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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruction_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruction_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Instruction set</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruction_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processor_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processor_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Processor architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processor_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processor architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processor_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virtual_memory_map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_memory_map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Virtual memory map</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_memory_map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privilege_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privilege_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Privilege modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privilege_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processor_status_longword" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processor_status_longword"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Processor status longword</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processor_status_longword-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VAX-based_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VAX-based_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>VAX-based systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-VAX-based_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle VAX-based systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-VAX-based_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SImultaneous_Machine_ACceSs_(SIMACS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SImultaneous_Machine_ACceSs_(SIMACS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>SImultaneous Machine ACceSs (SIMACS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SImultaneous_Machine_ACceSs_(SIMACS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canceled_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canceled_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Canceled systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canceled_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Clones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Address_eXtension" title="Virtual Address eXtension – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virtual Address eXtension" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="وکس مجموعه دستور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وکس مجموعه دستور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Address_eXtension" title="Virtual Address eXtension – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virtual Address eXtension" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX/VMS" title="VAX/VMS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="VAX/VMS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="VAX" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Line of computers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vax" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vax_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vax (disambiguation)">Vax (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">VAX</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VAX_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/VAX_logo.svg/220px-VAX_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/VAX_logo.svg/330px-VAX_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/VAX_logo.svg/440px-VAX_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="1109" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bits</th><td class="infobox-data">32-bit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1977<span class="noprint">; 47 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1977</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Design</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Register–register</li><li>Register–memory</li><li>Memory–memory</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Variable <small>(1 to 56 bytes)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Branch_(computer_science)" title="Branch (computer science)">Branching</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">Condition code</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Little</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Page size</th><td class="infobox-data">512 bytes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data">PDP-11 compatibility mode, VAX Vector Extensions,<sup id="cite_ref-macro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VAX Virtualization Extensions<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Open</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Registers</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_register" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose register">General-purpose</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 × 32-bit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">Floating point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">not present, uses the GPR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">Vector</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 × 4096-bit (64 elements of 64 bits each)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>VAX</b> (an acronym for <b>Virtual Address eXtension</b>) is a series of computers featuring a <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a> (ISA) and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> that was developed and sold by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) in the late 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/VAX-11/780" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX-11/780">VAX-11/780</a>, introduced October 25, 1977, was the first of a range of popular and influential computers implementing the VAX ISA. The VAX family was a huge success for DEC, with the last members arriving in the early 1990s. The VAX was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a>, which included several features from VAX machines to make <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">porting</a> from the VAX easier. </p><p>VAX was designed as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>, one of the most successful <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> in history with approximately 600,000 units sold. The system was designed to offer <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a> with the PDP-11 while extending the memory to a full <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> implementation and adding <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">demand paged</a> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a>. The name VAX refers to its <i>Virtual Address eXtension</i> concept that allowed programs to make use of this newly available memory while still being compatible with unmodified user mode PDP-11 code. The name "VAX-11", used on early models, was chosen to highlight this capability. The VAX ISA is considered a <a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">complex instruction set computer</a> (CISC) design. </p><p>DEC quickly dropped the −11 branding as PDP-11 compatibility was no longer a major concern. The line expanded to both high-end <a href="/wiki/Mainframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe">mainframes</a> like the <a href="/wiki/VAX_9000" title="VAX 9000">VAX 9000</a> as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a>-scale systems like the <a href="/wiki/VAXstation" title="VAXstation">VAXstation</a> series. <a href="/wiki/List_of_VAX_computers" title="List of VAX computers">The VAX family</a> ultimately contained ten distinct designs and over 100 individual models in total. All of them were compatible with each other and normally ran the <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VAX/VMS</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. </p><p>VAX