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href="/wiki/File:CVAX_21-26604-06_21-24674-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/CVAX_21-26604-06_21-24674-15.jpg/220px-CVAX_21-26604-06_21-24674-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/CVAX_21-26604-06_21-24674-15.jpg/330px-CVAX_21-26604-06_21-24674-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/CVAX_21-26604-06_21-24674-15.jpg/440px-CVAX_21-26604-06_21-24674-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>A CVAX system card with the CVAX CPU on the right, the CFPA floating-point unit on the left, and the CVAX clock chip above the CFPA.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>CVAX</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> chipset developed and fabricated by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) that implemented the <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a> (ISA). The chipset consisted of the CVAX 78034 CPU, CFPA floating-point accelerator, CVAX clock chip, and the associated support chips, the CVAX System Support Chip (CSSC), CVAX Memory Controller (CMCTL), and CVAX Q-Bus Interface Chip (CQBIC). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CVAX_78034">CVAX 78034</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVAX&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: CVAX 78034"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CVAX 78034, also known as the MicroVAX 78034, is a second-generation single-chip VAX microprocessor. Systems featuring the CVAX chip set became available in late 1987. It is clocked at frequencies of 12.5 MHz (80 ns) in higher-end systems such as the <a href="/wiki/VAX_6000" title="VAX 6000">VAX 6000 Model 200</a> and at 11.11 MHz (90 ns) in lower-end systems such as the <a href="/wiki/MicroVAX" title="MicroVAX">MicroVAX 3500 and 3600</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-DTJ-8-88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEC_CVAX%2B_CPU_die.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/DEC_CVAX%2B_CPU_die.JPG/220px-DEC_CVAX%2B_CPU_die.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/DEC_CVAX%2B_CPU_die.JPG/330px-DEC_CVAX%2B_CPU_die.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/DEC_CVAX%2B_CPU_die.JPG/440px-DEC_CVAX%2B_CPU_die.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="3242" /></a><figcaption>DEC CVAX+ 78034 CPU die shot</figcaption></figure> <p>The 78034 was the first VAX microprocessor to have internal caches, a 1 KB combined instruction and data stream cache.<sup id="cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-DTJ-8-88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cache is quite unusual as it is implemented with one-transistor <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-DTJ-8-88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the majority of microprocessors use SRAM for their internal caches. This was the first microprocessor to use one-transistor DRAM for cache.<sup id="cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-DTJ-8-88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DEC chose to use DRAM for the cache to reduce the area of the cache array. The designers concluded that to implement this cache with four-transistor DRAM cells or six-transistor SRAM cells would have taken 2.4 to 3 times more area.<sup id="cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-DTJ-8-88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internal cache is located in a narrow strip along the left side of the <a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">die</a>. An external 64 KB cache complements the 1 KB internal cache. </p><p>The 78034 contains 134,000 transistors on a die measuring 9.7 by 7.4 mm (71.78 mm<sup>2</sup>). It is fabricated in DEC's first-generation CMOS process, CMOS-1, a 2.0 μm CMOS process with two layers of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_interconnect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium interconnect">aluminium interconnect</a>. The 78034 is packaged in an 84-pin ceramic chip carrier with a heat sink. It uses single +5 volt power supply and dissipates a maximum of 1.5 W.<sup id="cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-DTJ-8-88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The microprocessor is microprogrammed and partially pipelined and consists of six major functional units, the I-Box, E-Box, M-box, bus interface unit (BIU), cache, and control store and microsequencer. The I-Box fetches VAX instructions from the cache and decodes them (parses) into macroinstructions. The I-Box has an IROM (Instruction decode ROM) that holds the information required to do so. </p><p>The E-Box consists of a register file, a 32-bit program counter, a constant generator, a shifter and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The register file contains 31 single-read-port/single-write-port registers and eight dual-read-port/single-write port registers. The ALU is 32-bit and is capable of executing addition, subtraction and logic instructions. Although the E-Box contains a dedicated shifter, the ALU also features a shifter, a less powerful one, for the purpose of executing integer multiply and divide instructions. The design of the register file permits these execution units to achieve higher performance by permitting more instances of simultaneous access to the registers. </p><p>The M-Box is the memory management unit. It has a 28-entry fully associative translation look-aside buffer (TLB) to translate virtual addresses into physical address. In addition to the TLB, it has registers that determine the memory address to read or write to. The M-Box works closely with the BIU, which controls access to the internal cache and interfaces the microprocessor to the 32-bit address data multiplexed external bus. </p><p>The control store and microsequencer provides the means of controls of the operation of the other functional units with microcode. The control store has a ROM containing 1,600 41-bit words. Each 41-bit word is divided into two, a 28-bit field that controls the functional units, and a 13-bit field that controls the microsequencer. Unlike the MicroVAX 78032, which uses X-shaped cells, the 78034 uses conventional H-shaped cells. The microsequencer's purpose is to supply microaddresses to the control store. