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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persia_(Iran)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia_(Iran)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Persia (Iran)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia_(Iran)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mongol Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Other systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thurn_und_Taxis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thurn_und_Taxis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Thurn und Taxis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thurn_und_Taxis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postal_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postal_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Postal reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postal_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_transport_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_transport_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Modern transport and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_transport_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_mail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_mail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern mail</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_mail-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern mail subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_mail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Payment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_and_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_and_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Privacy and censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_and_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_electronic_correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_electronic_correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rise of electronic correspondence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_electronic_correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collecting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collecting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Collecting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collecting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Deregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First-Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>First-Class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_and_recorded_mail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_and_recorded_mail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Registered and recorded mail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_and_recorded_mail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repositionable_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repositionable_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Repositionable notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repositionable_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postal_cards_and_postcards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postal_cards_and_postcards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Postal cards and postcards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postal_cards_and_postcards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_mail_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mail_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other mail services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_mail_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posstelsel" title="Posstelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Posstelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="بريد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C8%99t%C3%A2" title="Poștâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Poștâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corr%C3%A9u_postal" title="Corréu postal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corréu postal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatiya_apiri" title="Yatiya apiri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yatiya apiri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A7t" title="Poçt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Poçt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ডাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пошта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пошта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пошта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пошта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="डाक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डाक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Поща – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поща" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correu" title="Correu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Correu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1ta" title="Pošta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pošta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postv%C3%A6sen" title="Postvæsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Postvæsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post" title="Post – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Post" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post" title="Post – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Post" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ταχυδρομικές υπηρεσίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταχυδρομικές υπηρεσίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correo_postal" title="Correo postal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Correo postal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%9Dto" title="Poŝto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poŝto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta" title="Posta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Posta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poste" title="Poste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_(tsjinst)" title="Post (tsjinst) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Post (tsjinst)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correo" title="Correo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Correo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ула – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ула" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%8E%B8" title="우편 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우편" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1ta" title="Pošta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pošta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posto" title="Posto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Posto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pos" title="Pos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta" title="Posta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Posta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3st%C3%BEj%C3%B3nusta" title="Póstþjónusta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Póstþjónusta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizio_postale" title="Servizio postale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Servizio postale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8" title="דואר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דואר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layang" title="Layang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Layang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayas%C9%A9_kitiyinasi_(poste)" title="Takayasɩ kitiyinasi (poste) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Takayasɩ kitiyinasi (poste)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಂಚೆ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂಚೆ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ფოსტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოსტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пошта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пошта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta" title="Posta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Posta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Почта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Почта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cursus publicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasts" title="Pasts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pasts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tas" title="Paštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyetemes_postat%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net" title="Egyetemes postatörténet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyetemes postatörténet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="തപാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തപാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="टपालसेवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टपालसेवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkhidmatan_pos" title="Perkhidmatan pos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkhidmatan pos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meli" title="Meli – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Meli" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_(dienst)" title="Post (dienst) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Post (dienst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E4%BE%BF" title="郵便 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="郵便" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82" title="Пошт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пошт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postvesen" title="Postvesen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Postvesen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postvesen" title="Postvesen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Postvesen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ڈاک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈاک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel" title="Miel – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Miel" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poczta" title="Poczta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poczta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correio" title="Correio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Correio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C8%99t%C4%83" title="Poștă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poștă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaski" title="Chaski – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaski" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Почта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Почта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta" title="Posta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Posta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail" title="Mail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1ta" title="Pošta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pošta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1ta" title="Pošta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pošta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosto" title="Boosto – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boosto" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пошта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пошта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1ta" title="Pošta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pošta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posti" title="Posti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Posti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post" title="Post – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Post" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அஞ்சல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அஞ்சல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Почта – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Почта" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ไปรษณีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไปรษณีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta" title="Posta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Posta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пошта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пошта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ڈاک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈاک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C6%B0u_ch%C3%ADnh" title="Bưu chính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bưu chính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6" title="邮件 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="邮件" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98" title="פאסט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאסט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E6%94%BF" title="郵政 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="郵政" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E6%94%BF" title="郵政 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="郵政" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49845#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Post" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mail" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Postal_service" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49845" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System for transporting documents and other small packages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mail_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mail (disambiguation)">Mail (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postal_service_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Postal service (disambiguation)">Postal service (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail_Mail_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Snail Mail (disambiguation)">Snail Mail (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postage_(album)" title="Postage (album)"><i>Postage</i> (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Postman_Collect_Letters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HK_Postman_Collect_Letters.JPG/330px-HK_Postman_Collect_Letters.