has been perceived as the quintessential CISC ISA,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its very large number of <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> programmer-friendly <a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">addressing modes</a> and machine instructions, highly <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">orthogonal instruction set</a> architecture, and instructions for complex operations such as <a href="/wiki/Queue_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queue (data structure)">queue</a> insertion or deletion, number formatting, and <a href="/wiki/Polynomial" title="Polynomial">polynomial</a> evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VAX_11-780_intero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/VAX_11-780_intero.jpg/220px-VAX_11-780_intero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/VAX_11-780_intero.jpg/330px-VAX_11-780_intero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/VAX_11-780_intero.jpg/440px-VAX_11-780_intero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>VAX-11/780</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "VAX" originated as an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> for <i>Virtual Address eXtension</i>, both because the VAX was seen as a 32-bit extension of the older <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> and because it was (after <a href="/wiki/Prime_Computer" title="Prime Computer">Prime Computer</a>) an early adopter of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> to manage this larger address space. </p><p>Early versions of the VAX processor implement a "compatibility mode" that emulates many of the PDP-11's instructions, giving it the 11 in VAX-11 to highlight this compatibility. Later versions offloaded the compatibility mode and some of the less used CISC instructions to emulation in the operating system software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruction_set">Instruction set</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruction set"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The VAX instruction set was designed to be powerful and <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">orthogonal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was introduced, many programs were written in assembly language, so having a "programmer-friendly" instruction set was important.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, as more programs were written in <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming languages</a>, the instruction set became less visible, and the only ones much concerned about it were compiler writers. </p><p>One unusual aspect of the VAX instruction set is the presence of register masks<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the start of each subprogram. These are arbitrary bit patterns that specify, when control is passed to the subprogram, which registers are to be preserved. On most architectures, it is up to the compiler to produce instructions to save out the needed data, typically using the <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">call stack</a> for temporary storage. On the VAX, with 16 registers, this might require 16 instructions to save the data and another 16 to restore it. Using the mask, a single 16-bit value performs the same operations internally in hardware, saving time and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since register masks are a form of data embedded within the executable code, they can make linear parsing of the machine code difficult. This can complicate optimization techniques that are applied on machine code.<sup id="cite_ref-MCO_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VAX_VMS_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/VAX_VMS_logo.svg/220px-VAX_VMS_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/VAX_VMS_logo.svg/330px-VAX_VMS_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/VAX_VMS_logo.svg/440px-VAX_VMS_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3599" data-file-height="2257" /></a><figcaption>Stylized "VAX/VMS" used by Digital</figcaption></figure> <p>The native VAX <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> is Digital's VAX/VMS (renamed to <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> in 1991 or early 1992 when it was ported to <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>, modified to comply with <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> standards, and <i>branded</i> as compliant with <a href="/wiki/XPG4" class="mw-redirect" title="XPG4">XPG4</a> by the <a href="/wiki/X/Open" title="X/Open">X/Open</a> consortium).<sup id="cite_ref-vaxvmsat20_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaxvmsat20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VAX architecture and VMS operating system were "<a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Engineering#Concurrent_engineering_workflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent Engineering">engineered concurrently</a>" to take maximum advantage of each other, as was the initial implementation of the <a href="/wiki/VMScluster" title="VMScluster">VAXcluster</a> facility. </p><p>During the 1980s, a <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a> for the VAX architecture named <i>VMM</i> (Virtual Machine Monitor), also known as the <i>VAX Security Kernel</i>, was developed at Digital with the aim of allowing multiple isolated instances of VMS and ULTRIX to be run on the same hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VMM was intended to achieve <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computer_System_Evaluation_Criteria" title="Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria">TCSEC</a> A1 compliance. By the late 1980s, it was operational on <a href="/wiki/VAX_8000" title="VAX 8000">VAX 8000</a> series hardware, but was abandoned before release to customers. </p><p>Other VAX operating systems have included various releases of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a> (BSD) <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> up to <a href="/wiki/4.3BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="4.3BSD">4.3BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a>-32, <a href="/wiki/VAXELN" title="VAXELN">VAXELN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinu" title="Xinu">Xinu</a>. More recently, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have supported various VAX models and some work has been done on porting <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> to the VAX architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenBSD discontinued support for the architecture in September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-obsd60releasenotes_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsd60releasenotes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEC-VAX-8350-front-0a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DEC-VAX-8350-front-0a.jpg/220px-DEC-VAX-8350-front-0a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DEC-VAX-8350-front-0a.jpg/330px-DEC-VAX-8350-front-0a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DEC-VAX-8350-front-0a.jpg/440px-DEC-VAX-8350-front-0a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="2690" /></a><figcaption>VAX 8350 front view with cover removed</figcaption></figure> <p>The first VAX model sold was the <a href="/wiki/VAX-11/780" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX-11/780">VAX-11/780</a>, which was introduced on October 25, 1977, at the Digital Equipment Corporation's Annual Meeting of Shareholders.