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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aristocrats of ancient India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taluqdar_(surname)" title="Taluqdar (surname)">Taluqdar (surname)</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy" title="Category:Monarchy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_(heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/120px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/180px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/240px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbishn" title="Banbishn">Banbishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Chakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor#Indian_subcontinent" title="Emperor">Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana" title="Maharana">Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultana_(title)" title="Sultana (title)">Sultana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatun">Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_(title)" title="Nizam (title)">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khagan_Bek" title="Khagan Bek">Khagan Bek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> or <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_(title)" title="Rana (title)">Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandal_(surname)" title="Mandal (surname)">Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patil_(title)" title="Patil (title)">Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja (title)">Rajkumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada">Sahibzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabzada">Nawabzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuvaraja" title="Yuvaraja">Yuvraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" title="Şehzade">Şehzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_(name)" title="Mirza (name)">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morza" title="Morza">Morza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murzin" title="Murzin">Murzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkhan_(title)" title="Ishkhan (title)">Ishkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahzada (title)">Shahzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vali_Ahd" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali Ahd">Vali Ahd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Sa%27id" title="Prince of the Sa'id">Prince of the Sa'id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(title)" title="Mir (title)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_(prince)" title="Shad (prince)">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahadur" title="Dewan Bahadur">Dewan Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">Sancak bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rao Bahadur">Rao Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_Bahadur" title="Rai Bahadur">Rai Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Bahadur" title="Khan Bahadur">Khan Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">Atabeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boila" title="Boila">Boila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparapet" title="Sparapet">Sparapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azat" title="Azat">Azat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Sahib" title="Khan Sahib">Khan Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Kadi (Ottoman Empire)">Kadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">Baig</a> or <a href="/wiki/Begum" title="Begum">Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begzada" title="Begzada">Begzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%A7_bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Uç bey">Uç bey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazinedar" title="Hazinedar">Hazinedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rais" title="Rais">Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">Jagirdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saranjamdar" title="Saranjamdar">Saranjamdar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taluqdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarafdar" title="Tarafdar">Tarafdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikdar" title="Sikdar">Sikdar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Royal house: <a href="/wiki/Damat" title="Damat">Damat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Gurkani</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">Nobleman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jenmi" title="Jenmi">Jenmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_(title)" title="Mian (title)">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_(name)" title="Mirza (name)">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">Baig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begzada" title="Begzada">Begzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_(title)" title="Bibi (title)">Bibi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Governmental: <a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldar" title="Haldar">Haldar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlader" class="mw-redirect" title="Howlader">Hawladar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazinedar" title="Hazinedar">Hazinedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faujdar" title="Faujdar">Faujdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambardar" title="Lambardar">Lambardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridha" title="Mridha">Mridha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">Nayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhury" title="Chowdhury">Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek_(title)" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (title)">Mostowfi ol-Mamalek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Template:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Taluqdars</b> or <b>Talukdar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">তালুকদার</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>: <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">तालुक़दार</span></span>/<span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تعلقدار</span></span></span><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">tāluqdār</i></span>; <i><a href="/wiki/Taluq" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluq">taluq</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تعلق</span> "estate" + <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:دار">dar</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دار</span></i> "owner"), were <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocrats</a> who formed the ruling class during the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. They were owners of a vast amount of lands, consistently hereditary,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had revenue and judicial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being powerful <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peers</a>, similar to those of Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, after the decline of the Mughal state the Taluqdaris were to withstand the revenue collectors of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial Powers</a> while also bringing given number of villages under their dominion, and thus, according to many historians, the rapid development and enhancing power and wealth of the Taluqdaris during the early 19th century caused tremendous difficulties and concerns to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the Taluqdaris constructed themselves enormous mud <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortified towers</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forests</a> and maintained immense bodies of armed <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">affinities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Taluqdars of Oudh were <a href="/wiki/Baronial" class="mw-redirect" title="Baronial">baronial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some representing the ancient families.