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<span>Trigger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trigger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Course of the war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Course of the war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1849" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1849"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1849</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1849-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1850" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1850"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1850</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1851" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1851"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1851</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1851-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1852" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1852"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1852</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1852-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">First Schleswig War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="حرب شلسفيغ الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب شلسفيغ الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی شلسویق ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی شلسویق ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_de_Schleswig" title="Primera Guerra de Schleswig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera Guerra de Schleswig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusko-d%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Prusko-dánská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prusko-dánská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C3%A5rskrigen" title="Treårskrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Treårskrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holsteinische_Erhebung" title="Schleswig-Holsteinische Erhebung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schleswig-Holsteinische Erhebung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esimene_Schleswigi_s%C3%B5da" title="Esimene Schleswigi sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esimene Schleswigi sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%87" title="Πρώτος Πόλεμος του Σλέσβιχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρώτος Πόλεμος του Σλέσβιχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_de_Schleswig" title="Primera guerra de Schleswig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera guerra de Schleswig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="نخستین جنگ شلسویگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نخستین جنگ شلسویگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_de_Schleswig" title="Première guerre de Schleswig – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première guerre de Schleswig" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%8A%90%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EB%B9%84%ED%9E%88_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제1차 슐레스비히 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1차 슐레스비히 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Schleswig_Pertama" title="Perang Schleswig Pertama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Schleswig Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_dello_Schleswig" title="Prima guerra dello Schleswig – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra dello Schleswig" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מלחמת שלזוויג הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת שלזוויג הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(1848-1850)" title="პრუსია-დანიის ომი (1848-1850) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრუსია-დანიის ომი (1848-1850)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прва шлезвишка војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прва шлезвишка војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Duits-Deense_Oorlog" title="Eerste Duits-Deense Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste Duits-Deense Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%92%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="第一次シュレースヴィヒ＝ホルシュタイン戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第一次シュレースヴィヒ＝ホルシュタイン戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_slesvigske_krig" title="Første slesvigske krig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Første slesvigske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinchi_Shlezvig_urushi" title="Birinchi Shlezvig urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birinchi Shlezvig urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_wojna_o_Szlezwik" title="I wojna o Szlezwik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I wojna o Szlezwik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_do_Esl%C3%A9svico" title="Primeira Guerra do Eslésvico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira Guerra do Eslésvico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Germano-Danez" title="Primul Război Germano-Danez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primul Război Germano-Danez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1848%E2%80%941850)" title="Датско-немецкая война (1848—1850) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Датско-немецкая война (1848—1850)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Први шлезвички рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први шлезвички рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_Saksan%E2%80%93Tanskan_sota" title="Ensimmäinen Saksan–Tanskan sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen Saksan–Tanskan sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slesvig-holsteinska_kriget" title="Slesvig-holsteinska kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slesvig-holsteinska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามชเลสวิชครั้งที่หนึ่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามชเลสวิชครั้งที่หนึ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_Schleswig-Holstein_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Birinci Schleswig-Holstein Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birinci Schleswig-Holstein Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with Germany and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" 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style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Schleswig War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Bache_-_Soldaternes_hjemkomst_til_K%C3%B8benhavn_i_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Otto_Bache_-_Soldaternes_hjemkomst_til_K%C3%B8benhavn_i_1849.jpg/300px-Otto_Bache_-_Soldaternes_hjemkomst_til_K%C3%B8benhavn_i_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Otto_Bache_-_Soldaternes_hjemkomst_til_K%C3%B8benhavn_i_1849.jpg/450px-Otto_Bache_-_Soldaternes_hjemkomst_til_K%C3%B8benhavn_i_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Otto_Bache_-_Soldaternes_hjemkomst_til_K%C3%B8benhavn_i_1849.jpg/600px-Otto_Bache_-_Soldaternes_hjemkomst_til_K%C3%B8benhavn_i_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4298" data-file-height="3165" /></a></span><br />Danish soldiers return to Copenhagen in 1849<br />by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Bache" title="Otto Bache">Otto Bache</a> (1894)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 March 1848 – 8 May 1852 (4 years, 1 month and 2 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Danish victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Schleswig-Holstein_18th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Schleswig-Holstein_18th_century.