft's Hill, Jamaica">Croft's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvey,_Jamaica" title="Dalvey, Jamaica">Dalvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darliston" title="Darliston">Darliston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Bay,_Jamaica" title="Discovery Bay, Jamaica">Discovery Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncans,_Jamaica" title="Duncans, Jamaica">Duncans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easington,_Jamaica" title="Easington, Jamaica">Easington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewarton" title="Ewarton">Ewarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Jamaica" title="Falmouth, Jamaica">Falmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfield" title="Frankfield">Frankfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Town,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Town, Jamaica">Franklin Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frome,_Jamaica" title="Frome, Jamaica">Frome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle,_Jamaica" title="Gayle, Jamaica">Gayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Grove,_Jamaica" title="Golden Grove, Jamaica">Golden Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Town,_Jamaica" title="Gordon Town, Jamaica">Gordon Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grange_Hill,_Jamaica" title="Grange Hill, Jamaica">Grange Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Island,_Jamaica" title="Green Island, Jamaica">Green Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Hill,_Jamaica" title="Guy's Hill, Jamaica">Guy's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayes,_Jamaica" title="Hayes, Jamaica">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highgate,_Jamaica" title="Highgate, Jamaica">Highgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay,_Jamaica" title="Hope Bay, Jamaica">Hope Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Hanover" title="Hopewell, Hanover">Hopewell, Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islington,_Jamaica" title="Islington, Jamaica">Islington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellits,_Jamaica" title="Kellits, Jamaica">Kellits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacovia" title="Lacovia">Lacovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linstead" title="Linstead">Linstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Town,_Jamaica" title="Lionel Town, Jamaica">Lionel Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_London,_Jamaica" title="Little London, Jamaica">Little London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lluidas_Vale,_Jamaica" title="Lluidas Vale, Jamaica">Lluidas Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucea,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucea, Jamaica">Lucea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Hill" title="Lucky Hill">Lucky Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggotty" title="Maggotty">Maggotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Jamaica" title="Malvern, Jamaica">Malvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchioneal,_Jamaica" title="Manchioneal, Jamaica">Manchioneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeville,_Jamaica" title="Mandeville, Jamaica">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroon_Town,_Jamaica" title="Maroon Town, Jamaica">Maroon Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavis_Bank" title="Mavis Bank">Mavis Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Pen" title="May Pen">May Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moneague" title="Moneague">Moneague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Town,_Jamaica" title="Moore Town, Jamaica">Moore Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morant_Bay" title="Morant Bay">Morant Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nain,_Jamaica" title="Nain, Jamaica">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negril" title="Negril">Negril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocho_Rios" title="Ocho Rios">Ocho Rios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Harbour,_Jamaica" title="Old Harbour, Jamaica">Old Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Harbour_Bay,_Jamaica" title="Old Harbour Bay, Jamaica">Old Harbour Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracabessa" title="Oracabessa">Oracabessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osbourne_Store,_Jamaica" title="Osbourne Store, Jamaica">Osbourne Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersfield,_Jamaica" title="Petersfield, Jamaica">Petersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Hill,_Jamaica" title="Point Hill, Jamaica">Point Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Antonio" title="Port Antonio">Port Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Maria" title="Port Maria">Port Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus,_Jamaica" title="Porus, Jamaica">Porus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Course,_Jamaica" title="Race Course, Jamaica">Race Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Jamaica" title="Richmond, Jamaica">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Bueno,_Jamaica" title="Rio Bueno, Jamaica">Rio Bueno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riversdale,_Jamaica" title="Riversdale, Jamaica">Riversdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Point,_Jamaica" title="Rocky Point, Jamaica">Rocky Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_Bay,_Jamaica" title="Runaway Bay, Jamaica">Runaway Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ann%27s_Bay" title="Saint Ann's Bay">Saint Ann's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Jamaica" title="Sandy Bay, Jamaica">Sandy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Jamaica" title="Santa Cruz, Jamaica">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna-la-Mar" title="Savanna-la-Mar">Savanna-la-Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaford_Town,_Jamaica" title="Seaford Town, Jamaica">Seaford Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaforth,_Jamaica" title="Seaforth, Jamaica">Seaforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siloah,_Jamaica" title="Siloah, Jamaica">Siloah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Town,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Town, Jamaica">Spanish Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southfield,_Jamaica" title="Southfield, Jamaica">Southfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Jamaica" title="Stonehenge, Jamaica">Stonehenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Ville,_Jamaica" title="Trinity Ville, Jamaica">Trinity Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Spring,_Jamaica" title="Ulster Spring, Jamaica">Ulster Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Jamaica" title="Wakefield, Jamaica">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House,_Jamaica" title="White House, Jamaica">White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsfield,_Jamaica" title="Williamsfield, Jamaica">Williamsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yallahs" title="Yallahs">Yallahs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accompong" title="Accompong">Accompong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolus_Valley" title="Aeolus Valley">Aeolus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airy_Castle" title="Airy Castle">Airy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barking_Lodge" title="Barking