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id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Family and personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Legal career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_attorney" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_attorney"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Civil rights attorney </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_attorney-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legislative career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislative_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legislative career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legislative_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illinois_Senate_(1997–2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illinois_Senate_(1997–2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Illinois Senate (1997–2004) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illinois_Senate_(1997–2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_U.S._Senate_campaign_in_Illinois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_U.S._Senate_campaign_in_Illinois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_U.S._Senate_campaign_in_Illinois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senate_(2005–2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senate_(2005–2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 U.S. Senate (2005–2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senate_(2005–2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Presidential campaigns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidential campaigns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(2009–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(2009–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Presidency (2009–2017) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(2009–2017)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (2009–2017) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(2009–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_100_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_100_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 First 100 days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_100_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Racial issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 LGBT rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Same-sex_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2.1 Same-sex marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Environmental policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Health care reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_in_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 War in Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan_and_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan_and_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Afghanistan and Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan_and_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2.1 Death of Osama bin Laden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Relations with Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 Syrian civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_nuclear_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_nuclear_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7 Iran nuclear talks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_nuclear_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.8 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_political_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_political_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cultural and political image </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_and_political_image-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural and political image subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_political_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Job_approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job_approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Job approval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Foreign perceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thanks,_Obama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thanks,_Obama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Thanks, Obama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thanks,_Obama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(2017–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(2017–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Post-presidency (2017–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(2017–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy and recognition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and recognition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Presidential library </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Eponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audiobooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audiobooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Audiobooks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audiobooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Lists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Official </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Barack Obama</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 248 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-248" aria-hidden="true" > 248 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%A3%E1%88%9B" title="ባራክ ኦባማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባራክ ኦባማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك أوباما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باراك أوباما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A9_%DC%90%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܒܪܐܩ ܐܘܒܐܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪܐܩ ܐܘܒܐܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84_%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Պարաք Օպամա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պարաք Օպամա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="বাৰাক অ'বামা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাৰাক অ'বামা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک اوباما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باراک اوباما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="বারাক ওবামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারাক ওবামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Абама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Барак Абама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Абама – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Барак Абама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BE%B0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བ་རག་ཨོ་པྰ་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བ་རག་ཨོ་པྰ་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Hussein_Obama" title="Barack Hussein Obama – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Barack Hussein Obama" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك أوباما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باراك أوباما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%84%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ބަރަކް އޮބާމާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަރަކް އޮބާމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastiin_al%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85j%C4%AF%CA%BC_dahsid%C3%A1h%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD_Barack_Obama" title="Hastiin alą́ąjįʼ dahsidáhígíí Barack Obama – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hastiin alą́ąjįʼ dahsidáhígíí Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बाराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μπαράκ Ομπάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαράκ Ομπάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обамань Барак – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Обамань Барак" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک اوباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باراک اوباما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" title="奧巴馬 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="奧巴馬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrack_Obama" title="Barrack Obama – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Barrack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="બરાક ઓબામા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બરાક ઓબામા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA_%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌺 𐍉𐌱𐌰𐌼𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌺 𐍉𐌱𐌰𐌼𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%9D%BD_%EC%98%A4%EB%B0%94%EB%A7%88" title="버락 오바마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버락 오바마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84_%D5%95%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Բարաք Օբամա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարաք Օբամա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B8%E1%95%8C%E1%92%83_%E1%90%85%E1%90%B9%E1%92%AA" title="ᐸᕌᒃ ᐅᐹᒪ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐸᕌᒃ ᐅᐹᒪ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94" title="ברק אובמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברק אובמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಬರಾಕ್ ಒಬಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬರಾಕ್ ಒಬಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ბარაკ ობამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბარაკ ობამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="بَراک اؤبامہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَراک اؤبامہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81_%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2" title="ບາຣັກ ໂອບາມາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ບາຣັກ ໂອບາມາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraks_Obama" title="Baraks Obama – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Baraks Obama" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baracus_Obama" title="Baracus Obama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baracus Obama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraks_Obama" title="Baraks Obama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baraks Obama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/byRAK.obamas" title="byRAK.obamas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="byRAK.obamas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बाराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="ബറാക്ക് ഒബാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബറാക്ക് ഒബാമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक ओबामा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ბარაკ ობამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბარაკ ობამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك اوباما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باراك اوباما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک اوباما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باراک اوباما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘာရက် အိုဘားမား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာရက် အိုဘားမား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाराक ओबामा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बाराक ओबामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E" title="バラク・オバマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラク・オバマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%9E_%DF%8F%DF%93%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߓߙߊߞ ߏߓߡߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߙߊߞ ߏߓߡߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ବାରାକ ଓବାମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାରାକ ଓବାମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਰਾਕ ਓਬਾਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਾਕ ਓਬਾਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارک اوباما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بارک اوباما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک حسين اوباما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باراک حسين اوباما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B_%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="បារ៉ាក់ អូបាម៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បារ៉ាក់ អូបាម៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обама, Барак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обама, Барак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बराक् ओबामा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बराक् ओबामा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱚᱵᱟᱢᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱚᱵᱟᱢᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F" title="බරාක් ඔබාමා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බරාක් ඔබාමා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارڪ اوباما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بارڪ اوباما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Баракъ Обама – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Баракъ Обама" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraak_Obama" title="Baraak Obama – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baraak Obama" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراک ئۆباما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باراک ئۆباما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="பராக் ஒபாமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பராக் ஒபாமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Ubama" title="Barak Ubama – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Barak Ubama" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="బరాక్ ఒబామా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బరాక్ ఒబామా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="บารัก โอบามา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บารัก โอบามา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Hussein_Obama" title="Barack Hussein Obama – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Barack Hussein Obama" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%A3%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%B9" title="ᏆᎳᎩ ᎣᏆᎹ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᎳᎩ ᎣᏆᎹ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netse_%C3%94hmo%27%C3%B4ht%C3%A1vaestse" title="Netse Ôhmo'ôhtávaestse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Netse Ôhmo'ôhtávaestse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Барак Обама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Барак Обама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بارک اوباما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارک اوباما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باراك ئوباما – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="باراك ئوباما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubahmaj" title="Aubahmaj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aubahmaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_Barak" title="Obama Barak – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Obama Barak" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC" title="巴拉克·奥巴马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴拉克·奥巴马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90" title="באראק אבאמא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באראק אבאמא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" title="巴拉克·奧巴馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴拉克·奧巴馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraks_Obama" title="Baraks Obama – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baraks Obama" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC" title="贝拉克·奥巴马 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝拉克·奥巴马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Obama" title="Barak Obama – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Barak Obama" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD_%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Barack_Obama" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 2009 to 2017</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Barack_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Barack (disambiguation)">Barack (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Obama (disambiguation)">Obama (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Barack Obama (disambiguation)">Barack Obama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Barack Obama</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Obama standing in the Oval Office with his arms folded and smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2012</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Roland Burris</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_13th_Senate_district" title="Illinois's 13th Senate district">13th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" title="Alice Palmer (politician)">Alice Palmer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Raoul" title="Kwame Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Barack Hussein Obama II</div> (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 63) <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Robinson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1992)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malia_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Malia Obama">Malia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasha Obama">Sasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Obama_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama family">Obama family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Politician</li> <li>lawyer</li> <li>author</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barack Obama's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/128px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/192px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Barack_Obama_signature.svg/256px-Barack_Obama_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="124" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barackobama.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obama.org">Obama Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov">White House Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg" title="File:President Obama on the death of Osama bin Laden.ogg">Barack Obama's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="568" data-mwtitle="President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg/President_Obama_on_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Obama on the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> Recorded May 2, 2011</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_(cropped)_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29_4.jpg/75px-President_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29_4.jpg/113px-President_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29_4.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama_%28cropped%29_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2062" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></li> <li>Publications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_summer_playlist" title="Barack Obama's summer playlist">Summer playlist</a></li> <li>Non-profit organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Foundation" title="Obama Foundation">Obama Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Illinois State Senator and U.S. Senator from Illinois</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois State Senate tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">2004 DNC keynote address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senate tenure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate">sponsored bills</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">44th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">Russia nuclear treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Iraq withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_debt-ceiling_crisis" title="2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis">2011 debt-ceiling crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">Libya intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">Benghazi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_United_States_debt-ceiling_crisis" title="2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis">2013 debt-ceiling crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">Anti-ISIL campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_tan_suit_controversy" title="Barack Obama tan suit controversy">Tan suit controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Sanctions against Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech" title="Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech">Selma 50th anniversary speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Barack_Obama" title="Arctic policy of Barack Obama">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="European foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="South Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Marine policy of the Barack Obama administration">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Native American policy of the Barack Obama administration">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Appointments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barack_Obama" title="Cabinet of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Presidential campaigns</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_coalition" title="Obama coalition">Obama coalition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama_series" title="Template:Barack Obama series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama_series" title="Template talk:Barack Obama series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Barack Hussein Obama II<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 2009 to 2017. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, he was the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> president in U.S. history. Obama previously served as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator">U.S. senator</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> from 2005 to 2008 and as an <a href="/wiki/Illinois_state_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois state senator">Illinois state senator</a> from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1983 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in political science and later worked as a <a href="/wiki/Community_organizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Community organizer">community organizer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. In 1988, Obama enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, where he was the first black president of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> from 1992 to 2004. In 1996, Obama was elected to <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">represent the 13th district in the Illinois Senate</a>, a position he held until 2004, when he <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">successfully ran for the U.S. Senate</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>, after <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">a close primary campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selected <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his running mate and defeated <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>. Obama was awarded the <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a>, a decision that drew both criticism and praise. His first-term actions addressed the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> and included the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a major stimulus package to guide the economy in recovering from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>; a partial extension of the <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">Bush tax cuts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Health_care_reforms_proposed_during_the_Obama_administration" title="Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration">legislation to reform health care</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>, a major financial regulation reform bill; and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. Obama also appointed <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> justices <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, the former being the first <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American">Hispanic American</a> on the Supreme Court. He ordered <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune Spear">Operation Neptune Spear</a>, the raid that killed <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, who was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. Obama downplayed Bush's <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> model, expanding <a href="/wiki/Air_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strikes">air strikes</a> and making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. He also ordered the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> to implement <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a>, contributing to the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. Obama defeated Republican opponent <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>. In his second term, Obama took steps to <a href="/wiki/Combat_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat climate change">combat climate change</a>, signing the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, a major international climate agreement, and an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> to limit <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emission">carbon emissions</a>. Obama also presided over the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> and other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>, a nuclear agreement with Iran, and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">normalized relations with Cuba</a>. The number of <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">American soldiers in Afghanistan</a> decreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout the remainder of his presidency. Obama promoted inclusion for <a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people in the United States">LGBT Americans</a>, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>. Obama left office in 2017 with high approval ratings both within the United States and among foreign advisories. He continues to reside in Washington D.C. and remains politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden's <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">successful presidential bid</a> in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a>. Outside of politics, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Obama has published three books</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (2006), and <a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">His presidential library</a> began construction in the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="South Side of Chicago">South Side of Chicago</a> in 2021. Historians and political scientists rank Obama among the upper tier in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Scholar_survey_summary" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">historical rankings of American presidents</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career of Barack Obama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a young Obama sitting on grass with his grandfather, mother, and half-sister." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg/220px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg/330px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Obama (right) with grandfather <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Armour Dunham</a>, mother <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a>, and half-sister <a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro</a>, mid-1970s in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></figcaption></figure> Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<a href="#cite_note-biography-3">[2]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children" title="Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children">Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-birth-certificate-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-maraniss-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> He is the only president born outside the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous 48 states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-8">[7]</a> He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (1942–1995), was born in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007 it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village of <a href="/wiki/Moneygall" title="Moneygall">Moneygall, Ireland</a> to the U.S. in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> In July 2012, <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a> found a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended from <a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a>, an enslaved African man who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> during the seventeenth century.<a href="#cite_note-ancestry-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Obama's father, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (1934–1982),<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> was a married<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania">Luo Kenyan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nyang%27oma_Kogelo" title="Nyang'oma Kogelo">Nyang'oma Kogelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a>, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-Jones_2007-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-21">[20]</a> The couple married in <a href="/wiki/Wailuku,_Hawaii" title="Wailuku, Hawaii">Wailuku, Hawaii</a>, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.<a href="#cite_note-Ripley_2008-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he earned an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Obama Sr. returned to <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."<a href="#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-21">[20]</a> He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> In 1963, Dunham met <a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>; he was an <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Indonesian">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center" title="East–West Center">East–West Center</a> <a href="/wiki/Graduate_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate student">graduate student</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>. The couple married on <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokai</a> on March 15, 1965.