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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instruction_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruction_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Instruction set</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruction_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_panel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_panel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Control panel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_panel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LINCtape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LINCtape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>LINCtape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LINCtape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Keyboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knobs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knobs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Knobs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knobs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Text display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teletype_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teletype_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Teletype output</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teletype_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Laboratory interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LINC-8_and_PDP-12_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LINC-8_and_PDP-12_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>LINC-8 and PDP-12 computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LINC-8_and_PDP-12_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MINC-11_computer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MINC-11_computer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>MINC-11 computer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MINC-11_computer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer made at MIT in 1962</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the minicomputer. For the programming language, see <a href="/wiki/LINC_4GL" title="LINC 4GL">LINC 4GL</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Linc_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Linc (disambiguation)">Linc (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">LINC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Allen_Wilkes_-_LINC_at_Home_-_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mary_Allen_Wilkes_-_LINC_at_Home_-_1965.jpg/250px-Mary_Allen_Wilkes_-_LINC_at_Home_-_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mary_Allen_Wilkes_-_LINC_at_Home_-_1965.jpg/375px-Mary_Allen_Wilkes_-_LINC_at_Home_-_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mary_Allen_Wilkes_-_LINC_at_Home_-_1965.jpg/500px-Mary_Allen_Wilkes_-_LINC_at_Home_-_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1911" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">LINC home computer with its software designer, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Allen_Wilkes" title="Mary Allen Wilkes">Mary Allen Wilkes</a>, 1965</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> and Spear Inc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Minicomputer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1962<span class="noprint">; 62 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1962-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introductory price</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$43,600</span> (equivalent to $439,000 in 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Units sold</th><td class="infobox-data">21 (by DEC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Units shipped</th><td class="infobox-data">50</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Display</th><td class="infobox-data">2 oscilloscope displays</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Input</th><td class="infobox-data">Knobs, keyboard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DEC 12-bit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/PDP-5" title="PDP-5">PDP-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/LINC-8" title="LINC-8">LINC-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDP-12" title="PDP-12">PDP-12</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LINC_Computer_(5900038265).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LINC_Computer_%285900038265%29.jpg/220px-LINC_Computer_%285900038265%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LINC_Computer_%285900038265%29.jpg/330px-LINC_Computer_%285900038265%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LINC_Computer_%285900038265%29.jpg/440px-LINC_Computer_%285900038265%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>LINC computer at the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>LINC</b> (<b>Laboratory INstrument Computer</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/12-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="12-bit">12-bit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2048-word <a href="/wiki/Transistorized_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistorized computer">transistorized computer</a>. The LINC is considered by some<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be the first <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a> and a forerunner to the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>. Originally named the Linc, suggesting the project's origins at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a>, it was renamed LINC after the project moved from the Lincoln Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkTLWEAS1986_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkTLWEAS1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LINC was designed by <a href="/wiki/Wesley_A._Clark" title="Wesley A. Clark">Wesley A. Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Molnar" title="Charles Molnar">Charles Molnar</a>. </p><p>The LINC and other "MIT Group" machines were designed at MIT and eventually built by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) and Spear Inc. of <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham, Massachusetts</a> (later a division of <a href="/wiki/Becton,_Dickinson_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Becton, Dickinson and Company">Becton, Dickinson and Company</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkTLWEAS1986_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkTLWEAS1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LINC sold for more than $40,000 at the time. A typical configuration included an enclosed 6'X20" <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">rack</a>; four boxes holding (1) two tape drives, (2) display scope and input knobs, (3) control console and (4) data terminal interface; and a keyboard. </p><p>The LINC interfaced well with laboratory experiments. Analog inputs and outputs were part of the basic design. It was designed in 1962 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Molnar" title="Charles Molnar">Charles Molnar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesley_A._Clark" title="Wesley A. Clark">Wesley Clark</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a>, Massachusetts,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">NIH</a> researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-november_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-november-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LINC's design was in the public domain, perhaps making it unique in the history of computers. A dozen LINC computers were assembled by their eventual biomedical researcher owners in a 1963 summer workshop at MIT.<sup id="cite_ref-november_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-november-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (starting in 1964) and, later, Spear Inc. of Waltham, Massachusetts,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manufactured them commercially. </p><p>DEC's pioneer <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell" title="Gordon Bell">C. Gordon Bell</a><sup id="cite_ref-BELL_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BELL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that the LINC project began in 1961, with first delivery in March 1962, and the machine was not formally withdrawn until December 1969. A total of 50 were built (all using DEC System Module Blocks and cabinets), most at Lincoln Labs, housing the desktop instruments in four wooden racks. The first LINC included two oscilloscope displays. Twenty-one were sold by DEC at $43,600 (equivalent to $439,000 in 2023), delivered in the Production Model design. In these, the tall cabinet sitting behind a white <a href="/wiki/Formica_(plastic)" title="Formica (plastic)">Formica</a>-covered table held two somewhat smaller metal boxes holding the same instrumentation, a <a href="/wiki/Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a> display <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscope</a> over the "front panel" on the user's left, a bay for interfaces over two LINC-Tape drives on the user's right, and a chunky keyboard between them. The standard program development software (an assembler/editor) was designed by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Allen_Wilkes" title="Mary Allen Wilkes">Mary Allen Wilkes</a>; the last version was named LAP6 (LINC Assembly Program 6). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LINC has 2048 12-bit words of memory in two sections.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the first 1024 words were usable for program execution. The second section of memory could only be used for data. </p><p>Programs can use a 12-bit accumulator and a one-bit link register. The first sixteen locations in program memory have special functions. Location 0 supports the single-level of subroutine call, automatically being updated with a return address on every jump instruction. The next fifteen locations can be used as index registers by one of the addressing modes. A programmable, six-bit relay register is intended for use by external instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later modification to the LINC added a 12-bit Z register to facilitate extended precision arithmetic, and an interrupt was provided forcing execution to location 21 (octal). </p><p>Alphanumeric input/output devices included a dedicated keyboard, and the ability to display text on the attached point-addressed CRT. A teleprinter could be connected for printed output. </p><p>Arithmetic was <a href="/wiki/Ones%27_complement" title="Ones' complement">ones' complement</a>, which meant that there were representations for "plus zero" and "minus zero". </p><p>The original LINC required 8 microseconds for each instruction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruction_set">Instruction set</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruction set"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The natural notation used for the LINC was <a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">octal</a>. In this section, all numbers are given as <a href="/wiki/Base_ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Base ten">base ten</a> unless identified as octal. The LINC instruction set was designed for ease of use with scientific instruments or custom experimental apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Miscellaneous class, no address - Halt, clear accumulator, enable tape mark write gate, transfer accumulator to relay register, read relay register to accumulator, no operation, complement accumulator</li> <li>Shift class, no address (all operate on the accumulator and optionally the link bit) - rotate left, rotate right, scale right (replicates sign bit),</li> <li>Full address class, two word instructions. immediate address given in second 12-bit word of the opcode - add, store and clear accumulator, jump. Only the first 1024 words of memory can be accessed.</li> <li>Skip class, skips the next instruction, can test for set or clear condition. Conditions are: external logic line (14 input lines could be tested), key struck, one of five sense switches, accumulator positive, link bit zero, or active tape unit in an interblock zone. Later models added skip on bit 0 of the Z register, skip on overflow, and skip on interrupt paused.