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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Molefi Kete Asante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Molefi Kete Asante" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Molefi Kete Asante" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Molefi Kete Asante</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molefi_Asante_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Molefi_Asante_2011.jpg/200px-Molefi_Asante_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Molefi_Asante_2011.jpg/300px-Molefi_Asante_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Molefi_Asante_2011.jpg/400px-Molefi_Asante_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Arthur Lee Smith Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1942-08-14</span>) </span>August 14, 1942<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 82)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Valdosta,_Georgia" title="Valdosta, Georgia">Valdosta, Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Professor<br />Author</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ana Yenenga</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drmolefiasante.squarespace.com/">drmolefiasante<wbr />.squarespace<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Molefi Kete Asante</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">SAN</span>-tay</i></a>; born <b>Arthur Lee Smith Jr.</b>; August 14, 1942) is an American philosopher who is a leading figure in the fields of <a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">African-American studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_studies" title="African studies">African studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is currently a professor in the Department of Africology at <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Faculty_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faculty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spayde_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spayde-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he founded the PhD program in <a href="/wiki/African-American_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American Studies">African-American Studies</a>. He is president of the Molefi Kete Asante Institute for Afrocentric Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asante advocates for <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentricity</a>, a school of thought that has influenced the fields of sociology, <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">intercultural communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">history of Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the author of more than 66 books and the founding editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Black_Studies" title="Journal of Black Studies">Journal of Black Studies</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the father of author and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/M._K._Asante" title="M. K. Asante">M. K. Asante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molefi_Kete_Asante&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asante was born Arthur Lee Smith Jr. in <a href="/wiki/Valdosta,_Georgia" title="Valdosta, Georgia">Valdosta, Georgia</a>, the fourth of sixteen children. His father, Arthur Lee Smith, worked in a peanut warehouse and then on the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Southern_Railroad" title="Georgia Southern Railroad">Georgia Southern Railroad</a>; his mother worked as a domestic.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summers Asante would return to Georgia to work in the tobacco and cotton fields in order to earn tuition for school. An aunt, Georgia Smith, influenced him to pursue his education; she gave him his first book, a collection of short stories by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eaah_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eaah-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith attended <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Christian_Institute" title="Nashville Christian Institute">Nashville Christian Institute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Church of Christ</a>-founded boarding school for black students, in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>. There he earned his high school diploma in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-eaah_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eaah-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still in high school, he became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, joining the <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> student march in Nashville.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduation, he initially enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Christian_College" title="Southwestern Christian College">Southwestern Christian College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Terrell,_Texas" title="Terrell, Texas">Terrell, Texas</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black institution</a> with Church of Christ roots.<sup id="cite_ref-eaah_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eaah-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he met <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> Essien Essien, whose character and intelligence inspired Smith to learn more about Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">B.A.</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Christian_University" title="Oklahoma Christian University">Oklahoma Christian College</a> (now Oklahoma Christian University) in 1964. He did graduate work, earning his <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pepperdine_University" title="Pepperdine University">Pepperdine University</a> in 1965 with a thesis on <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Keeble" title="Marshall Keeble">Marshall Keeble</a>, a black preacher in the Church of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith earned his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> in 1968 in <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>. He worked for a time at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, becoming the director of the Center for <a href="/wiki/Afro-American_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American Studies">Afro-American Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 30, he was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a> as a full professor and head of the Department of Communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, Asante chose to make a legal name change because he considered "Arthur Lee Smith" a <a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">slave name</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In 1972 I visited <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> during the first of what were to be eighteen trips to Africa over the next twenty years. UCLA