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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==Course of the war== ===1848=== Wishing to defeat Denmark before German troops arrived to support them, 7,000 Schleswig-Holstein volunteers under General Krohn occupied [[Flensborg]] on 31 March. Over 7,000 Danish soldiers landed east of the city, and Krohn, fearing he would be surrounded, ordered his forces to withdraw. The Danes were able to reach the Schleswig-Holsteiners before they were able to retreat, and the subsequent [[Battle of Bov]] on 9 April was a Danish victory. At the battle, the Prince of Noer, senior commander of the Schleswig-Holstein forces, did not arrive until two hours after fighting had started, and the Schleswig-Holsteiners were more prepared for the withdrawal they had intended to make than for an engagement.<ref name=JStenild>{{cite web| last =Stenild| first =Jesper| title =Battle of Bov – 9th of April 1848| url =http://www.milhist.dk/trearskrigen/bov/bov.html| access-date =17 July 2008| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080508063812/http://www.milhist.dk/trearskrigen/bov/bov.html| archive-date =8 May 2008}}</ref> A timeline of events is shown thus: * 12 April: The [[Federal Convention (German Confederation)|German Confederate Diet]] recognized the provisional government of Schleswig and commissioned Prussia to enforce its decrees. General [[Friedrich Graf von Wrangel|Wrangel]] was also ordered to occupy the city of Schleswig. * 19 April: Prussian troops cross the [[Danevirke|Dannevirke]] into Schleswig * 23 April: Prussian victory in battle at [[Battle of Schleswig|Schleswig]] * 23 April: German victory in battle at [[Mysunde]] * 24 April: Hanoverian victory in battle at [[Skirmish of Oversø|Oversø]] * 2 May: Capture of [[Fredericia]] by Prussian forces<ref>Heinrich Sybel, The Founding of the German Empire by William I. 1890. Volume 1, page 253.</ref> * 27 May: Battle at [[Sundeved]] * 28 May: [[Battle of Nybøl]] * 5 June: Danish victory over Germans in battle at [[Dybbøl]] Hill * 7 June: Battle at Hoptrup * 30 June: Battle at Bjerning The Germans embarked on this course of participation in the First Schleswig War alone, without assistance from other European powers, who were united in opposing any dismemberment of Denmark, with even the [[Austrian Empire|Austrians]] refusing to assist the Germans. Sweden landed 7,000 troops on the island of [[Fyn]] opposite [[Jutland]] to assist the Danes, and [[Nicholas I of Russia]], speaking with authority as head of the senior [[Gottorp]] line, pointed out to [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] the risks of a collision. The [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] threatened to send the [[Royal Navy]] to assist in preserving the status quo, though this threat did not ultimately materialise.{{fact|date=October 2024}} It was Russian diplomatic intervention that decided the outcome of the war in April 1848. The Russian ambassador in Berlin, Baron [[Peter von Meyendorff]], delivered a note to King Fredrich Wilhelm stating that Russia regarded the advance of the Prussian troops towards Jutland as an extremely unfriendly act as the note stated: "The invasion, intended for Jutland, seriously injuries the interests of all the powers bordering on the Baltic, and stretches to the breaking point the political equilibrium throughout the north which was established in the treaties".{{sfn|Davis|2000|p=53}} To reinforce the point, the empress of Russia wrote to her brother, King Fredrich Wilhelm, saying: "It is your troops who have grabbed the weak Denmark with their superior force. The war can be expanded widely if you pursue it. Stop! There is still time! Think about the difficulties Germany has to battle in order to bring about inner security, the dangers which threaten in the West. Do not force upon the Tsar the necessity to come to the assistance with strong measures of another state whose downfall Russia cannot regard with indifference and will not tolerate. It cannot come to pass that Denmark is absorbed into Germany; of this you can be certain." {{sfn|Davis|2000|p=53}} Nicholas ordered Russia to mobilise, sent a squadron of the Russian Baltic fleet to Danish waters as a show of support, and politely told his brother-in-law he was willing to risk war over the issue.{{sfn|Davis|2000|p=53}} The Russian threats had the desired impact on Frederich Wilhelm who now claimed to have been misled by von Arnim into intervening in the war.{{sfn|Davis|2000|p=53}} The fact that Prussia had entered the war on behalf of the revolutionary forces in Schleswig-Holstein created a great number of ironies. The newly elected [[Frankfurt Diet]] tended to support the incursion into the Schleswig-Holstein War while King Frederick William did not. Indeed, Frederick William ordered [[Friedrich von Wrangel]], commanding the German army, to withdraw his troops from the duchies; but the general refused, asserting that he followed order from the new German Central Government and not of the King of Prussia. Wrangel proposed that, at the very least, any treaty concluded should be presented for ratification to the German National Assembly. Furthermore, on 7 August 1848, Archduke John, as head of the [[Provisorische Zentralgewalt|Provisional Central Power]], published three additional demands upon the Danes: # That persons to be elected for the formation of a new common government for the duchies of Holstein and Schleswig, before the conclusion of the armistice, are expressly and specifically agreed among the contracting parties in such a way that the existence and the prosperous effectiveness of the new government are guaranteed; # That in the duchies, existing laws and ordinances mentioned in Article VII. all are expressly permitted up to the conclusion of the armistice; # That troops remaining in the duchies of Holstein and Schleswig under Article VIII shall all be under the orders of the German commander-in-chief (Wrangel).