</li> <li>Index class - these instructions could either have a second word that was the immediate operand, or that specified the operand address, or that specified one of the registers 01 through 15 (decimal) as holding the address of the operand. The address was incremented. These instructions included load or add to accumulator, add accumulator to memory, add accumulator with carry to memory, multiply (producing a 22 bit signed product), skip if equal, skip and rotate, bit clear, bit set, and bit complement. Another instruction in this group was to display a bit map, to represent a character or other data, on the built-in CRT display screen.</li> <li>Half-word class - instructions operating on the lower or upper six bits of a word. These included load half, store half, skip if halves are different,</li> <li>Set - moves data from any memory location to one of the locations 1 through 15.</li> <li>Sample - reads one of the sixteen 8-bit analog to digital converters and places the signed value in the accumulator. The first eight A/D channels were dedicated to control panel knobs to allow interaction with a running program by the user. The instruction could either hold the computer till a conversion result was ready, or allow more instructions to be executed provided they didn't rely on the contents of the accumulator, which would be overwritten by the A/D conversion value.</li> <li>Display - draws a pixel on one of the CRT displays at a specified location, optionally indexing a register.</li> <li>Index and skip - adds one to one of the memory locations 1 through 15, and skips if a 10-bit overflow occurs.</li> <li>Operate class, used for input/output operations. These included set a bit on one of 14 output lines, read the keyboard, or read the left or right switch bank.</li> <li>Tape class, with opcodes to position the tape, read or write to the tape, and to check the tape against memory.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_panel">Control panel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Control panel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LINC control panel is used for single-stepping through programs and for program <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a>. Execution can be stopped when the <a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">program counter</a> matched a set of switches. Another function allows execution to be stopped when a particular address was accessed. The single-step and the resume functions can be automatically repeated. The repetition rate can be varied over four orders of magnitude by means of an analog knob and a four-position decade switch, from about one step per second to about half of the full speed. Running a program at one step per second and gradually accelerating it to full speed provided an extremely dramatic way to experience and appreciate the speed of the computer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LINCtape">LINCtape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: LINCtape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A noteworthy feature of the LINC was the LINCtape. It was a fundamental part of the machine design, not an optional peripheral, and the machine's OS relied on it. The LINCtape can be compared to a linear diskette with a slow seek time. The magnetic tape drives on large machines of the day stored large quantities of data, took minutes to spool from end to end, but could not reliably update blocks of data in place. In contrast, the LINCtape was a small, nimble device which stored about 400K, had a fixed formatting track allowing data to be repeatedly read and re-written to the same locations, and took less than a minute to spool from one end to the other. The tape was formatted in fixed-sized blocks, and was used to hold a directory and file system. A single hardware instruction could seek and then read or write multiple tape blocks all in one operation. </p><p>Filenames were six characters long. The file system allowed for two files—a source file and an executable binary file to be stored under the same name. In effect it was a 6.1 filename in which the extension was restricted to "S" or "B". Since the basic LINC had only 1024 12-bit words of core memory (RAM)—and the big, expanded LINC had only 2048—normal operations depended heavily on swapping to and from LINCtape. Digital later patented and marketed a similar design under the name <a href="/wiki/DECtape" title="DECtape">DECtape</a>; Digital's patents on DECtape were eventually tested in court and found invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-DECtapePatent_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DECtapePatent-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LINCtape is also remembered for its reliability, which was higher than that of the diskettes which supplanted it. LINCtape incorporated a very simple form of redundancy—all data was duplicated in two locations across the tape. LINC users demonstrated this by punching holes in a tape with an ordinary office paper punch. Tape damaged in this way was perfectly readable. The formatting track made operation almost independent of tape speed, which was, in fact, quite variable. There was no <a href="/wiki/Tape_transport#Capstan" title="Tape transport">capstan</a>; the motion of the tape during reading and writing was directly controlled by the reel motors. There was no fast forward or rewind—reading and writing was performed at fast forward and rewind speeds. In some modes of operation, the data transfers were audible over the built-in loudspeaker and produced a very characteristic series of harsh bird-like squawks with varying pitch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keyboard">Keyboard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Keyboard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LINC keyboard, manufactured by company named Soroban Engineering, had a unique locking solenoid. The internal mechanism of each key had a slot that worked with a set of bars to encode the character and another slot that caught a locking bar, which locked all the keys in one mechanical movement of the locking solenoid. </p><p>When the user pressed a key, the pressed key was locked in its down position, and all the other keys were locked in the up position. When the running program read the keyboard, the lock was released, and the pressed key would pop back up. This could have the effect of slowing down typing and preventing even <a href="/wiki/Rollover_(key)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollover (key)">2-key rollover</a>. This exotic keyboard was abandoned in favor of Teletype keyboards, such