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CFPA">CFPA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVAX&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: CFPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CFPA (CVAX Floating Point Accelerator) is a floating point coprocessor for the CVAX 78034. </p><p>The CFPA contains 65,000 transistors on a die measuring 7.3 by 9.1 mm (66.43 mm<sup>2</sup>). It is fabricated in DEC's first-generation CMOS process, CMOS-1, a 2.0 μm process with two layers of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_interconnect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium interconnect">aluminium interconnect</a>. It is packaged in a 68-pin surface mountable chip carrier.<sup id="cite_ref-CFPA-DTJ-8-88_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFPA-DTJ-8-88-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_development">Further development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVAX&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CVAX+"><span id="CVAX.2B"></span>CVAX+</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVAX&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CVAX+"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CVAX_21-24674-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/CVAX_21-24674-17.jpg/220px-CVAX_21-24674-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/CVAX_21-24674-17.jpg/330px-CVAX_21-24674-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/CVAX_21-24674-17.jpg/440px-CVAX_21-24674-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>CVAX-60 Chip</figcaption></figure> <p><b>CVAX+</b> referred to an optical shrink of the original CVAX fabricated in DEC's second-generation CMOS process, CMOS-2, a 1.5 μm process with two levels of wiring. The original design team shrunk the CVAX 78034, CFPA and CMCTL, with the other chips left unchanged. The shrunk 78034 was known as the <b>CVAX-60</b>, which taped out in August 1987, before the original 78034 begun volume production, and the <b>CFPA-60</b> taped out in November 1987. The CVAX+ operated at 16.67 MHz, but power requirements was unchanged. </p><p>The CVAX+ started to ship in late 1988, as upgrades to all entry-level CVAX-based systems and were also provided as an upgrade to the <a href="/wiki/VAX_6000" title="VAX 6000">VAX 6000</a> when the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Rigel_(microprocessor)" title="Rigel (microprocessor)">Rigel</a> was delayed by yield issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SOC">SOC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVAX&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: SOC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEC_CVAX_SoC_die.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/DEC_CVAX_SoC_die.JPG/220px-DEC_CVAX_SoC_die.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/DEC_CVAX_SoC_die.JPG/330px-DEC_CVAX_SoC_die.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/DEC_CVAX_SoC_die.JPG/440px-DEC_CVAX_SoC_die.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3363" data-file-height="3323" /></a><figcaption>DEC CVAX SOC CPU die shot</figcaption></figure> <p><b>SOC</b> referred to a microprocessor which contained the CVAX 78034, CFPA, clock chip, and an 8 KB second level cache on a single die. Operating at 25 or 28.5 MHz, it was introduced in 1990 and used in entry-level servers, workstations, VXT-2000 X terminals, and as an embedded microprocessor in DEC's high-end printers and terminals. It was fabricated in DEC's third-generation CMOS process, CMOS-3, a 1.0 μm process with three levels of wiring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVAX&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1-DTJ-8-88-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-DTJ-8-88_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas_F._FoxPaul_E._CronowskiAnil_K._JainBurton_M._Leary1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Thomas F. Fox; Paul E. Cronowski; Anil K. Jain; Burton M. Leary; Daniel G. Miner (August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1000bit.it/ad/bro/digital/djt/dtj%5Fv01%2D07%5Faug1988.pdf">"The CVAX 78034 Chip, a 32-bit Second-generation VAX Microprocessor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Digital Technical Journal</i>. No. 7. Digital Equipment Corporation. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+CVAX+78034+Chip%2C+a+32-bit+Second-generation+VAX+Microprocessor&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=1988-08&rft.au=Thomas+F.+Fox&rft.au=Paul+E.+Cronowski&rft.au=Anil+K.+Jain&rft.au=Burton+M.+Leary&rft.au=Daniel+G.+Miner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1000bit.it%2Fad%2Fbro%2Fdigital%2Fdjt%2Fdtj%255Fv01%252D07%255Faug1988.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFPA-DTJ-8-88-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CFPA-DTJ-8-88_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_J._McLellanGilbert_M._WolrichRobert_AJ_Wodlowski1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Edward J. McLellan; Gilbert M. Wolrich; Robert AJ Wodlowski (August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1000bit.it/ad/bro/digital/djt/dtj%5Fv01%2D07%5Faug1988.pdf">"Development of the CVAX Floating Point Chip"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Digital Technical Journal</i>. No. 7. Digital Equipment Corporation. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+CVAX+Floating+Point+Chip&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=1988-08&rft.au=Edward+J.+McLellan&rft.au=Gilbert+M.+Wolrich&rft.au=Robert+AJ+Wodlowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1000bit.it%2Fad%2Fbro%2Fdigital%2Fdjt%2Fdtj%255Fv01%252D07%255Faug1988.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACVAX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVAX&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simh.trailing-edge.com/semi/cvax.html">"CVAX" at The Computer History Simulation Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Olsen" title="Ken Olsen">Ken Olsen</a> (founder and CEO, 1957–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Anderson" title="Harlan Anderson">Harlan Anderson</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell" title="Gordon Bell">Gordon Bell</a> (VP of engineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(computer_businessman)" title="Robert Palmer (computer businessman)">Robert Palmer</a> (CEO, 1992–1998)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/110px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/165px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg/220px-Digital_Equipment_Corporation_1993_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LSI-11</li> <li>F-11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_T-11" title="DEC T-11">T-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_J-11" title="DEC J-11">J-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_V-11" title="DEC V-11">V-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroVAX_78032" title="MicroVAX 78032">MicroVAX 78032</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CVAX</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#SOC">SOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigel_(microprocessor)" title="Rigel (microprocessor)">Rigel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigel_(microprocessor)#Mariah" title="Rigel (microprocessor)">Mariah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVAX" title="NVAX">NVAX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064" title="Alpha 21064">Alpha 21064</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064#Alpha_21066" title="Alpha 21064">21066</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21064#Alpha_21068" title="Alpha 21064">21068</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21164" title="Alpha 21164">Alpha 21164</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_21164#Alpha_21164PC_(PCA56)" title="Alpha 21164">21164PC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21264" title="Alpha 21264">Alpha 21264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21364" title="Alpha 21364">Alpha 21364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_21464" title="Alpha 21464">Alpha 21464</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_PRISM" title="DEC PRISM">MicroPRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StrongARM" title="StrongARM">StrongARM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">Computer<br />terminals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VT05" title="VT05">VT05</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_GT40" title="DEC GT40">GT40</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT52" title="VT52">VT50/VT52</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT55" class="mw-redirect" title="VT55">VT55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT62" class="mw-redirect" title="VT62">VT62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT100" title="VT100">VT100</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT101" class="mw-redirect" title="VT101">VT101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT102" class="mw-redirect" title="VT102">VT102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT103" class="mw-redirect" title="VT103">VT103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT105" class="mw-redirect" title="VT105">VT105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT131" class="mw-redirect" title="VT131">VT131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT180" title="VT180">VT180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VT220</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT240" class="mw-redirect" title="VT240">VT240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT241" class="mw-redirect" title="VT241">VT241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT320" title="VT320">VT320</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT330" class="mw-redirect" title="VT330">VT330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT340" class="mw-redirect" title="VT340">VT340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT420" title="VT420">VT420</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT1000" title="VT1000">VT1000</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT510" class="mw-redirect" title="VT510">VT510</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT520" title="VT520">VT520</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT525" class="mw-redirect" title="VT525">VT525</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-7#Software" title="PDP-7">DECsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_Disk_Monitor_System" class="mw-redirect" title="4K Disk Monitor System">4K DMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Operating_System" title="Commercial Operating System">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-15" class="mw-redirect" title="RSX-15">RSX-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSS/8" title="TSS/8">TSS/8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/8" title="OS/8">OS/8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11" title="DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11">DOS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Application_System" title="Interactive