Lodge">Barking Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Woods,_Westmoreland,_Jamaica" title="Big Woods, Westmoreland, Jamaica">Big Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog,_Westmoreland,_Jamaica" title="Bog, Westmoreland, Jamaica">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boscobel,_Jamaica" title="Boscobel, Jamaica">Boscobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Jamaica" title="Broughton, Jamaica">Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Bay" title="Bull Bay">Bull Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel,_Westmoreland,_Jamaica" title="Carmel, Westmoreland, Jamaica">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattawood_Springs" title="Cattawood Springs">Cattawood Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Park,_Jamaica" title="Clarendon Park, Jamaica">Clarendon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claverty_Cottage" title="Claverty Cottage">Claverty Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotterwood" title="Cotterwood">Cotterwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duckenfield,_Jamaica" title="Duckenfield, Jamaica">Duckenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddersfield,_Jamaica" title="Haddersfield, Jamaica">Haddersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagley_Gap" title="Hagley Gap">Hagley Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodges,_Jamaica" title="Hodges, Jamaica">Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopeton,_Westmoreland,_Jamaica" title="Hopeton, Westmoreland, Jamaica">Hopeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Hall" title="Hopewell Hall">Hopewell Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Clarendon" title="Hopewell, Clarendon">Hopewell, Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Manchester" title="Hopewell, Manchester">Hopewell, Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Saint_Andrew" title="Hopewell, Saint Andrew">Hopewell, Saint Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Saint_Ann" title="Hopewell, Saint Ann">Hopewell, Saint Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Saint_Elizabeth" title="Hopewell, Saint Elizabeth">Hopewell, Saint Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Westmoreland" title="Hopewell, Westmoreland">Hopewell, Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendal,_Jamaica" title="Kendal, Jamaica">Kendal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Wood,_Saint_Elizabeth,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Wood, Saint Elizabeth, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Long Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavis_Bank" title="Mavis Bank">Mavis Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Quarters,_Jamaica" title="Middle Quarters, Jamaica">Middle Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Jamaica" title="Montpelier, Jamaica">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_Town" title="Nanny Town">Nanny Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland,_Saint_Elizabeth,_Jamaica" title="New Holland, Saint Elizabeth, Jamaica">New Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Market,_Jamaica" title="New Market, Jamaica">New Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Roads,_Saint_Elizabeth,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="New Roads, Saint Elizabeth, Jamaica">New Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_Jamaica" title="Newcastle, Jamaica">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mile,_Jamaica" title="Nine Mile, Jamaica">Nine Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Pera,_Jamaica" title="Old Pera, Jamaica">Old Pera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paynes_Town,_Saint_Elizabeth,_Jamaica" title="Paynes Town, Saint Elizabeth, Jamaica">Paynes Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Esquivel,_Jamaica" title="Port Esquivel, Jamaica">Port Esquivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Morant" title="Port Morant">Port Morant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival,_Jamaica" title="Revival, Jamaica">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxborough,_Manchester" title="Roxborough, Manchester">Roxborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_San,_Portland,_Jamaica" title="San San, Portland, Jamaica">San San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Content" title="Sherwood Content">Sherwood Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sligoville" title="Sligoville">Sligoville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hall,_Saint_Elizabeth,_Jamaica" title="White Hall, Saint Elizabeth, Jamaica">White Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Hall" title="Wood Hall">Wood Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingston<br />and<br />St Andrew</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allman_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allman Town (page does not exist)">Allman Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcadia,_Kingston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcadia, Kingston (page does not exist)">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbican,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbican, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beverly Hills, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Beverly Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Gardens,_Jamaica" title="Bournemouth Gardens, Jamaica">Bournemouth Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camperdown,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camperdown, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Camperdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava_Piece" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassava Piece">Cassava Piece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherry_Gardens,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cherry Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Cherry Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockburn_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cockburn Gardens (page does not exist)">Cockburn Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_Spring,_Jamaica" title="Constant Spring, Jamaica">Constant Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooreville_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooreville Gardens (page does not exist)">Cooreville Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Roads,_Jamaica" title="Cross Roads, Jamaica">Cross Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delacree_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delacree Park (page does not exist)">Delacree Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denham_Town" title="Denham Town">Denham Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duhaney_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duhaney Park (page does not exist)">Duhaney Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastwood_Park,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastwood Park, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Eastwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elleston_Flats,_St._Andrew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elleston Flats, St. Andrew (page does not exist)">Elleston Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletchers_Land" title="Fletchers Land">Fletchers Land</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_Hills_Garden,_St._Andrew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest Hills Garden, St. Andrew (page