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> After two one-year extensions of his <a href="/wiki/J-1_visa" title="J-1 visa">J-1 visa</a>, Lolo returned to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the <a href="/wiki/Tebet,_South_Jakarta" title="Tebet, South Jakarta">Tebet</a> district of <a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a>. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scan of Obama's elementary school record, where he is wrongly recorded as Indonesian and Muslim." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/220px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/330px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg/440px-Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>Obama's Indonesian school record in St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School. Obama was enrolled as "Barry Soetoro" (no. 1), and was wrongly recorded as an Indonesian citizen (no. 3) and a Muslim (no. 4).<a href="#cite_note-Suhartono_3/19/2010-31">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> At the age of six, Obama and his mother had moved to Indonesia to join his stepfather. From age six to ten, he was registered in school as "Barry"<a href="#cite_note-Suhartono_3/19/2010-31">[30]</a> and attended local <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Language">Indonesian-language</a> schools: Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and <a href="/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01" title="State Elementary School Menteng 01">Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01</a> (State Elementary School Menteng 01) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language <a href="/wiki/Calvert_School" title="Calvert School">Calvert School</a> homeschooling by his mother.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> As a result of his four years in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, he was able to speak <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> fluently as a child.<a href="#cite_note-in_Jakarta-34">[33]</a> During his time in Indonesia, Obama's stepfather taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works".<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, <a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Dunham</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Punahou_School" title="Punahou School">Punahou School</a>—a private <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">college preparatory school</a>—with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In high school, Obama continued to use the nickname "Barry" which he kept until making a visit to Kenya in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro</a>, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> at the University of Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975, so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo Soetoro in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Of his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Obama has also written and talked about using <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Obama was also a member of the "Choom Gang" (the slang term for smoking marijuana), a self-named group of friends who spent time together and smoked marijuana.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> College and research jobs After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend <a href="/wiki/Occidental_College" title="Occidental College">Occidental College</a> on a full scholarship. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">disinvestment from South Africa</a> in response to that nation's policy of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Occidental-45">[44]</a> In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya and visited the families of college friends in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> for three weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Occidental-45">[44]</a> Later in 1981, he <a href="/wiki/College_transfer" title="College transfer">transferred</a> to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York City as a <a href="/wiki/Junior_(education_year)" title="Junior (education year)">junior</a>, where he majored in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> with a specialty in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 and a 3.7 <a href="/wiki/Grading_(education)#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (education)">GPA</a>. After graduating, Obama worked for about a year at the <a href="/wiki/Business_International_Corporation" title="Business International Corporation">Business International Corporation</a>, where he was a financial researcher and writer,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> then as a project coordinator for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group" title="New York Public Interest Research Group">New York Public Interest Research Group</a> on the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> campus for three months in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama moved from New York to Chicago when he was hired as director of the <a href="/wiki/Developing_Communities_Project" title="Developing Communities Project">Developing Communities Project</a>, a faith-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in <a href="/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago" title="Roseland, Chicago">Roseland</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Pullman,_Chicago" title="West Pullman, Chicago">West Pullman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Chicago" title="Riverdale, Chicago">Riverdale</a> on Chicago's <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a>. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in <a href="/wiki/Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)">Altgeld Gardens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-55">[54]</a> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Foundation" title="Gamaliel Foundation">Gamaliel Foundation</a>, a community organizing institute.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his <a href="/wiki/Jael_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Jael Obama">paternal relatives</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Obama_2012-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard</a>, April 24, 1990, 11:34, <a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">Boston TV Digital Archive</a><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-59">[58]</a> Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25.</td></tr></tbody></table> Despite being offered a full scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern University School of Law">Northwestern University School of Law</a>, Obama enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in the fall of 1988, living in nearby <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> He was selected as an editor of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> at the end of his first year,<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-61">[60]</a> president of the journal in his second year,<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-62">[61]</a> and research assistant to the constitutional scholar <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a> while at Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Associate_attorney#Summer_associates" title="Associate attorney">summer associate</a> at the law firms of <a href="/wiki/Sidley_Austin" title="Sidley Austin">Sidley Austin</a> in 1989 and <a href="/wiki/Hopkins_%26_Sutter" title="Hopkins & Sutter">Hopkins & Sutter</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Obama's election as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">first black president of the Harvard Law Review</a> gained national media attention<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-62">[61]</a> and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2008a-65">[64]</a> which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2008a-65">[64]</a> Obama graduated from Harvard Law in 1991 with a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors" title="Latin honors">magna cum laude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-61">[60]</a> University of Chicago Law School In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> to work on his first book.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2008a-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fellow-67">[66]</a> He then taught <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's <a href="/wiki/Project_Vote" title="Project Vote">Project Vote</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_campaign" title="Voter registration campaign">voter registration campaign</a> with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading <a href="/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business" title="Crain's Chicago Business">Crain's Chicago Business</a> to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<a href="#cite_note-Forty-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_personal_life">Family and personal life</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family of Barack Obama</a></div> In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">his extended family</a>: "It's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Mac" title="Bernie Mac">Bernie Mac</a>, and I've got relatives who look like <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>."<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (Maya Soetoro-Ng) and seven other half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> until her death on November 2, 2008,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> two days before his election to the presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in <a href="/wiki/Moneygall" title="Moneygall">Moneygall</a> in May 2011.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a>, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">President of the Confederate States of America</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. He also shares distant ancestors in common with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Obama lived with anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager" title="Sheila Miyoshi Jager">Sheila Miyoshi Jager</a> while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-78">[77]</a> He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<a href="#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-79">[78]</a> The relationship was not made public until May 2017, several months after his presidency had ended.<a href="#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-79">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of Obama, his wife, and their two daughters smiling at the camera. Obama wears a dress shirt and tie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/220px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/330px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/440px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Obama poses in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)" title="Green Room (White House)">Green Room</a> of the White House with wife <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle</a> and daughters Sasha and Malia, September 2009.</figcaption></figure> In June 1989, Obama met <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Robinson</a> when he was employed at <a href="/wiki/Sidley_Austin" title="Sidley Austin">Sidley Austin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">in vitro fertilization</a> to conceive their children.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The Obama daughters attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a>. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the <a href="/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School" title="Sidwell Friends School">Sidwell Friends School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The Obamas had two <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog" title="Portuguese Water Dog">Portuguese Water Dogs</a>; the first, a male named <a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a>, was a gift from Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In 2013, Bo was joined by <a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a>, a female.<a href="#cite_note-Feldmann-88">[87]</a> Bo died of cancer on May 8, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Obama is a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, and he threw out the first pitch at the <a href="/wiki/2005_American_League_Championship_Series" title="2005 American League Championship Series">2005 ALCS</a> when he was still a senator.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the <a href="/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a> while wearing a White Sox jacket.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> He is also primarily a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a> football fan in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>, but in his childhood and adolescence was a <a href="/wiki/Steeler_Nation" title="Steeler Nation">fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers</a> and rooted for them ahead of their victory in <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII" title="Super Bowl XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a> 12 days after he took office as president.<a href="#cite_note-Steelers-92">[91]</a> In 2011, Obama invited the <a href="/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season" title="1985 Chicago Bears season">1985 Chicago Bears</a> to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX" title="Super Bowl XX">Super Bowl win</a> in 1986 due to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> He plays <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> and he is left-handed.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In 2005, the Obama family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago">Hyde Park, Chicago</a> condominium to a $1.6 million house (equivalent to $2.5 million in 2023) in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kenwood,_Chicago" title="Kenwood, Chicago">Kenwood, Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend <a href="/wiki/Tony_Rezko" title="Tony Rezko">Tony Rezko</a>—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<a href="#cite_note-corruption_charges-97">[96]</a> In December 2007, <a href="/wiki/Money_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Money (magazine)">Money Magazine</a> estimated Obama's net worth at $1.3 million (equivalent to $1.9 million in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to <a href="/wiki/Fisher_House_Foundation" title="Fisher House Foundation">Fisher House Foundation</a>, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million.<a href="#cite_note-networth12-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3></div> Obama is a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life.<a href="#cite_note-Christian-104">[103]</a> He wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> that he "was not raised in a religious household." He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person ... I have ever known", and "a lonely witness for <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a>." He described his father as a "confirmed <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black churches</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">community organizer</a> while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<a href="#cite_note-social_change-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Obama and his wife standing in a crowded Church, looking forward, with their mouths open mid-sentence while reciting a prayer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/330px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/440px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="2675" /></a><figcaption>The Obamas worship at <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in Washington, D.C., January 2013</figcaption></figure> In January 2008, Obama told <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">redemptive death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Jesus Christ">resurrection of Jesus Christ</a>. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views, saying: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">treating others as they would treat me</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APbychoice-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-108">[107]</a></blockquote> Obama met <a href="/wiki/Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ" title="Trinity United Church of Christ">Trinity United Church of Christ</a> pastor <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright" title="Jeremiah Wright">Jeremiah Wright</a> in October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Trinity-109">[108]</a> During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">some of Wright's statements were criticized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)">Shiloh Baptist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a>, as well as Evergreen Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In 2016, Obama said that he gets inspiration from a few items that remind him "of all the different people I've met along the way", adding: "I carry these around all the time. I'm not that superstitious, so it's not like I think I necessarily have to have them on me at all times." The items, "a whole bowl full", include rosary beads given to him by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, a figurine of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Coptic cross</a> from Ethiopia, a small <a href="/wiki/Buddha_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha statue">Buddha statue</a> given by a monk, and a metal poker chip that used to be the lucky charm of a motorcyclist in Iowa.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_attorney">Civil rights attorney</h3></div> He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an <a href="/wiki/Associate_attorney" title="Associate attorney">associate</a> for three years from 1993 to 1996, then <a href="/wiki/Of_counsel" title="Of counsel">of counsel</a> from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). This <a href="/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class-action lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a> was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a>. The case was settled out of court. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Woods_Fund_of_Chicago" title="Woods Fund of Chicago">Woods Fund of Chicago</a>—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Foundation" title="Joyce Foundation">Joyce Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-52">[51]</a> He served on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge" title="Chicago Annenberg Challenge">Chicago Annenberg Challenge</a> from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-52">[51]</a> Obama's law license became inactive in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-DavisMiner-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_career">Legislative career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illinois_Senate_(1997–2004)">Illinois Senate (1997–2004)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama and others carrying a streetsign that reads "Honorary: Milton Davis Blvd."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/330px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/440px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after <a href="/wiki/ShoreBank" title="ShoreBank">ShoreBank</a> co-founder Milton Davis in 1998.</figcaption></figure> Obama was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator <a href="/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" title="Alice Palmer (politician)">Alice Palmer</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_13th_Senate_district" title="Illinois's 13th Senate district">Illinois's 13th District</a>, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south to <a href="/wiki/South_Shore,_Chicago" title="South Shore, Chicago">South Shore</a> and west to <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago" title="Chicago Lawn, Chicago">Chicago Lawn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> He sponsored a law that increased <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">tax credits</a> for low-income workers, negotiated <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a>, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.<a href="#cite_note-Scott20070730-121">[120]</a> In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Ryan" title="George Ryan">George Ryan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Payday_loan" title="Payday loan">payday loan</a> regulations and <a href="/wiki/Predatory_lending" title="Predatory lending">predatory mortgage lending</a> regulations aimed at averting home <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In 2000, he lost a <a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">Democratic primary race</a> for <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 1st congressional district">Illinois's 1st congressional district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> to four-term incumbent <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">Bobby Rush</a> by a margin of two to one.<a href="#cite_note-Democratic_primary-126">[125]</a> In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a> by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<a href="#cite_note-Scott20070730-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a> reforms.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_U.S._Senate_campaign_in_Illinois">2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004 United States Senate election in Illinois</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago,_November_2,_2004_(5471954323).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg/220px-Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg/330px-Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg/440px-Chicago%2C_November_2%2C_2004_%285471954323%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Obama campaign yard sign in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> November 2004</figcaption></figure> In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant <a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a> by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Resolution">joint resolution</a> authorizing the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rose_Garden-135">[134]</a> Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">anti-Iraq War rally</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-136">[135]</a> and spoke out against the war.<a href="#cite_note-spoke_out-137">[136]</a> He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd "it's not too late" to stop the war.<a href="#cite_note-stop_the_war-138">[137]</a> Decisions by Republican incumbent <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a> and his Democratic predecessor <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a> not to participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">national Democratic Party</a>, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.<a href="#cite_note-future-140">[139]</a> In July 2004, Obama delivered <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">the keynote address</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> seen by nine million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-status-142">[141]</a> Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(politician)" title="Jack Ryan (politician)">Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew from the race in June 2004.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Six weeks later, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">November 2004 general election</a>, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for a Senate candidate in Illinois history.<a href="#cite_note-margin-145">[144]</a> He took 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats traditionally do not do well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senate_(2005–2008)">U.S. Senate (2005–2008)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">United States Senate career of Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate">List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama smiling with his arms crossed, with the Capitol building and the sky in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/220px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/330px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/440px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate</figcaption></figure> Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> becoming the only Senate member of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the <a href="/wiki/Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" title="Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction">Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction</a> concept to conventional weapons;<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006" title="Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006">Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a>, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Coburn" title="Tom Coburn">Tom Coburn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> He also <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">cosponsored</a> the <a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the <a href="/wiki/Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act" title="Honest Leadership and Open Government Act">Honest Leadership and Open Government Act</a>, which was signed into law in September 2007.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a>;<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-159">[158]</a> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the <a href="/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="State Children's Health Insurance Program">State Children's Health Insurance Program</a>, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a> through December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation">European Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa. He met with <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> before Abbas became <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="President of the Palestinian National Authority">President of the Palestinian National Authority</a> and gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.<a href="#cite_note-Kenyan-164">[163]</a> Obama <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">resigned his Senate seat</a> on November 16, 2008, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-transition_period-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_campaigns">Presidential campaigns</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008">2008</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electoral college map, depicting Obama winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West, and Florida, and McCain winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>2008 electoral vote results. Obama won 365–173.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait, 2009</figcaption></figure> On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the <a href="/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)">Old State Capitol</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC20070210-167">[166]</a> The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic, as it was also where <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> delivered his <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">"House Divided"</a> speech in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-168">[167]</a> Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">energy independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care reform in the United States">reforming the health care system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Numerous candidates entered the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>. The field narrowed to Obama and Senator <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process, but Obama gained a steady lead in pledged <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)">delegates</a> due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a> states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<a href="#cite_note-allocation-170">[169]</a> On June 2, 2008, Obama had received enough votes to clinch his nomination. After an initial hesitation to concede, on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> On August 23, 2008, Obama announced his <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<a href="#cite_note-nagourney-172">[171]</a> Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> and Virginia Governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nagourney-172">[171]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> gave convention speeches in his support.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Obama delivered his acceptance speech at <a href="/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High" class="mw-redirect" title="Invesco Field at Mile High">Invesco Field at Mile High</a> stadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-npr1409-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-acceptance-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.<a href="#cite_note-small_donations-178">[177]</a> On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns" title="Campaign finance in the United States">public financing</a> in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-179">[178]</a> John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in three <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates">presidential debates</a> in September and October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-presidential_debates-180">[179]</a> On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> to 173 received by McCain.<a href="#cite_note-electoral_votes-181">[180]</a> Obama won 52.9 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">popular vote</a> to McCain's 45.7 percent.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> He became the first African-American to be elected president.