<ref>Achtenstuecke zur Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage. Carl Schroeder & Comp, Kiel, 1848, p. 64.</ref> The Danes rejected this proposal outright and negotiations were broken off. Prussia was now confronted on the one side by German nationalists urging it to action, on the other side by the European powers threatening dire consequences should it persist. After painful hesitation, Frederick William chose what seemed the lesser of two evils, and, on 26 August, Prussia signed a [[Armistice of Malmö|convention at Malmö]] which yielded to practically all the Danish demands. The Holstein estates appealed to the German National Assembly, which hotly took up their cause, but it was soon clear that the German Central Government had no means of enforcing its views. In the end the convention was ratified at Frankfurt. The convention was essentially nothing more than a truce establishing a temporary ''modus vivendi''. The main issues, left unsettled, continued to be hotly debated. In October, at a conference in [[London]], Denmark suggested an arrangement on the basis of a separation of Schleswig from Holstein, despite their historical affiliation dating back to 1460, with Schleswig having a separate constitution under the Danish crown. ===1849=== * 27 January: The London conference result was supported by Great Britain and Russia and accepted by Prussia and the German parliament in Frankfurt. The negotiations broke down, however, on the refusal of Denmark to yield the principle of the indissoluble union with the Danish crown. * 23 February: The truce came to an end. * 3 April: The war was renewed. At this point Nicholas I intervened in favour of peace. However, Prussia, conscious of her restored strength and weary of the intractable temper of the [[Frankfurt parliament]], determined to take matters into her own hands.{{clarify|date=May 2015}} * 3 April: Danish victory over Schleswig-Holstein forces in battle at Adsbøl. * 5 April: [[Battle of Eckernförde]] * 6 April: Battles at Ullerup and Avnbøl. * 13 April: Danish victory over [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxon]] forces in battle at [[Dybbøl]]. * 23 April: Battle at [[Kolding]]. * 31 May: Danes stop Prussian advance through [[Jutland]] in cavalry battle at [[Vejlby]]. * 4 June: inconclusive [[Battle of Heligoland (1849)]] * 6 July: Danish victory in sortie from [[Battle of Fredericia|Fredericia]]. * 10 July: Another truce was signed. Schleswig, until the peace, was to be administered separately, under a mixed commission; Holstein was to be governed by a vicegerent of the German Empire (an arrangement equally offensive to German and Danish sentiment). A settlement seemed as far off as ever. The Danes still clamoured for the principle of succession in the female line and union with Denmark, the Germans for that of succession in the male line and union with Holstein. ===1850=== In April 1850, Prussia, which had pulled out of the war after the treaty of Malmö,{{clarify|date=May 2015}} proposed a definitive peace on the basis of the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]'' and postponement of all questions as to mutual rights. To [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Palmerston]] the basis seemed meaningless and the proposed settlement would settle nothing. Nicholas I, openly disgusted with Frederick William's submission to the Frankfurt Parliament, again intervened. To him [[Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg|Duke Christian of Augustenborg]] was a rebel. Russia had guaranteed Schleswig to the Danish crown by the 1773 [[Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo]]. As for Holstein, if the King of Denmark could not deal with the rebels there, he himself would intervene as he had done in Hungary. The threat was reinforced by the menace of the European situation. Austria and Prussia were on the verge of war (see [[Autumn Crisis 1850]]), and the sole hope of preventing Russia from entering such a war on the side of Austria lay in settling the Schleswig-Holstein question in a manner desirable to it. The only alternative, an alliance with the hated [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte's]] nephew, [[Louis Napoleon]], who was already dreaming of acquiring the Rhine frontier for France in return for his aid in establishing German sea-power by the ceding of the duchies, was abhorrent to Frederick William. * 8 April: [[Karl Wilhelm von Willisen]] became the Supreme Commander of the German Forces. * 2 July: A treaty of peace between Prussia and Denmark was signed at [[Berlin]]. Both parties reserved all their antecedent rights. Denmark was satisfied that the treaty empowered the King of Denmark to restore his authority in Holstein with or without the consent of the German Confederation. Danish