Application System">IAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS#1970s" title="MUMPS">DSM-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VAX/VMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXELN" title="VAXELN">VAXELN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_MICA" title="DEC MICA">MICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital UNIX">Digital UNIX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASIC-8" title="BASIC-8">BASIC-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIBOL" title="DIBOL">DIBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_(programming_language)" title="FOCAL (programming language)">FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACRO-10" title="MACRO-10">MACRO-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACRO-11" title="MACRO-11">MACRO-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_MACRO" title="VAX MACRO">VAX MACRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIGITAL_Command_Language" title="DIGITAL Command Language">DIGITAL Command Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character sets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Code page 1100</a> (Multinational)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">Code page 1287</a> (Greek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">Code page 1288</a> (Turkish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">RADIX 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">Digital Storage Systems Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massbus" title="Massbus">Massbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Disk_Interconnect" title="Standard Disk Interconnect">Standard Disk Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Backplane_Interconnect" title="Synchronous Backplane Interconnect">Synchronous Backplane Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI bus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DECtalk" title="DECtalk">DECtalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECtape" title="DECtape">DECtape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECwriter" title="DECwriter">DECwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">Digital Linear Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamically_Redefined_Character_Set" title="Dynamically Redefined Character Set">Dynamically Redefined Character Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(cache_coherence_protocol)" title="Firefly (cache coherence protocol)">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-Chip_module" title="Flip-Chip module">Flip-Chip module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_key_(DEC)" title="Gold key (DEC)">Gold key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK201" title="LK201">LK201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK421" title="LK421">LK421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Storage_Control_Protocol" title="Mass Storage Control Protocol">Mass Storage Control Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALcode" title="PALcode">PALcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RA90" title="RA90">RA90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RK05" title="RK05">RK05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RL02" title="RL02">RL02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_coupler" title="Star coupler">Star coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Module" title="System Module">System Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TU81" title="TU81">TU81</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CPU_Wars" title="CPU Wars">CPU Wars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet">DECnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECUS" title="DECUS">DECUS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HP-Interex" title="HP-Interex">HP-Interex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Federal_Credit_Union" title="Digital Federal Credit Union">Digital Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_debugging_technique" title="Dynamic debugging technique">Dynamic debugging technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX!32" title="FX!32">FX!32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Transport" title="Local Area Transport">Local Area Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_Operations_Protocol" title="Maintenance Operations Protocol">Maintenance Operations Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-line_Debugging_Tool" title="On-line Debugging Tool">On-line Debugging Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALcode" title="PALcode">PALcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_Management_Services" title="Record Management Services">Record Management Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReGIS" title="ReGIS">ReGIS</a></li> <li>Sequence and Batch Language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixel" title="Sixel">Sixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Reference_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="System Reference Manual">System Reference Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Systems_Research_Center" title="DEC Systems Research Center">Systems Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD/SMP" title="TD/SMP">TD/SMP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Entrepreneur" title="The Ultimate Entrepreneur">The Ultimate Entrepreneur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT640" title="VT640">VT640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPS-8" 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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