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, the historical equivalent in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> is similar to a member of the landed aristocracy, or perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Manor">Lord of the Manor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary usage, the term is often regarded as a noble tribe and clan,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it may convey some diverse meanings in different parts of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mentioned that throughout Oudh till Bihar, there was a presence of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> Taluqdars and they played an important role in <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Taluqdars">Types of Taluqdars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taluqdar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of Taluqdars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(1) A hereditary owner of one or more Taluqas (land-tax jurisdictions)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an imperial tax collector<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with administrative power over a district of several villages in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (presently <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), and rest of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>. These kinds of Taluqdars were <a href="/wiki/Manorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Manorial">manorial</a>, and often had both <a href="/wiki/Forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Forts">forts</a> and military forces of their own, especially in <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they were known as Barons. Before the British annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Oudh">Kingdom of Oudh</a>, the larger Taluqdars of this type in the region had occupied a position which amounted to virtual independence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(2) An official and civil servant in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> during the British colonial era, equivalent to a magistrate and tax collector. </p><p>(3) A landholder with peculiar tenures in various other parts of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. </p><p>(4) Independent rulers of smaller states who exercised <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> authority over their subjects despite being surrounded by princes. They were a few hundred in number, with hundreds of thousands of people under their jurisdiction. Such Taluqdars were <a href="/wiki/Autocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrats">autocrats</a> and said to be the heads of <a href="/wiki/Despotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotic">despotic</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taluqdaris">Taluqdaris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taluqdar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taluqdaris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The district or estate ruled by a Taluqdar was known as <b>talukdari</b> or <b>taluqdari</b>. According to the Punjab settlement report of 1862, great land holders were appointed Taluqdars over a number of villages during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal era">Mughal era</a>. That Taluq or district usually comprised over 84 villages and a central town. The Talukdar was required to collect taxes, maintain law and order, and provide military supplies/manpower to the provincial government (similar to the role of feudal lords in Europe). In most cases the Talukdars were entitled to keep one tenth of the collected revenue. However, some privileged Talukdars were entitled to one quarter and hence were called <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry">Chaudhry</a>, which literally means owner of the fourth part. </p><p> In <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, a talukdar was next only to a raja in extent of land control and social status; but in Punjab and the United Provinces talukdars were much more powerful and were directly under the provincial governor. The late Mughal era saw the rise of powerful talukdars in <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a>, northern India, such as <a href="/wiki/Balrampur" title="Balrampur">Balrampur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nanpara_Taluqdari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanpara Taluqdari">Nanpara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhadri_(estate)" title="Bhadri (estate)">Bhadri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkha" title="Arkha">Arkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itaunja" title="Itaunja">Itaunja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kohra_(estate)" title="Kohra (estate)">Kohra</a> who seldom paid any collected revenue to the central government and became virtual rulers of their districts. Dr. Raja Rai Rajeshwar Bali was the President of the Taluqdar Association of Oudh. During a British parliamentary debate in 1858, Sir C. Wood brought to light the fact that Taluqdar oppression in Oudh was carried to an unthinkable extent. He mentioned that they had been taking over the lands of the remaining Rajas all over Oudh. Colonel Sleernan recalled the following act of war by a Taluqdar against a Raja: </p><blockquote><p>They plundered the town of Boondee, and pulled down all the houses of the rajah and those of his relatives and dependents, and after plundering all the other villages, brought in 1,000 captives of both sexes and all ages, who were subjected to all manner of torture till they paid.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similarly, in northern Punjab, the talukdars of <a href="/wiki/Chakwal_Tehsil" title="Chakwal Tehsil">Dhanni</a>, Gheb and Kot were extremely powerful.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Eighteenth century Bengal witnessed the rise of great territorial landholders at the expense of smaller landholders who were reduced to the status of dependent taluqdars, required to pay their revenue to the government through the intermediary of the great landlords called <a href="/wiki/Rai_(title)" title="Rai (title)">Rais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rana_(title)" title="Rana (title)">Ranas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rajas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharajas</a>. However many old taluqdars paid revenues to the government directly like Raja Jung Bahadur of Nanpara Estate and were as powerful as the Rajas. Some taluqdars like Thakur Ameer Haider Zaidi of estate Bahuwa,Thakur Ghulam Haider of estate Bahuwa, Chowdhury Ali Akhtar of Bilwa, Ramzan Ali Khan of Unnao, Raja Azam Ali Khan of Deogaon, and Thakur Roshan Zama Khan of Usmanpur were very close to the government and played an important role in tax collection in region of Awadh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hyderabad_State">Hyderabad