as the Model 35 KSR and Model 37 KSR, in the LINC-8 and PDP-12 follow-on computers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knobs">Knobs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Knobs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linc-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Linc-8.jpg/220px-Linc-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Linc-8.jpg/330px-Linc-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Linc-8.jpg/440px-Linc-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1785" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>The rotary knobs on the front panel could be used as a <a href="/wiki/Dial_box" title="Dial box">dial box</a>. (Photo of LINC-8)</figcaption></figure> <p>The LINC included a set of eight three-turn potentiometers (numbered 0-7) that could each be read by a computer instruction. The <a href="/wiki/Dial_box" title="Dial box">dial box</a> was a convenient user input device at a time before general adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a>. For example, one knob could control the scaling of a displayed graph, and another might be used as a cursor to display the actual data value at a point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text_display">Text display</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Text display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/92/Lincm.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption>The capital letter M as it was displayed in a 4 by 6 character cell on the LINC screen</figcaption></figure> <p>The LINC hardware allowed a 12-bit word to be rapidly and automatically displayed on the screen as a 4-wide by 6-high matrix of pixels, making it possible to display full screens of flicker-free text with a minimum of dedicated hardware. The standard display routines generated 4 by 6 character cells, giving the LINC one of the coarsest character sets ever designed. </p><p>The display screen was a CRT about 5 inches square which was actually a standard <a href="/wiki/Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a> oscilloscope with special plug-in amplifiers. The special plug-ins could be replaced with standard oscilloscope plug-ins for use in diagnostic maintenance of the computer. Many LINCs were supplied as kits to be assembled by the end user, so the oscilloscope came in handy. </p><p>The CRT used a very-long-persistence white or yellow phosphor, so that lines and curves drawn point-by-point at a relatively slow speed would remain visible throughout programmed drawing loops that frequently lasted half a second or more. The y-axis displayed both plus and minus zero as different values, unnecessarily reflecting the fact that the LINC used <a href="/wiki/Ones%27_complement" title="Ones' complement">ones' complement</a> arithmetic. Programmers quickly learned to move any negative displayed data up one point to hide the artifact that otherwise tended to appear at y=0. </p><p>Notoriously, a tight loop that displayed points repetitively in one place on the screen would <a href="/wiki/Screen_burn-in" title="Screen burn-in">burn a permanent dark hole</a> in the delicate phosphor in well under a minute; programmers had to be ready to hit the Stop lever fast if a very bright spot suddenly appeared because of a programming mistake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teletype_output">Teletype output</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Teletype output"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Printed output on a <a href="/wiki/Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype Model 33</a> ASR was controlled by a single pole relay. A <a href="/wiki/Bit_banging" title="Bit banging">subroutine</a> would convert the LINC character codes into ASCII and use timing loops to toggle the relay on and off, generating the correct <a href="/wiki/8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> output to control the Teletype printer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laboratory_interface">Laboratory interface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Laboratory interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LINC connector module included bays for two plug-in chassis allowing custom interfacing to experimental setups. Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters were built into the computer and each could be accessed by a single machine instruction. Six relays were also available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the original "classic" LINC, slight programming variations occurred when using the micro-LINC (μ-LINC<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (1965), micro-LINC 300 (μ-LINC 300<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> [<a href="/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">MECL</a>] versions),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/LINC-8" title="LINC-8">LINC-8</a>. There were variations in the input/output equipment, access to memory. Later models had a faster clock speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LINC-8_and_PDP-12_computers">LINC-8 and PDP-12 computers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: LINC-8 and PDP-12 computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PDP-12_VCF_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PDP-12_VCF_2001.jpg/250px-PDP-12_VCF_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/PDP-12_VCF_2001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>PDP-12 computer at the First Vintage Computer Festival East</figcaption></figure> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell" title="Gordon Bell">Bell</a> in his book<sup id="cite_ref-BELL_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BELL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says designing the LINC provided the ideas for DEC's second and third machines, the <a href="/wiki/PDP-4" title="PDP-4">PDP-4</a> and the <a href="/wiki/PDP-5" title="PDP-5">PDP-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> would launch the extremely successful <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a> before it manufactured the first next-generation LINC-compatible computer, the <a href="/wiki/LINC-8" title="LINC-8">LINC-8</a> and a combination PDP-8/I and LINC, combined as the <a href="/wiki/PDP-12" title="PDP-12">PDP-12</a>, the last machine incorporating the LINC instruction set.