<a href="#cite_note-FirstBlackPrez-183">[182]</a> Obama delivered <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008">his victory speech</a> before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)" title="Grant Park (Chicago)">Grant Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-achangeisgoncome-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent1-185">[184]</a> He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others being <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electoral college map, depicting Obama winning many states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific West, and Florida, and Romney winning many states in the South and Rocky Mountains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>2012 electoral vote results. Obama won 332–206.</figcaption></figure> On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> and then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012">Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CNN-clinch1-190">[189]</a> and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778 <a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a> delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-clinch2-191">[190]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,<a href="#cite_note-FEC-196">[195]</a> Obama became the first Democratic president since <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to win the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">majority of the popular vote</a> twice.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's <a href="/wiki/McCormick_Place" title="McCormick Place">McCormick Place</a> after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT20130121-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(2009–2017)">Presidency (2009–2017)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency of Barack Obama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_100_days">First 100 days</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency">First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama raising his left hand for the oath of office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/330px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/440px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Obama takes <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">the oath of office</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John G. Roberts Jr.</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">the Capitol</a>, January 20, 2009.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorandum" title="Presidential memorandum">presidential memoranda</a> directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> He ordered the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_policy" title="Mexico City policy">Mexico City policy</a> which prohibited federal aid to international <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div> The first bill signed into law by Obama was the <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a>, relaxing the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> for equal-pay lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cell</a> research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama giving a speech to Congress, with Pelosi and Biden clapping behind him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Obama delivers a <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009">speech at a joint session of Congress</a> with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> on February 24, 2009.</figcaption></figure> Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominated <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>. She was confirmed on August 6, 2009,<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Obama nominated <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> On March 11, 2009, Obama created the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls" title="White House Council on Women and Girls">White House Council on Women and Girls</a>, which formed part of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs">Office of Intergovernmental Affairs</a>, having been established by <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13506" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 13506">13506</a> with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. The council was chaired by <a href="/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Advisor to the President">Senior Advisor to the President</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett" title="Valerie Jarrett">Valerie Jarrett</a>. Obama also established the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault" title="White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault">White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> through a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the Vice President of the United States">Office of the Vice President of the United States</a>, and prior to that the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> first drafted by Biden. In July 2009, Obama launched the <a href="/wiki/Priority_Enforcement_Program" title="Priority Enforcement Program">Priority Enforcement Program</a>, an immigration enforcement program that had been pioneered by George W. Bush, and the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Communities" title="Secure Communities">Secure Communities</a> fingerprinting and immigration status data-sharing program.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">major space policy speech</a> in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to the moon and development of the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> rocket, <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> rocket and <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a>, in favor of funding <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth science</a> projects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama smiling at a hospital patient while hugging her friend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption>Obama visits an <a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora,_Colorado_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting">Aurora shooting</a> victim at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Hospital" title="University of Colorado Hospital">University of Colorado Hospital</a>, 2012.</figcaption></figure> On January 16, 2013, one month after the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a>, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> He urged Congress to reintroduce an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">expired ban</a> on military-style <a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">assault weapons</a>, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> for the first time since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-218">[217]</a> In a 2016 editorial in The New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movements" title="Civil rights movements">civil rights movements</a> in American history. In 2011, Obama signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">2013 global surveillance disclosures</a> by <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,<a href="#cite_note-CNN-Snowden-220">[219]</a> but called for increased restrictions on the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) to address violations of privacy.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Obama continued and expanded surveillance programs set up by George W. Bush, while implementing some reforms.<a href="#cite_note-:0-223">[222]</a> He supported legislation that would have limited the NSA's ability to collect phone records in bulk under a single program and supported bringing more transparency to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a> (FISC).<a href="#cite_note-:0-223">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_issues">Racial issues</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></div> In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a "<a href="/wiki/Post-racial_America" title="Post-racial America">post-racial America</a>".<a href="#cite_note-wrodgers-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-shearalcindor1-228">[227]</a> However, lingering racial tensions quickly became apparent,<a href="#cite_note-wrodgers-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-ccil2-229">[228]</a> and many African-Americans expressed outrage over what they saw as an intense racial animosity directed at Obama.<a href="#cite_note-jblake-230">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_George_Zimmerman" title="Trial of George Zimmerman">acquittal</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Zimmerman" title="George Zimmerman">George Zimmerman</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin" title="Killing of Trayvon Martin">killing of Trayvon Martin</a> sparked national outrage, leading to Obama giving a speech in which he said that "Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago."<a href="#cite_note-ccilliza-231">[230]</a> The shooting of <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Michael Brown">Michael Brown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri" title="Ferguson, Missouri">Ferguson, Missouri</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_unrest" title="Ferguson unrest">sparked a wave of protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-capeheart2-232">[231]</a> These and other events led to the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement, which campaigns against violence and <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">systemic racism</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-capeheart2-232">[231]</a> Though Obama entered office reluctant to talk about race, by 2014 he began openly discussing the disadvantages faced by many members of minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-pbacon-233">[232]</a> Several incidents during Obama's presidency generated disapproval from the African-American community and with law enforcement, and Obama sought to build trust between law enforcement officials and civil rights activists, with mixed results. Some in law enforcement criticized Obama's condemnation of racial bias after incidents in which police action led to the death of African-American men, while some racial justice activists criticized Obama's expressions of empathy for the police.<a href="#cite_note-bridgethedivide-234">[233]</a> In a March 2016 Gallup poll, nearly one third of Americans said they worried "a great deal" about race relations, a higher figure than in any previous Gallup poll since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h4></div> On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, a measure that expanded the <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal" title="Hate crime laws in the United States">1969 United States federal hate-crime law</a> to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Equality">Immigration Equality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>, which fulfilled a promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">don't ask, don't tell</a> policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that barred <a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">transgender people from serving openly in the military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TransBan1-240">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</h5></div> As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama stated he favored legalizing <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCT0114-241">[240]</a> During his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.<a href="#cite_note-WCT0204-242">[241]</a> In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage."<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-245">[244]</a> During his second <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">inaugural address</a> on January 21, 2013,<a href="#cite_note-NYT20130121-200">[199]</a> Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans, and the first to mention <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">gay rights</a> or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a> (regarding same-sex marriage)<a href="#cite_note-huffpo-amicus-248">[247]</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a> (regarding the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>).<a href="#cite_note-cnn-amicus-249">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div> On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a $787 billion (equivalent to $1118 billion in 2023) <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">economic stimulus</a> package aimed at helping the economy recover from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">deepening worldwide recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and <a href="/wiki/Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive">incentives</a>, and direct assistance to individuals.<a href="#cite_note-direct_assistance-251">[250]</a> In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a>, took further steps to manage the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis</a>, including introducing the <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" title="Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets">Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a>, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets.<a href="#cite_note-markets_opened-252">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph showing large deficit increases in 2008 and 2009, followed by a decline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/330px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/440px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Deficit</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">debt</a> increases, 2001–2016</figcaption></figure> Obama intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10">troubled automotive industry</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> in March 2009, renewing loans for <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (GM) and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization">sale of Chrysler</a> to Italian automaker <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization">reorganization of GM</a> giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-256">[255]</a> He signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System" title="Car Allowance Rebate System">Car Allowance Rebate System</a>, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", which temporarily boosted the economy.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a>. These guarantees totaled about $11.5 trillion, but only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" title="Budget Control Act of 2011">Budget Control Act of 2011</a>. The legislation enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021, established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee did not achieve such savings.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a> on its obligations.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Theodossiou-263">[262]</a> Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.<a href="#cite_note-Eddlemon-264">[263]</a> By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.<a href="#cite_note-BEA1-268">[267]</a> Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-BEA1-268">[267]</a> In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:334px;max-width:334px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Employment_Statistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph showing increased unemployment in Obama's first year, followed by consistent jobs growth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/332px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="332" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/498px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/664px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">U.S. <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> and monthly changes in net employment during Obama's tenure as president<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:354px;max-width:354px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph showing lower jobs growth under Obama was lower than previous presidents, except George W. Bush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/352px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" decoding="async" width="352" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/528px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/704px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="754" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to other presidents, as measured as a cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-estimated-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-newc-274">[273]</a> The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,<a href="#cite_note-newc-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> while conceding that "it is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<a href="#cite_note-estimated-273">[272]</a> Although an April 2010, survey of members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Business_Economics" title="National Association for Business Economics">National Association for Business Economics</a> showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> Within a month of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">2010 midterm elections</a>, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">2001 and 2003 income tax rates</a>, a one-year <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax">payroll tax</a> reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">estate taxes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion (equivalent to $1.2 trillion in 2023) <a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> In December 2013, Obama declared that growing <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a> is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the <a href="/wiki/Fast_food_worker_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food worker strikes">nationwide strikes of fast-food workers</a> and Pope Francis' criticism of inequality and <a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">trickle-down economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_policy">Environmental policy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Climate change policy of the United States">Climate change policy of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama-venice-la.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama listening to a briefing, surrounded by senior staffers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/330px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/440px-Obama-venice-la.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Obama at a 2010 briefing on the <a href="/wiki/BP_oil_spill" class="mw-redirect" title="BP oil spill">BP oil spill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> Station Venice in <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana" title="Venice, Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a></figcaption></figure> On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rig</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Macondo_Prospect" title="Macondo Prospect">Macondo Prospect</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, causing a <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">major sustained oil leak</a>. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_drilling" title="Deepwater drilling">deepwater drilling</a> permits and leases, pending regulatory review.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> Prior to the oil spill, on March 31, 2010, Obama ended a ban on oil and gas drilling along the majority of the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> and along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">northern Alaska</a> in an effort to win support for an energy and climate bill and to reduce foreign imports of oil and gas.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_XL_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone XL pipeline">Keystone XL pipeline</a> if it increased carbon pollution [or] greenhouse emissions."<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> In December 2016, Obama permanently banned new offshore oil and gas drilling in most United States-owned waters in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and Arctic Oceans using the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Act.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> Obama emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_lands" title="Federal lands">federal lands</a> during his term in office. He used his power under the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> to create 25 new <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">national monuments</a> during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<a href="#cite_note-Monuments-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_care_reform">Health care reform</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform in the United States">Healthcare reform in the United States</a></div> Obama called for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to pass legislation reforming <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">health care in the United States</a>, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<a href="#cite_note-health_reform-297">[296]</a> He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option" title="Public health insurance option">public option</a>, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for <a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_condition" title="Pre-existing condition">pre-existing conditions</a>, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph of maximum out-of-pocket premiums by poverty level, showing single-digit premiums for everyone under 400% of the federal poverty level." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/450px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/600px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty level">federal poverty level</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, starting in 2014 (Source: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">CRS</a>)<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a></figcaption></figure> On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-health_reform-297">[296]</a> After public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009">a speech to a joint session of Congress</a> on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-303">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-304">[303]</a> On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> On March 21, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA, colloquially "Obamacare") passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> The ACA includes <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">health-related provisions</a>, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty level">federal poverty level</a> (FPL) starting in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-cnn_ref1-307">[306]</a> subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Health insurance exchange">health insurance exchanges</a>, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.<a href="#cite_note-cbo_est-309">[308]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance,_1963-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph showing significant decreases in uninsured rates after the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, and after the creation of Obamacare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/220px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/330px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/440px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: <a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">JAMA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a></figcaption></figure> The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income <a href="/wiki/Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket">brackets</a>, taxes on <a href="/wiki/Indoor_tanning" title="Indoor tanning">indoor tanning</a>, cuts to the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Advantage" title="Medicare Advantage">Medicare Advantage</a> program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a> that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.<a href="#cite_note-WP-uphold-314">[313]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc." title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a> from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in <a href="/wiki/King_v._Burwell" title="King v. Burwell">King v. Burwell</a> that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P06409PS-0571_(3594694537).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/220px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/330px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/440px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption>June 4, 2009 − after his speech <a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a>, U.S. President Obama participates in a roundtable interview in 2009 with among others <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambang_Harymurti" title="Bambang Harymurti">Bambang Harymurti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Barnea" title="Nahum Barnea">Nahum Barnea</a>.</figcaption></figure> In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> Hillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "<a href="/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">reset</a>" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.<a href="#cite_note-preceding_administration-316">[315]</a> Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> in Egypt calling for "<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a>" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<a href="#cite_note-middleeast-320">[319]</a> On June 26, 2009, Obama condemned the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">Iran's 2009 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> In 2011, Obama ordered a drone strike in Yemen which targeted and killed <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>, an American imam suspected of being a leading <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> organizer. al-Awlaki became the first <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">U.S. citizen</a> to be targeted and killed by a <a href="/wiki/Drone_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strike">U.S. drone strike</a>. The Department of Justice released a memo justifying al-Awlaki's death as a lawful act of war,<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> while civil liberties advocates described it as a violation of al-Awlaki's constitutional right to <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>. The killing led to significant controversy.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Abdulrahman_al-Awlaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulrahman al-Awlaki">teenage son</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nawar_al-Awlaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Nawar al-Awlaki">young daughter</a>, also Americans, were later killed in separate <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Yakla" title="Raid on Yakla">US military actions</a>, although they were not targeted specifically.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama%27s_trip_to_Saudi_Arabia_April_2016_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Obama, King <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman of Saudi Arabia</a>, Saudi Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a> and other leaders at the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> summit in Saudi Arabia, April 2016</figcaption></figure> In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">military intervention in Yemen</a>, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">arms deals with Saudi Arabia</a> worth $115 billion.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> after Saudi warplanes <a href="/wiki/2016_Sana%27a_funeral_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Sana'a funeral airstrike">targeted a funeral</a> in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> In September 2016 Obama was snubbed by <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> as he descended from <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> to the tarmac of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangzhou International Airport">Hangzhou International Airport</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2016_G20_Hangzhou_summit" title="2016 G20 Hangzhou summit">2016 G20 Hangzhou summit</a> without the usual red carpet welcome.<a href="#cite_note-tgu1-330">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_in_Iraq">War in Iraq</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)</a></div> On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays."<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> In June 2014, following the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">capture of Mosul</a> by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a>, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commit <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> In August 2014, during the <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar massacre</a>, Obama ordered a <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)#Airstrikes" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">campaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-def31-10-14-338">[337]</a> By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a> the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq increased to 4,400,<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan_and_Pakistan">Afghanistan and Pakistan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> and <a href="/wiki/AfPak" title="AfPak">AfPak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai,_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama and other heads of state walking along the Colonnade outside the White House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_with_Afghan_President_Karzai%2C_Pakistan_President_Zardari_and_Joe_Biden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2411" /></a><figcaption>Obama after a trilateral meeting with Afghan President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> (left) and Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> (right), May 2009</figcaption></figure> In his election campaign, Obama called the war in Iraq a "dangerous distraction" and that emphasis should instead be put on the war in Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> the region he cites as being most likely where an attack against the United States could be launched again.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires."<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General <a href="/wiki/David_D._McKiernan" title="David D. McKiernan">David D. McKiernan</a>, with former <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">Special Forces</a> commander Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal" title="Stanley A. McChrystal">Stanley A. McChrystal</a> in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.