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HK_Postman_Collect_Letters.JPG/495px-HK_Postman_Collect_Letters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HK_Postman_Collect_Letters.JPG/660px-HK_Postman_Collect_Letters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Postman" class="mw-redirect" title="Postman">postman</a> collecting mail for delivery</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>mail</b> or <b>post</b> is a system for physically transporting <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parcel_(package)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parcel (package)">parcels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A postal service can be private or public, though many governments place restrictions on private systems. Since the mid-19th century, national postal systems have generally been established as a <a href="/wiki/Government_monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Government monopoly">government monopoly</a>, with a fee on the article prepaid. Proof of payment is usually in the form of an adhesive <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a>, but a <a href="/wiki/Postage_meter" title="Postage meter">postage meter</a> is also used for bulk mailing. </p><p>Postal authorities often have functions aside from transporting letters. In some countries, a <a href="/wiki/Postal_Telegraph_and_Telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal Telegraph and Telephone">postal, telegraph and telephone</a> (PTT) service oversees the postal system, in addition to telephone and telegraph systems. Some countries' postal systems allow for <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">savings accounts</a> and handle applications for <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a> (UPU), established in 1874, includes 192 member countries and sets the rules for international mail exchanges as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized Agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mail_Sample_(back_to_back).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mail_Sample_%28back_to_back%29.jpg/220px-Mail_Sample_%28back_to_back%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mail_Sample_%28back_to_back%29.jpg/330px-Mail_Sample_%28back_to_back%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mail_Sample_%28back_to_back%29.jpg/440px-Mail_Sample_%28back_to_back%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Mail envelope (back to back)</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>mail</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> word <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">male</i></span>, referring to a travelling bag or pack.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was spelled in that manner until the 17th century and is distinct from the word <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a>. The French have a similar word, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">malle</i></span>, for a trunk or large box, and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mála</i></span> is the Irish term for a bag. In the 17th century, the word <i>mail</i> began to appear as a reference for a bag that contained letters: "bag full of letter" (1654). Over the next hundred years the word <i>mail</i> began to be applied strictly to the letters themselves and the sack as the <i>mailbag</i>. In the 19th century, the British typically used <i>mail</i> to refer to letters being sent abroad (i.e. on a ship) and <i>post</i> to refer to letters for domestic delivery. The word <i>Post</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">poste</i></span>, which ultimately stems from the past participle of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verb <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ponere</i></span> 'to lay down or place'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So in the U.K., the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> delivers the <i>post</i>, while in North America both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> deliver the <i>mail</i>. </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a></i>, short for "electronic mail", first appeared in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>snail mail</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a> to distinguish it from the quicker email. Various dates have been given for its first use.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="history_of_postal_systems"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houttakin_postitalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Houttakin_postitalo.jpg/220px-Houttakin_postitalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Houttakin_postitalo.jpg/330px-Houttakin_postitalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Houttakin_postitalo.jpg/440px-Houttakin_postitalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Many early post systems consisted of fixed courier routes. Here, a post house on a postal route in the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The practice of communication by written documents carried by an intermediary from one person or place to another almost certainly dates back nearly to the invention of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>. However, the development of formal postal systems occurred much later. The first documented use of an organized <a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">courier</a> service for the dissemination of written documents is in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> used couriers to send out decrees throughout the territory of the state (2400 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest surviving piece of mail is also Egyptian, dating to 255 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persia_(Iran)"><span id="Persia_.28Iran.29"></span>Persia (Iran)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Persia (Iran)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapar-Khaneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapar-Khaneh">Chapar-Khaneh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angarium" title="Angarium">Angarium</a></div> <p>The first credible claim for the development of a real postal system comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persia</a>. The best-documented claim (<a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>) attributes the invention to the Persian King <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> (550 BCE), who mandated that every province in his kingdom would organize reception and delivery of post to each of its citizens. Other writers credit his successor <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I of Persia</a> (521 BCE). Other sources claim much earlier dates for an Assyrian postal system, with credit given to <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1700 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargon II of Assyria">Sargon II</a> (722 BCE). Mail may not have been the primary mission of this postal service, however. The role of the system as an intelligence gathering apparatus is well documented, and the service was (later) called <i>angariae</i>, a term that in time came to indicate a tax system. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>, VIII) makes mention of this system: <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Ahasuerus</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, used couriers for communicating his decisions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> system worked using stations (called <a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">Chapar-Khaneh</a>), whence the message carrier (called <a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">Chapar</a>) would ride to the next post, whereupon he would swap his horse with a fresh one for maximum performance and delivery speed. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> described the system in this way: "It is said that as many days as there are in the whole journey, so many are the men and horses that stand along the road, each horse and man at the interval of a day's journey; and these are stayed neither by snow nor rain nor heat nor darkness from accomplishing their appointed course with all speed".