had graciously consented to allow me to visit Africa in my capacity as the Director of the Center for Afro-American Studies. When I finally reached the library at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legon" title="Legon">Legon</a>, I asked the librarian whether my book <i>The Rhetoric of Black Revolution</i> had reached his campus. He replied, "Yes, but I thought the author Arthur Smith was an Englishman." He could not understand how a person with an African phenotype could have an English name or so it seemed to me. Nevertheless, it was a profound encounter for an African American. I vowed then and there that I would change my name. The name Arthur L. Smith, Jr., inherited from my father, has been betrayed by the dungeon of my American experience. Soon thereafter I took the <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a> name Molefi, which means "One who gives and keeps the traditions" and the Asante last name Asante from the <a href="/wiki/Twi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Twi language">Twi language</a>. My father was elated."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molefi_Kete_Asante&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the University at Buffalo, Asante advanced the ideas of international and <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">intercultural communication</a>; he wrote and published with colleagues, <i>Handbook of Intercultural Communication,</i> the first book in the field. Asante was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Intercultural_Education,_Training_and_Research" title="Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research">Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research</a> in 1976. His work in intercultural communication made him a leading trainer of doctoral students in the field. Asante has directed more than one hundred PhD dissertations. </p><p>Asante published his first study of the black movement, <i>Rhetoric of Black Revolution,</i> in 1969. Subsequently, he wrote <i>Transracial Communication,</i> to explain how race complicates human interaction in <a href="/wiki/American_society" class="mw-redirect" title="American society">American society</a>. Soon Asante changed his focus to African-American and African culture in communication, with attention to the nature of African-American <a href="/wiki/Oratorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Oratorical">oratorical</a> style. </p><p>Asante wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Afrocentricity" title="Afrocentricity">Afrocentricity</a>: The Theory of Social Change</i> (1980) to announce a break with the past, where African-Americans believed they were on the margins of Europe and did not have a sense of historical centrality. He wrote on the conflict between white <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> and the oppressed African culture, and on the lack of victorious consciousness among Africans, a theme found in his principal philosophical work, <i>The Afrocentric Idea</i> (1987). Additional works on Afrocentric theory included <i>Kemet, Afrocentricity and Knowledge</i> (1990), and <i>An Afrocentric Manifesto</i> (2007). </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Utne_Reader" title="Utne Reader">Utne Reader</a></i> identified Asante as one of the 100 leading thinkers in America, writing, "Asante is a genial, determined, and energetic cultural liberationist whose many books, including <i>Afrocentricity</i> and <i>The Afrocentric Idea,</i> articulate a powerful African-oriented pathway of thought, action, and cultural self-confidence for black Americans."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, Asante proposed the first doctoral program in African-American studies at <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>. The program received approval, and its first cohort commenced their studies in 1988. Over 500 applicants sought admission to the graduate program. Temple University emerged as a prominent leader in the field of African-American Studies; it was ten years before the next doctoral program was established at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a> in 1997. Graduates from Temple's program have made significant contributions globally, holding positions in various continents and countries, and many direct African American Studies programs at major universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molefi_Kete_Asante&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Given the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> of <b>Nana Okru Asante Peasah</b> and the <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_chieftaincy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian chieftaincy">chieftaincy</a> title of <b>Kyidomhene</b> of the House of Tafo, <a href="/wiki/Akyem_Abuakwa" title="Akyem Abuakwa">Akyem Abuakwa</a>, Ghana (1995)</li> <li>Given the chieftaincy title of the <b>Wanadoo</b> of <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> in the court of the Amiru (Paramount Chief) Hassimi Maiga of <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a> (2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afrocentricity">Afrocentricity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molefi_Kete_Asante&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Afrocentricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i>The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Historical Writing Since 1945,</i> Asante has "based his entire career on Afrocentricity, and continues to defend it in spite of strong criticisms".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980 Asante published <i>Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change</i>, which initiated a discourse around the issue of African agency and subject place in historical and cultural phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintained that Africans had been moved off-center in terms on most questions of identity, culture, and history. Afrocentricity sought to place Africans at the center of their own narratives and to reclaim the teaching of African-American history from where it had been marginalized by Europeans. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The combination of the European centuries gives us about four to five hundred years of solid European domination of intellectual concepts and philosophical ideas. Africa and Asia were subsumed under various headings of the European hierarchy. If a war between the European powers occurred it was called a World War and the Asians and Africans found their way on the side of one European power or the other. There was this sense of assertiveness about European culture that advanced with Europe's trade, religious, and military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Asante's book <i>The Afrocentric Idea</i> was a more intellectual book about Afrocentricity than the earlier popular book. After the second edition of <i>The Afrocentric Idea</i> was released in 1998, Asante appeared as a guest on a number of television programs, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Today_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Today Show">The Today Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/MacNeil-Lehrer_News_Hour" class="mw-redirect" title="MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour">MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour</a></i>, to discuss his ideas. </p><p>According to Asante's <i>Afrocentric Manifesto</i>, an Afrocentric project requires a minimum of five characteristics: (1) an interest in a psychological location, (2) a commitment to finding the African subject place, (3) the defense of African cultural elements, (4) a commitment to lexical refinement, and (5) a commitment to correct the dislocations in the history of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I chose the term <i>Afrocentricity</i> to emphasize the fact that African people had been moved off of terms for the past five hundred years. In other words, Africans were not simply removed from Africa to the Americas, but Africans were separated from philosophies, languages, religions, myths, and cultures. Separations are violent and are often accompanied with numerous changes in individuals and groups. Finding a way to relocate or to reorient our thinking was essential to the presentation of African cultural reality. In fact, without such a reorientation, Africans have nothing to bring to the table of humanity but the experiences of Europeans, those who initially moved Africans off of social, cultural, and psychological terms.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molefi_Kete_Asante&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Transracial Communication</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>, 1973), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-929505-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-929505-8">978-0-13-929505-8</a></li> <li><i>Contemporary Public Communication: Applications</i> (<a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>, 1977)</li> <li><i>Mass Communication: Principles and Practices</i> (<a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, 1979)</li> <li><i>Contemporary Black Thought: Alternative Analyses in Social and Behavioral Science</i> (Sage, 1980)</li> <li><i>The Afrocentric Idea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>, 1987, 1998)</li> <li><i>Afrocentricity</i> (<a href="/wiki/Africa_World_Press" title="Africa World Press">Africa World Press</a>, 1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865430679" title="Special:BookSources/9780865430679">9780865430679</a></li> <li><i>The Painful Demise of Eurocentrism: An Afrocentric Response to Critics</i> (Africa World Press, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-743-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-743-2">978-0-86543-743-2</a></li> <li><i>Socio-Cultural Conflict between African American and Korean American</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>, 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus</a>, 2002)</li> <li><i>Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change</i> (African American Images, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913543795" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913543795">978-0913543795</a></li> <li><i>Erasing Racism: The Survival of the American Nation</i> (Prometheus, 2003, 2009)</li> <li><i>Encyclopedia of Black Studies</i> (Sage, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2762-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2762-4">978-0-7619-2762-4</a></li> <li><i>Handbook of Black Studies</i> (Sage, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2840-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2840-9">978-0-7619-2840-9</a></li> <li><i>An Afrocentric Manifesto: Toward an African Renaissance</i> (<a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4103-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4103-4">978-0-7456-4103-4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a>: An Intellectual Portrait</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sankore_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankore Madrasah">Sankore Madrasah</a>, 2007)</li> <li><i>Spear Masters: An Introduction to African Religion</i> (University Press of America, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3574-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3574-5">978-0-7618-3574-5</a></li> <li><i>Encyclopedia of African Religion</i> (Sage, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412936361" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412936361">978-1412936361</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a>: An Intellectual Portrait</i> (Polity, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745648279" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745648279">978-0745648279</a></li> <li><i>As I Run toward Africa: A Memoir</i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradigm_Publishers" title="Paradigm Publishers">Paradigm Publishers</a>, 2011), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61205-098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61205-098-0">978-1-61205-098-0</a></li> <li><i>The African American People: A Global History</i> (<a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415872546" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415872546">978-0415872546</a></li> <li><i>Facing South to Africa: Toward an Afrocentric Critical Orientation</i> (Lexington Books, 2014)</li> <li><i>Contemporary Critical Thought in Africology and Africana Studies</i> (Lexington Books, 2016)</li> <li><i>Revolutionary Pedagogy: A Primer for Teachers of Black Children</i> (Universal Write Publications, 2017), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982532744" title="Special:BookSources/978-0982532744">978-0982532744</a></li> <li>(With <a href="/wiki/Nah_Dove" title="Nah Dove">Nah Dove</a>) <i>Being Human Being: Transforming the Race Discourse</i> (Universal Write Publications, 2022), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781942774099" title="Special:BookSources/9781942774099">9781942774099</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molefi_Kete_Asante&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jackson2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_G._Jackson2005" class="citation book cs1">Gerald G. Jackson (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdNuxVOQ7YUC&pg=PA90"><i>We're Not Going to Take It Anymore</i></a>. Beckham Publications Group, Inc. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931761-84-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931761-84-3"><bdi>978-0-931761-84-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We%27re+Not+Going+to+Take+It+Anymore&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Beckham+Publications+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005-02&rft.isbn=978-0-931761-84-3&rft.au=Gerald+G.