<a href="#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-346">[345]</a> On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> this took place in July 2011. <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> Regarding neighboring Pakistan, Obama called its tribal border region the "greatest threat" to the security of Afghanistan and Americans, saying that he "cannot tolerate a terrorist sanctuary." In the same speech, Obama claimed that the U.S. "cannot succeed in Afghanistan or secure our homeland unless we change our Pakistan policy."<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Death of Osama bin Laden</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama, Biden, and national security staffers in the Situation Room, somberly listening to updates on the bin Laden raid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/330px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/440px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune%27s_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune's Spear">Operation Neptune's Spear</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Situation Room">White House Situation Room</a>, May 1, 2011. See also: <a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room</a>.</figcaption></figure> Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He was living in seclusion in <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">a large compound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) from <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-clues-352">[351]</a> CIA head <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-clues-352">[351]</a> Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">United States Navy SEALs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-clues-352">[351]</a> The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.<a href="#cite_note-WP-binLaden-353">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-ND-binLaden-354">[353]</a> DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<a href="#cite_note-ABC-binLaden-355">[354]</a> which was buried at sea several hours later.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-356">[355]</a> Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WP-binLaden-353">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-357">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden">Reaction to the announcement</a> was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-358">[357]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_Cuba">Relations with Cuba</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama shaking hands with the Cuban president" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/330px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/440px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Obama meeting with Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> in Panama, April 2015</figcaption></figure> Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba to <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">exchange prisoners</a> as a gesture of goodwill.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a>, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nelson_Mandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela memorial service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> Popularly dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Thaw">Cuban Thaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a> deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive since <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama shaking hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, with Biden overlooking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>Obama meeting with Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, May 2009</figcaption></figure> During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Political_Military_Group" title="Joint Political Military Group">U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group</a> and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> program in response to the waves of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, with the United States being the only nation to do so.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> Obama supports the <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-373">[372]</a> In 2014, Obama likened the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist movement">Zionist movement</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran Nuclear Deal</a>; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad."<a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334</a>, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupied <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> as a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama administration's actions,<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million, on January 6, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">2012 Benghazi attack</a></div> In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, and a resolution<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> In response to the passage of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> on March 17, the Foreign Minister of Libya Moussa Koussa announced a ceasefire. However Gaddafi's forces continued to attack the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> On March 19 a multinational coalition lead by France and the United Kingdom with Italian and U.S. support, approved by Obama, took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> including the use of <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirits</a>, and fighter jets.<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-390">[389]</a> Some members of Congress<a href="#cite_note-LibyaOffensive-391">[390]</a> questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> In 2016 Obama said "Our coalition could have and should have done more to fill a vacuum left behind" and that it was "a mess".<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the "worst mistake" of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrian_civil_war">Syrian civil war</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war#United_States" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war § United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></div> On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">President Assad</a> to step aside."<a href="#cite_note-mustgo-396">[395]</a> This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a> In 2012, Obama authorized multiple <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">programs run by the CIA</a> and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.<a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a> In the wake of a <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">chemical weapons attack</a> in Syria, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government%27s_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013" title="U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013">formally blamed</a> by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged<a href="#cite_note-redline-401">[400]</a> and, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">giving up chemical weapons</a>; however attacks with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine gas">chlorine gas</a> continued.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a> In 2014, Obama authorized an <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran_nuclear_talks">Iran nuclear talks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_(8637772147).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>Obama talks with Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, March 2013.</figcaption></figure> On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The "Complex Modernization" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. In November 2013, the Obama administration opened <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">negotiations</a> with Iran to prevent it from acquiring <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, which included an <a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">interim agreement</a>. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.<a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a> In addition, the transfer of $1.7 billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the Republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions."<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shielded <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a> investigation regarding drug smuggling and from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348 billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.<a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Obama_administration_(2009–2017)" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations § Obama administration (2009–2017)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama shaking hands with Vladimir Putin in front of Russian and American flags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Obama meets Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in September 2015.</figcaption></figure> In March 2010, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.<a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a> Obama and Medvedev signed the <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> treaty in April 2010, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> ratified it in December 2010.<a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a> In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a> when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a> In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,<a href="#cite_note-LAT80713-415">[414]</a> but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Huffpo80913-416">[415]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russia's invasion of Crimea</a> in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Syria">military intervention in Syria</a> in 2015, and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_election_interference_by_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 United States election interference by Russia">the interference</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ftelect-417">[416]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">George Robertson</a>, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<a href="#cite_note-obexit-418">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_political_image">Cultural and political image</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image of Barack Obama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_media_reaction_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International media reaction to the 2008 United States presidential election">International media reaction to the 2008 United States presidential election</a></div> Obama's family history, upbringing, and <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists" title="National Association of Black Journalists">National Association of Black Journalists</a> that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."<a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a> Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."<a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a> Additionally, Obama has frequently been referred to as an exceptional orator.<a href="#cite_note-exceptional_orator-422">[421]</a> During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job_approval">Job approval</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to adjacent text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/275px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/413px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg/550px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Barack_Obama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Graph of Obama's approval ratings per Gallup</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Organization">Gallup Organization</a>, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval rating</a>,<a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a> the fifth highest for a president following their swearing in.<a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a> His ratings remained above the majority level until November 2009<a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a> and by August 2010 his approval was in the low 40s,<a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.<a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> on May 2, 2011, Obama experienced a small poll bounce and steadily maintained 50–53 percent approval for about a month, until his approval numbers dropped back to the low 40s.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a> His approval rating fell to 38 percent on several occasions in late 2011<a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a> before recovering in mid-2012 with polls showing an average approval of 50 percent.<a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a> After his second inauguration in 2013, Obama's approval ratings remained stable around 52 percent<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a> before declining for the rest of the year and eventually bottoming out at 39 percent in December.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a> In polling conducted before the <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_elections" title="2014 United States elections">2014 midterm elections</a>, Obama's approval ratings were at their lowest<a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a> with his disapproval rating reaching a high of 57 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a> His approval rating continued to lag throughout most of 2015 but began to reach the high 40s by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a> According to Gallup, Obama's approval rating reached 50 percent in March 2016, a level unseen since May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Obamapolling-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a> In polling conducted January 16–19, 2017, Obama's final approval rating was 59 percent, which placed him on par with <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, whose final Gallup ratings also measured in the high 50s.<a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a> Obama has maintained relatively positive public perceptions after his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> In Gallup's retrospective approval polls of former presidents, Obama garnered a 63 percent approval rating in 2018 and again in 2023, ranking him the fourth most popular president since World War II.<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_perceptions">Foreign perceptions</h3></div> Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a> In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by <a href="/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Insights & Analytics">Harris Interactive</a> for <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a> In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a> On October 9, 2009—only nine months into his first term—the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> announced that Obama had won the <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples",<a href="#cite_note-nobel_peace_prize2-451">[450]</a> which drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a> He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a> He himself called it a "call to action" and remarked: "I do not view it as a recognition of my own accomplishments but rather an affirmation of American leadership on behalf of aspirations held by people in all nations".<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thanks,_Obama">Thanks, Obama</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thanks,_Obama" title="Thanks, Obama">Thanks, Obama</a></div> In 2009 the saying "thanks, Obama" first appeared in a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter hashtag</a> "#thanks Obama" and was later used in a demotivational poster. It was later adopted satirically to blame Obama for any socio-economic ills. Obama himself used the phrase in video in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 the phrase was used by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> to express gratitude to Obama on his last day in office. In 2022, President Joe Biden's Twitter account posted the phrase. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(2017–present)">Post-presidency (2017–present)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/220px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/330px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/440px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>Obama playing golf with Argentinian president <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a>, October 2017</figcaption></figure> Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, upon the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration</a> of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a> The family moved to a house they rented in <a href="/wiki/Sheridan-Kalorama_Historic_District" title="Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District">Kalorama, Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a> On March 2, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> awarded the <a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a> His first public appearance since leaving the office was a seminar at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> on April 24, where he appealed for a new generation to participate in politics.<a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> On September 7, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work with <a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a> From October 31 to November 1, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the <a href="/wiki/Obama_Foundation" title="Obama Foundation">Obama Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> which he intended to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office.<a href="#cite_note-465">[464]</a> Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> under the Obamas' newly formed production company, <a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-466">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a> Higher Ground's first film, <a href="/wiki/American_Factory" title="American Factory">American Factory</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a> On October 24, a pipe bomb addressed to Obama was intercepted by the Secret Service. It was one of several pipe-bombs that had been <a href="/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts" title="October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts">mailed out to Democratic lawmakers and officials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-469">[468]</a> In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wyc_Grousbeck" title="Wyc Grousbeck">Wyc Grousbeck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a> On October 29, Obama criticized "<a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">wokeness</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">call-out culture</a> at the Obama Foundation's annual summit.<a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a> Obama was reluctant to make an endorsement in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Democratic presidential primaries">2020 Democratic presidential primaries</a> because he wanted to position himself to unify the party, regardless of the nominee.<a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a> On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed Biden, the presumptive nominee, for president in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">the presidential election</a>, stating that he has "all the qualities we need in a president right now."<a href="#cite_note-474">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a> In May, Obama criticized President Trump for <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_communication_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic">his handling</a> of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, calling his response to the crisis "an absolute chaotic disaster", and stating that the consequences of the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump presidency</a> have been "our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before."<a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a> On November 17, Obama's presidential memoir, <a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a>, was released.<a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> In February 2021, Obama and musician <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> started a podcast called <a href="/wiki/Renegades:_Born_in_the_USA" title="Renegades: Born in the USA">Renegades: Born in the USA</a> where the two talk about "their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'"<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a> Later that year, Regina Hicks had signed a deal with <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, in a venture with his and Michelle's Higher Ground to develop comedy projects.<a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20220405AS-1082_(52067439422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Obama standing behind a lectern, giving a speech at the White House, with Biden and Harris smiling in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg/220px-P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg/330px-P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg/440px-P20220405AS-1082_%2852067439422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Obama with President Joe Biden and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> in the White House, April 5, 2022</figcaption></figure> On March 4, 2022, Obama won an Audio Publishers Association (APA) Award in the best narration by the author category for the narration of his memoir A Promised Land.<a href="#cite_note-483">[482]</a> On April 5, Obama visited the White House for the first time since leaving office, in an event celebrating the 12th annual anniversary of the signing of the Affordable Care Act.<a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a> In June, it was announced that the Obamas and their podcast production company, Higher Ground, signed a multi-year deal with <a href="/wiki/Audible_(service)" title="Audible (service)">Audible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a> In September, Obama visited the White House to unveil his and Michelle's official White House portraits.<a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a> Around the same time, he won a <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Narrator" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator">Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a> for his narration in the Netflix documentary series <a href="/wiki/Our_Great_National_Parks" title="Our Great National Parks">Our Great National Parks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-491">[490]</a> In 2022, Obama opposed expanding the Supreme Court beyond the present nine Justices.<a href="#cite_note-492">[491]</a> In March 2023, Obama traveled to Australia as a part of his speaking tour of the country. During the trip, Obama met with Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> and visited <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-493">[492]</a> Obama was reportedly paid more than $1 million for two speeches.<a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a> In October 2023, during the Israel–Hamas war, Obama declared that <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> must dismantle <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-496">[495]</a> Weeks later, Obama warned <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> that its actions could "harden Palestinian attitudes for generations" and weaken international support for Israel; any military strategy that ignored the war's human costs "could ultimately backfire."<a href="#cite_note-497">[496]</a> In July 2024, Obama expressed concerns about Biden's campaign viability after his critically maligned <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Biden–Donald Trump 2024 presidential debate">debate performance</a> against former president Trump.<a href="#cite_note-498">[497]</a> On July 21, Biden <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">withdrew his candidacy</a> and swiftly endorsed Vice President Harris right after to run as the Democratic nominee. Obama endorsed Harris alongside his wife Michelle five days later and delivered a critically acclaimed speech at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 Democratic National Convention</a> formally endorsing her.<a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a> He joined Harris on the campaign trail in October, traveling to various swing states and emphasizing her record as a prosecutor, Senator, and Vice President and advocating for increased voter turnout, and his criticisms of Donald Trump and the Republican Party were widely reported by various media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-501">[500]</a> After Trump was declared the winner of the election on November 6, Obama and Michelle congratulated him and Vice President-elect <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> while praising the Harris campaign and calling on liberal voters to continue supporting democracy and human rights.<a href="#cite_note-502">[501]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_recognition">Legacy and recognition</h2></div> Obama has been described as one of the most effective campaigners in American history (his 2008 campaign being particularly highlighted) as well as one of the most talented political orators of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-:1-503">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-504">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-505">[504]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Julian_E._Zelizer" title="Julian E. Zelizer">Julian Zelizer</a> credits Obama with "a keen sense of how the institutions of government work and the ways that his team could design policy proposals." Zeitzer notes Obama's policy successes included the economic stimulus package which ended the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd-Frank</a> financial and consumer protection reforms, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>. Zeitzer also notes the Democratic Party lost power and numbers of elected officials during Obama's term, saying that the consensus among historians is that Obama "turned out to be a very effective policymaker but not a tremendously successful party builder." Zeitzer calls this the "defining paradox of Obama's presidency".<a href="#cite_note-ZelizerObamaBookChap1-506">[505]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> noted that Obama passed "only one major legislative achievement (Obamacare)—and a fragile one at that—the legacy of Obama's presidency mainly rests on its tremendous symbolic importance and the fate of a patchwork of executive actions."<a href="#cite_note-507">[506]</a> David W. Wise noted that Obama fell short "in areas many Progressives hold dear", including the continuation of drone strikes, not going after big banks during the Great Recession, and failing to strengthen his coalition before pushing for Obamacare. Wise called Obama's legacy that of "a disappointingly conventional president".<a href="#cite_note-508">[507]</a> Obama's most significant accomplishment is generally considered to be the Affordable Care Act (ACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the ACA, including a "skinny repeal", have thus far failed.<a href="#cite_note-legacy-509">[508]</a> However, in 2017, the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.<a href="#cite_note-auto-510">[509]</a> Together with the <a href="/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act">Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act</a> amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and Medicaid in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Oberlander2010-511">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal2015-512">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-CohenEtAl-513">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTsigning-514">[513]</a> Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">depression</a> and pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.<a href="#cite_note-legacy-509">[508]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> created 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his second term.<a href="#cite_note-515">[514]</a> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, it brought the most significant changes to <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">financial regulation</a> in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> under Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt.<a href="#cite_note-516">[515]</a> In 2009, Obama signed into law the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010</a>, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The act expanded <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Hate crime laws in the United States">existing federal hate crime laws in the United States</a>, and made it a federal crime to assault people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<a href="#cite_note-517">[516]</a> As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<a href="#cite_note-518">[517]</a> In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to "don't ask, don't tell" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service from <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> people; the law went into effect the following year.<a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a> In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban on <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-520">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-TransBan1-240">[239]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress on LGBT rights during Obama's eight years in office.<a href="#cite_note-521">[520]</a> Obama substantially escalated the use of <a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strikes">drone strikes</a> against suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-522">[521]</a> In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-524">[523]</a> Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-525">[524]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Bureau of Justice Statistics">United States Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.