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Schleswig-Holstein_18th_century.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Schleswig-Holstein_18th_century.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Schleswig-Holstein_18th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Schleswig-Holstein_18th_century.png/46px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Schleswig-Holstein_18th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg/23px-Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg/35px-Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg/45px-Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </p> <hr /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a><br /><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_(1844%E2%80%931905).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation"><img alt="German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg" title="Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg">Frederick of Noer</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wrangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Wrangel">Friedrich von Wrangel</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Salm-Salm" title="Felix Salm-Salm">Felix Salm-Salm</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Willisen" title="Karl Wilhelm von Willisen">Karl Wilhelm von Willisen</a><br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VII of Denmark">Frederick VII</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 8,309 killed, wounded or captured</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 8,695 killed, wounded or captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Schleswig_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">First Schleswig War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bov" title="Battle of Bov">Bov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleswig" title="Battle of Schleswig">Schleswig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Overs%C3%B8" title="Skirmish of Oversø">Oversø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nyb%C3%B8l" title="Battle of Nybøl">Nybøl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dybb%C3%B8l_(1848)" title="Battle of Dybbøl (1848)">Dybbøl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckernf%C3%B6rde" title="Battle of Eckernförde">Eckernförde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dybb%C3%B8l_(April_1849)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dybbøl (April 1849) (page does not exist)">Dybbøl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolding_(1849)" title="Battle of Kolding (1849)">Kolding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skirmish_of_Guds%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skirmish of Gudsø (page does not exist)">Gudsø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_%C3%85rhus" title="Skirmish of Århus">Århus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dybb%C3%B8l_(June_1849)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dybbøl (June 1849) (page does not exist)">Dybbøl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_(1849)" title="Battle of Heligoland (1849)">Heligoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericia" title="Battle of Fredericia">Fredericia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isted" title="Battle of Isted">Isted</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skirmish_of_Jagel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skirmish of Jagel (page does not exist)">Jagel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Friedrichstadt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Friedrichstadt (page does not exist)">Friedrichstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lottorf" title="Battle of Lottorf">Lottorf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dano-German_Conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Dano-German_Conflicts" title="Template:Campaignbox Dano-German Conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_Dano-German_Conflicts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Dano-German Conflicts (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Dano-German_Conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Dano-German Conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dano-German_Conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Dano-German Conflicts</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Asselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(891)" title="Battle of Leuven (891)">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Danish_war_of_974" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Danish war of 974">harald's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Greiswald_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Greiswald Bay (page does not exist)">Greiswald Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Bishop_Valdemar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasion of Bishop Valdemar (page does not exist)">Invasion of Bishop Valdemar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waschow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Waschow (page does not exist)">Waschow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stellau" title="Battle of Stellau">Stellau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_M%C3%B6lln_(1225)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mölln (1225) (page does not exist)">Mölln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1227)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1227)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gransee" title="Battle of Gransee">Gransee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_1326&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebellion of 1326 (page does not exist)">Rebellion of 1326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Visby" title="Battle of Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish-Hanseatic_War_(1361-1370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish-Hanseatic War (1361-1370)">Danish-Hanseatic War (1361-1370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%85sle" title="Battle of Åsle">Åsle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_of_Pommeranias_First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric of Pommeranias First Schleswig War (page does not exist)">Eric of Pommeranias First Schleswig War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Hanseatic_War_(1426%E2%80%931435)" title="Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435)">Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hemmingstedt" title="Battle of Hemmingstedt">Hemmingstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_War_of_Liberation" title="Swedish War of Liberation">Swedish Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count%27s_Feud" title="Count's Feud">Count's Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">Italian