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bill Strecker, <a href="/wiki/C._Gordon_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Gordon Bell">C. Gordon Bell</a>'s doctoral student at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, was responsible for the architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many different models with different prices, performance levels, and capacities were subsequently created. VAX <a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">superminicomputers</a> were very popular in the early 1980s. </p><p>For a while the VAX-11/780 was used as a standard in <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarks</a>. It was initially described as a one-<a href="/wiki/Million_instructions_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Million instructions per second">MIPS</a> machine, because its performance was equivalent to an <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> that ran at one MIPS, and the System/360 implementations had previously been de facto performance standards. The actual number of instructions executed in 1 second was about 500,000, which led to complaints of marketing exaggeration. The result was the definition of a "VAX MIPS", the speed of a VAX-11/780; a computer performing at 27 VAX MIPS would run the same program roughly 27 times faster than the VAX-11/780. </p><p>Within the Digital community the term <i>VUP</i> (<a href="/wiki/VAX_Unit_of_Performance" title="VAX Unit of Performance">VAX Unit of Performance</a>) was the more common term, because MIPS do not compare well across different architectures. The related term <i>cluster VUPs</i> was informally used to describe the aggregate performance of a <a href="/wiki/VMScluster" title="VMScluster">VAXcluster</a>. (The performance of the VAX-11/780 still serves as the baseline metric in the <a href="/wiki/BRL-CAD" title="BRL-CAD">BRL-CAD</a> Benchmark, a performance analysis suite included in the BRL-CAD solid modeling software distribution.) The VAX-11/780 included a subordinate stand-alone <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">LSI-11</a> computer that performed microcode load, booting, and diagnostic functions for the parent computer. This was dropped from subsequent VAX models. Enterprising VAX-11/780 users could therefore run three different Digital Equipment Corporation operating systems: VMS on the VAX processor (from the hard drives), and either RSX-11S or RT-11 on the LSI-11 (from the single density single drive floppy disk). </p><p>The VAX went through many different implementations. The original VAX 11/780 was implemented in <a href="/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor-transistor logic">TTL</a> and filled a four-by-five-foot cabinet<sup id="cite_ref-chm11780_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chm11780-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a single <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>. Through the 1980s, the high-end of the family was continually improved using ever-faster discrete components, an evolution that ended with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/VAX_9000" title="VAX 9000">VAX 9000</a> in October 1989. This design proved too complex and expensive and was ultimately abandoned not long after introduction. CPU implementations that consisted of multiple <a href="/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">emitter-coupled logic</a> (ECL) <a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">gate array</a> or <a href="/wiki/Macrocell_array" title="Macrocell array">macrocell array</a> chips included the <a href="/wiki/VAX_8000" title="VAX 8000">VAX 8600 and 8800</a> superminis and finally the VAX 9000 <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> class machines. CPU implementations that consisted of multiple <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> custom chips included the 8100 and 8200 class machines. The VAX 11-730 and 725 low-end machines were built using <a href="/wiki/AMD_Am2900" title="AMD Am2900">AMD Am2901</a> <a href="/wiki/Bit-slice" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-slice">bit-slice</a> components for the ALU. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/MicroVAX" title="MicroVAX">MicroVAX</a> I represented a major transition within the VAX family. At the time of its design, it was not yet possible to implement the full VAX architecture as a single <a href="/wiki/VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI">VLSI</a> chip (or even a few VLSI chips as was later done with the <a href="/wiki/DEC_V-11" title="DEC V-11">V-11</a> CPU of the VAX 8200/8300). Instead, the MicroVAX I was the first VAX implementation to move some of the more complex VAX instructions (such as the packed decimal and related opcodes) into emulation software. This partitioning substantially reduced the amount of <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> required and was referred to as the "MicroVAX" architecture. In the MicroVAX I, the <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">ALU</a> and registers were implemented as a single <a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">gate-array</a> chip while the rest of the machine control was conventional logic. </p><p>A full <a href="/wiki/VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI">VLSI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>) implementation of the MicroVAX architecture arrived with the <a href="/wiki/MicroVAX_78032" title="MicroVAX 78032">MicroVAX II's 78032</a> (or DC333) CPU and 78132 (DC335) FPU. The 78032 was the first microprocessor with an on-board <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MicroVAX II was based on a single, quad-sized processor board which carried the processor chips and ran the <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Origin_and_name_changes" title="OpenVMS">MicroVMS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a>-32 <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. The machine featured 1 MB of on-board memory and a <a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q22-bus</a> interface with <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a> transfers. The MicroVAX II was succeeded by many further MicroVAX models with much improved performance and memory. </p><p>Further VLSI VAX processors followed in the form of the V-11, <a href="/wiki/CVAX" title="CVAX">CVAX</a>, CVAX SOC ("System On Chip", a single-chip CVAX), <a href="/wiki/Rigel_(microprocessor)" title="Rigel (microprocessor)">Rigel</a>, Mariah and <a href="/wiki/NVAX" title="NVAX">NVAX</a> implementations. The VAX microprocessors extended the architecture to inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a> and later also supplanted the high-end VAX models. This wide range of platforms (mainframe to workstation) using one architecture was unique in the computer industry at that time. Sundry graphics were etched onto the CVAX microprocessor die. The phrase <i>CVAX... when you care enough to steal the very best</i> was etched in broken Russian as a play on a <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards">Hallmark Cards</a> slogan, intended as a message to Soviet engineers who were known to be both purloining DEC computers for military applications and <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> their chip design.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1980s, the VAX microprocessors had grown in power to be competitive with discrete designs. This led to the abandonment of the 8000 and 9000 series and their replacement by Rigel-powered models of the <a href="/wiki/VAX_6000" title="VAX 6000">VAX 6000</a>, and later by NVAX-powered <a href="/wiki/VAX_7000" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX 7000">VAX 7000</a> systems. </p><p>In DEC's product offerings, the VAX architecture was eventually superseded by <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a> technology. In 1989 DEC introduced a range of workstations and servers that ran <a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DECstation" title="DECstation">DECstation</a> and <a href="/wiki/DECsystem" title="DECsystem">DECsystem</a> respectively, using processors from <a href="/wiki/MIPS_Computer_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="MIPS Computer Systems">MIPS Computer Systems</a>. In 1992 DEC introduced their own RISC instruction set architecture, the <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha AXP</a> (later renamed Alpha), and their own Alpha-based microprocessor, the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064" title="Alpha 21064">DECchip 21064</a>, a high performance <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> design capable of running OpenVMS. </p><p>In August 2000, Compaq announced that the remaining VAX models would be discontinued by the end of the year,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but old systems remain in widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Stromasys <a href="/wiki/Charon_(software)" title="Charon (software)">CHARON-VAX</a> and <a href="/wiki/SIMH" title="SIMH">SIMH</a> software-based VAX emulators remain available. VMS is now developed by VMS Software Incorporated, albeit only for the <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/HPE_Integrity_Servers" title="HPE Integrity Servers">HPE Integrity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processor_architecture">Processor architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Processor architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microvax_3600_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Microvax_3600_%282%29.jpg/220px-Microvax_3600_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Microvax_3600_%282%29.jpg/330px-Microvax_3600_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Microvax_3600_%282%29.jpg/440px-Microvax_3600_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>MicroVAX 3600 (left) with printer (right)</figcaption></figure> <table role="presentation" style="font-size:88%;border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right;"> <caption><b>DEC VAX registers</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="font-size:88%;width:39em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10px; text-align:left"><sup>3</sup><sub>1</sub> </td> <td style="width:60px; text-align:center">... </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:right"><sup>2</sup><sub>3</sub> </td> <td style="width:60px; text-align:center">... </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center"><sup>1</sup><sub>5</sub> </td> <td style="width:60px; text-align:center">... </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center"><sup>0</sup><sub>7</sub> </td> <td style="width:60px; text-align:center">... </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center"><sup>0</sup><sub>0</sub> </td> <td style="width:100px; background:white; color:black"><i>(bit position)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10" style="text-align:left;">General registers </th></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R0 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black" colspan="3">Register 0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R1 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R2 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R3 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R4 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 4 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R5 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R6 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 6 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R7 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 7 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R8 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 8 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R9 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 9 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R10 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 10 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R11 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 11 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R12 / AP </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 12 / Argument Pointer </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R13 / FP </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 13 / Frame Pointer </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R14 / SP </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 14 / Stack Pointer </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">R15 / PC </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Register 15 / Program Counter </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10" style="text-align:left;">Processor Status Longword </th></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="9">(See adjacent table for bit definitions) </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">PSL </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_memory_map">Virtual memory map</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Virtual memory map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The VAX virtual memory is divided into four sections. Each is one gigabyte (in the context of addressing, 2<sup>30</sup> bytes) in size: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Section </th> <th>Address range </th></tr> <tr> <td>P0 </td> <td><code>0x00000000</code> – <code>0x3fffffff</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P1 </td> <td><code>0x40000000</code> – <code>0x7fffffff</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S0 </td> <td><code>0x80000000</code> – <code>0xbfffffff</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S1 </td> <td><code>0xc0000000</code> – <code>0xffffffff</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For VMS, P0 was used for user process space, P1 for process stack, S0 for the operating system, and S1 was reserved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privilege_modes">Privilege modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Privilege modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The VAX has four hardware implemented privilege modes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Mode </th> <th>VMS use </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>Kernel </td> <td>OS kernel </td> <td>Highest <a href="/wiki/Privilege_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege level">privilege level</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Executive </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Supervisor </td> <td>Shell (DCL) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>User </td> <td>Normal programs </td> <td>Lowest privilege level </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processor_status_longword">Processor status longword</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Processor status longword"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process status longword contains 32 bits: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="3%">CM </th> <th width="3%">TP </th> <th width="6%">MBZ </th> <th width="3%">FD </th> <th width="3%">IS </th> <th width="6%">cmod </th> <th width="6%">pmod </th> <th width="3%">MBZ </th> <th width="15%">IPL </th> <th width="24%">MBZ </th> <th width="3%">DV </th> <th width="3%">FU </th> <th width="3%">IV </th> <th width="3%">T </th> <th width="3%">N </th> <th width="3%">Z </th> <th width="3%">V </th> <th width="3%">C </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td>31 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>29:28 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>25:24 </td> <td>23:22 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>20:16 </td> <td>15:8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bits</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Bits</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">31</td> <td>PDP-11 compatibility mode</td> <td align="center">15:8</td> <td>MBZ (must be zero) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">30</td> <td>trace pending</td> <td align="center">7</td> <td>decimal overflow trap enable </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">29:28</td> <td>MBZ (must be zero)</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>floating-point underflow trap enable </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">27</td> <td>first part done (interrupted instruction)</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Integer_overflow" title="Integer overflow">integer overflow</a> trap enable </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">26</td> <td>interrupt stack</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>trace </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">25:24</td> <td>current privilege mode</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td>negative </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">23:22</td> <td>previous privilege mode</td> <td align="center">2</td> <td>zero </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">21</td> <td>MBZ (must be zero)</td> <td align="center">1</td> <td>overflow </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">20:16</td> <td>IPL (interrupt priority level)</td> <td align="center">0</td> <td>carry </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="VAX-based_systems">VAX-based systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: VAX-based systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_VAX_computers" title="List of VAX computers">List of VAX computers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPEC-1_VAX_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SPEC-1_VAX_05.jpg/220px-SPEC-1_VAX_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SPEC-1_VAX_05.jpg/330px-SPEC-1_VAX_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SPEC-1_VAX_05.jpg/440px-SPEC-1_VAX_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption>The SPEC-1 VAX, a VAX 11/780 used for <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarking</a>, showing internals</figcaption></figure> <p>The first VAX-based system was the <a href="/wiki/VAX-11/780" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX-11/780">VAX-11/780</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/VAX-11" title="VAX-11">VAX-11</a> family. The high-end <a href="/wiki/VAX_8600" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX 8600">VAX 8600</a> replaced the VAX-11/780 in October 1984 and was joined by the entry-level <a href="/wiki/MicroVAX" title="MicroVAX">MicroVAX</a> minicomputers and the <a href="/wiki/VAXstation" title="VAXstation">VAXstation</a> workstations in the mid-1980s. The MicroVAX was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/VAX_4000" title="VAX 4000">VAX 4000</a>, the VAX 8000 was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/VAX_6000" title="VAX 6000">VAX 6000</a> in the late 1980s and the mainframe-class <a href="/wiki/VAX_9000" title="VAX 9000">VAX 9000</a> was introduced. In the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">fault-tolerant</a> <a href="/wiki/VAXft" title="VAXft">VAXft</a> was introduced, as were the <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a> compatible <a href="/wiki/VAX_7000/10000" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX 7000/10000">VAX 7000/10000</a>. A variant of various VAX-based systems were sold as the <a href="/wiki/VAXserver" title="VAXserver">VAXserver</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SImultaneous_Machine_ACceSs_(SIMACS)"><span id="SImultaneous_Machine_ACceSs_.28SIMACS.29"></span>SImultaneous Machine ACceSs (SIMACS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SImultaneous Machine ACceSs (SIMACS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/System_Industries" title="System Industries">System Industries</a></i> developed an ability to give more than one DEC CPU, but not at the same time, write access to a shared disk. They implemented an enhancement named SImultaneous Machine ACceSs (<a href="/wiki/SIMACS" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMACS">SIMACS</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SIMACS.HC84_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMACS.HC84-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allowed their special disk controller to set a <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore (computing)">semaphore flag</a> for disk access, allowing multiple WRITES to the same files; the disk is shared by multiple DEC systems. <i>SIMACS</i> also existed on PDP-11 <a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canceled_systems">Canceled systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canceled systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canceled systems include the <i>BVAX</i>, a high-end <a href="/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">emitter-coupled logic</a> (ECL) based VAX, and two other ECL-based VAX models: <i>Argonaut</i> and <i>Raven</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raven was canceled in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A VAX named <i>Gemini</i> was also canceled, which was a fall-back in case the LSI-based <i>Scorpio</i> failed. It never shipped. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clones">Clones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of VAX clones, both authorized and unauthorized, were produced. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systime_Computers_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Systime Computers Ltd">Systime Computers Ltd</a> of the United Kingdom produced clones of early VAX models such as the Systime 8750 (equivalent to the VAX 11/750).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Norden Systems produced the ruggedized, Military-specification MIL VAX series.<sup id="cite_ref-vaxvmsat20_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaxvmsat20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Hungarian Central Research Institute for Physics (KFKI) produced a series of clones of early VAX models, the TPA-11/540, 560 and 580.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The SM 52/12<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, developed at VUVT <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDilina" title="Žilina">Žilina</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) and produced from 1986 at ZVT <a href="/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_Bystrica" title="Banská Bystrica">Banská Bystrica</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>).</li> <li>The East German <a href="/wiki/VEB_Robotron" title="VEB Robotron">VEB Robotron</a> <a href="/wiki/Robotron_K_1840" title="Robotron K 1840">K 1840</a> (SM 1710) is a clone of the VAX-11/780 and <a href="/wiki/Robotron_K_1820" title="Robotron K 1820">Robotron K 1820</a> (SM 1720) is a copy of the MicroVAX II.</li> <li>The <i>SM-1700</i> is a Soviet clone of the VAX-11/730, <i>SM-1702</i> was a clone of MicroVAX II and <i>SM-1705</i> was a clone of VAX-11/785.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems ran a variety of clone operating systems - <a href="/wiki/DEMOS" title="DEMOS">DEMOS</a> (based on BSD Unix), <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Influence" title="OpenVMS">MOS VP</a> (based on VAX/VMS) or MOS VP RV (based on VAXELN).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The NCI-2780 Super-mini, also sold as Taiji-2780, is a clone of the VAX-11/780 developed by North China Institute of Computing Technology in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-macro-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macro_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010906051514/http://www.openvms.compaq.com/doc/73final/4515/4515pro_012.html#basic_arch_sect">"VAX MACRO and Instruction Set Reference Manual"</a>. <i>OpenVMS documentation</i>. April 2001. 8.1 Basic Architecture. 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Digital Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483299372" title="Special:BookSources/9781483299372"><bdi>9781483299372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Programming+and+Architecture%3A+The+Vax&rft.pub=Digital+Press&rft.date=2014-06-28&rft.isbn=9781483299372&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Eckhouse%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LijBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170610060129/http://www.weblearn.hs-bremen.de/risse/RST/docs/COD2e/WebExtns.ion/webext3.pdf">"Another Approach to Instruction Set Architecture—VAX"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weblearn.hs-bremen.de/risse/RST/docs/COD2e/WebExtns.ion/webext3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2018</span>. <q>... instruction set architectures, we chose the VAX as programmer-friendly instruction set, an asset</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Another+Approach+to+Instruction+Set+Architecture%E2%80%94VAX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weblearn.hs-bremen.de%2Frisse%2FRST%2Fdocs%2FCOD2e%2FWebExtns.ion%2Fwebext3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lysator.liu.se/hackdict/split/vax.html">"VAX"</a>. <q>Esp. noted for its large, assembler-programmer-friendly instruction set --- an asset that</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VAX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lysator.liu.se%2Fhackdict%2Fsplit%2Fvax.