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verse prominently features on New York's <a href="/wiki/James_Farley_Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="James Farley Post Office">James Farley Post Office</a>, although it uses the translation "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Scinde_Dawk_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Red_Scinde_Dawk_stamp.jpg/220px-Red_Scinde_Dawk_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Red_Scinde_Dawk_stamp.jpg/330px-Red_Scinde_Dawk_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Red_Scinde_Dawk_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>The use of the <a href="/wiki/Scinde_Dawk" title="Scinde Dawk">Scinde Dawk</a> adhesive stamps to signify the prepayment of postage began on 1 July 1852 in the <a href="/wiki/Scinde" class="mw-redirect" title="Scinde">Scinde</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> district,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of a comprehensive reform of the district's postal system.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postal_history_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal history of India">Postal history of India</a></div> <p>The economic growth and political stability under the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> (322–185 BCE) stimulated sustained development of civil infrastructure in ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The Mauryans developed early Indian mail service as well as public wells, rest houses, and other facilities for the public.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common chariots called <i>Dagana</i> were sometimes used as mail chariots in ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Couriers were used militarily by kings and local rulers to deliver information through runners and other carriers. The postmaster, the head of the intelligence service, was responsible for ensuring the maintenance of the courier system. Couriers were also used to deliver personal letters.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wodeyar_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodeyar dynasty">Wodeyar dynasty</a> (1399–1947) of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> used mail service for espionage purposes thereby acquiring knowledge related to matters that took place at great distances.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 18th century, a postal system in India was in operation. Later this system underwent complete modernization when the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> established its control over most of India. The <i>Post Office Act XVII</i> of 1837 provided that the Governor-General of India in Council had the exclusive right of conveying letters by post for hire within the territories of the East India Company. The mails were available to certain officials without charge, which became a controversial privilege as the years passed. On this basis the Indian Post Office was established on October 1, 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus">cursus publicus</a></div> <p>The first well-documented postal service was that of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Organized at the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Caesar">Augustus Caesar</a> (62 BCE – 14 CE), the service was called <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus">cursus publicus</a></i> and was provided with light carriages (<i>rhedæ</i>) pulled by fast horses. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, a parallel service was established with two-wheeled carts (<i>birotæ</i>) pulled by <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a>. This service was reserved for government correspondence. Yet another service for citizens was later added.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2013)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mail#Dubious" title="Talk:Mail">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1802, the first Vietnamese postal service was established under the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyen dynasty</a>, under the Ministry of Rites.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Nguyen dynasty, official documents were transported by horse and other primitive means to stations built about 25-30 kilometers apart.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, three wireless communication offices were established, and in early 1906 they were merged with the postal service to form the Post and Wireless Office.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, after the August Revolution, the Post and Wireless Office was renamed the Post Office under the Ministry of Transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, the Post Office was upgraded to the Ministry of Post.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postal_history_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal history of China">Postal history of China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_China_1949_4c_on_100_silver_ovpt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp_China_1949_4c_on_100_silver_ovpt.jpg/220px-Stamp_China_1949_4c_on_100_silver_ovpt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp_China_1949_4c_on_100_silver_ovpt.jpg/330px-Stamp_China_1949_4c_on_100_silver_ovpt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp_China_1949_4c_on_100_silver_ovpt.jpg/440px-Stamp_China_1949_4c_on_100_silver_ovpt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 4-cent on 100-dollar silver overprint of 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Chinese sources claim mail or postal systems dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese dynasties">dynasties</a>, which would be the oldest mailing service in the world. The earliest credible system of couriers was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BCE – 220 CE), who had relay stations every 30 <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a> (about 15km) along major routes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618 to 907 AD) operated a recorded 1,639 posthouses, including maritime offices, employing around 20,000 people. The system was administered by the Ministry of War and private correspondence was forbidden from the network. The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368 to 1644) sought a postal system to deliver mail quickly, securely, and cheaply. Adequate speed was always a problem, because of the slow overland transportation system, and underfunding. Its network had 1,936 posthouses every 60 li along major routes, with fresh horses available every 10 li between them.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> operated 1,785 posthouses throughout their lands. More efficient, however, was the system linking the international settlements, centered around Shanghai and the Treaty ports. It was the main communication system for China's international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_Empire">Mongol Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mongol Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rt%C3%B6%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Örtöö">Örtöö</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> installed an empire-wide messenger and postal station system named <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rt%C3%B6%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Örtöö">Örtöö</a></i> within the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, this system also covered the territory of China. Postal stations were used not only for the transmission and delivery of <a href="/wiki/Official_mail" title="Official mail">official mail</a> but were also available for travelling officials, military men, and foreign dignitaries. These stations aided and facilitated the transport of foreign and domestic tribute specifically and the conduct of trade in general. </p><p>By the end of Kublai Khan's rule, there were more than 1400 postal stations in China alone, which in turn had at their disposal about 50,000 horses, 1,400 oxen, 6,700 mules, 400 carts, 6,000 boats, more than 200 dogs, and 1,150 sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-Mote_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mote-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stations were 25 to 65 km (16 to 40 mi) apart and had reliable attendants working for the mail service. Foreign observers, such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, have attested to the efficiency of this early postal system.