War of 1542–1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_of_1559&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campaign of 1559 (page does not exist)">Campaign of 1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hamburg_(1689)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hamburg (1689) (page does not exist)">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">German campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Schleswig War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Occupation of Denmark</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Weserübung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Safari" title="Operation Safari">Safari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenktafel_Gefallene_Krieg_1848-1851_-_Schleswig_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gedenktafel_Gefallene_Krieg_1848-1851_-_Schleswig_2008.JPG/220px-Gedenktafel_Gefallene_Krieg_1848-1851_-_Schleswig_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gedenktafel_Gefallene_Krieg_1848-1851_-_Schleswig_2008.JPG/330px-Gedenktafel_Gefallene_Krieg_1848-1851_-_Schleswig_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gedenktafel_Gefallene_Krieg_1848-1851_-_Schleswig_2008.JPG/440px-Gedenktafel_Gefallene_Krieg_1848-1851_-_Schleswig_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Roll of honour for the War in the cathedral of Schleswig</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>First Schleswig War</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schleswig-Holsteinischer Krieg</i>), also known as the <b>Schleswig-Holstein Uprising</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schleswig-Holsteinische Erhebung</i>) and the <b>Three Years' War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Treårskrigen</i>), was a military conflict in southern <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and northern Germany rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig-Holstein Question">Schleswig-Holstein Question</a>: who should control the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a>, which at the time were ruled by the king of Denmark in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>. Ultimately, the Danish side proved victorious with the diplomatic support of the great powers, especially Britain and Russia, since the duchies were close to an important Baltic seaway connecting both powers. </p><p>The population was majority Danish in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Schleswig">Northern Schleswig</a> (roughly the area returned to Denmark after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>), while in the rest of Schleswig and in Holstein and Lauenburg it was majority German. </p><p>In March 1848, the German population of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg rebelled, and created a provisional government and army. As Holstein and Lauenburg were member states, the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> supported the rebels as a federal war <i>(Bundeskrieg)</i> according to its statutes. This was continued by the <a href="/wiki/Provisorische_Zentralgewalt" title="Provisorische Zentralgewalt">German Central Government</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">federal state that replaced the Confederation in 1848/49-51</a>), with most of the German troops being provided by Prussia. </p><p>The war was interrupted in August 1848 by the armistice of Malmö, but started again with a Danish offensive in February 1849. In summer 1850, Prussia had to back down and leave the rebels to their fate. On 1 April 1851, the Schleswig-Holstein army was disbanded. The <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1852)" title="London Protocol (1852)">London Protocol</a> of 1852 was the final settlement of the conflict with the great powers confirming the Danish king to be the duke of the duchies but also declaring that the duchies had to remain independent from Denmark proper. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of 1848, Denmark included the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a>, and the king of Denmark ruled the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> within the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. The majority of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Germans">ethnic Germans</a> in Denmark lived in these areas. Germans made up a third of the country's population, and the three duchies accounted for half of Denmark's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, which had ended in 1815, had fanned both Danish and German <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-German ideology</a> had become highly influential in the decades prior to the wars, and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> (1785–1863) and the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Munch" title="Peter Andreas Munch">Peter Andreas Munch</a> (1810–1863) argued that the entire peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> had been populated by Germans before the arrival of the Danes and that therefore Germans could justifiably reclaim it. <a href="/wiki/Jens_Jacob_Asmussen_Worsaae" title="Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae">Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae</a> (1821–1885), an archaeologist who had excavated parts of the <a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a>, countered the pro-German claims, writing pamphlets which argued that there was no way of knowing the language of the earliest inhabitants of Danish territory, that Germans had more solid historical claims to large parts of France and England, and that Slavs by the same reasoning could annex parts of eastern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflicting aims of Danish and German nationalists contributed to the outbreak of the First Schleswig War. Danish nationalists believed that Schleswig, but not Holstein, should be a part of Denmark, as Schleswig contained a large number of Danes, whilst Holstein did not. German nationalists believed that Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg should remain united, and their belief that Schleswig and Holstein should not be separated led to the two duchies being referred to as <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>. Schleswig became a particular source of contention, as it contained a large number of Danes, Germans, and <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">North Frisians</a>. Another cause of the war was the legally questionable change to the rules of ducal succession in the duchies. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian VIII of Denmark</a> died in January 1848. His only legitimate son, the future <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VII of Denmark">Frederick VII</a>, seemed unable to beget heirs. Thus the duchies appeared likely to pass to the rule of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>, which might have resulted in a division of Denmark. Accordingly, Christian VIII had decreed (8 July 1846) a change to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession law</a> in the duchies to allow succession through the female line. The implementation of this law was illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The question of Schleswig-Holstein was also a major concern of the other European powers. In order to maintain access to the Baltic, the British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> preferred that control of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_straits" title="Danish straits">Danish straits</a> linking the North Sea to the Baltic Sea not be controlled by any major European power such as Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200048_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200048-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Palmerston's viewpoint, having a relatively weak power such as Denmark maintain control of the Danish straits was far preferable to having a strong power, and as such Britain tended to support the Danish claims, believing that a Danish-Prussian war might lead to Prussia annexing not just the two duchies, but also all of Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200048_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200048-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Emperor Nicholas I of Russia supported Denmark as he did not want a strong power controlling the Danish straits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200049_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200049-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas also believed that if Denmark were defeated even without being annexed, it might lead to the Danes joining a Scandinavian Union that would pose a potential threat to the ability of the Baltic fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy to leave the Baltic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200049_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200049-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France, the European power most opposed to German unification, was due to the revolution of 1848 unable to take a strong stand on German affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200048_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200048-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrian empire, Prussia's rival for the ascendency in German affairs, was paralyzed as revolts had broken out against the House of Habsburg in Prague, Milan, Buda, Krakow, and in Vienna itself. </p><p>In Berlin, the foreign policy decision-making was described as "chaotic" with the weak and indecisive King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Fredrich Wilhelm IV</a> receiving conflicting advice from rival groups of advisers about what to do.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the aftermath of the revolution of 1848, which had damaged the prestige of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a> as fighting had broken out in the streets of Berlin, it was felt essential to take a bold foreign policy step which would restore the prestige of the Prussian state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king and his advisors were not German nationalists, but the German liberals opposed to the absolutist Prussian monarchy were. The king's advisors believed that a German nationalist war would win support for the Prussian state from many of those liberals who were opposed to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the chaos of the revolution of 1848 was felt to offer a unique opportunity to create a greater Prussia by seizing territory, all the more as France was unable to act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the king and his advisers were not prepared to risk a general European war over the Schleswig-Holstein question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">Joseph von Radowitz</a>, the king's most trusted adviser, wrote in his diary: "The present political-military crisis cannot drag on, it must come to a rapid conclusion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radowitz was prepared to support a war provided it would be brought to a victorious conclusion swiftly, which would allow Prussia to present the other European powers with a fait accompli.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowing of the intense Russian opposition to Prussia controlling the Danish straits, Radowitz advised the king to limit the war to the two duchies and not allow Prussian troops to enter Jutland, which he predicted would lead to "unforeseeable consequences" as it was likely that Russia would intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prussian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Alexander_von_Arnim" title="Heinrich Alexander von Arnim">Heinrich Alexander von Arnim</a> supported war, believing that Prussia could occupy the two duchies within eight days, leaving Britain and Russia no time to react.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Russia and Britain were opposed to Denmark losing control of the Danish straits, but were otherwise supportive of Prussia. Palmerston supported a stronger Prussia and even a Germany unified under Prussian leadership as a way of weakening France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-51_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-51-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Fredrich Wilhelm's sister was married to the Emperor Nicholas I, and the Prussian king believed that his brother-in-law could be persuaded to accept Prussia seizing control of the two duchies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200051-52_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200051-52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Nicolas was well known to be an intense admirer of Prussian militarism and saw Prussia as the stronger ally in the so-called informal "eastern bloc" that consisted of Russia, Prussia, and Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200052_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200052-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor saw Prussia as the more reliable partner in opposing Polish nationalism than the Austrian empire, hence his preference for Prussia over Austria in the "eastern bloc".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200052_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200052-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas had long made it known that he viewed a Prussian-dominated Germany as a welcome development, which he saw as a way of weakening France, the nation that he hated and feared the most.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200052_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200052-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fredrich Wilhelm did not want to risk a confrontation with either Britain or Russia, and was only persuaded to act when convinced a war would not cause such a confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200051-52_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200051-52-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trigger">Trigger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trigger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schleswig-Holsteinian <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg" title="Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg">Prince Frederik of Noer</a> took the 5th "Lauenburger" Rifle Corps (Jägerkorps) and some students of Kiel university to take over the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Rendsburg" title="Rendsburg">Rendsburg</a> in Schleswig-Holstein. The fortress contained the main armoury of the duchies, the 14th, 15th, and 16th Infantry Battalions, the 2nd Regiment of Artillery, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineers</a>. When Noer's force arrived, they found that the gates to the fortress had been left open for an unknown reason and promptly walked in, surprising the would-be defenders. After delivering a speech to the defenders, the prince secured the allegiance of the battalions and regiment of artillery to the provisional government. Danish officers who had been serving in the defence of the fortress were allowed to leave for Denmark on the assurance that they did not fight against Schleswig-Holstein in the coming war.