does not exist)">Forest Hills Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_Mile,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Four Mile, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Four Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grants_Pen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grants Pen (page does not exist)">Grants Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenwich_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenwich Town (page does not exist)">Greenwich Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Way_Tree" title="Half Way Tree">Half Way Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannah Town (page does not exist)">Hannah Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_View,_Jamaica" title="Harbour View, Jamaica">Harbour View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havendale" title="Havendale">Havendale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hope_Pastures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hope Pastures (page does not exist)">Hope Pastures</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hope_Tavern,_St._Andrew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hope Tavern, St. Andrew (page does not exist)">Hope Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hughenden,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hughenden, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Hughenden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack%27s_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack's Hill (page does not exist)">Jack's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jones_Town,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones Town, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jones Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingston Gardens (page does not exist)">Kingston Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintyre,_Jamaica" title="Kintyre, Jamaica">Kintyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguanea" title="Liguanea">Liguanea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manley_Meadows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manley Meadows (page does not exist)">Manley Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannings_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannings Hill (page does not exist)">Mannings Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxfield,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxfield, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Maxfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meadowbrook,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meadowbrook, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Meadowbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meadowbrook_Estate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meadowbrook Estate (page does not exist)">Meadowbrook Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molynes_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molynes Gardens (page does not exist)">Molynes Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona,_Jamaica" title="Mona, Jamaica">Mona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Mona Heights">Mona Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_View_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountain View Gardens (page does not exist)">Mountain View Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannyville_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nannyville Gardens (page does not exist)">Nannyville Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Haven,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Haven, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingston,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingston, Jamaica">New Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newport_West,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newport West, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Newport West</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newton_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newton Square (page does not exist)">Newton Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbrook" title="Norbrook">Norbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Gardens,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Gardens, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Norman Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oaklands,_St._Andrew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oaklands, St. Andrew (page does not exist)">Oaklands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Gardens">Olympic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papine (page does not exist)">Papine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passmore_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passmore Town (page does not exist)">Passmore Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_City,_Kingston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick City, Kingston (page does not exist)">Patrick City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembroke_Hall,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembroke Hall, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Pembroke Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkins_Estate,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkins Estate, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Perkins Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensborough,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queensborough, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Queensborough</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensbury,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queensbury, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Queensbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae_Town" title="Rae Town">Rae Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Hills,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Hills, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Red Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richmond_Park,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richmond Park, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfort_(Kingston,_Jamaica)" title="Rockfort (Kingston, Jamaica)">Rockfort</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rennock_Lodge" title="Rennock Lodge">Rennock Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollington_Town" title="Rollington Town">Rollington Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaview_Gardens" title="Seaview Gardens">Seaview Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shooters_Hill,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shooters Hill, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Shooters Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Miles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Six Miles (page does not exist)">Six Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Side,_Kingston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Side, Kingston (page does not exist)">South Side</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Mary,_Kingston,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Mary, Kingston, Jamaica (page does not exist)">St Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Hill,_Jamaica" title="Stony Hill, Jamaica">Stony Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Mile,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Mile, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Three Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Oaks_Gardens,_Kingston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Oaks