State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taluqdar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hyderabad State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Nizams" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizams">Nizams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> the top of the administrator / tax revenue collector hierarchy was the <a href="/wiki/Subedar" title="Subedar">Subedar</a>, who had responsibility for the largest divisions of the country, i.e. the Princely <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hyderabad" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Hyderabad">State of Hyderabad</a>, of which there were five. Below this rank, the official title of the lower division (i.e. subdivisions of the five above) post holder was <a href="/wiki/Tehsildar" title="Tehsildar">Tehsildar</a> and below that the rank of Taluqdar, so in effect it could be equated to the three-tier ranking from province administrator to county administrator to district administrator in size from the largest to smallest. These are further divided into villages, under a village officer. </p><p>Today, the names Talukdar and Choudhry (with variations in spelling) are common in India and in Indians settled overseas among the descendants of those who held this rank or role in times past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taluqdar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Examples_of_feudalism" title="Examples of feudalism">Examples of feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudalism in India">Feudalism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatwals_and_Mulraiyats" title="Ghatwals and Mulraiyats">Ghatwals and Mulraiyats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taluqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluqa">Taluqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsildar" title="Tehsildar">Tehsildar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhary">Chaudhary</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taluqdar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZastoupil2006" class="citation book cs1">Zastoupil, Lynn (2006). <i>John Stuart Mill and India</i>. California, USA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804766173" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804766173"><bdi>978-0804766173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Stuart+Mill+and+India&rft.place=California%2C+USA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0804766173&rft.aulast=Zastoupil&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taluqdar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourdictionary.com/talukdar">"Talukdar Meaning | Best 1 Definitions of Talukdar"</a>. <i>www.yourdictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yourdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Talukdar+Meaning+%26%23124%3B+Best+1+Definitions+of+Talukdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Ftalukdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuscombe" class="citation web cs1">Luscombe, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishempire.co.uk/glossary/t.htm">"The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies"</a>. <i>www.britishempire.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishempire.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+British+Empire%2C+Imperialism%2C+Colonialism%2C+Colonies&rft.aulast=Luscombe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Fglossary%2Ft.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuttalib1988" class="citation book cs1">Muttalib, M. A. (1988). <i>Administration of Justice Under the Nizams, 1724-1948</i>. State Archives, Andhra Pradesh. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22242042">22242042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administration+of+Justice+Under+the+Nizams%2C+1724-1948&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=State+Archives%2C+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22242042&rft.aulast=Muttalib&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Gautam. <i>1857 The Uprising</i>. 8123022994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1857+The+Uprising&rft.pub=8123022994&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Gautam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSir_John_William_Kaye1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Kaye" title="John William Kaye">Sir John William Kaye</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorysepoywa00kayegoog/page/423"><i>A history of the Sepoy war in India, 1857-1858. Vol. 3</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/W._H._Allen_%26_Co." title="W. H. Allen & Co.">W. H. Allen & Co.</a> p. 423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Sepoy+war+in+India%2C+1857-1858.+Vol.+3&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Sir+John+William+Kaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorysepoywa00kayegoog%2Fpage%2F423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Kennedy1993" class="citation book cs1">James Kennedy (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foU19IDhYacC&pg=PA218"><i>Life and Work in Benares and Kumaon, 1839-1877</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120607514" title="Special:BookSources/9788120607514"><bdi>9788120607514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Work+in+Benares+and+Kumaon%2C+1839-1877&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788120607514&rft.au=James+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoU19IDhYacC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyJYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Princes and Peasants; or, The Rent Difficulty in Oudh</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Thacker%27s_Indian_Directory" title="Thacker's Indian Directory">Thacker's Indian Directory</a>. 1865. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princes+and+Peasants%3B+or%2C+The+Rent+Difficulty+in+Oudh&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Thacker%27s+Indian+Directory&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlyJYAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanana2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chanana, Priyanka (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158846">"Caste Ties, Allodial Rights and Colonial. Administration in Oudh During Summary Settlement and After 1858: The Taluqdar Association and the British Policies Upto 1870s"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>74</b>: <span class="nowrap">458–</span>469. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158846">44158846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Caste+Ties%2C+Allodial+Rights+and+Colonial.+Administration+in+Oudh+During+Summary+Settlement+and+After+1858%3A+The+Taluqdar+Association+and+the+British+Policies+Upto+1870s&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E458-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44158846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chanana&rft.aufirst=Priyanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44158846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"A chronic inability of taluqdars to meet the revenue demands". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>II</b>. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=A+chronic+inability+of+taluqdars+to+meet+the+revenue+demands&rft.volume=II&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSissonWolpert2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Sisson" title="John Richard Sisson">Sisson, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley</a>, eds. (2006) [First published 1988]. <i>Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase</i>. University of California Press. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06041-8"><bdi>978-0-520-06041-8</bdi></a>. <q>taluqdar: large landlord in UP</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+and+Indian+Nationalism%3A+The+Pre-independence+Phase&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06041-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Talukdar"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Talukdar">"Talukdar" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 386.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Talukdar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=386&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_R.Metcalf2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas R.Metcalf (8 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByTWCgAAQBAJ&dq=Rajput+Taluqdars&pg=PA299"><i>Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1970</i></a>. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400876648" title="Special:BookSources/9781400876648"><bdi>9781400876648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aftermath+of+Revolt%3A+India+1857-1970&rft.pages=299&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft.isbn=9781400876648&rft.au=Thomas+R.Metcalf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DByTWCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRajput%2BTaluqdars%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSir_Simon_Michael_Schama2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Michael_Schama" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Michael Schama">Sir Simon Michael Schama</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4RABT9O1uQC&pg=PT262"><i>A History of Britain: Volume III</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409018353" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409018353"><bdi>978-1409018353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Britain%3A+Volume+III&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409018353&rft.au=Sir+Simon+Michael+Schama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4RABT9O1uQC%26pg%3DPT262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarogah_Haji_Abbas_Ali1880" class="citation book cs1">Darogah Haji Abbas Ali (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00alid/page/n39/mode/2up"><i>An Illustrated Historical Album of the Rajas and Taaluqdars of Oudh</i></a>. North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press. pp. 4–5 (List of Taaluqdars of Oudh arranged by districts).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Historical+Album+of+the+Rajas+and+Taaluqdars+of+Oudh&rft.pages=4-5+%28List+of+Taaluqdars+of+Oudh+arranged+by+districts%29&rft.pub=North-Western+Provinces+and+Oudh+Government+Press&rft.date=1880&rft.au=Darogah+Haji+Abbas+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedhisto00alid%2Fpage%2Fn39%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColonel_Sykes1858" class="citation book cs1">Colonel Sykes, Member of Parliament for Aberdeen (14 May 1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1858-05-14/debates/ea948242-96ad-40ec-9420-55c887bd91da/Oude">"Oude"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oude&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-729&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1858-05-14&rft.au=Colonel+Sykes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2FCommons%2F1858-05-14%2Fdebates%2Fea948242-96ad-40ec-9420-55c887bd91da%2FOude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSir_George_de_Lacy_Evans1859" class="citation book cs1">Sir George de Lacy Evans, Member of Parliament for Westminster (5 August 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1859-08-05/debates/f4014a28-b5a9-4760-b367-4693103523ef/CommonsChamber">"Indian Reinforcements — The National Defences"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 1062.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Reinforcements+%E2%80%94+The+National+Defences&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-1062&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1859-08-05&rft.au=Sir+George+de+Lacy+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2FCommons%2F1859-08-05%2Fdebates%2Ff4014a28-b5a9-4760-b367-4693103523ef%2FCommonsChamber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMr._Mangles1858" class="citation book cs1">Mr. Mangles, Member of Parliament for Guildford (18 March 1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1858-03-18/debates/effff027-f07f-4cc2-9765-15d959f45bb1/EastIndiaMutinies">"East India Mutinies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 371.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+India+Mutinies&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-371&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1858-03-18&rft.au=Mr.+Mangles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2FCommons%2F1858-03-18%2Fdebates%2Feffff027-f07f-4cc2-9765-15d959f45bb1%2FEastIndiaMutinies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/conferencing-the-international/documents/official-documents/pre-conference/report-of-the-indian-statutory-commission.-volume-i-survey.pdf"><i>Report of the Indian Statutory Commission Volume One Survey</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. 1930. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Indian+Statutory+Commission+Volume+One+Survey&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fgroups%2Fconferencing-the-international%2Fdocuments%2Fofficial-documents%2Fpre-conference%2Freport-of-the-indian-statutory-commission.-volume-i-survey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMr._Amery,_Mr._Maxton,_Mr._Sorensen1944" class="citation book cs1">Mr. Amery, Mr. Maxton, Mr. Sorensen, Members of Parliament (14 March 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1944-03-14/debates/61a0d7b0-78bf-42e4-9491-4807ca9d93e7/CommonsChamber">"Clause 1—(Attachment Of States)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 187, 188, 186, 183, 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clause+1%E2%80%94%28Attachment+Of+States%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-187%2C+188%2C+186%2C+183%2C+195&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1944-03-14&rft.au=Mr.+Amery%2C+Mr.+Maxton%2C+Mr.+Sorensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2FCommons%2F1944-03-14%2Fdebates%2F61a0d7b0-78bf-42e4-9491-4807ca9d93e7%2FCommonsChamber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133300/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/balrampur.html">"Balrampur (Taluqdari)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/balrampur.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balrampur+%28Taluqdari%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.iinet.net.au%2F~royalty%2Fips%2Fb%2Fbalrampur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSir_C._Wood1858" class="citation book cs1">Sir C. Wood, Member of Parliament for Halifax (17 May 1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1858-05-17/debates/dc4797d3-1313-4718-800d-576e6d8304c9/Oude">"Oude"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 778.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oude&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-778&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1858-05-17&rft.au=Sir+C.+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2FCommons%2F1858-05-17%2Fdebates%2Fdc4797d3-1313-4718-800d-576e6d8304c9%2FOude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaluqdar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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