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Course of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1848">1848</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wishing to defeat Denmark before German troops arrived to support them, 7,000 Schleswig-Holstein volunteers under General Krohn occupied <a href="/wiki/Flensborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Flensborg">Flensborg</a> on 31 March. Over 7,000 Danish soldiers landed east of the city, and Krohn, fearing he would be surrounded, ordered his forces to withdraw. The Danes were able to reach the Schleswig-Holsteiners before they were able to retreat, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bov" title="Battle of Bov">Battle of Bov</a> on 9 April was a Danish victory. At the battle, the Prince of Noer, senior commander of the Schleswig-Holstein forces, did not arrive until two hours after fighting had started, and the Schleswig-Holsteiners were more prepared for the withdrawal they had intended to make than for an engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-JStenild_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JStenild-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A timeline of events is shown thus: </p> <ul><li>12 April: The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">German Confederate Diet</a> recognized the provisional government of Schleswig and commissioned Prussia to enforce its decrees. General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Graf_von_Wrangel" title="Friedrich Graf von Wrangel">Wrangel</a> was also ordered to occupy the city of Schleswig.</li> <li>19 April: Prussian troops cross the <a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Dannevirke</a> into Schleswig</li> <li>23 April: Prussian victory in battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleswig" title="Battle of Schleswig">Schleswig</a></li> <li>23 April: German victory in battle at <a href="/wiki/Mysunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysunde">Mysunde</a></li> <li>24 April: Hanoverian victory in battle at <a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Overs%C3%B8" title="Skirmish of Oversø">Oversø</a></li> <li>2 May: Capture of <a href="/wiki/Fredericia" title="Fredericia">Fredericia</a> by Prussian forces<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>27 May: Battle at <a href="/wiki/Sundeved" title="Sundeved">Sundeved</a></li> <li>28 May: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nyb%C3%B8l" title="Battle of Nybøl">Battle of Nybøl</a></li> <li>5 June: Danish victory over Germans in battle at <a href="/wiki/Dybb%C3%B8l" title="Dybbøl">Dybbøl</a> Hill</li> <li>7 June: Battle at Hoptrup</li> <li>30 June: Battle at Bjerning</li></ul> <p>The Germans embarked on this course of participation in the First Schleswig War alone, without assistance from other European powers, who were united in opposing any dismemberment of Denmark, with even the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrians</a> refusing to assist the Germans. Sweden landed 7,000 troops on the island of <a href="/wiki/Fyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyn">Fyn</a> opposite <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> to assist the Danes, and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>, speaking with authority as head of the senior <a href="/wiki/Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottorp">Gottorp</a> line, pointed out to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a> the risks of a collision. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> threatened to send the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to assist in preserving the status quo, though this threat did not ultimately materialise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was Russian diplomatic intervention that decided the outcome of the war in April 1848. The Russian ambassador in Berlin, Baron <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Meyendorff" title="Peter von Meyendorff">Peter von Meyendorff</a>, delivered a note to King Fredrich Wilhelm stating that Russia regarded the advance of the Prussian troops towards Jutland as an extremely unfriendly act as the note stated: "The invasion, intended for Jutland, seriously injuries the interests of all the powers bordering on the Baltic, and stretches to the breaking point the political equilibrium throughout the north which was established in the treaties".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200053_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200053-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reinforce the point, the empress of Russia wrote to her brother, King Fredrich Wilhelm, saying: "It is your troops who have grabbed the weak Denmark with their superior force. The war can be expanded widely if you pursue it. Stop! There is still time! Think about the difficulties Germany has to battle in order to bring about inner security, the dangers which threaten in the West. Do not force upon the Tsar the necessity to come to the assistance with strong measures of another state whose downfall Russia cannot regard with indifference and will not tolerate. It cannot come to pass that Denmark is absorbed into Germany; of this you can be certain." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200053_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200053-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas ordered Russia to mobilise, sent a squadron of the Russian Baltic fleet to Danish waters as a show of support, and politely told his brother-in-law he was willing to risk war over the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200053_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200053-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian threats had the desired impact on Frederich Wilhelm who now claimed to have been misled by von Arnim into intervening in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200053_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200053-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that Prussia had entered the war on behalf of the revolutionary forces in Schleswig-Holstein created a great number of ironies. The newly elected <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Diet">Frankfurt Diet</a> tended to support the incursion into the Schleswig-Holstein War while King Frederick William did not. Indeed, Frederick William ordered <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wrangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Wrangel">Friedrich von Wrangel</a>, commanding the German army, to withdraw his troops from the