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020330111145/http://www.openvms.compaq.com/doc/73final/4515/4515pro_020.html#index_x_790">"VAX MACRO and Instruction Set Reference Manual"</a>. <i>OpenVMS documentation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Machine+Code+Optimization%3A+Improving+Executable+Object+Code&rft.inst=Courant+Institute%2C+New+York+University&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1308.4815&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013arXiv1308.4815G&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Clinton+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ClintGoss.com%2Fmco%2FGoss_1986_MachineCodeOptimization.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinton_F._Goss2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Clinton F. Goss (2013) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ClintGoss.com/mco/"><i>Machine Code Optimization – Improving Executable Object Code</i></a> (PhD thesis). 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"On the history of computer science, computer engineering, and computer technology development in Slovakia". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 38–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.778981">10.1109/85.778981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=On+the+history+of+computer+science%2C+computer+engineering%2C+and+computer+technology+development+in+Slovakia&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=38-48&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.778981&rft.aulast=Dujnic&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Fristacky%2C+N.&rft.au=Molnar%2C+L.&rft.au=Plander%2C+I.&rft.au=Rovan%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaimutis_TelksnysAntanas_Zilinskas1999" class="citation journal cs1">Laimutis Telksnys; Antanas Zilinskas (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/an/1999/03/00778980.pdf">"Computers in Lithuania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 31–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.778980">10.1109/85.778980</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16240778">16240778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Computers+in+Lithuania&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=31-37&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.778980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16240778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Laimutis+Telksnys&rft.au=Antanas+Zilinskas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fcsdl%2Fmags%2Fan%2F1999%2F03%2F00778980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkhorov_N.L.Gorskiy_V.E." class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prokhorov N.L.; Gorskiy V.E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swsys.ru/index.php?page=article&id=1480#">"Basic software for 32-bit SM computer models"</a>. <i>Software Systems Journal</i> (in Russian). <b>1988</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Software+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=Basic+software+for+32-bit+SM+computer+models&rft.volume=1988&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Prokhorov+N.L.&rft.au=Gorskiy+V.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swsys.ru%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Darticle%26id%3D1480%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Congress,_Office_of_Technology_Assessment1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Office of Technology Assessment</a> (July 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0LoOH-GqagC&q=%22NCI-2780%22&pg=PA96"><i>Technology transfer to China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781428922914" title="Special:BookSources/9781428922914"><bdi>9781428922914</bdi></a>. OTA-USC-340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+transfer+to+China&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1987-07&rft.isbn=9781428922914&rft.au=U.S.+Congress%2C+Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE0LoOH-GqagC%26q%3D%2522NCI-2780%2522%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXia_NanyinChan_Laixing1990" class="citation book cs1">Xia Nanyin; Chan Laixing (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7HItO03SlwC&q=%22NCI-2780%22&pg=PA244">"Satellite Launch and TT&C Systems of China and Their Roles in International Cooperation"</a>. In F. Sharokhi; J. S. Greenberg; T. Al-Saud (eds.). <i>Space Commercialization: Launch Vehicles and Programs</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930403-75-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-930403-75-4"><bdi>0-930403-75-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satellite+Launch+and+TT%26C+Systems+of+China+and+Their+Roles+in+International+Cooperation&rft.btitle=Space+Commercialization%3A+Launch+Vehicles+and+Programs&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-930403-75-4&rft.au=Xia+Nanyin&rft.au=Chan+Laixing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du7HItO03SlwC%26q%3D%2522NCI-2780%2522%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoy2021" class="citation news cs1">Coy, Peter (January 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-06/who-remembers-the-vax-minicomputer-icon-of-the-1980s">"Who Remembers the VAX Minicomputer, Icon of the 1980s?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+Remembers+the+VAX+Minicomputer%2C+Icon+of+the+1980s%3F&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Coy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-01-06%2Fwho-remembers-the-vax-minicomputer-icon-of-the-1980s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVAX" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:VAX" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:VAX">VAX</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041207213429/http://h18002.www1.hp.com/alphaserver/vax/">HP: VAX Systems</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 7, 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simh.trailing-edge.com/dsarchive.html">DEC Microprocessors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simh.trailing-edge.com/">SimH VAX</a> Open source emulator that supports VAX architecture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtjcd.vmsresource.org.uk/">The complete Digital Technical Journals</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Template:Digital Equipment Corporation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Template talk:Digital Equipment Corporation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital Equipment Corporation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Olsen" title="Ken Olsen">Ken Olsen</a> (founder and CEO, 1957–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Anderson" title="Harlan Anderson">Harlan Anderson</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell" title="Gordon Bell">Gordon Bell</a> (VP of engineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(computer_businessman)" title="Robert Palmer (computer businessman)">Robert Palmer</a> (CEO, 1992–1998)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/110px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/165px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/220px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LSI-11</li> <li>F-11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_T-11" title="DEC T-11">T-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_J-11" title="DEC J-11">J-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">VAX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_V-11" title="DEC V-11">V-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroVAX_78032" title="MicroVAX 78032">MicroVAX 78032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CVAX" title="CVAX">CVAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CVAX#SOC" title="CVAX">SOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigel_(microprocessor)" title="Rigel (microprocessor)">Rigel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigel_(microprocessor)#Mariah" title="Rigel (microprocessor)">Mariah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVAX" title="NVAX">NVAX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064" title="Alpha 21064">Alpha 21064</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064#Alpha_21066" title="Alpha 