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class="mw-page-title-main">Harold M. 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Harold Ickes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ickes_(2543036259).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ickes_%282543036259%29.jpg/220px-Ickes_%282543036259%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ickes_%282543036259%29.jpg/330px-Ickes_%282543036259%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ickes_%282543036259%29.jpg/440px-Ickes_%282543036259%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="618" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Deputy_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Deputy Chief of Staff">White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 22, 1993 – January 20, 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Neel" title="Roy Neel">Roy Neel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Harold McEwen Ickes</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1939-09-04</span>) </span>September 4, 1939<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 85)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Laura Handman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Father)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Harold McEwen Ickes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born September 4, 1939) is the former <a href="/wiki/White_House_Deputy_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Deputy Chief of Staff">White House Deputy Chief of Staff</a> for President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. He was a leading figure in the Clinton administration's healthcare reform initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ickes is the son of <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> under <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_M._Ickes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ickes was born in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> to Harold L. Ickes and Jane Dahlman.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ickes is a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (1964, AB, Economics) and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>. Ickes was a student civil rights activist in the 1960s and took part in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has practiced labor law for many years in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. He is founder and president emeritus of civic data firm <a href="/wiki/Catalist" title="Catalist">Catalist</a>. </p><p>He was the model for the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(novel)" title="Primary Colors (novel)">Primary Colors</a></i> character "Howard Ferguson".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_M._Ickes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ickes has been active in Democratic politics for over forty years, working in the presidential campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Birch Bayh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Udall" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Udall">Morris Udall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>. In 1989, he was a senior advisor to <a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a>'s successful campaign for mayor of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Ickes is a registered lobbyist with the Ickes and Enright Group.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ickes is currently co-chair of Meyer, Suozzi, English & Klein, P.C.’s Labor and Government Relations practice groups, and manages the firm’s <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> office.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his government relations practice, Mr. Ickes provides counsel and representation to business and union clients on legislative, governmental regulation and procurement matters. This includes providing strategic advice, planning and representation for business, labor, governmental and non-profit organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Basil_Paterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Paterson">Basil Paterson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former New York Secretary of State, State Senator, and the New York City Deputy Mayor for Labor Relations and Personnel, Mr. Ickes co-chairs the firm’s extensive labor practice, providing counsel to dozens of local and international unions in the health care, transportation, package delivery, hotel, construction, communications, distribution, manufacturing, retail food, and other industries in the private and public sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Ickes founded progressive data collection and voter file company Catalist. As of 2019, he serves on the board of directors of Catalist and as its president emeritus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/LexisNexis_Martindale-Hubbell" class="mw-redirect" title="LexisNexis Martindale-Hubbell">Martindale-Hubbell</a> had given Ickes an "AV Preeminent" rating, which is the highest level of professional excellence among lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he became the political strategist for <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s Democratic presidential nomination campaign in February 2008, Ickes was featured in a prominent article in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, detailing his approach to this political campaign and his "sassy" and "dyspeptic" demeanor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2009, Ickes joined <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of New York">New York Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">David Paterson</a>'s election campaign as a senior adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinton_Administration">Clinton Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_M._Ickes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clinton Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ickes chaired <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s presidential campaign in New York in 1992, persuading state Democrats to stand by Clinton despite the controversy over <a href="/wiki/Gennifer_Flowers" title="Gennifer Flowers">Gennifer Flowers</a>. </p><p>In the Clinton administration, Ickes served as Deputy Chief of Staff under <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a>. In a lengthy New York Times profile of Ickes in 1997, Michael Lewis nicknamed Ickes "the Garbage Man" and noted that 'Ickes has been caught up in so many of Clinton's scandals and crises that he came to describe his function in the White House as 'director of the sanitation department'.'<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bowles" title="Erskine Bowles">Erskine Bowles</a> was appointed Chief of Staff after Clinton's 1996 re-election, he requested to have input in choosing his subordinates, and so Ickes was dismissed from his position.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that Ickes resigned to take the fall for President Clinton, as Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Fred Thompson</a> had the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Senate Governmental Affairs Committee</a> probe Clinton's campaign finances.