+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdNuxVOQ7YUC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faculty-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faculty_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210103051/http://www.temple.edu/aas/people/asante.html">"Molefi Kete Asante, Professor, Department of Africology"</a>. <i>Temple University faculty page</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temple.edu/aas/people/asante.html">the original</a> on December 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Temple+University+faculty+page&rft.atitle=Molefi+Kete+Asante%2C+Professor%2C+Department+of+Africology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temple.edu%2Faas%2Fpeople%2Fasante.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spayde-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spayde_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Spayde1995" class="citation web cs1">Jon Spayde (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cafeutne.org/visionaries/95vision0.html#Asante">"Utne Visionaries: People Who Could Change Your Life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Utne_Reader" title="Utne Reader">Utne Reader</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utne+Reader&rft.atitle=Utne+Visionaries%3A+People+Who+Could+Change+Your+Life.&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Jon+Spayde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcafeutne.org%2Fvisionaries%2F95vision0.html%23Asante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asante.net/biography/">Official site Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.asante.net/biography/">http://www.asante.net/biography/</a> December 17, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maulana Karenga, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us-organization.org/position/documents/MolefiAsanteandtheAfrocentricInitiative.pdf">Molefi Kete Asante and the Afrocentric Initiative: Mapping His Intellectual Impact"</a>, <i>Los Angeles Sentinel</i>, September 20, 2007, p. A7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maulana Karenga, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us-organization.org/position/documents/InstitutionalizingTheAfrocentricInitiative03-20-12.pdf">Institutionalizing the Afrocentric Initiative: Securing a Centered Way Forward</a>," <i>Los Angeles Sentinel</i>, March 22, 2012, p. A7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald L. Jackson and Sonja Brown Givens, <i>Black Pioneers in Communication Research</i>, Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhyana Ziegler, <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">ed.</a> <i>Molefi Kete Asante: In Praise and Criticism</i>. Nashville, TN: Winston Derek, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagepub.com/editorDetails.nav?contribId=502739">Molefi Kete Asante at Sage Publications.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ama Mazama (ed.), <i>Essays in Honor of an Intellectual Warrior, Molefi Kete Asante</i>. Paris, France: Editions Menaibuc, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerAsante2002" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Diane D.; Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). "An Oral History Interview: Molefi Kete Asante". <i>Journal of Black Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (6): 711–734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00234702032006005">10.1177/00234702032006005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180971">3180971</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143525213">143525213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Oral+History+Interview%3A+Molefi+Kete+Asante&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=711-734&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143525213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3180971%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00234702032006005&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Diane+D.&rft.au=Asante%2C+Molefi+Kete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eaah-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eaah_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eaah_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eaah_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Patricia Reid-Merritt. "Molefi Kete Asante," <i>Encyclopedia of African American History</i>, Leslie M. Alexander and Walter C. Rucker (eds), <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, 2010, pp. 617–618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jackson_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. John Henrik Clark Group Research Project. <i>We're not going to take it anymore</i>, Gerald G. Jackson (ed.), Beckham Publications Group, Inc., 2005, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsante2011" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi K. (2011). <i>As I Run Toward Africa</i>. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61205-098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61205-098-0"><bdi>978-1-61205-098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+I+Run+Toward+Africa&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Paradigm+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61205-098-0&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/molefi-kete-asante">"Molefi Kete Asante"</a>. <i>The History Makers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Makers&rft.atitle=Molefi+Kete+Asante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorymakers.org%2Fbiography%2Fmolefi-kete-asante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsante1993" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi Kete (1993). "Racism, Consciousness, and Afrocentricity". In <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Early" title="Gerald Early">Early, Gerald Lyn</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780713991017/page/140"><i>Lure and Loathing: Essays on Race, Identity and the Ambivalence of Assimilation</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. 140–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713991011" title="Special:BookSources/0713991011"><bdi>0713991011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+Consciousness%2C+and+Afrocentricity&rft.btitle=Lure+and+Loathing%3A+Essays+on+Race%2C+Identity+and+the+Ambivalence+of+Assimilation&rft.pages=140-141&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0713991011&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780713991017%2Fpage%2F140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentakePage2015" class="citation web cs1">KentakePage (August 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kentakepage.com/dr-molefi-kete-asante-the-distinguished-afrocentric-scholar/">"Dr. Molefi Kete Asante: The Distinguished Afrocentric Scholar"</a>. <i>Kentake Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kentake+Page&rft.atitle=Dr.