duchies; but the general refused, asserting that he followed order from the new German Central Government and not of the King of Prussia. Wrangel proposed that, at the very least, any treaty concluded should be presented for ratification to the German National Assembly. </p><p>Furthermore, on 7 August 1848, Archduke John, as head of the <a href="/wiki/Provisorische_Zentralgewalt" title="Provisorische Zentralgewalt">Provisional Central Power</a>, published three additional demands upon the Danes: </p> <ol><li>That persons to be elected for the formation of a new common government for the duchies of Holstein and Schleswig, before the conclusion of the armistice, are expressly and specifically agreed among the contracting parties in such a way that the existence and the prosperous effectiveness of the new government are guaranteed;</li> <li>That in the duchies, existing laws and ordinances mentioned in Article VII. all are expressly permitted up to the conclusion of the armistice;</li> <li>That troops remaining in the duchies of Holstein and Schleswig under Article VIII shall all be under the orders of the German commander-in-chief (Wrangel).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The Danes rejected this proposal outright and negotiations were broken off. </p><p>Prussia was now confronted on the one side by German nationalists urging it to action, on the other side by the European powers threatening dire consequences should it persist. After painful hesitation, Frederick William chose what seemed the lesser of two evils, and, on 26 August, Prussia signed a <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Malm%C3%B6" title="Armistice of Malmö">convention at Malmö</a> which yielded to practically all the Danish demands. The Holstein estates appealed to the German National Assembly, which hotly took up their cause, but it was soon clear that the German Central Government had no means of enforcing its views. In the end the convention was ratified at Frankfurt. The convention was essentially nothing more than a truce establishing a temporary <i>modus vivendi</i>. The main issues, left unsettled, continued to be hotly debated. </p><p>In October, at a conference in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, Denmark suggested an arrangement on the basis of a separation of Schleswig from Holstein, despite their historical affiliation dating back to 1460, with Schleswig having a separate constitution under the Danish crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1849">1849</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1849"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>27 January: The London conference result was supported by Great Britain and Russia and accepted by Prussia and the German parliament in Frankfurt. The negotiations broke down, however, on the refusal of Denmark to yield the principle of the indissoluble union with the Danish crown.</li> <li>23 February: The truce came to an end.</li> <li>3 April: The war was renewed. At this point Nicholas I intervened in favour of peace. However, Prussia, conscious of her restored strength and weary of the intractable temper of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt parliament">Frankfurt parliament</a>, determined to take matters into her own hands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>3 April: Danish victory over Schleswig-Holstein forces in battle at Adsbøl.</li> <li>5 April: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckernf%C3%B6rde" title="Battle of Eckernförde">Battle of Eckernförde</a></li> <li>6 April: Battles at Ullerup and Avnbøl.</li> <li>13 April: Danish victory over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxon</a> forces in battle at <a href="/wiki/Dybb%C3%B8l" title="Dybbøl">Dybbøl</a>.</li> <li>23 April: Battle at <a href="/wiki/Kolding" title="Kolding">Kolding</a>.</li> <li>31 May: Danes stop Prussian advance through <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> in cavalry battle at <a href="/wiki/Vejlby" title="Vejlby">Vejlby</a>.</li> <li>4 June: inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_(1849)" title="Battle of Heligoland (1849)">Battle of Heligoland (1849)</a></li> <li>6 July: Danish victory in sortie from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericia" title="Battle of Fredericia">Fredericia</a>.</li> <li>10 July: Another truce was signed. Schleswig, until the peace, was to be administered separately, under a mixed commission; Holstein was to be governed by a vicegerent of the German Empire (an arrangement equally offensive to German and Danish sentiment). A settlement seemed as far off as ever. The Danes still clamoured for the principle of succession in the female line and union with Denmark, the Germans for that of succession in the male line and union with Holstein.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1850">1850</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1850, Prussia, which had pulled out of the war after the treaty of Malmö,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> proposed a definitive peace on the basis of the <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a></i> and postponement of all questions as to mutual rights. To <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a> the basis seemed meaningless and the proposed settlement would settle nothing. Nicholas I, openly disgusted with Frederick William's submission to the Frankfurt Parliament, again intervened. To him <a href="/wiki/Christian_August_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg" title="Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg">Duke Christian of Augustenborg</a> was a rebel. Russia had guaranteed Schleswig to the Danish crown by the 1773 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo">Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo</a>. As for Holstein, if the King of Denmark could not deal with the rebels there, he himself would intervene as he had done in Hungary. The threat was reinforced by the menace of the European situation. Austria and Prussia were on the verge of war (see <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Crisis_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn Crisis 1850">Autumn Crisis 1850</a>), and the sole hope of preventing Russia from entering such a war on the side of Austria lay in settling the Schleswig-Holstein question in a manner desirable to it. The only alternative, an alliance with the hated <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte's</a> nephew, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Napoleon">Louis Napoleon</a>, who was already dreaming of acquiring the Rhine frontier for France in return for his aid in establishing German sea-power by the ceding of the duchies, was abhorrent to Frederick William. </p> <ul><li>8 April: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Willisen" title="Karl Wilhelm von Willisen">Karl Wilhelm von Willisen</a> became the Supreme Commander of the German Forces.</li> <li>2 July: A treaty of peace between Prussia and Denmark was signed at <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Both parties reserved all their antecedent rights. Denmark was satisfied that the treaty empowered the King of Denmark to restore his authority in Holstein with or without the consent of the German Confederation. Danish troops now marched in to coerce the refractory duchies. While the fighting went on, negotiations among the powers continued.