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DEC's final 12-bit lab machine, the LAB-8/E, did not incorporate the LINC instruction set. The first follow-on, the LINC-8, booted (slowly) to a PDP-8 program called PROGOFOP (PROGram OF OPeration) which interfaced to the separate LINC hardware. The PDP-12 was the last and most popular follow-on to the LINC. It was a capable and improved machine, and was more stable than the LINC-8, but architecturally was still an imperfect hybrid of a LINC and a PDP-8, full of many small technical glitches. (For example, the LINC had an overflow bit which was a small but important part of the LINC's machine state; the PDP-12 had no provision for saving and restoring the state of this bit across PDP-8 interrupts.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MINC-11_computer">MINC-11 computer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: MINC-11 computer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital produced a version of the PDP-11/03 called the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11#MINC-11" title="PDP-11">MINC-11</a>, housed in a portable cart, and equipable with Digital-designed laboratory I/O modules supporting capabilities such as analog input and output. A programming language, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MINC_BASIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MINC BASIC (page does not exist)">MINC BASIC</a>, included integrated support for the laboratory I/O modules. MINC stood for "Modular Instrument Computer." The name undoubtedly was intended to evoke memories of the LINC, but the 16-bit machine had no architectural resemblance to, or compatibility with, the LINC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_Data_Processor" title="Programmed Data Processor">Programmed Data Processor</a> (PDP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NIH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Linc+06">"Laboratory Instrument Computer (LINC)"</a>. <i>Office of NIH History (history.noh.org)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+NIH+History+%28history.noh.org%29&rft.atitle=Laboratory+Instrument+Computer+%28LINC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nih.gov%2Fdisplay%2Fhistory%2FLinc%2B06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example see William H. Calvin's letter <i>The Missing LINC</i>, <i>BYTE</i> magazine April 1982 page 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClarkTLWEAS1986-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkTLWEAS1986_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkTLWEAS1986_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1986" class="citation conference cs1">Clark, Wesley A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digibarn.com/stories/linc/documents/LINC-Personal-Workstation/LINC-Personal-Workstation.pdf"><i>The LINC was early and small</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ACM Conference on The history of personal workstations. Palo Alto, California, United States: ACM. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+LINC+was+early+and+small&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+California%2C+United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Wesley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digibarn.com%2Fstories%2Flinc%2Fdocuments%2FLINC-Personal-Workstation%2FLINC-Personal-Workstation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">presentations at The Computer Museum, Marlborough, in the hands of its successor, The Computer History Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-november-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-november_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-november_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovember2012" class="citation book cs1">November, Joseph (2012). "The LINC Revolution: The Forgotten Biomedical Origins of Personal Computing". <i>Biomedical Computing: Digitizing Life in the United States</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421404684" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421404684"><bdi>978-1421404684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+LINC+Revolution%3A+The+Forgotten+Biomedical+Origins+of+Personal+Computing&rft.btitle=Biomedical+Computing%3A+Digitizing+Life+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1421404684&rft.aulast=November&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirmerCembrowskiCareyToren1973" class="citation journal cs1">Schirmer, James A.; Cembrowski, George S.; Carey, R Neill; Toren, E Clifford (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F19.10.1114">"Computer-Controlled Instrument System for Sequential Clinical Chemical Testing. I. Instrumentation and System Features"</a>. <i>Clinical Chemistry</i>. <b>19</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1114–</span>1121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F19.10.1114">10.1093/clinchem/19.10.1114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4741949">4741949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Computer-Controlled+Instrument+System+for+Sequential+Clinical+Chemical+Testing.+I.+Instrumentation+and+System+Features&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1114-%3C%2Fspan%3E1121&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F19.10.1114&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4741949&rft.aulast=Schirmer&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Cembrowski%2C+George+S.&rft.au=Carey%2C+R+Neill&rft.au=Toren%2C+E+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fclinchem%252F19.10.1114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BELL-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BELL_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BELL_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Gordon Bell writing in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/_Books/Bell-ComputerEngineering.pdf"><i>Computer Engineering a DEC View of Hardware Systems Designs</i></a> (c) Copyright originally held by Digital Press, out of print but available at Bell's web sites, pp 176–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Allen_WilkesWesley_A._Clarke1969" class="citation book cs1">Mary Allen Wilkes; Wesley A. Clarke (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/pdf/washingtonUniversity/linc/Programming_the_LINC_Second_Edition_Jan69.pdf"><i>Programming the LINC Second Edition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Computer Systems Laboratory, Washington University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+the+LINC+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Computer+Systems+Laboratory%2C+Washington+University&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Mary+Allen+Wilkes&rft.au=Wesley+A.+Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FwashingtonUniversity%2Flinc%2FProgramming_the_LINC_Second_Edition_Jan69.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drdobbs.com/the-linc-an-early-personal-computer/184404067">"The LINC: An Early "Personal Computer"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>DrDobbs.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrDobbs.com&rft.atitle=The+LINC%3A+An+Early+%22Personal+Computer%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fthe-linc-an-early-personal-computer%2F184404067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DECtapePatent-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DECtapePatent_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas C. Stockebrand, Bidirectional Retrieval of Magnetically Recorded Data, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3387293">U.S. patent 3,387,293</a></span>, issued June 4, 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martha Blumenthal, Fraud Ruled in 1968 DEC Tape Patent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_blY9oI5CYC&pg=PA65">Computerworld</a>, May 1, 1978; page 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rya W. Zobel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecases.us/case/mad/2125524/digital-equip-corp-v-parker">Memorandum of Decision</a>, Digital Equip. Corp. v. Parker, April 2, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin H. Campbell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/653/701/313062/">Court ruling</a>, Digital Equipment Corporation, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Sidney A. Diamond, Etc., et al., 653 F.2d 701 (1st Cir. 1981), June 12, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Appendix IV: LINC Variants". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_washingtonammingtheLINCSecondEditionJan69_5656103"><i>washingtonUniversity :: linc :: Programming the LINC Second Edition Jan69</i></a>. Jan 1969. pp. IV-1 (141).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+IV%3A+LINC+Variants&rft.btitle=washingtonUniversity+%3A%3A+linc+%3A%3A+Programming+the+LINC+Second+Edition+Jan69&rft.pages=IV-1+%28141%29&rft.date=1969-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_washingtonammingtheLINCSecondEditionJan69_5656103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/pdf/washingtonUniversity/linc/LINC_Documents/LD27_Users_Guide_to_LINC_Variants_Jun68.pdf">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75NRAAAAYAAJ&q=%22micro-LINC%22"><i>Datamation</i></a>. Cahners Publishing Company. 1968. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Datamation&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Cahners+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75NRAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522micro-LINC%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYJMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22micro-LINC+300%22"><i>Medical Instrumentation</i></a>. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Instrumentation&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYJMAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522micro-LINC%2B300%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foldoc.org/Laboratory+INstrument+Computer">"Laboratory INstrument Computer from FOLDOC"</a>. <i>foldoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-03</span></span>. <q>The interesting thing about the Spear micro-LINC 300 was that it used MECL II logic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foldoc.org&rft.atitle=Laboratory+INstrument+Computer+from+FOLDOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoldoc.org%2FLaboratory%2BINstrument%2BComputer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1986" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Wesley (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digibarn.com/stories/linc/documents/LINC-Personal-Workstation/">"Digibarn Stories: LINC-1986 Conf. Proc on History of the Personal Workstation - "The LINC was Early and Small"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.digibarn.com</i>. p. 152 (20)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digibarn.com&rft.atitle=Digibarn+Stories%3A+LINC-1986+Conf.+Proc+on+History+of+the+Personal+Workstation+-+%22The+LINC+was+Early+and+Small%22&rft.pages=p.+152+%2820%29&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digibarn.com%2Fstories%2Flinc%2Fdocuments%2FLINC-Personal-Workstation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersA_6877674">"across the editor's desk: COMPUTING AND DATA PROCESSING NEWSLETTER - INTEGRATED CIRCUIT VERSION OF LINC COMPUTER"</a>. <i>Computers and Automation</i>. <b>14</b> (9): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersA_6877674/page/n36">37</a>-38. September 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+and+Automation&rft.atitle=across+the+editor%27s+desk%3A+COMPUTING+AND+DATA+PROCESSING+NEWSLETTER+-+INTEGRATED+CIRCUIT+VERSION+OF+LINC+COMPUTER&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=37-38&rft.date=1965-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_computersA_6877674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/magazines/Computers_And_Automation/196509.pdf">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gordonbell.azurewebsites.net/digital/timeline/1969-2.htm">"PDP-12"</a>. <i>Digital Computing Timeline</i>. Digital Equipment Corporation. August 18, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Computing+Timeline&rft.atitle=PDP-12&rft.date=1997-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgordonbell.azurewebsites.net%2Fdigital%2Ftimeline%2F1969-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LINC&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digibarn.com/history/07-11-04-VCF10-LINC/index.html">The LINC: A Paradigm Shift</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928190658/http://www.mit.edu/people/ijs/epl/LINC.html">The Last LINC</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Cook1992" class="citation magazine cs1">John F. Cook (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rle.mit.edu/media/currents/6-1.pdf">"Lights Out for Last LINC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RLE Currents</i>. Vol. 6, no. 1. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RLE+Currents&rft.atitle=Lights+Out+for+Last+LINC&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1992&rft.au=John+F.+Cook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rle.mit.edu%2Fmedia%2Fcurrents%2F6-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALINC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foldoc.org/Laboratory%20Instrument%20Computer">LINC Description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rcn.com/crfriend/museum/doco/PDP-12/index.shtml">PDP-12 User Manual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107217">Oral history interview with Wesley Clark</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Clark describes his research at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a> and interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Techniques_Office" title="Information Processing Techniques Office">Information Processing Techniques Office</a> (IPTO) of the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA). Topics include: various custom computers built at MIT, including the LINC computer.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/pdf/washingtonUniversity/linc">LINC documentation at bitsavers.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nih.gov/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=8881600">Laboratory Instrument Computer (LINC)</a> LINC pages at The Office of NIH History & Stetten Museum</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/18-bit_computing" title="18-bit computing">18-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-4" title="PDP-4">PDP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-7" title="PDP-7">PDP-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-9" title="PDP-9">PDP-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-15" title="PDP-15">PDP-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LINC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LINC-8" title="LINC-8">LINC-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-5" title="PDP-5">PDP-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-8/e" title="PDP-8/e">PDP-8/e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-12" title="PDP-12">PDP-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECmate" title="DECmate">DECmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-14" title="PDP-14">PDP-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/36-bit_computing" title="36-bit computing">36-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-6" title="PDP-6">PDP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECSYSTEM-20" title="DECSYSTEM-20">DECSYSTEM-20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Professional" title="DEC Professional">DEC Professional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VAX-11" title="VAX-11">VAX-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroVAX" title="MicroVAX">MicroVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_8000" title="VAX 8000">VAX 8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXstation" title="VAXstation">VAXstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Firefly" title="DEC Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXserver" title="VAXserver">VAXserver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_6000" title="VAX 6000">VAX 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_4000" title="VAX 4000">VAX 4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_9000" title="VAX 9000">VAX 9000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXft" title="VAXft">VAXft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_7000_and_VAX_10000" title="VAX 7000 and VAX 10000">VAX 7000 and VAX 10000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_100" title="Rainbow 100">Rainbow 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXmate" title="VAXmate">VAXmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECpc" title="DECpc">DECpc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECstation#PC" title="DECstation">DECstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Multia" title="DEC Multia">Multia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Personal_Workstation" title="Digital Personal Workstation">Digital Personal Workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_HiNote" title="Digital HiNote">HiNote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DECstation#MIPS" title="DECstation">DECstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECsystem" title="DECsystem">DECsystem servers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_3000_AXP" title="DEC 3000 AXP">DEC 3000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_4000_AXP" title="DEC 4000 AXP">DEC 4000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_7000_AXP_and_DEC_10000_AXP" title="DEC 7000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP">DEC 7000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECpc_AXP_150" title="DECpc AXP 150">DECpc AXP 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECpc_AXP_150#DEC_2000_AXP" title="DECpc AXP 150">DEC 2000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Multia" title="DEC Multia">Multia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaServer" title="AlphaServer">AlphaServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaStation" title="AlphaStation">AlphaStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Personal_Workstation" title="Digital Personal Workstation">Digital Personal Workstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compaq_Professional_Workstation" title="Compaq Professional Workstation">Compaq Professional Workstation 1000 XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsy_Pocket_Computer" title="Itsy Pocket Computer">Itsy Pocket Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_project" title="Jupiter project">Jupiter project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VAX_computers" title="List of VAX computers">List of VAX computers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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