+Molefi+Kete+Asante%3A+The+Distinguished+Afrocentric+Scholar&rft.date=2015-08-14&rft.au=KentakePage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkentakepage.com%2Fdr-molefi-kete-asante-the-distinguished-afrocentric-scholar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderWoolf2011" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Axel; Woolf, Daniel (May 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4I3AwAAQBAJ&q=%22molefi+kete+asante%22%22defend+it%22+%22criticisms%22&pg=PA412"><i>The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 5: Historical Writing Since 1945</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103677-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103677-4"><bdi>978-0-19-103677-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Historical+Writing%3A+Volume+5%3A+Historical+Writing+Since+1945&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103677-4&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft.au=Woolf%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4I3AwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522molefi%2Bkete%2Basante%2522%2522defend%2Bit%2522%2B%2522criticisms%2522%26pg%3DPA412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarenga1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkUOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Introduction to Black Studies</i></a>. University of Sankore Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943412-16-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943412-16-0"><bdi>978-0-943412-16-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Black+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Sankore+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-943412-16-0&rft.au=Karenga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkkUOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molefi Kete Asante, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asante.net/articles/51/de-westernizing-communication-strategies-for-neutralizing-cultural-myths/">"De-Westernizing Communication: Strategies for Neutralizing Cultural Myths"</a>, <i>in</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgette_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgette Wang (page does not exist)">Wang, Georgette</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=olaNVNWZq5QC"><i>De-Westernizing Communication Research: Altering Questions and Changing Frameworks</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 21–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-93537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-93537-4"><bdi>978-1-136-93537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De-Westernizing+Communication+Research%3A+Altering+Questions+and+Changing+Frameworks&rft.pages=21-7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-93537-4&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Georgette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DolaNVNWZq5QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molefi Kete Asante, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asante.net/articles/5/afrocentricity-toward-a-new-understanding-of-african-thought-in-the-world/">"Afrocentricity: Toward a New Understanding of African Thought in the World"</a>, <i>in</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsanteMiikeYin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asante, Molefi Kete</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshitaka_Miike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoshitaka Miike (page does not exist)">Miike, Yoshitaka</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing_Yin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing Yin (page does not exist)">Yin, Jing</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6pGHdHjKx14C"><i>The Global Intercultural Communication Reader</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 101–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95812-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95812-7"><bdi>978-0-415-95812-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Intercultural+Communication+Reader&rft.pages=101-110&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95812-7&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft.au=Miike%2C+Yoshitaka&rft.au=Yin%2C+Jing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6pGHdHjKx14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsante2013" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asante, Molefi Kete</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUVLjXxcq6YC&pg=PA41"><i>An Afrocentric Manifesto: Toward an African Renaissance</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5498-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-5498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Afrocentric+Manifesto%3A+Toward+an+African+Renaissance&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-5498-0&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUVLjXxcq6YC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolefi+Kete+Asante" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molefi Kete Asante and Yoshitaka Miike, "Paradigmatic Issues in Intercultural Communication Studies: An Afrocentric-Asiacentric Dialogue," <i>China Media Research</i>, Vol. 9, No. 3, July 2013, p. 4.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molefi_Kete_Asante&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Africanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" title="Uhuru Movement">Uhuru Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism">Zikism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century">African century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu">Dennis Akumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong">David Comissiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani">Marimba Ani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin R. Delany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ashwood_Garvey" title="Amy Ashwood Garvey">Amy Ashwood Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">John G. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Leonard Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kinloch" title="Alice Kinloch">Alice Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Mafeje" title="Archie Mafeje">Archie Mafeje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko">Motsoko Pheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi">Runoko Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson">Amos N. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University">African Leadership University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation">All-African Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau">International African Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association">Pan African Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">Le Marron Inconnu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">African-American leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanism" title="Category:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Africa category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pan-Africanism" title="Portal:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" 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