troops now marched in to coerce the refractory duchies. While the fighting went on, negotiations among the powers continued. * 24–25 July: Danish victory in the [[Battle of Idstedt]]. * 28 July: Danish victory in cavalry battle at [[Jagel]]. * 2 August: Great Britain, France, Russia and [[Sweden-Norway]] signed a protocol, to which Austria subsequently adhered, approving the principle of restoring the integrity of the Danish monarchy. * 12 September: Battle at [[Missunde]]. * 4 October: Danish forces resist German siege at [[Friedrichstadt]]. * 24 November: [[Battle of Lottorf]] * 31 December: Skirmish at [[Möhlhorst]]. ===1851=== * May: The Copenhagen government made an abortive attempt to come to an understanding with the inhabitants of the duchies by convening an assembly of notables at [[Flensburg]]. * 6 December 1851: The Copenhagen government announced a project for the future organization of the monarchy on the basis of the equality of its constituent states, with a common ministry. ===1852=== * 28 January: A royal letter announced the institution of a unitary state which, while maintaining the fundamental constitution of Denmark, would increase the parliamentary powers of the estates of the two duchies. This proclamation was approved by Prussia and Austria, and by the [[Federal Convention (German Confederation)|German confederal diet]] insofar as it affected Holstein and [[Lauenburg]]. The question of the Augustenborg succession made an agreement between the powers impossible. * 31 March: The [[Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg|Duke of Augustenborg]] resigned his claim in return for a money payment. Further adjustments followed. * 8 May: another [[London Protocol (1852)|London Protocol]] was signed. The international treaty that became known as the "London Protocol" was the revision of the earlier protocol, which had been ratified on 2 August 1850, by the major German powers, Austria and Prussia. The second, actual London Protocol was recognized by the five major European powers (the [[Austrian Empire]], the [[Second French Republic]], the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the [[Russian Empire]], and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]), as well as the two major Baltic Sea powers of Denmark and Sweden. The Protocol affirmed the integrity of the Danish federation as a "European necessity and standing principle". Accordingly, the duchies of Schleswig (a Danish fief), and Holstein and [[Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg|Lauenburg]] (sovereign states within the [[German Confederation]]) were joined by [[personal union]] with the King of Denmark. For this purpose, the line of succession to the duchies was modified, because [[Frederick VII of Denmark]] remained childless and hence a change in dynasty was in order. (The originally conflicting protocols of succession between the duchies and Denmark would have stipulated that, contrary to the treaty, the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg would have had heads of state other than the King of Denmark.) Further, it was affirmed that the duchies were to remain as independent entities, and that Schleswig would have no greater constitutional affinity to Denmark than Holstein. This settlement did not resolve the issue, as the German Diet had steadfastly refused to recognize the treaty, and asserted that the law of 1650 was still in force, by which the Duchies were not united to the state of Denmark, but only to the direct line of [[List of Danish kings|the Danish kings]], and were to revert on its extinction, not to the branch of Glucksburg, but to the German ducal family of Augustenburg.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/schleswig-holstein-war-first.htm|title=First Schleswig-Holstein War / First War of the Danish Duchies|first=John|last=Pike|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> Only twelve years passed before the [[Second Schleswig War]] in 1864 resulted in the king of Denmark transferring the disputed duchies to Austria and Prussia. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/First_Schleswig_War" title="First Schleswig War">First Schleswig War</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Schleswig_War">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Schleswig_War</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Schleswig_War&action=edit&section=3&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-nqdrf","wgBackendResponseTime":274,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.073","walltime":"0.101","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 73.820 1 -total"," 99.85% 73.709 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 43.32% 31.977 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 39.38% 29.074 1 Template:Hidden"," 36.28% 26.779 2 Template:Replace"," 16.93% 12.495 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 16.72% 12.340 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.35% 1.733 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.66% 1.222 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.32% 0.975 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.015","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043326,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-nqdrf","timestamp":"20241129081256","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>