<sup id="cite_ref-Mote_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mote-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each station was maintained by up to twenty five families. Work for postal service counted as military service. The system was still operational in 18th century when 64 stations were required for a message to cross Mongolia from the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> to China.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Japanese system was developed in the mid-19th century, closely copying European models. Japan was highly innovative in developing the world's largest and most successful postal savings system and later a postal life insurance system as well. Postmasters play a key role in linking the Japanese political system to local politics. The postmasters are high prestige, and are often hereditary.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To a large extent, the postal system generated the enormous funding necessary to rapidly industrialize Japan in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Korea" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Korea">Postage stamps and postal history of Korea</a></div> <p>The postal service was one of Korea's first attempts at modernization. The Joseon Post Office was established in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_systems">Other systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_(Main_post_office)_(9159136558).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_%28Main_post_office%29_%289159136558%29.jpg/220px-Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_%28Main_post_office%29_%289159136558%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_%28Main_post_office%29_%289159136558%29.jpg/330px-Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_%28Main_post_office%29_%289159136558%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_%28Main_post_office%29_%289159136558%29.jpg/440px-Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_%28Main_post_office%29_%289159136558%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>An example of a main post office building in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post-cycle-Cologne-508.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Post-cycle-Cologne-508.jpg/220px-Post-cycle-Cologne-508.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Post-cycle-Cologne-508.jpg/330px-Post-cycle-Cologne-508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Post-cycle-Cologne-508.jpg/440px-Post-cycle-Cologne-508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Delivery by bicycle in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another important postal service was created in the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> world by the <i><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a></i> Mu'awiyya; the service was called <i><a href="/wiki/Barid_(caliphate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barid (caliphate)">barid</a></i>, for the name of the towers built to protect the roads by which couriers travelled.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 3000 BC, Egypt was using <a href="/wiki/Homing_pigeon" title="Homing pigeon">homing pigeons</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">pigeon post</a>, taking advantage of a singular quality of this bird, which when taken far from its nest is able to find its way home due to a particularly developed sense of orientation. Messages were then tied around the legs of the pigeon, which was freed and could reach its original nest. By the 19th century, homing pigeons were used extensively for military communications.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> extended to the whole territory of his empire the system used by <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and connected this service with that of <a href="/wiki/Missus_dominicus" title="Missus dominicus"><i>missi dominici</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the mid-11th century, flax traders known as the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> Merchants from <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, Egypt wrote about using a postal service known as the <i>kutubi.</i> The <i>kutubi</i> system managed routes between the cities of Jerusalem, Ramla, Tyre, Ascalon, Damascus, Aleppo, and Fustat with year-round, regular mail delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many religious orders had a private mail service. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> had one which connected more than 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, and churches. The best organization, however, was created by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1716, Correos y Telégrafos was established in Spain as public mail service, available to all citizens. Delivery postmen were first employed in 1756 and post boxes were installed firstly in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thurn_und_Taxis">Thurn und Taxis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thurn und Taxis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1505, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> established a postal system in the Empire, appointing Franz von Taxis to run it. This system, originally the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Reichspost" title="Kaiserliche Reichspost">Kaiserliche Reichspost</a></i>, is often considered the first modern postal service in the world, which initiated a revolution in communication in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system combined contemporary technical and organization means to create a stable transcontinental service which was also the first to offer (fee-based) public access.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Thurn und Taxis">Thurn und Taxis</a> family, then known as Tassis, had operated postal services between Italian city-states from 1290 onward. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anselm_Franz_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anselm_Franz_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg/220px-Anselm_Franz_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anselm_Franz_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg/330px-Anselm_Franz_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Anselm_Franz_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Postmaster <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Franz,_2nd_Prince_of_Thurn_and_Taxis" title="Anselm Franz, 2nd Prince of Thurn and Taxis">Anselm Franz, 2nd Prince of Thurn and Taxis</a> (1681–1739), still today part of the logo of the Whitepages in many countries</figcaption></figure><p> For 500 years the postal business based in Brussels and in Frankfurt was passed from one generation to another. Following the abolition of the Empire in 1806, the <a href="/wiki/Thurn-und-Taxis_Post" title="Thurn-und-Taxis Post">Thurn-und-Taxis Post</a> system continued as a private organization into the postage stamp era before being absorbed into the postal system of the new German Empire after 1871.