Gardens, Kingston (page does not exist)">Three Oaks Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Gardens,_Kingston" title="Tivoli Gardens, Kingston">Tivoli Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenchtown" title="Trenchtown">Trench Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Town,_Jamaica" title="Vineyard Town, Jamaica">Vineyard Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Gardens,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington Gardens, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Washington Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitfield_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitfield Town (page does not exist)">Whitfield Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilton_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilton Gardens (page does not exist)">Wilton Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodford_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodford Park (page does not exist)">Woodford Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziadie_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziadie Gardens (page does not exist)">Ziadie Gardens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/16px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/24px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/16px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/24px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/32px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_North_American_capitals" title="Template:List of North American capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_North_American_capitals" title="Template talk:List of North American capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_North_American_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of North American capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.25em; white-space:nowrap;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basseterre" title="Basseterre">Basseterre</a>, St. Kitts and Nevis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmopan" title="Belmopan">Belmopan</a>, Belize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a>, Barbados</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castries" title="Castries">Castries</a>, St. Lucia</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands">Charlotte Amalie</a>, U.S. Virgin Islands (US)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Town" title="Cockburn Town">Cockburn Town</a>, Turks and Caicos (UK)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Cayman_Islands" title="George Town, Cayman Islands">George Town</a>, Cayman Islands (UK)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>, Guatemala</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>, Bermuda (UK)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingston</a>, Jamaica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingstown" title="Kingstown">Kingstown</a>, St. Vincent and the Grenadines</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.25em; white-space:nowrap;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, Nicaragua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a>, The Bahamas</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a>, Greenland (Denmark)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, (<i>National Capital Region</i>), Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, Panama</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Montserrat" title="Plymouth, Montserrat">Plymouth</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Brades" title="Brades">Brades</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>), Montserrat (UK)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, Haiti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>, Trinidad and Tobago</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.25em; white-space:nowrap;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Road_Town" title="Road Town">Road Town</a>, British Virgin Islands (UK)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseau" title="Roseau">Roseau</a>, Dominica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a>, Costa Rica</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, Puerto Rico (US)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, El Salvador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, Dominican Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Grenada" title="St. George's, Grenada">St. George's</a>, Grenada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda">St. John's</a>, Antigua and Barbuda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a>, Honduras</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Valley,_Anguilla" title="The Valley, Anguilla">The Valley</a>, Anguilla (UK)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1930_British_Empire_Games" title="1930 British Empire Games">1930</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1934_British_Empire_Games" title="1934 British Empire Games">1934</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1938_British_Empire_Games" title="1938 British Empire Games">1938</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1950_British_Empire_Games" title="1950 British Empire Games">1950</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1954</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1958</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1966_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1966</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingston</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1970_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1970 British Commonwealth Games">1970</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1974 British Commonwealth Games">1974</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Commonwealth_Games" title="1990 Commonwealth Games">1990</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games" title="1994 Commonwealth Games">1994</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">1998</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games" title="2014 Commonwealth Games">2014</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games" title="2018 Commonwealth Games">2018</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2030_Commonwealth_Games" title="2030 Commonwealth Games">2030</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34692#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34692#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34692#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126617434">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/115144648605864009799">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvtbrCtDFhVc4Hbmt3CwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4198339-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018833">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864489k">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb136170533">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864489k">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb136170533">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX461814">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prqfvw4f5b7p2">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554807305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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