21064">21066</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064#Alpha_21068" title="Alpha 21064">21068</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21164" title="Alpha 21164">Alpha 21164</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_21164#Alpha_21164PC_(PCA56)" title="Alpha 21164">21164PC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21264" title="Alpha 21264">Alpha 21264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21364" title="Alpha 21364">Alpha 21364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21464" title="Alpha 21464">Alpha 21464</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_PRISM" title="DEC PRISM">MicroPRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StrongARM" title="StrongARM">StrongARM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">Computer<br />terminals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VT05" title="VT05">VT05</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_GT40" title="DEC GT40">GT40</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT52" title="VT52">VT50/VT52</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT55" class="mw-redirect" title="VT55">VT55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT62" class="mw-redirect" title="VT62">VT62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT100" title="VT100">VT100</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT101" class="mw-redirect" title="VT101">VT101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT102" class="mw-redirect" title="VT102">VT102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT103" class="mw-redirect" title="VT103">VT103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT105" class="mw-redirect" title="VT105">VT105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT131" class="mw-redirect" title="VT131">VT131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT180" title="VT180">VT180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VT220</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT240" class="mw-redirect" title="VT240">VT240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT241" class="mw-redirect" title="VT241">VT241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT320" title="VT320">VT320</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT330" class="mw-redirect" title="VT330">VT330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT340" class="mw-redirect" title="VT340">VT340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT420" title="VT420">VT420</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT1000" title="VT1000">VT1000</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT510" class="mw-redirect" title="VT510">VT510</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT520" title="VT520">VT520</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT525" class="mw-redirect" title="VT525">VT525</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-7#Software" title="PDP-7">DECsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_Disk_Monitor_System" class="mw-redirect" title="4K Disk Monitor System">4K DMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Operating_System" title="Commercial Operating System">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-15" class="mw-redirect" title="RSX-15">RSX-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSS/8" title="TSS/8">TSS/8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/8" title="OS/8">OS/8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11" title="DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11">DOS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Application_System" title="Interactive Application System">IAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS#1970s" title="MUMPS">DSM-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VAX/VMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXELN" title="VAXELN">VAXELN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_MICA" title="DEC MICA">MICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital UNIX">Digital UNIX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASIC-8" title="BASIC-8">BASIC-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIBOL" title="DIBOL">DIBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_(programming_language)" title="FOCAL (programming language)">FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACRO-10" title="MACRO-10">MACRO-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACRO-11" title="MACRO-11">MACRO-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_MACRO" title="VAX MACRO">VAX MACRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIGITAL_Command_Language" title="DIGITAL Command Language">DIGITAL Command Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character sets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Code page 1100</a> (Multinational)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">Code page 1287</a> (Greek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">Code page 1288</a> (Turkish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">RADIX 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">Digital Storage Systems Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massbus" title="Massbus">Massbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Disk_Interconnect" title="Standard Disk Interconnect">Standard Disk Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Backplane_Interconnect" title="Synchronous Backplane Interconnect">Synchronous Backplane Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI bus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DECtalk" title="DECtalk">DECtalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECtape" title="DECtape">DECtape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECwriter" title="DECwriter">DECwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Digital Linear Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamically_Redefined_Character_Set" title="Dynamically Redefined Character Set">Dynamically Redefined Character Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(cache_coherence_protocol)" title="Firefly (cache coherence protocol)">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-Chip_module" title="Flip-Chip module">Flip-Chip module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_key_(DEC)" title="Gold key (DEC)">Gold key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK201" title="LK201">LK201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK421" title="LK421">LK421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Storage_Control_Protocol" title="Mass Storage Control Protocol">Mass Storage Control Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALcode" title="PALcode">PALcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RA90" title="RA90">RA90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RK05" title="RK05">RK05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RL02" title="RL02">RL02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_coupler" title="Star coupler">Star coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Module" title="System Module">System Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TU81" title="TU81">TU81</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CPU_Wars" title="CPU Wars">CPU Wars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet">DECnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECUS" title="DECUS">DECUS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HP-Interex" title="HP-Interex">HP-Interex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Federal_Credit_Union" title="Digital Federal Credit Union">Digital Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_debugging_technique" title="Dynamic debugging technique">Dynamic debugging technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX!32" title="FX!32">FX!32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Transport" title="Local Area Transport">Local Area Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_Operations_Protocol" title="Maintenance Operations Protocol">Maintenance Operations Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-line_Debugging_Tool" title="On-line Debugging Tool">On-line Debugging Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALcode" title="PALcode">PALcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_Management_Services" title="Record