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Maximilian_Karl_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prince_Maximilian_Karl_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg/220px-Prince_Maximilian_Karl_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prince_Maximilian_Karl_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg/330px-Prince_Maximilian_Karl_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prince_Maximilian_Karl_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg/440px-Prince_Maximilian_Karl_von_Thurn_und_Taxis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Postmaster <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Karl,_6th_Prince_of_Thurn_and_Taxis" title="Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis">Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis</a> (1802–1871), last Postmaster</figcaption></figure><p> 1867 July 1 the State of Prussia had to make a compensation payment of 3.000.000 Thalers reinvested by <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Helene_in_Bavaria" title="Duchess Helene in Bavaria">Helene von Thurn & Taxis</a>, daughter-in-law of the last postmaster, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Karl,_6th_Prince_of_Thurn_and_Taxis" title="Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis">Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis</a>, into real estate, most of it continuing to exist today. The Phone Book of the World has its roots in the long history of the avant-garde telecommunications family Thurn & Taxis.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Self referencing source (April 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The directory is the result of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes von Thurn und Taxis">Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn & Taxis</a> transmitting PTT culture to a student and helping with the opening of a small Telephone Boutique next to a historic Postal mansion his ancestors used to go to centuries earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Self referencing source (April 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes,_11th_Prince_of_Thurn_and_Taxis_(1981).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Johannes%2C_11th_Prince_of_Thurn_and_Taxis_%281981%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes von Thurn und Taxis">Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn & Taxis</a> (1926–1990), heir of the Postal fortune</figcaption></figure><p> Several European Post Carriers like <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post" title="Deutsche Post">Deutsche Post</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Post" title="Österreichische Post">Österreichische Post</a> continue to use the Thurn & Taxis Post Horn in their company logo just like the global Phone Book of the World based in the old Postal mansion of King Louis XIV in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Self referencing source (April 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postal_reforms">Postal reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Postal reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penny_black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Penny_black.jpg/140px-Penny_black.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Penny_black.jpg/210px-Penny_black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Penny_black.jpg/280px-Penny_black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Penny_Black" title="Penny Black">Penny Black</a>, the world's first postage stamp</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Fourpenny_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Fourpenny Post">Uniform Fourpenny Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Penny_Post" title="Uniform Penny Post">Uniform Penny Post</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, prior to 1840 letters were paid for by the recipient and the cost was determined by the distance from sender to recipient and the number of sheets of paper rather than by a countrywide flat rate with weight restrictions. <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill_(postal_reformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowland Hill (postal reformer)">Sir Rowland Hill</a> reformed the postal system based on the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Penny_Post" title="Uniform Penny Post">penny postage</a> and prepayment.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his proposal, Hill also called for official pre-printed <a href="/wiki/Mulready_stationery" title="Mulready stationery">envelopes</a> and adhesive <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> as alternative ways of getting the sender to pay for the postage, at a time when prepayment was optional, which led to the invention of the postage stamp, the <a href="/wiki/Penny_Black" title="Penny Black">Penny Black</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_transport_and_technology">Modern transport and technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern transport and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R36070,_Luftpost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R36070%2C_Luftpost.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R36070%2C_Luftpost.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R36070%2C_Luftpost.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R36070%2C_Luftpost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R36070%2C_Luftpost.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R36070%2C_Luftpost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">airmail</a> flight in Germany, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>The postal system was important in the development of modern transportation. Railways carried <a href="/wiki/Railway_post_office" title="Railway post office">railway post offices</a>. During the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Air_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Air mail">air mail</a> became the transport of choice for inter-continental mail. Postmen started to use <a href="/wiki/Mail_truck" title="Mail truck">mail trucks</a>. The handling of mail became increasingly automated. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> came to change the conditions for physical mail. Email (and in recent years <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a> sites) became a fierce competitor to physical mail systems, but <a href="/wiki/Online_auction" title="Online auction">online auctions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_shopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet shopping">Internet shopping</a> opened new business opportunities as people often get items bought online through the mail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_mail">Modern mail</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern mail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern mail is organized by national and privatized services, which are reciprocally connected by international regulations, organizations and international agreements. Paper letters and parcels can be sent to almost any country in the world relatively easily and cheaply. The Internet has made the process of sending letter-like messages nearly instantaneous, and in many cases and situations correspondents use email where they previously would have used letters. The volume of paper mail sent through the U.S. Postal Service has declined by more than 15% since its peak at 213 billion pieces per annum in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some countries have organized their mail services as public