<a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) called Obama's human rights record "mixed", adding that "he has often treated human rights as a secondary interest—nice to support when the cost was not too high, but nothing like a top priority he championed."<a href="#cite_note-:0-223">[222]</a> Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.<a href="#cite_note-527">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-528">[527]</a> He gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American president.<a href="#cite_note-529">[528]</a> In Gallup's 2018 job approval poll for the past 10 U.S. presidents, he received a 63 percent approval rating.<a href="#cite_note-530">[529]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_library">Presidential library</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Barack Obama Presidential Center</a></div> The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">presidential library</a>. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)" title="Jackson Park (Chicago)">Jackson Park</a> on the South Side of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-531">[530]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama">List of awards and honors received by Barack Obama</a></div> Obama received the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 2009, <a href="/wiki/USC_Shoah_Foundation" title="USC Shoah Foundation">The Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education's Ambassador of Humanity Award</a> in 2014, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Profile_in_Courage_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award">John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award</a> in 2017, and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights">Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Ripple of Hope Award</a> in 2018. He was named <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME Magazine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Person of the Year</a> in 2008 and 2012. He also received two <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_%26_Storytelling_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording">Grammy Awards for Best Spoken Word Album</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> (2006), and <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (2008) as well as two <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Narrator" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator">Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Narrator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Our_Great_National_Parks" title="Our Great National Parks">Our Great National Parks</a> (2022), and <a href="/wiki/Working:_What_We_Do_All_Day" title="Working: What We Do All Day">Working: What We Do All Day</a> (2023). He also won two <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards" title="Children's and Family Emmy Awards">Children's and Family Emmy Awards</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eponymy">Eponymy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">List of things named after Barack Obama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography of Barack Obama</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFObama1995" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (July 18, 1995). <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Times_Books" title="Times Books">Times Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2343-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2343-8"><bdi>978-0-8129-2343-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1995-07-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-2343-8&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2006" class="citation book cs1">——————— (October 17, 2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9"><bdi>978-0-307-23769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audacity+of+Hope&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-307-23769-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2010" class="citation book cs1">——————— (November 16, 2010). <a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)">Of Thee I Sing</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Books_for_Young_Readers" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Books for Young Readers">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-83527-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-83527-8"><bdi>978-0-375-83527-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Thee+I+Sing&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft.isbn=978-0-375-83527-8&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2020" class="citation book cs1">——————— (November 17, 2020). <a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6316-9"><bdi>978-1-5247-6316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Promised+Land&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-5247-6316-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-532">[531]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audiobooks">Audiobooks</h3></div> <ul><li>2006: The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (read by the author), <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Audio">Random House Audio</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-6641-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-6641-7">978-0-7393-6641-7</a></li> <li>2020: A Promised Land (read by the author)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama1988" class="citation journal cs1">Obama, Barack (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.niu.edu/1988/ii880840.html">"Why organize? Problems in the inner city"</a>. Illinois Issues. XIV (8 & 9): 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Issues&rft.atitle=Why+organize%3F+Problems+in+the+inner+city&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=8+%26+9&rft.pages=40-42&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0738-9663&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.niu.edu%2F1988%2Fii880840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama1990" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (1990). "Tort Law. Prenatal Injuries. Supreme Court of Illinois Refuses to Recognize Cause of Action Brought by Fetus Against Its Mother for Unintentional Infliction of Prenatal Injuries. Stallman v. Youngquist, 125 Ill. 2d 267, 531 N. E.2d 355 (1988)". <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. 103 (3): 823–828. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1341352">10.2307/1341352</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341352">1341352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Tort+Law.+Prenatal+Injuries.+Supreme+Court+of+Illinois+Refuses+to+Recognize+Cause+of+Action+Brought+by+Fetus+Against+Its+Mother+for+Unintentional+Infliction+of+Prenatal+Injuries.+Stallman+v.+Youngquist%2C+125+Ill.+2d+267%2C+531+N.+E.2d+355+%281988%29&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=823-828&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1341352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1341352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> Uncredited case comment.<a href="#cite_note-533">[532]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2005" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/bound-to-the-word/">"Bound to the Word"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Libraries" title="American Libraries">American Libraries</a>. 36 (7): 48–52. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25649652">25649652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Libraries&rft.atitle=Bound+to+the+Word&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=48-52&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25649652%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanlibrariesmagazine.org%2Fbound-to-the-word%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObamaClinton2006" class="citation journal cs1">———————; <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton, Hillary</a> (May 25, 2006). "Making Patient Safety the Centerpiece of Medical Liability Reform". <a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a>. 354 (21): 2205–2208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp068100">10.1056/NEJMp068100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16723612">16723612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Making+Patient+Safety+the+Centerpiece+of+Medical+Liability+Reform&rft.volume=354&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2205-2208&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp068100&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16723612&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft.au=Clinton%2C+Hillary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2007" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-07-01/renewing-american-leadership">"Renewing American Leadership"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 86 (4): 2–16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20032411">20032411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Renewing+American+Leadership&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-16&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20032411%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F2007-07-01%2Frenewing-american-leadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2008" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431">"A More Perfect Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Scholar" title="The Black Scholar">The Black Scholar</a>. 38 (1): 17–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00064246.2008.11413431">10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41069296">41069296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219318643">219318643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Scholar&rft.atitle=A+More+Perfect+Union&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-23&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219318643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41069296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00064246.2008.11413431&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00064246.2008.11413431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2009" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issues.org/obama/">"What Science Can Do"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Issues_in_Science_and_Technology" title="Issues in Science and Technology">Issues in Science and Technology</a>. 25 (4): 23–30. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43314908">43314908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=What+Science+Can+Do&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=23-30&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43314908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissues.org%2Fobama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2009" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F1610-7780-2009-2-173">"A New Beginning"</a>. Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften (ZSE). 7 (2): 173–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F1610-7780-2009-2-173">10.5771/1610-7780-2009-2-173</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26165626">26165626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Staats-+und+Europawissenschaften+%28ZSE%29&rft.atitle=A+New+Beginning&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-186&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F1610-7780-2009-2-173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26165626%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5771%252F1610-7780-2009-2-173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2016" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (August 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5069435">"United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a>. 130 (5): 811–866. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797">10.1001/jama.2016.9797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5069435">5069435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27400401">27400401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=United+States+Health+Care+Reform%3A+Progress+to+Date+and+Next+Steps&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=811-866&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5069435%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27400401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5069435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2017" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (January 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/811-866-Online-Rev-vf.pdf">"The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. 130 (3): 811–866. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44865604">44865604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+Role+in+Advancing+Criminal+Justice+Reform&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=811-866&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44865604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2F811-866-Online-Rev-vf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2017" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (January 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam6284">"The Irreversible Momentum of Clean Energy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 355 (6321): 126–129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...355..126O">2017Sci...355..126O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam6284">10.1126/science.aam6284</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28069665">28069665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30991274">30991274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Irreversible+Momentum+of+Clean+Energy&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=6321&rft.pages=126-129&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aam6284&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30991274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28069665&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Sci...355..126O&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aam6284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2017" class="citation journal cs1">——————— (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1493&context=publichealthresources">"Repealing the ACA Without a Replacement—the Risks to American Health Care"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_%26_Gynecological_Survey" title="Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey">Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey</a>. 72 (5): 263–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FOGX.0000000000000447">10.1097/OGX.0000000000000447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:80088566">80088566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrical+%26+Gynecological+Survey&rft.atitle=Repealing+the+ACA+Without+a+Replacement%E2%80%94the+Risks+to+American+Health+Care&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=263-264&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FOGX.0000000000000447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A80088566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1493%26context%3Dpublichealthresources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/32px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/48px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/64px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chicago" title="Portal:Chicago">Chicago portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/32px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/48px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/64px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Illinois" title="Portal:Illinois">Illinois portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/12px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/18px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/24px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="798" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:2000s" title="Portal:2000s">2000s portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:IPhone_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IPhone_5.svg/13px-IPhone_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IPhone_5.svg/20px-IPhone_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IPhone_5.svg/26px-IPhone_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="4578" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:2010s" title="Portal:2010s">2010s portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009" title="Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009">Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS_targeting_controversy" title="IRS targeting controversy">IRS targeting controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012" title="Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012">Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)" title="National Broadband Plan (United States)">National Broadband Plan (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPEECH_Act" title="SPEECH Act">SPEECH Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay_with_It" title="Stay with It">Stay with It</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches of Barack Obama</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination threats against Barack Obama">Assassination threats against Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">List of African-American United States senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandals_during_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scandals during the Obama administration">List of federal political scandals, 2009–17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">List of things named after Barack Obama</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg\/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg" title="File:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bə-RAHK</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">hoo-SAYN</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">oh-BAH-mə</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clMEg4-N7ao">"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. January 20, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-biography-3"><a href="#cite_ref-biography_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">"President Barack Obama"</a>. The White House. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama">the original</a> on October 26, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Fpresident-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/04/27/president-obamas-long-form-birth-certificate">"President Obama's Long Form Birth Certificate"</a>. whitehouse.gov. April 27, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731152530/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/04/27/president-obamas-long-form-birth-certificate">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=President+Obama%27s+Long+Form+Birth+Certificate&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fblog%2F2011%2F04%2F27%2Fpresident-obamas-long-form-birth-certificate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth-certificate-5"><a href="#cite_ref-birth-certificate_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">"Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Certificate+of+Live+Birth%3A+Barack+Hussein+Obama+II%2C+August+4%2C+1961%2C+7%3A24+pm%2C+Honolulu&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frss_viewer%2Fbirth-certificate-long-form.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maraniss-6"><a href="#cite_ref-maraniss_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss,_David2008" class="citation news cs1">Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html">"Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"</a>. The Washington Post. p. A22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164728/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Though+Obama+had+to+leave+to+find+himself%2C+it+is+Hawaii+that+made+his+rise+possible&rft.pages=A22&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F08%2F23%2FAR2008082301620.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakaso,_Dan2008" class="citation news cs1">Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html">"Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser" title="The Honolulu Advertiser">The Honolulu Advertiser</a>. p. B1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129023832/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Twin+sisters%2C+Obama+on+parallel+paths+for+years&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.au=Nakaso%2C+Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2FDec%2F22%2Fln%2Fhawaii812220320.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-8"><a href="#cite_ref-BarretoO'Bryant2013_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarretoO'Bryant2013" class="citation book cs1">Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O'Bryant, Richard L. (November 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">"Introduction"</a>. American Identity in the Age of Obama. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9"><bdi>978-1-317-93715-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=American+Identity+in+the+Age+of+Obama&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-93715-9&rft.aulast=Barreto&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%ADlcar+Antonio&rft.au=O%27Bryant%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VQVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/genealogy/obama-irish-ancestor">"On This Day: US President Barack Obama arrives in Ireland for a visit"</a>. IrishCentral.com. May 23, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516195827/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/genealogy/obama-irish-ancestor">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=On+This+Day%3A+US+President+Barack+Obama+arrives+in+Ireland+for+a+visit&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fgenealogy%2Fobama-irish-ancestor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancestry-10"><a href="#cite_ref-ancestry_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094350/http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/">""Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2012/07/ancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america/">the original</a> on April 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Ancestry.com+Discovers+Ph+Suggests%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.ancestry.com%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2F2012%2F07%2Fancestry.com-discovers-president-obama-related-to-first-documented-slave-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolberg2012" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (July 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/us/obamas-mother-had-african-forebear-study-suggests.html">"Obama Has Ties to Slavery Not by His Father but His Mother, Research Suggests"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Has+Ties+to+Slavery+Not+by+His+Father+but+His+Mother%2C+Research+Suggests&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fobamas-mother-had-african-forebear-study-suggests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hennessey, Kathleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2012-jul-30-la-pn-obama-related-to-legendary-virginia-slave-genealogist-says-20120730-story.html">"Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say"</a> , <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. July 30, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Maraniss (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT65">p. 65</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305141814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT65#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> March 5, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: He had been born inside the euphorbia hedges of the K'obama homestead on June 18, 1934. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Liberties (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8d9NAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA202">p. 202</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305141817/https://books.google.com/books?id=8d9NAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> March 5, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: The age of his father is questionable since June 18, 1934, is on most of the documents Obama Sr. filled out for his United States student visa; however, Obama II's book <a href="/wiki/Dreams_of_My_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreams of My Father">Dreams of My Father</a> states his father's birth date was June 18, 1936. Immigration and Naturalization Service records indicate the birth date to be June 18, 1934, thereby making Obama Sr. twenty-seven at the birth of Obama II instead of the annotated twenty-five on the birth certificate. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2011" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Sally (July 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life">"President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life'"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223124234/https://www.npr.org/2011/07/11/137553552/president-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+Obama%27s+Father%3A+A+%27Bold+And+Reckless+Life%27&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F07%2F11%2F137553552%2Fpresident-obamas-father-a-bold-and-reckless-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaine2011" class="citation news cs1">Swaine, Jon (April 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/8481779/Barack-Obamas-father-forced-out-of-US-in-1960s.html">"Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s'"</a>. 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Retrieved March 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Punahou+grad+stirs+up+Illinois+politics&rft.date=2004-03-21&rft.au=Serafin%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2004%2F03%2F21%2Fnews%2Fstory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Janny2008" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html">"A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path"</a>. The New York Times. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314042735/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+free-spirited+wanderer+who+set+Obama%27s+path&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F14obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.</li> <li>Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.</li> <li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffe2008" class="citation news cs1">Wolffe, Richard (March 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255">"When Barry Became Barack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418174557/http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=When+Barry+Became+Barack&rft.date=2008-03-22&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwhen-barry-became-barack-84255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Scott (2011), pp. 139–157. <ul><li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Scott (2011), pp. 157–194. <ul><li>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes,_B.J.2007" class="citation news cs1">Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html">"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama"</a>. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164806/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2007. <q>As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended mostly by blacks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Punahou+left+lasting+impression+on+Obama&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.au=Reyes%2C+B.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2Fnews%2Fstory02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott,_Philip2007" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">"Obama gets blunt with N.H. students"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Associated Press. p. 8A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail">the original</a> on April 7, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obama+gets+blunt+with+N.H.+students&rft.pages=8A&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.boston.com%2F2007-11-21%2Fnews%2F29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2012" class="citation news cs1">Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/">"Obama and His Pot-Smoking 'Choom Gang'"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525194225/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Obama+and+His+Pot-Smoking+%27Choom+Gang%27&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F05%2Fobama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2004" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93">Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</a>. Crown. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39412-5"><bdi>978-0-307-39412-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-307-39412-5&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRCHJp-V0QUC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss2012" class="citation book cs1">Maraniss, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom">Barack Obama: The Story</a>. Simon and Schuster. pages with "choom gang". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6753-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6753-3"><bdi>978-1-4391-6753-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305141808/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom#v=snippet&q=choom&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&rft.pages=pages+with+%22choom+gang%22&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-6753-3&rft.aulast=Maraniss&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnna9CLtblAC%26q%3Dchoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelye,_Katharine_Q.2006" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63">"Obama offers more variations from the norm"</a>. The New York Times. p. A21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511044339/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+offers+more+variations+from+the+norm&rft.pages=A21&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.au=Seelye%2C+Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano,_Lois2007" class="citation news cs1">Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html">"Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen"</a>. The Washington Post. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511210621/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Obama%27s+candor+remains+to+be+seen&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2007-01-03&rft.au=Romano%2C+Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2F02%2FAR2007010201359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/">"FRONTLINE The Choice 2012"</a>. PBS. October 9, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074023/http://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-choice-2012-again/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FRONTLINE+The+Choice+2012&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2Ffrontline-choice-2012-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Occidental-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Occidental_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Occidental_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-29-me-oxy29-story.html">"Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama"</a>. Los Angeles Times. p. B1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Occidental+recalls+%27Barry%27+Obama&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-jan-29-me-oxy29-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPossley2007" class="citation news cs1">Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story">"Activism blossomed in college"</a>. Chicago Tribune. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Activism+blossomed+in+college&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.aulast=Possley&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovaleski2008" class="citation news cs1">Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html">"Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life"</a>. The New York Times. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211095352/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Old+friends+say+drugs+played+bit+part+in+Obama%27s+young+life&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2008-02-09&rft.aulast=Kovaleski&rft.aufirst=Serge+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F09obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohter2008" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html">"Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits"</a>. The New York Times. p. A18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411041927/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+says+real-life+experience+trumps+rivals%27+foreign+policy+credits&rft.pages=A18&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F10obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman,_AdamTanner2008" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert (May 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm">"Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC"</a>. USA Today. Associated Press. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/">the original</a> on November 7, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obama+shows+hints+of+his+year+in+global+finance%3B+Tied+markets+to+social+aid&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft.au=Issenberg%2C+Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2008%2F08%2F06%2Fobama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Janny2007" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html">"Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say"</a>. The New York Times. p. B1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031000738/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2007. 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Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=A+Law+Review+breakthrough&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1990-02-15&rft.aulast=Matchan&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Farticles%2F1990%2F02%2F15%2Fa_law_review_breakthrough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorr1990" class="citation news cs1">Corr, John (February 27, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802%2F27%2F1990%20to%2002%2F27%2F1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date%3AB%2CE&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802%2F27%2F1990%20to%2002%2F27%2F1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno">"From mean streets to hallowed halls"</a> (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828224400/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%C3%8Al_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D%C3%8Al_useweights=no">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=From+mean+streets+to+hallowed+halls&rft.pages=C01&rft.date=1990-02-27&rft.aulast=Corr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_multi%3DPI%257CDN%257C%26p_product%3DPHNP%26p_theme%3Dphnp%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3DAuthor%2528John%2520Corr%2529%2520AND%2520date%252802%252F27%252F1990%2520to%252002%252F27%252F1990%2529%2520AND%2520date%2528all%2529%26p_field_advanced-0%3DAuthor%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%2528John%2520Corr%2529%26p_bool_advanced-1%3DAND%26p_params_advanced-1%3Ddate%253AB%252CE%26p_field_advanced-1%3DYMD_date%26p_text_advanced-1%3D%252802%252F27%252F1990%2520to%252002%252F27%252F1990%2529%25C3%258Al_numdocs%253D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%253AD%25C3%258Al_useweights%253Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Obama, Barack (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. Vol. 14, no. 8–9. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-9663">0738-9663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Issues&rft.atitle=Why+organize%3F+Problems+and+promise+in+the+inner+city&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=40-42&rft.date=1988-08%2F1988-09&rft.issn=0738-9663&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> reprinted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoepfle,_Peg1990" class="citation book cs1">Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9620873-3-2"><bdi>978-0-9620873-3-2</bdi></a>. <q>He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Alinsky%3A+community+organizing+in+Illinois&rft.place=Springfield%2C+IL&rft.pages=35-40&rft.pub=Sangamon+State+University&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9620873-3-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obama_2012-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Obama_2012_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2012" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Auma (2012). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoutsomerville.com/feature-something-in-the-water/">the original</a> on January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2020. <q>Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway ... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Somerville+Scout&rft.atitle=Something+in+the+Water&rft.issue=January%2FFebruary+2014&rft.pages=26&rft.au=Joey+Del+Ponte&rft.au=Somerville+Scout+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoutsomerville.com%2Ffeature-something-in-the-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevensonSaltzman2007" class="citation news cs1">Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/">"At Harvard Law, a unifying voice"</a>. 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Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=At+Harvard+Law%2C+a+unifying+voice&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Saltzman%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F28%2Fat_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantor,_Jodi2007" class="citation news cs1">Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html">"In law school, Obama found political voice"</a>. 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The Washington Post. p. W10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814185300/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+series+of+fortunate+events&rft.pages=W10&rft.date=2007-08-12&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Liza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F08%2F08%2FAR2007080802038_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield,_Fox1990" class="citation news cs1">Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html">"First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review"</a>. 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Retrieved June 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Family+Tree+Has+a+Few+Surprises&rft.date=2007-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs2chicago.com%2Ftopstories%2FBarack.Obama.family.2.339709.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosie2017" class="citation news cs1">Hosie, Rachel (May 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html">"Before Michelle: The story of Barack Obama's proposal to Sheila Miyoshi Jager"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng">the original</a> on December 8, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Michelle+Obama%3A+%27He+Swept+Me+Off+My+Feet%27&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.au=Fornek%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2F585261%2CCST-NWS-wedding03.stng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith2018" class="citation news cs1">Riley-Smith, Ben (November 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/09/michelle-obama-had-miscarriage-used-ivf-conceive-girls/">"Michelle Obama had miscarriage, used IVF to conceive girls"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html">the original</a> on August 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+White+Sox+%27serious%27+ball&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swamppolitics.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2F2008%2F08%2Fbarack_obama_white_sox_serious.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/14/obama.pitch/index.html">"Obama throws ceremonial first pitch at All-Star game"</a>. CNN Politics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222030149/https://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/14/obama.pitch/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2022. 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Retrieved August 21, 2017. <q>But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Steelers+Win+Obama%27s+Approval&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.aulast=Branigin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F01%2F29%2FAR2009012903196.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2011" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, Larry (October 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094538/http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4">"1985 Bears honored by President Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a>. 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Retrieved September 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+First+Day%2C+Obama+Quickly+Sets+a+New+Tone&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F22%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F22obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeleny2005" class="citation news cs1">Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story">"The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 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Retrieved April 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Money&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Marlys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgalleries%2F2007%2Fmoneymag%2F0712%2Fgallery.candidates.moneymag%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> See also:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfarb2007" class="citation news cs1">Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html">"Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates"</a>. 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Retrieved April 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Measuring+Wealth+of+the+%2708+Candidates&rft.date=2007-03-24&rft.aulast=Goldfarb&rft.aufirst=Zachary+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F24%2FAR2007032400305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeleny2008" class="citation news cs1">Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html">"Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million"</a>. 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Retrieved November 10, 2012. <q>Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs ... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. 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The person I saw yesterday was not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+strongly+denounces+former+pastor&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F24371827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">"Finding his faith"</a>. Newsweek. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html">the original</a> on July 20, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2012. <q>He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Finding+his+faith&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnewsweek%2F2008%2F07%2F11%2Ffinding-his-faith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemnick2010" class="citation book cs1">Remnick, David (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama">The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn/page/177">177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4360-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-4360-6</bdi></a>. <q>In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridge%3A+The+Life+and+Rise+of+Barack+Obama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4360-6&rft.aulast=Remnick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Maraniss (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887">p. 557</a>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987 ... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Baker_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Baker (author)">Peter, Baker</a> (2017). Obama: The Call of History. 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Retrieved April 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Obama+always+carries+Hanuman+statuette+in+pocket&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2FRevealed-Obama-always-carries-Hanuman-statuette-in-pocket%2Farticle14001552.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/obama-reveals-personal-faith-related-items-including-rosary-beads-buddha-n497681">"Obama Reveals Personal Faith-Related Items, Including Rosary Beads, Buddha Statuette"</a>. NBC News. 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Retrieved July 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Obamas%27+Law+Licenses&rft.pub=FactCheck.org&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=D%27Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-obamas-law-licenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavisMiner-117"><a href="#cite_ref-DavisMiner_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Mike (February 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice">"Obama got start in civil rights practice"</a>. The Boston Globe. Associated Press. 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Chicago Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story">the original</a> on October 11, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+Knows+His+Way+Around+a+Ballot&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Long%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Fchi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_White_(politician)" title="Jesse White (politician)">White, Jesse</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf">"Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment"</a> (PDF). Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002. Springfield: <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Secretary_of_State" title="Illinois Secretary of State">Illinois Secretary of State</a>. p. 65. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 26, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legislative+Districts+of+Cook+County%2C+1991+Reapportionment&rft.btitle=Illinois+Blue+Book+2001%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Springfield&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Illinois+Secretary+of+State&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.il.us%2Fpublications%2F02bluebook%2Flegislative_branch%2Flegdistrictmaps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlevin2007" class="citation news cs1">Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html">"Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055720/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+Forged+Political+Mettle+in+Illinois+Capitol&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2FAR2007020802262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelman2007" class="citation news cs1">Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/">"In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists"</a>. The Boston Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+dealt+with+Lobbyists&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Helman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Fin_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> See also:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml">"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics"</a>. CBS News. Associated Press. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+Proved+Pragmatic+and+Shrewd&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2000" class="citation news cs1">Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing"</a> (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450%3A65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008. 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Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=War+with+Iraq+undermines+U.N&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-10-03&rft.aulast=Strausberg&rft.aufirst=Chinta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-220379051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2007" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127">"Five years since our first action"</a>. Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127">the original</a> on July 21, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+years+since+our+first+action&rft.pub=Chicagoans+Against+War+%26+Injustice&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noiraqwar-chicago.org%2F%3Fp%3D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantVaughn2002" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. 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Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq"</a>. Barack Obama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php">the original</a> on January 30, 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> on December 18, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2008. <q>The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. 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(October 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no">"Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. p. 26. 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The New York Times. p. A20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506195833/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2009. 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Retrieved April 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+on+the+Issues%3A+What+Would+Be+Your+Top+Three+Overall+Priorities+If+Elected%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.washingtonpost.com%2F2008-presidential-candidates%2Fissues%2Fcandidates%2Fbarack-obama%2F%23top-priorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> See also: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alongtimecominge00thom">A Long Time Coming</a>. 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Retrieved April 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+%27One+Thing%27&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.aulast=Falcone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fthecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F21%2Fobamas-one-thing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-allocation-170"><a href="#cite_ref-allocation_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumulty,_Karen2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Tumulty" title="Karen Tumulty">Tumulty, Karen</a> (May 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html">"The Five Mistakes Clinton Made"</a>. Time. 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Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=White+House+won%27t+fund+NASA+moon+program&rft.date=2010-01-27&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Mark+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2010-jan-27-la-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMardell2013" class="citation news cs1">Mardell, Mark (January 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21049942">"US gun debate: Obama unveils gun control proposals"</a>. 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Retrieved April 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Great+Black+Hope%3A+What%27s+Riding+on+Barack+Obama%3F&rft.date=2004-11&rft.aulast=Wallace-Wells&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2F2004%2F0411.wallace-wells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2007" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php">"A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line"</a>. International Herald Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php">the original</a> on January 17, 2008. 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Retrieved April 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=In+One+Country%2C+a+Dual+Audience&rft.date=2007-08-19&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fnewsday%2Faccess%2F1322008241.html%3Fdids%3D1322008241%3A1322008241%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorning2007" class="citation news cs1">Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150439/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning">"Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK"</a>. 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(2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama%27s_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father">The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5"><bdi>978-1-58648-793-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Barack%3A+The+Bold+and+Reckless+Life+of+President+Obama%27s+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-793-5&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Sally+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss,_David2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Maraniss" title="David Maraniss">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story">Barack Obama: The Story</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4"><bdi>978-1-4391-6040-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-6040-4&rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendell,_David2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mendell" title="David Mendell">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a>. New York: Amistad/<a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9"><bdi>978-0-06-085820-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obama%3A+From+Promise+to+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Amistad%2FHarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-085820-9&rft.au=Mendell%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2004" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-8277-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-8277-3&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2006" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9"><bdi>978-0-307-23769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audacity+of+Hope%3A+Thoughts+on+Reclaiming+the+American+Dream&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-307-23769-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2011" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Janny (2011). <a href="/wiki/A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother">A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2"><bdi>978-1-59448-797-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Singular+Woman%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Barack+Obama%27s+Mother&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59448-797-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Zutter1995" class="citation news cs1">De Zutter, Hank (December 8, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221">"What Makes Obama Run?"</a>. Chicago Reader. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=What+Makes+Obama+Run%3F&rft.date=1995-12-08&rft.aulast=De+Zutter&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fwhat-makes-obama-run%2FContent%3Foid%3D889221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">"The Legend of Barack Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washingtonian_(magazine)" title="Washingtonian (magazine)">Washingtonian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washingtonian&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Barack+Obama&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Garrett+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonian.com%2Farticles%2Fmediapolitics%2F1836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoltun2005" class="citation book cs1">Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political 'Star'". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert (eds.). The Road to Congress 2004. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9"><bdi>978-1-59454-360-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+2004+Illinois+Senate+Race%3A+Obama+Wins+Open+Seat+and+Becomes+National+Political+%27Star%27&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Congress+2004&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59454-360-9&rft.aulast=Koltun&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizza2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president">"Above the Fray"</a>. GQ. Retrieved October 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=Above+the+Fray&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Lizza&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fnews-politics%2Fnewsmakers%2F200708%2Fobama-barack-election-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar2007" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larissa_MacFarquhar" title="Larissa MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Larissa</a> (May 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar">"The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Conciliator%3A+Where+is+Barack+Obama+Coming+From%3F&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2007%2F05%2F07%2F070507fa_fact_macfarquhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">McClelland, Edward (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngmrobamachic0000mccl">Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President</a>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7"><bdi>978-1-60819-060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Mr.+Obama%3A+Chicago+and+the+Making+of+a+Black+President&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-060-7&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungmrobamachic0000mccl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Parmar, Inderjeet, and Mark Ledwidge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/12563/1/">"...'a foundation-hatched black': Obama, the US establishment, and foreign policy"</a>. International Politics 54.3 (2017): 373–388.