Management Services">Record Management Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReGIS" title="ReGIS">ReGIS</a></li> <li>Sequence and Batch Language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixel" title="Sixel">Sixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Reference_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="System Reference Manual">System Reference Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Systems_Research_Center" title="DEC Systems Research Center">Systems Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD/SMP" title="TD/SMP">TD/SMP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Entrepreneur" title="The Ultimate Entrepreneur">The Ultimate Entrepreneur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT640" title="VT640">VT640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPS-8" title="WPS-8">WPS-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/200px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programmed_Data_Processor" title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/18-bit_computing" title="18-bit computing">18-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-4" title="PDP-4">PDP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-7" title="PDP-7">PDP-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-9" title="PDP-9">PDP-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-15" title="PDP-15">PDP-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LINC" title="LINC">LINC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LINC-8" title="LINC-8">LINC-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-5" title="PDP-5">PDP-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-8/e" title="PDP-8/e">PDP-8/e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-12" title="PDP-12">PDP-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECmate" title="DECmate">DECmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-14" title="PDP-14">PDP-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/36-bit_computing" title="36-bit computing">36-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-6" title="PDP-6">PDP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECSYSTEM-20" title="DECSYSTEM-20">DECSYSTEM-20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Professional_(computer)" title="DEC Professional (computer)">DEC Professional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">VAX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VAX-11" title="VAX-11">VAX-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroVAX" title="MicroVAX">MicroVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_8000" title="VAX 8000">VAX 8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXstation" title="VAXstation">VAXstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Firefly" title="DEC Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXserver" title="VAXserver">VAXserver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_6000" title="VAX 6000">VAX 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_4000" title="VAX 4000">VAX 4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_9000" title="VAX 9000">VAX 9000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXft" title="VAXft">VAXft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_7000_and_VAX_10000" title="VAX 7000 and VAX 10000">VAX 7000 and VAX 10000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_100" title="Rainbow 100">Rainbow 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXmate" title="VAXmate">VAXmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECpc" title="DECpc">DECpc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECstation#PC" title="DECstation">DECstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Multia" title="DEC Multia">Multia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Personal_Workstation" title="Digital Personal Workstation">Digital Personal Workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_HiNote" title="Digital HiNote">HiNote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DECstation#MIPS" title="DECstation">DECstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECsystem" title="DECsystem">DECsystem servers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_3000_AXP" title="DEC 3000 AXP">DEC 3000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_4000_AXP" title="DEC 4000 AXP">DEC 4000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_7000_AXP_and_DEC_10000_AXP" title="DEC 7000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP">DEC 7000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECpc_AXP_150" title="DECpc AXP 150">DECpc AXP 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECpc_AXP_150#DEC_2000_AXP" title="DECpc AXP 150">DEC 2000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Multia" title="DEC Multia">Multia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaServer" title="AlphaServer">AlphaServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaStation" title="AlphaStation">AlphaStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Personal_Workstation" title="Digital Personal Workstation">Digital Personal Workstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compaq_Professional_Workstation" title="Compaq Professional Workstation">Compaq Professional Workstation 1000 XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsy_Pocket_Computer" title="Itsy Pocket Computer">Itsy Pocket Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_project" title="Jupiter project">Jupiter project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VAX_computers" title="List of VAX computers">List of VAX computers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:DEC_computers" title="Category:DEC computers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DEC_computer_hardware" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:DEC computer hardware">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Processor_technologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Processor_technologies" title="Template talk:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Processor_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">HUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_data_graph_execution" title="Explicit data graph execution">EDGE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_instruction_set_computer" title="Minimal instruction set computer">MISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">OISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_instruction_set_computing" title="No instruction set computing">NISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_instruction_set_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero instruction set computer">ZISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br />sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">VAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_man_computer" title="Little man computer">LMC</a></li> <li>System/3x0 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture" title="IBM System/360 architecture">S/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/390" title="IBM System/390">S/390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tilera ISA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapteva#Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasulo%27s_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAR" title="SWAR">SWAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_program,_multiple_data" title="Single program, multiple data">SPMD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br />performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">FPOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br />on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br />accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">15-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">FIFO</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_logic" title="Glue logic">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_multiplier" title="CPU multiplier">CPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Unit" title="Power Management Unit">PMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Chip carrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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