</li> <li>24–25 July: Danish victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Idstedt">Battle of Idstedt</a>.</li> <li>28 July: Danish victory in cavalry battle at <a href="/wiki/Jagel" title="Jagel">Jagel</a>.</li> <li>2 August: Great Britain, France, Russia and <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a> signed a protocol, to which Austria subsequently adhered, approving the principle of restoring the integrity of the Danish monarchy.</li> <li>12 September: Battle at <a href="/wiki/Missunde" title="Missunde">Missunde</a>.</li> <li>4 October: Danish forces resist German siege at <a href="/wiki/Friedrichstadt" title="Friedrichstadt">Friedrichstadt</a>.</li> <li>24 November: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lottorf" title="Battle of Lottorf">Battle of Lottorf</a></li> <li>31 December: Skirmish at <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6hlhorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Möhlhorst (page does not exist)">Möhlhorst</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1851">1851</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1851"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>May: The Copenhagen government made an abortive attempt to come to an understanding with the inhabitants of the duchies by convening an assembly of notables at <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a>.</li> <li>6 December 1851: The Copenhagen government announced a project for the future organization of the monarchy on the basis of the equality of its constituent states, with a common ministry.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1852">1852</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1852"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>28 January: A royal letter announced the institution of a unitary state which, while maintaining the fundamental constitution of Denmark, would increase the parliamentary powers of the estates of the two duchies. This proclamation was approved by Prussia and Austria, and by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">German confederal diet</a> insofar as it affected Holstein and <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg" title="Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a>. The question of the Augustenborg succession made an agreement between the powers impossible.</li> <li>31 March: The <a href="/wiki/Christian_August_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg" title="Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg">Duke of Augustenborg</a> resigned his claim in return for a money payment. Further adjustments followed.</li> <li>8 May: another <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1852)" title="London Protocol (1852)">London Protocol</a> was signed. The international treaty that became known as the "London Protocol" was the revision of the earlier protocol, which had been ratified on 2 August 1850, by the major German powers, Austria and Prussia. The second, actual London Protocol was recognized by the five major European powers (the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Republic">Second French Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>), as well as the two major Baltic Sea powers of Denmark and Sweden.</li></ul> <p>The Protocol affirmed the integrity of the Danish federation as a "European necessity and standing principle". Accordingly, the duchies of Schleswig (a Danish fief), and Holstein and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> (sovereign states within the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>) were joined by <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the King of Denmark. For this purpose, the line of succession to the duchies was modified, because <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VII of Denmark">Frederick VII of Denmark</a> remained childless and hence a change in dynasty was in order. (The originally conflicting protocols of succession between the duchies and Denmark would have stipulated that, contrary to the treaty, the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg would have had heads of state other than the King of Denmark.) Further, it was affirmed that the duchies were to remain as independent entities, and that Schleswig would have no greater constitutional affinity to Denmark than Holstein. </p><p>This settlement did not resolve the issue, as the German Diet had steadfastly refused to recognize the treaty, and asserted that the law of 1650 was still in force, by which the Duchies were not united to the state of Denmark, but only to the direct line of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Danish kings">the Danish kings</a>, and were to revert on its extinction, not to the branch of Glucksburg, but to the German ducal family of Augustenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-globalsecurity.org_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalsecurity.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only twelve years passed before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a> in 1864 resulted in the king of Denmark transferring the disputed duchies to Austria and Prussia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_exonyms_for_places_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="German exonyms for places in Denmark">German exonyms for places in Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="History of Schleswig-Holstein">History of Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_and_battles_involving_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars and battles involving Prussia">Wars and battles involving Prussia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchlürmann" class="citation web cs1">Schlürmann, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024806/http://www.milhist.dk/trearskrigen/outbreak/outbreak_uk.htm">"The Schleswig-Holstein Rebellion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milhist.dk/trearskrigen/outbreak/outbreak_uk.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>These three southern regions of the Danish "Gesamtstaat" or "Helstaten" (common name for the union of the kingdom and the duchies) made up about one half of the monarchy's economic power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Schleswig-Holstein+Rebellion&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%BCrmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milhist.dk%2Ftrearskrigen%2Foutbreak%2Foutbreak_uk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowly-Conwy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rowly-Conwy, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5857/1/5857.pdf">"The concept of prehistory and the invention of the terms 'prehistoric' and 'prehistorian': The Scandinavian origin, 1833–1850"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 103–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461957107077709">10.1177/1461957107077709</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163132775">163132775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+prehistory+and+the+invention+of+the+terms+%27prehistoric%27+and+%27prehistorian%27%3A+The+Scandinavian+origin%2C+1833%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-130&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1461957107077709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163132775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rowly-Conwy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F5857%2F1%2F5857.