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, he was a senior advisor to <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> campaign. He now heads the <a href="/wiki/Media_Fund" title="Media Fund">Media Fund</a>, a <a href="/wiki/527_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="527 committee">527 committee</a>. Following the 2004 elections, he was a contender against <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> for the chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> (DNC). </p><p>Ickes worked as a political strategist for <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s failed campaign in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>. Ickes reportedly had a poor relationship with campaign strategist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Penn" title="Mark Penn">Mark Penn</a>. This acrimony carried over from their days in President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s administration.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNC_rules_and_bylaws_committee">DNC rules and bylaws committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_M._Ickes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: DNC rules and bylaws committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a member of the DNC's Rules Committee he was a proponent of adding other states besides Iowa and New Hampshire early on in the Presidential nominating calendar. He was unsuccessful in his promotion of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> as the second primary state, after <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, which lost to <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. With all but one member of the Rules and Bylaws Commission, Ickes voted in August 2007 to strip Florida and Michigan of their delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton won the vote in Florida after neither candidate campaigned there and voters were told that their vote would not count<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, in accordance with the earlier decision. </p><p>At a contentious meeting of the DNC Rules & Bylaws Committee held at the <a href="/wiki/Marriott_Wardman_Park" title="Marriott Wardman Park">Marriott Wardman Park Hotel</a> in Washington, DC, on May 31, 2008, Ickes voted in favor of a compromise resolution to allow the Florida delegation to be seated with each delegate having one half vote giving presidential candidate Sen. Hillary Clinton (NY) 105 pledged delegates (52.5 votes), candidate <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Sen. Barack Obama</a> (IL) 67 delegates (33.5 votes), and former <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Sen. John Edwards</a> (NC) 13 delegates (6.5 votes); and against a resolution proposed by the Michigan Democratic Party to seat the Michigan delegation with 69 delegates (34.5 votes) pledged to Sen. Clinton and 59 delegates (29.5 votes) for Sen. Obama (IL) at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, CO, in August, 2008. (The net result was a gain of 87 delegate votes for Clinton and 63 for Obama.) In the interest of "unifying our Party" the Florida resolution was approved by a unanimous vote of 27–0, while the more controversial Michigan resolution passed by a vote of 19 to 8. The resolutions also provided that the delegates from both states should be slated under Rules 5, 6, 7, and 12, which outline the candidate's right of approval.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"This motion will hijack – hijack – remove four delegates won by Hillary Clinton," Ickes said in opposing the Michigan motion. "This body of 30 individuals has decided that they're going to substitute their judgment for 600,000 [Michigan] voters." Immediately prior to the vote on the motion, Ickes announced that candidate Clinton would reserve the right to appeal the Rules Committee's approval of the Michigan resolution to the DNC Credentials Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The option of appeal and a convention fight was rendered moot, as Clinton suspended her campaign and endorsed Obama on June 7. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_M._Ickes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIckes2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ickes, Harold (March 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/mitchelloralhistory/118">"Interview with Harold Ickes by Diane Dewhirst"</a>. <i>George J. Mitchell Oral History Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=George+J.+Mitchell+Oral+History+Project&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Harold+Ickes+by+Diane+Dewhirst&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft.aulast=Ickes&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.bowdoin.edu%2Fmitchelloralhistory%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+M.+Ickes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeMay2017" class="citation book cs1">LeMay, Michael C. (2017). <i>The American Political Party System: A Reference Handbook</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5412-5"><bdi>978-1-4408-5412-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Political+Party+System%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5412-5&rft.aulast=LeMay&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+M.+Ickes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1997" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Michael (September 21, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/21/magazine/bill-clinton-s-garbage-man.html">"Bill Clinton's Garbage Man"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bill+Clinton%27s+Garbage+Man&rft.date=1997-09-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F09%2F21%2Fmagazine%2Fbill-clinton-s-garbage-man.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+M.+Ickes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/related.aspx?subject=Harold+Ickes&tid=relatedcl">Newsweek – National News, World News, Health, Technology, Entertainment and more... | Newsweek.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513221248/http://www.newsweek.com/related.aspx?subject=Harold+Ickes&tid=relatedcl">Archived</a> May 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429232935/http://www.msek.com/profiles/government-attorneys-lobbyists-washington-dc/harold-ickes.php">"Harold M. Ickes, MSEK Profile"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msek.com/profiles/government-attorneys-lobbyists-washington-dc/harold-ickes.php">the original</a> on April 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harold+M.+Ickes%2C+MSEK+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msek.com%2Fprofiles%2Fgovernment-attorneys-lobbyists-washington-dc%2Fharold-ickes.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+M.+Ickes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111022234143/http://www.msek.com/services/government-law-lobbying-albany-ny-washington-dc.php">"Meyer, Suozzi, English & Klein, P.C's Government Relations Practice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msek.com/services/government-law-lobbying-albany-ny-washington-dc.php">the original</a> on October 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meyer%2C+Suozzi%2C+English+%26+Klein%2C+P.C%27s+Government+Relations+Practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msek.com%2Fservices%2Fgovernment-law-lobbying-albany-ny-washington-dc.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+M.+Ickes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003190637/http://www.msek.com/profiles/new-york-garden-city-labor-law-attorneys/basil-a-paterson.php">"Basil A. Paterson"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msek.com/profiles/new-york-garden-city-labor-law-attorneys/basil-a-paterson.php">the original</a> on October 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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