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Barack Obama <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Barack Obama <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Barack Obama at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" class="extiw" title="c:Barack Obama">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Barack_Obama" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Barack Obama">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" class="extiw" title="q:Barack Obama">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Barack Hussein Obama">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76" class="extiw" title="d:Q76">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obama.org/">Official website</a> of The Obama Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obamalibrary.gov/">Official website</a> of the Barack Obama Presidential Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofa.us/">Official website</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organizing_for_Action" title="Organizing for Action">Organizing for Action</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/barack-obama/">White House biography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama">Column archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">The Huffington Post</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/BarackObama">Barack Obama</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76#P2002" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressO000167" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167">"Barack Obama (id: O000167)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+%28id%3A+O000167%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DO000167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?55625">Appearances</a> on <a 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barack_Obama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barack_Obama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">from Illinois</a> (2005–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senator</a> from the 13th district (1997–2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Administration foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Barack Obama administration">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wing_Week" title="West Wing Week">West Wing Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)#January_2017" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">January 2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)#Reassessment_and_renewed_commitment_from_2008" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Iraq withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">Benghazi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Return to Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">War in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Pivot to Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="European foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a>/Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Marine policy of the Barack Obama administration">Marine policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy,_Hunger-Free_Kids_Act_of_2010" title="Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010">Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act">MAP-21st Century Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixing_America%27s_Surface_Transportation_Act" title="Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act">FAST Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Presidential trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2009)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2009)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2010)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2011)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2012)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2013)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2014)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2015)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2016%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2016–2017)">2016–17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Garland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barack_Obama" title="Cabinet of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Presidential Library and Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of executive actions by Barack Obama">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Hussein Obama/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_memoranda_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential memoranda by Barack Obama">Memoranda</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Obama/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Obama/Presidential Proclamations">Proclamations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Trump transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Estate" title="Plantation Estate">Plantation Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books by Barack Obama">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)">Of Thee I Sing (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land (2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">The Audacity of Hope</a>" (2004)</li> <li>"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_of_Senator_Barack_Obama_on_New_Hampshire_Primary_Night" class="extiw" title="s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night">Yes We Can</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(speech)" title="A More Perfect Union (speech)">A More Perfect Union</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_election_victory_speech" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech">Change Has Come to America</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">A New Birth of Freedom</a>" (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2009)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a>" (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2012 State of the Union Address">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2014 State of the Union Address">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2015 State of the Union Address">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Tucson_memorial_speech" title="Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech">Tucson memorial speech</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Act" title="American Jobs Act">Joint session of Congress (jobs)</a> (2011)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_didn%27t_build_that" title="You didn't build that">You didn't build that</a>" (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech" title="Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech">Selma 50th anniversary</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_farewell_address" title="Barack Obama's farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illinois</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">State Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#First_state_Senate_election,_1996" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Second_state_Senate_election,_1998" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Third_state_Senate_election,_2002" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">2002</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. House of Representatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">GOP/conservative support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_staff_members" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign staff members">staff members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">primary campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> (stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro-Ng</a> (maternal half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Armour Dunham</a> (maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a> (maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auma_Obama" title="Auma Obama">Auma Obama</a> (paternal half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Obama" title="Malik Obama">Malik Obama</a> (paternal half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Robinson" title="Marian Robinson">Marian Robinson</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball)" title="Craig Robinson (basketball)">Craig Robinson</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_image" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News and political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_endorsement_of_Barack_Obama" title="Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama">Oprah Winfrey's endorsement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">Citizenship conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">litigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Religion conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers_2008_presidential_election_controversy" title="Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy">Bill Ayers controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">Jeremiah Wright controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican and conservative support (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Barack_Obama" title="Security incidents involving Barack Obama">Assassination threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Denver" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Denver">2008 Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Tennessee" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee">2008 Tennessee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama">First inauguration invitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Briefing_Book" title="Citizen's Briefing Book">Citizen's Briefing Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_arrest_controversy#Presidential_involvement" title="Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy">Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">Firing of Shirley Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama" title="Efforts to impeach Barack Obama">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_tan_suit_controversy" title="Barack Obama tan suit controversy">Tan suit controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books about Barack Obama">Books about</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_Der_schwarze_Kennedy" title="Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy">Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_Song_(Stanage_book)" title="Redemption Song (Stanage book)">Redemption Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Barack_Obama" title="The Case Against Barack Obama">The Case Against Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Nation" title="The Obama Nation">The Obama Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Corruption" title="Culture of Corruption">Culture of Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(Morris_and_McGann_book)" title="Catastrophe (Morris and McGann book)">Catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_and_Michelle" title="Barack and Michelle">Barack and Michelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sharpley-Whiting_book)" title="The Speech (Sharpley-Whiting book)">The Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Story" title="The Obama Story">The Obama Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_Barack_and_a_Hard_Place" title="Between Barack and a Hard Place">Between Barack and a Hard Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Change" title="Game Change">Game Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Zombies" title="Obama Zombies">Obama Zombies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Victory" title="Conservative Victory">Conservative Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama">The Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Diaries" title="The Obama Diaries">The Obama Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Syndrome" title="The Obama Syndrome">The Obama Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Identity" title="The Obama Identity">The Obama Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O:_A_Presidential_Novel" title="O: A Presidential Novel">O: A Presidential Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where%27s_the_Birth_Certificate%3F" title="Where's the Birth Certificate?">Where's the Birth Certificate?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama%27s_Last_Stand" title="Obama's Last Stand">Obama's Last Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story">Barack Obama: The Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Down:_Game_Change_2012" title="Double Down: Game Change 2012"> Game Change 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_Remorse_(book)" title="Buyer's Remorse (book)">Buyer's Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(book)" title="Rising Star (book)">Rising Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade:_A_Tale_of_Two_Presidents" title="Shade: A Tale of Two Presidents">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_(book)" title="The World as It Is (book)">The World as It Is</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Lee_Ettinger" title="Amber Lee Ettinger">Obama Girl</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Crush_on_Obama" title="Crush on Obama">I Got a Crush... on Obama</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro#Barack_Obama" title="Magical Negro">Barack the Magic Negro</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)">Yes We Can</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_President_Sang_Amazing_Grace" title="The President Sang Amazing Grace">The President Sang Amazing Grace</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/There%27s_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O%27Bama" title="There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama">There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD_Se_Puede_Cambiar" title="Sí Se Puede Cambiar">Sí Se Puede Cambiar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_President" title="My President">My President</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deadheads_for_Obama" title="Deadheads for Obama">Deadheads for Obama</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts" title="Air and Simple Gifts">Air and Simple Gifts</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Is_Now:_Renewing_America%27s_Promise" title="Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise">Change Is Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope!_%E2%80%93_Das_Obama_Musical" title="Hope! – Das Obama Musical">Hope! – Das Obama Musical</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_vs._Mitt_Romney_(video)" title="Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney (video)">Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baracksdubs" title="Baracksdubs">Barack's Dubs</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_I%27m_Yours#Political_significance" title="Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours">Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film, TV, and stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_People:_The_Election_of_Barack_Obama" title="By the People: The Election of Barack Obama">By the People: The Election of Barack Obama</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_(film)" title="Change (film)">Change</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Anak_Menteng" title="Obama Anak Menteng">Obama Anak Menteng</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016:_Obama%27s_America" title="2016: Obama's America">2016: Obama's America</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_We%27ve_Traveled" title="The Road We've Traveled">The Road We've Traveled</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southside_with_You" title="Southside with You">Southside with You</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_(2016_film)" title="Barry (2016 film)">Barry</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Great_Divide" title="America's Great Divide">America's Great Divide</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(2021_TV_series)" title="We the People (2021 TV series)">We the People</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegades:_Born_in_the_USA" title="Renegades: Born in the USA">Renegades: Born in the USA</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama:_In_Pursuit_of_a_More_Perfect_Union" title="Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union">Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturing_the_Obamas" title="Picturing the Obamas">Picturing the Obamas</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Images of Barack Obama">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Barack_Obama" title="Social media use by Barack Obama">Social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_for_Obama" title="Artists for Obama">Artists for Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Hope" poster">"Hope" poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Joker%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Joker" poster">"Joker" poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_Like_Mine" title="Hair Like Mine">Hair Like Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_Crosson" title="Iman Crosson">Iman Crosson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Man_(painting)" title="The Forgotten Man (painting)">The Forgotten Man</a> (2010 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama_(painting)" title="President Barack Obama (painting)">President Barack Obama</a> (2018 portrait)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_logo" title="Obama logo">Obama logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_in_comics" title="Barack Obama in comics">In comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_summer_playlist" title="Barack Obama's summer playlist">Barack Obama's summer playlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama Day">Obama Day (Kenya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">Namesakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Last_Time_(Hamilton_song)#Remix" title="One Last Time (Hamilton song)">One Last Time (44 Remix)</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight_before_signing" title="Sunlight before signing">Sunlight before signing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">← George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Barack_Obama" title="Category:Barack Obama">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Palmer_(politician)" title="Alice Palmer (politician)">Alice Palmer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a> from the 13th district 1997–2004 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Raoul" title="Kwame Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator_from_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator from Illinois">U.S. Senator from Illinois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 3</a>) <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexi_Giannoulias" title="Alexi Giannoulias">Alexi Giannoulias</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Ford_Jr." title="Harold Ford Jr.">Harold Ford Jr.</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Keynote Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois</a> 2005–2008 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Roland Burris</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the United States 2009–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> Laureate 2009 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div>as former president </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> former president </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></div>as former president </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">Group of 20</a> 2009 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Naoto_Kan" title="Naoto Kan">Naoto Kan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> 2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Eight</a> 2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Barack_Obama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Barack_Obama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Barack Obama</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2004)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(2012_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2004)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(2012_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">← 2004</a>) <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_United_States_elections" title="Template:2008 United States elections">2008 United States elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candidates_in_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="List of candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="Comparison of the 2008 United States presidential candidates">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_endorsements_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Congressional endorsements for the 2008 United States presidential election">Congressional endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot access for the 2008 United States presidential election">Ballot access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2008 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday,_2008" title="Super Tuesday, 2008">Super Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_primary" title="Potomac primary">Potomac primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Super_Tuesday_II" title="2008 Super Tuesday II">Super Tuesday II</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">international</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superdelegates_at_the_2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of superdelegates at the 2008 Democratic National Convention">superdelegates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">cross-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Evan Bayh 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Hillary_Clinton" title="Political positions of Hillary Clinton">positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Chris Dodd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Dodd 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John Edwards 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Edwards" title="Political positions of John Edwards">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Dennis Kucinich 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Richardson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Vilsack 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNY</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">IPNY</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primary candidates">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_McCain" title="Political positions of John McCain">positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of John McCain 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_liberal_support_for_John_McCain_in_2008" title="Democratic and liberal support for John McCain in 2008">cross-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_presidential_candidacy_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Vice presidential candidacy of Sarah Palin">candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Political positions of Sarah Palin">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2008 Republican Party presidential candidates">Other candidates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Sam Brownback 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Cox" title="John H. Cox">John H. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Jim Gilmore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Rudy Giuliani 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rudy_Giuliani" title="Political positions of Rudy Giuliani">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Huckabee 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mike_Huckabee" title="Political positions of Mike Huckabee">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter" title="Duncan L. Hunter">Duncan L. Hunter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Duncan L. Hunter 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_McKinney" title="Ray McKinney">Ray McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tom Tancredo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Tancredo 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Fred Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Fred Thompson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tommy Thompson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">Draft movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Democratic: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Mark_Warner_movement" title="Draft Mark Warner movement">movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Republican: <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Condi_movement" title="Draft Condi movement">movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Bloomberg_movement" title="Draft Bloomberg movement">movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2008 United States presidential election">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Chuck Baldwin 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: Darrell Castle</li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Imperato" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Imperato">Daniel Imperato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_Green_National_Convention" title="2008 Green National Convention">convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Cynthia McKinney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Cynthia_McKinney" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Cynthia McKinney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Clemente" title="Rosa Clemente">Rosa Clemente</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Brown" title="Elaine Brown">Elaine Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2008 Libertarian National Convention">convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Barr 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bob_Barr" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Bob Barr">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Kubby" title="Steve Kubby">Steve Kubby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ruwart" title="Mary Ruwart">Mary Ruwart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Stanhope" title="Doug Stanhope">Doug Stanhope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;">America's Independent Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jay" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Jay">Charles Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist Party">Objectivist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevens_(Objectivist_Party_politician)" title="Tom Stevens (Objectivist Party politician)">Tom Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Matt_Gonzalez" title="Matt Gonzalez">Matt Gonzalez</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Cynthia McKinney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(political_activist)" title="Brian Moore (political activist)">Brian Moore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Brian Moore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Amondson" title="Gene Amondson">Gene Amondson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Weill" title="Ted Weill">Ted Weill</a></li> <li>VP nominee: Frank McEnulty</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Puryear" title="Eugene Puryear">Eugene Puryear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(political_activist)" title="Brian Moore (political activist)">Brian Moore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Brian Moore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chester" title="Eric Chester">Eric Chester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a></li> <li>Alternate nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independent / Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_(character)" title="Stephen Colbert (character)">Stephen Colbert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Stephen Colbert 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lyttle" title="Bradford Lyttle">Bradford Lyttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_(performance_artist)" title="Frank Moore (performance artist)">Frank Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Sharkey" title="Jonathon Sharkey">Jonathon Sharkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>Other 2008 elections: <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2008 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2008 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2008)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(2016_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2008)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(2016_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">← 2008</a>) <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2012 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">National polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">Statewide polls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pre-2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Pre-2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">pre-2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early/Mid_2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Early/Mid 2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">early 2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2012 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">General election debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2012 United States presidential election">Newspaper endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_Hurricane_Sandy" title="Political impact of Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;">Democratic Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Challengers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ely" title="Bob Ely">Bob Ely</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Judd" title="Keith Judd">Keith Judd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mosler" title="Warren Mosler">Warren Mosler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Randall_Terry" title="Randall Terry">Randall Terry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Wolfe_Jr." title="John Wolfe Jr.">John Wolfe</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;">Republican Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Statewide polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">National polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Straw polls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Paul_Ryan" title="Political positions of Paul Ryan">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Michele Bachmann 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Herman Cain 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Herman_Cain" title="Political positions of Herman Cain">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Callahan" title="Mark Callahan">Mark Callahan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Newt Gingrich 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Newt_Gingrich" title="Political positions of Newt Gingrich">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Greenleaf" title="Stewart Greenleaf">Stewart Greenleaf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Jr._(2012_presidential_candidate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Davis Jr. (2012 presidential candidate)">John Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Jon Huntsman</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jon Huntsman 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fred_Karger" title="Fred Karger">Fred Karger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">Thaddeus McCotter</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Thaddeus McCotter 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Tim Pawlenty</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Tim Pawlenty 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rick_Perry" title="Political positions of Rick Perry">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Santorum 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;">Libertarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Person" title="Carl Person">Carl Person</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sloan" title="Sam Sloan">Sam Sloan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;">Green Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_National_Convention" title="2012 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cheri_Honkala" title="Cheri Honkala">Cheri Honkala</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2012 United States presidential election">third-party and independent candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Drake" title="Wiley Drake">Wiley Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Noonan" title="Edward C. Noonan">Edward C. Noonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Third Position Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Miller" title="Merlin Miller">Merlin Miller</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Abernethy" title="Virginia Abernethy">Virginia Abernethy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Constitution_Party_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: Jim Clymer</li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: Stephen Durham</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #50C878;"><a href="/wiki/Grassroots%E2%80%93Legalize_Cannabis_Party" title="Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party">Grassroots Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carlson_(businessman)" title="Jim Carlson (businessman)">Jim Carlson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Luis_J._Rodriguez" title="Luis J. Rodriguez">Luis J. Rodriguez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan" title="Cindy Sheehan">Cindy Sheehan</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/James_Hedges" title="James Hedges">James Hedges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Barnett" title="Andre Barnett">Andre Barnett</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff" title="Laurence Kotlikoff">Laurence Kotlikoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Stewart Alexander 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mendoza" title="Alejandro Mendoza">Alejandro Mendoza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Objectivist Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevens_(Objectivist_Party_politician)" title="Tom Stevens (Objectivist Party politician)">Tom Stevens</a></dd> <dt>Independents</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lee_Abramson" title="Lee Abramson">Lee Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Randy_Blythe" title="Randy Blythe">Randy Blythe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naked_Cowboy" title="Naked Cowboy">Robert Burck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones_(pastor)" title="Terry Jones (pastor)">Terry Jones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Draft_Bloomberg_movement" title="Draft Bloomberg movement">attempt to draft</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_elections" title="2012 United States elections">Other 2012 elections</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2012 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2012 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Illinois" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="Template:United States senators from Illinois"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="Template talk:United States senators from Illinois"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Illinois"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Illinois" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">United States senators from Illinois</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_B._Thomas" title="Jesse B. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean_(Illinois_politician)" title="John McLean (Illinois politician)">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Baker" title="David J. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Robinson_(Illinois_politician)" title="John M. Robinson (Illinois politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_McRoberts" title="Samuel McRoberts">McRoberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Semple" title="James Semple">Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">S. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning" title="Orville Hickman Browning">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Richardson" title="William Alexander Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Yates_(politician,_born_1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Yates (politician, born 1815)">Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medill_McCormick" title="Medill McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Deneen" title="Charles S. Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Slattery" title="James M. Slattery">Slattery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wayland_Brooks" title="C. Wayland Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">P. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninian_Edwards" title="Ninian Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean_(Illinois_politician)" title="John McLean (Illinois politician)">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Kane" title="Elias Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_D._Ewing" title="William Lee D. Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Young" title="Richard M. Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Breese" title="Sidney Breese">Breese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Oglesby" title="Richard J. Oglesby">Oglesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Farwell" title="Charles B. Farwell">Farwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Mason_(American_politician)" title="William E. Mason (American politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Hopkins" title="Albert J. Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lorimer_(politician)" title="William Lorimer (politician)">Lorimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Y._Sherman" title="Lawrence Y. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._McKinley" title="William B. McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_F._Glenn" title="Otis F. Glenn">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Dieterich" title="William H. Dieterich">Dieterich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Tyler_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Tyler Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">Stevenson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Dixon" title="Alan J. Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kirk" title="Mark Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Duckworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illinois&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_109th–110th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illinois&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_109th–110th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>'s delegation(s) to the 109th–110th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">R. Durbin</a> (D) · ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Obama</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">H. Hyde</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lane_Evans" title="Lane Evans">L. Evans</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">D. Hastert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Costello" title="Jerry Costello">J. Costello</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Luis Gutiérrez">L. Gutiérrez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Don_Manzullo" title="Don Manzullo">D. Manzullo</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">B. Rush</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">R. LaHood</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Weller" title="Jerry Weller">J. Weller</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_Jr." title="Jesse Jackson Jr.">J. Jackson Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Danny_K._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny K. Davis">D. Davis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Shimkus" title="John Shimkus">J. Shimkus</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Judy_Biggert" title="Judy Biggert">J. Biggert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">J. Schakowsky</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(Illinois_politician)" title="Tim Johnson (Illinois politician)">T. Johnson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mark_Kirk" title="Mark Kirk">M. Kirk</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">R. Emanuel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Melissa_Bean" title="Melissa Bean">M. Bean</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Lipinski" title="Dan Lipinski">D. Lipinski</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">R. Durbin</a> (D) · ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Obama</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">D. Hastert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Costello" title="Jerry Costello">J. Costello</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Luis Gutiérrez">L. Gutiérrez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Don_Manzullo" title="Don Manzullo">D. Manzullo</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">B. Rush</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">R. LaHood</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Weller" title="Jerry Weller">J. Weller</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_Jr." title="Jesse Jackson Jr.">J. Jackson Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Danny_K._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny K. Davis">D. Davis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Shimkus" title="John Shimkus">J. Shimkus</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Judy_Biggert" title="Judy Biggert">J. Biggert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">J. Schakowsky</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(Illinois_politician)" title="Tim Johnson (Illinois politician)">T. Johnson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mark_Kirk" title="Mark Kirk">M. Kirk</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">R. Emanuel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Melissa_Bean" title="Melissa Bean">M. Bean</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Lipinski" title="Dan Lipinski">D. Lipinski</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Phil_Hare" title="Phil Hare">P. Hare</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Roskam" title="Peter Roskam">P. Roskam</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Foster_(politician)" title="Bill Foster (politician)">B. Foster</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michelle_Obama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michelle_Obama" title="Template:Michelle Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michelle_Obama" title="Template talk:Michelle Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michelle_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michelle Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michelle_Obama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Move!" title="Let's Move!">Let's Move!</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_on_Childhood_Obesity" title="Task Force on Childhood Obesity">Task Force on Childhood Obesity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_America%27s_Treasures" title="Save America's Treasures">Save America's Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joining_Forces" title="Joining Forces">Joining Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Michelle_Obama_2013_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Michelle_Obama_2013_official_portrait.jpg/140px-Michelle_Obama_2013_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Michelle_Obama_2013_official_portrait.jpg/210px-Michelle_Obama_2013_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Michelle_Obama_2013_official_portrait.jpg/280px-Michelle_Obama_2013_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="4096" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Grown" title="American Grown">American Grown</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becoming_(book)" title="Becoming (book)">Becoming</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_We_Carry" title="The Light We Carry">The Light We Carry</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Robinson" title="Marian Robinson">Marian Robinson</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball)" title="Craig Robinson (basketball)">Craig Robinson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capers_Funnye" title="Capers Funnye">Capers Funnye</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_and_Michelle" title="Barack and Michelle">Barack and Michelle</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama:_A_Life" title="Michelle Obama: A Life">Michelle Obama: A Life</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southside_with_You" title="Southside with You">Southside with You</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becoming_(2020_documentary_film)" title="Becoming (2020 documentary film)">Becoming</a> (2020 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waffles_%2B_Mochi" title="Waffles + Mochi">Waffles + Mochi</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(2021_TV_series)" title="We the People (2021 TV series)">We the People</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturing_the_Obamas" title="Picturing the Obamas">Picturing the Obamas</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Michelle_Obama_Musiaqualogy" title="The Michelle Obama Musiaqualogy">The Michelle Obama Musiaqualogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_(painting)" title="First Lady Michelle Obama (painting)">First Lady Michelle Obama</a> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama:_The_Light_Podcast" title="Michelle Obama: The Light Podcast">Michelle Obama: The Light Podcast</a> (2023 podcast)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Plaza" title="Barack Obama Plaza">Barack Obama Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_and_Barack_Obama_Sports_Complex" title="Michelle and Barack Obama Sports Complex">Michelle and Barack Obama Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Michelle_Obama" title="Category:Michelle Obama">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Titles <a href="/wiki/Title_I_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title I of the Patriot Act">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_II_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title II of the Patriot Act">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_III_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title III of the Patriot Act">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IV_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IV of the Patriot Act">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_V_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title V of the Patriot Act">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VI of the Patriot Act">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VII of the Patriot Act">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VIII of the Patriot Act">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IX_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IX of the Patriot Act">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_X_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title X of the Patriot Act">X</a> · <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Narrator" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F9EFAA;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EmmyAward_Narrator" title="Template:EmmyAward Narrator"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EmmyAward_Narrator" title="Template talk:EmmyAward Narrator"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EmmyAward_Narrator" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EmmyAward Narrator"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Narrator" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Narrator" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator">Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F9EFAA;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Irons" title="Jeremy Irons">Jeremy Irons</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Coyote" title="Peter Coyote">Peter Coyote</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_David" title="Keith David">Keith David</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F9EFAA;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_K._Brown" title="Sterling K. Brown">Sterling K. Brown</a> (2021)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2022)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_%26_Storytelling_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording">Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – <a href="/wiki/Stan_Freberg" title="Stan Freberg">Stan Freberg</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein_Discusses_Humor_in_Music_and_Conducts_Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Leonard Bernstein Discusses Humor in Music and Conducts Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Humor in Music</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1961)</li> <li>The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?">Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (playwright) (1963)</li> <li>BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – <a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a> (1964)</li> <li>John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a> (producer) (1965)</li> <li>Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> (1966)</li> <li>Gallant Men – <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> (1967)</li> <li>Lonesome Cities – <a href="/wiki/Rod_McKuen" title="Rod McKuen">Rod McKuen</a> (1968)</li> <li>We Love You Call Collect – <a href="/wiki/Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Art Linkletter</a> & <a href="/wiki/Diane_Linkletter" title="Diane Linkletter">Diane Linkletter</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_(Les_Crane_album)" title="Desiderata (Les Crane album)">Desiderata</a> – <a href="/wiki/Les_Crane" title="Les Crane">Les Crane</a> (1971)</li> <li>Lenny – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Botnick" title="Bruce Botnick">Bruce Botnick</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> (1973)</li> <li>Good Evening – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1975)</li> <li>Great American Documents – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Belle_of_Amherst" title="The Belle of Amherst">The Belle of Amherst</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1978)</li> <li>Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pat_Carroll" title="Pat Carroll">Pat Carroll</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan%27s_Brain" title="Donovan's Brain">Donovan's Brain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record</a> – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> (1983)</li> <li>The Words of Gandhi – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Berniker" title="Mike Berniker">Mike Berniker</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1985)</li> <li>Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chips_Moman" title="Chips Moman">Chips Moman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Nelson" title="Ricky Nelson">Ricky Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wobegon_Days" title="Lake Wobegon Days">Lake Wobegon Days</a> – <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Keillor" title="Garrison Keillor">Garrison Keillor</a> (1987)</li> <li>Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (1988)</li> <li>It's Always Something – <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Radner" title="Gilda Radner">Gilda Radner</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracie:_A_Love_Story" title="Gracie: A Love Story">Gracie: A Love Story</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(miniseries)" title="The Civil War (miniseries)">The Civil War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a> (1991)</li> <li>What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Earvin "Magic" Johnson</a> and Robert O'Keefe (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Pulse_of_Morning" title="On the Pulse of Morning">On the Pulse of Morning</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_in_the_Van" title="Get in the Van">Get in the Van</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rollins" title="Henry Rollins">Henry Rollins</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenal_Woman:_Four_Poems_Celebrating_Women" title="Phenomenal Woman: Four Poems Celebrating Women">Phenomenal Woman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Takes_a_Village" title="It Takes a Village">It Takes a Village</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (1996)</li> <li>Charles Kuralt's Spring – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kuralt" title="Charles Kuralt">Charles Kuralt</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve">Christopher Reeve</a> (1998)</li> <li>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – <a href="/wiki/LeVar_Burton" title="LeVar Burton">LeVar Burton</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Measure_of_a_Man:_A_Spiritual_Autobiography" title="The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography">The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, Rick Harris, and John Runnette (producers) (2000)</li> <li>Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers), and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Song_Flung_Up_to_Heaven" title="A Song Flung Up to Heaven">A Song Flung Up to Heaven</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lies_and_the_Lying_Liars_Who_Tell_Them" title="Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them">Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> and Paul Ruben (producer) (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> / With Ossie and Ruby – <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Truth (book)">An Inconvenient Truth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beau_Bridges" title="Beau Bridges">Beau Bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon" title="Cynthia Nixon">Cynthia Nixon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blair_Underwood" title="Blair Underwood">Blair Underwood</a> (2008)</li> <li>Always Looking Up – <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_(The_Book)" title="Earth (The Book)">The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> (2010)</li> <li>If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – <a href="/wiki/Betty_White" title="Betty White">Betty White</a> (2011)</li> <li>Society's Child – <a href="/wiki/Janis_Ian" title="Janis Ian">Janis Ian</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_Again" title="America Again">America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> (2013)</li> <li>Diary of a Mad Diva – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life:_Reflections_at_90" class="mw-redirect" title="A Full Life: Reflections at 90">A Full Life: Reflections at 90</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2015)</li> <li>In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Diarist" title="The Princess Diarist">The Princess Diarist</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a> (2017)</li> <li>Faith: A Journey for All – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becoming_(book)" title="Becoming (book)">Becoming</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(book)" title="Blowout (book)">Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a> (2020)</li> <li>Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a> (2021)</li> <li>Finding Me – <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_We_Carry" title="The Light We Carry">The Light We Carry: Overcoming in Uncertain Times</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Chairman&#039;s_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award">NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown_(U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Brown (U.S. Secretary of Commerce)">Ron Brown</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> and Joseph Madison (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_McGruder" title="Aaron McGruder">Aaron McGruder</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">The Dave Matthews Band</a> (2003)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers" title="The Neville Brothers">The Neville Brothers</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Hughes" title="Cathy Hughes">Cathy Hughes</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle Howard</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bree_Newsome" title="Bree Newsome">Brittany "Bree" Newsome</a> / Justice League NYC / Concerned Student 1950 Collective at the University of Missouri / The University of Mississippi NAACP College Chapter / Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Otis_Moss_III" title="Otis Moss III">Otis Moss III</a> / Rev. Dr. Howard-John Wesley / Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Harrison_Bryant" title="Jamal Harrison Bryant">Jamal Harrison Bryant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jussie_Smollett" title="Jussie Smollett">Jussie Smollett</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ogletree" title="Charles Ogletree">Charles Ogletree</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lucy_(labor_leader)" title="William Lucy (labor leader)">William Lucy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">Rev. James Lawson</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennie_Thompson" title="Bennie Thompson">Bennie Thompson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Gorman" title="Amanda Gorman">Amanda Gorman</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_–_Nonfiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Nonfiction" title="Template:NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Nonfiction" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Nonfiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_–_Nonfiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Nonfiction" title="NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction">NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of 'Malcolm X – <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wiley" title="Ralph Wiley">Ralph Wiley</a> (1993)</li> <li>No Award (1994)</li> <li>When We Were Colored – <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Taulbert" title="Clifton Taulbert">Clifton Taulbert</a> (1995)</li> <li>No Award (1996)</li> <li>No Award (1997)</li> <li>With Ossie & Ruby: In This Life Together – <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (1998)</li> <li>No Award (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>No Award (2000)</li> <li>Sally Hemmings, An American Scandal – <a href="/wiki/Tina_Andrews" title="Tina Andrews">Tina Andrews</a> (2001)</li> <li>Keeping the Faith: Stories of Love, Courage, Healing, and Hope from Black America – <a href="/wiki/Tavis_Smiley" title="Tavis Smiley">Tavis Smiley</a> (2002)</li> <li>Why I Love Black Women – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallelujah!_The_Welcome_Table" title="Hallelujah! The Welcome Table">Hallelujah! The Welcome Table</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (2004)</li> <li>Is Bill Cosby Right? Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind? – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_on_Our_Watch" title="Not on Our Watch">Not on Our Watch</a> – <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Prendergast_(activist)" title="John Prendergast (activist)">John Prendergast</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_My_Daughter" title="Letter to My Daughter">Letter to My Daughter</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (2008)</li> <li>In Search of Our Roots – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Michelle Alexander</a> (2010)</li> <li>The Wealth Cure: Putting Money in Its Place – <a href="/wiki/Hill_Harper" title="Hill Harper">Hill Harper</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oath:_The_Obama_White_House_and_the_Supreme_Court" title="The Oath: The Obama White House and the Supreme Court">The Oath: The Obama White House and the Supreme Court</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Jeffrey Toobin</a> (2012)</li> <li>Envisioning Emancipation: Black Americans and the End of Slavery – <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Willis_(author)" title="Deborah Willis (author)">Deborah Willis</a> and Barbara Krauthamer (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_Mercy_(book)" title="Just Mercy (book)">Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Stevenson" title="Bryan Stevenson">Bryan Stevenson</a> (2014)</li> <li>Spectacle: The Astonishing Life of Ota Benga – Pamela Newkirk (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Figures_(book)" title="Hidden Figures (book)">Hidden Figures</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margot_Lee_Shetterly" title="Margot Lee Shetterly">Margot Lee Shetterly</a> (2016)</li> <li>Defining Moments in Black History: Reading Between the Lies – <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a> (2017)</li> <li>For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Politics – <a href="/wiki/Donna_Brazile" title="Donna Brazile">Donna Brazile</a>, Yolanda Caraway, <a href="/wiki/Leah_D._Daughtry" title="Leah D. Daughtry">Leah D. Daughtry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minyon_Moore" title="Minyon Moore">Minyon Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Chambers" title="Veronica Chambers">Veronica Chambers</a> (2018)</li> <li>The Source of Self-Regard: Selected Essays, Speeches, and Meditations – <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2020)</li> <li>The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story – <a href="/wiki/Nikole_Hannah-Jones" title="Nikole Hannah-Jones">Nikole Hannah-Jones</a> (2021)</li> <li>Finding Me – <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2022)</li> <li>The New Brownies’ Book: A Love Letter to Black Families – Karida L. Brown and Charly Palmer (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></li> <li>1914</li> <li>1915</li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1918</li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li>1923</li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></li> <li>1928</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></li> <li>1932</li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></li> <li>1939</li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943</li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li>1948</li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award) / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2009_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2009 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" 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Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (Israel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> (Germany/Romania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (Hong Kong/United Kingdom/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> (Canada/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> (United States/Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a> (United Kingdom/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2006 Nobel Prize winners">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2007_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2007 Nobel Prize winners">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners">2008</a></dd> <dd>2009 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2010_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2010 Nobel Prize winners">2010</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2011_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2011 Nobel Prize winners">2011</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2012 Nobel Prize winners">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2013_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2013 Nobel Prize winners">2013</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2014_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2014 Nobel Prize winners">2014</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/348231/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCKvFkHQ3F9QhY6vw3cP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132522136">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94112934">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15591663c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15591663c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01112565">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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