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlürmann" class="citation web cs1">Schlürmann, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024806/http://www.milhist.dk/trearskrigen/outbreak/outbreak_uk.htm">"The Schleswig-Holstein Rebellion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milhist.dk/trearskrigen/outbreak/outbreak_uk.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>To prevent a division of the Danish kingdom, the Danish "Royal Law" (Lex Regia) was - illegaly [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] - introduced in the duchies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Schleswig-Holstein+Rebellion&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%BCrmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milhist.dk%2Ftrearskrigen%2Foutbreak%2Foutbreak_uk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200048-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200048_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200048_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200048_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2000">Davis 2000</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200049-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200049_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200049_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2000">Davis 2000</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2000">Davis 2000</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-51-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200050-51_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2000">Davis 2000</a>, p. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200051-52-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200051-52_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200051-52_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2000">Davis 2000</a>, p. 51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200052-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200052_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200052_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200052_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2000">Davis 2000</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JStenild-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JStenild_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenild" class="citation web cs1">Stenild, Jesper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508063812/http://www.milhist.dk/trearskrigen/bov/bov.html">"Battle of Bov – 9th of April 1848"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milhist.dk/trearskrigen/bov/bov.html">the original</a> on 8 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Bov+%E2%80%93+9th+of+April+1848&rft.aulast=Stenild&rft.aufirst=Jesper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milhist.dk%2Ftrearskrigen%2Fbov%2Fbov.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Sybel, The Founding of the German Empire by William I. 1890. Volume 1, page 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200053-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200053_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200053_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200053_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200053_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2000">Davis 2000</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Achtenstuecke zur Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage. Carl Schroeder & Comp, Kiel, 1848, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalsecurity.org-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globalsecurity.org_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike" class="citation web cs1">Pike, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/schleswig-holstein-war-first.htm">"First Schleswig-Holstein War / First War of the Danish Duchies"</a>. <i>www.globalsecurity.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalsecurity.org&rft.atitle=First+Schleswig-Holstein+War+%2F+First+War+of+the+Danish+Duchies&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fwar%2Fschleswig-holstein-war-first.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2005" class="citation web cs1">Price, Arnold (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/sleswig.htm">"Schleswig-Holstein"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions</i> – via <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+1848+Revolutions&rft.atitle=Schleswig-Holstein&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.ohio.edu%2Fchastain%2Frz%2Fsleswig.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2000" class="citation book cs1">Davis, James W. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threatspromisesp0000davi"><i>Threats and promises: the pursuit of international influence</i></a></span>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6296-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-6296-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Threats+and+promises%3A+the+pursuit+of+international+influence&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6296-0&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreatspromisesp0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlürmann2004" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schlürmann, Jan (2004). <i>Die Schleswig-Holsteinische Armee 1848-1851</i> (PhD thesis) (in German). Tönning ; Lübeck ; Marburg: Der Andere Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89959-270-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89959-270-2"><bdi>978-3-89959-270-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Die+Schleswig-Holsteinische+Armee+1848-1851&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Der+Andere+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-89959-270-2&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%BCrmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlürmann2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Schlürmann, Jan (2007). "The German Volunteers of the 1st Schleswig War: An Overview of the Freikorps' Organisation, Uniforms, Flags and Armament in 1848". <i>Dakoten</i>. Vol. 62, no. 4. pp. 16–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0901-4799">0901-4799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dakoten&rft.atitle=The+German+Volunteers+of+the+1st+Schleswig+War%3A+An+Overview+of+the+Freikorps%27+Organisation%2C+Uniforms%2C+Flags+and+Armament+in+1848&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16-20&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0901-4799&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%BCrmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteefel1923" class="citation book cs1">Steefel, Lawrence D. (1923). <i>The Schleswig-Holstein Question. 1863–1864</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Schleswig-Holstein+Question.+1863%E2%80%931864&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Steefel&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Schleswig+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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