limited liability corporations without a <a href="/wiki/Legal_monopoly" title="Legal monopoly">legal monopoly</a>. </p><p>The worldwide postal system constituting the individual national postal systems of the world's self-governing states is coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a>, which among other things sets international postage rates, defines standards for <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> and operates the system of <a href="/wiki/International_reply_coupon" title="International reply coupon">international reply coupons</a>. </p><p>In most countries a system of codes has been created (referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP codes</a></i> in the United States, <i>postcodes</i> in the United Kingdom and Australia, <i><a href="/wiki/Eircode" class="mw-redirect" title="Eircode">eircodes</a></i> in Ireland and <i><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">postal codes</a></i> in most other countries) in order to facilitate the automation of operations. This also includes placing additional marks on the address portion of the letter or mailed object, called "bar coding". Bar coding of mail for delivery is usually expressed either by a series of vertical bars, usually called <a href="/wiki/POSTNET" title="POSTNET">POSTNET</a> coding or a block of dots as a <a href="/wiki/Barcode#2D_barcodes" title="Barcode">two-dimensional barcode</a>. The "block of dots" method allows for the encoding of proof of payment of postage, exact routing for delivery, and other features. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APC_77598_Webster_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/APC_77598_Webster_Texas.jpg/220px-APC_77598_Webster_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/APC_77598_Webster_Texas.jpg/330px-APC_77598_Webster_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/APC_77598_Webster_Texas.jpg/440px-APC_77598_Webster_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1931" /></a><figcaption>An automated postal machine</figcaption></figure> <p>The ordinary mail service was improved in the 20th century with the use of planes for a quicker delivery. The world's first scheduled <a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">airmail</a> post service took place in the United Kingdom between the London suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Hendon" title="Hendon">Hendon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor, Berkshire</a>, on 9 September 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some methods of airmail proved ineffective, however, including the United States Postal Service's experiment with <a href="/wiki/Rocket_mail" title="Rocket mail">rocket mail</a>. </p><p>Receipt services were made available in order to grant the sender a confirmation of effective delivery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Payment">Payment <span class="anchor" id="postage"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Payment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before about the mid-nineteenth century, in regions where postal systems existed, the payment models varied, but most mail was sent unpaid requiring the recipient to pay the postage fee. In some regions a partial payment was made by the sender. Today, worldwide, the most common method of prepaying postage is by buying an adhesive <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> to be applied to the envelope before mailing; a much less common method is to use a postage-prepaid <a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">envelope</a>. <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a> is a method of creating postage-prepaid envelopes under licence using a special machine. They are used by companies with large mail programs, such as <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct mail">direct mail</a> companies. </p><p>In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> authorised the first tests of a secure system of sending digital franks via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to be printed out on a PC printer, obviating the necessity to license a dedicated franking machine and allowing companies with smaller mail programs to make use of the option; this was later expanded to test the use of personalized postage. The service provided by the U.S. Postal Service in 2003 allows the franks to be printed out on special adhesive-backed labels. </p><p>In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> in the United Kingdom introduced its <i>SmartStamp</i> Internet-based system, allowing printing on ordinary adhesive labels or envelopes. Similar systems are being considered by postal administrations around the world. </p><p>When the pre-paid envelope or package is accepted into the mail by an agent of the postal service, the agent usually indicates by means of a <a href="/wiki/Cancellation_(mail)" title="Cancellation (mail)">cancellation</a> that it is no longer valid for pre-payment of postage. The exceptions are when the agent forgets or neglects to cancel the mailpiece, for stamps that are pre-cancelled and thus do not require cancellation and for, in most cases, metered mail. (The "personalized stamps" authorized by the USPS and manufactured by Zazzle and other companies are in fact a form of meter label and thus do not need to be cancelled.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy_and_censorship">Privacy and censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Privacy and censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal censorship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IDET2007_StB_steam_envelope_opener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/IDET2007_StB_steam_envelope_opener.jpg/220px-IDET2007_StB_steam_envelope_opener.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/IDET2007_StB_steam_envelope_opener.jpg/330px-IDET2007_StB_steam_envelope_opener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/IDET2007_StB_steam_envelope_opener.jpg/440px-IDET2007_StB_steam_envelope_opener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>"The Steamboat" – mobile steaming equipment used by Czech <a href="/wiki/StB" title="StB">StB</a> for unsticking of envelopes during correspondence surveillance</figcaption></figure> <p>Documents should generally not be read by anyone other than the addressee; for example, in the United States of America it is a violation of federal law for anyone other than the addressee and the government to open mail.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are exceptions however: executives often assign secretaries or assistants the task of handling their mail; and postcards do not require opening and can be read by anyone. For mail contained within an envelope, there are legal provisions in some jurisdictions allowing the recording of identities of sender and recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-deccan_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deccan-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The privacy of correspondence is guaranteed by the constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, and is alluded to in the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deccan_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deccan-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The control of the contents inside private citizens' mail is <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and concerns social, political, and legal aspects of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>. International mail and packages are subject to <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> control, with the mail and packages often surveyed and their contents sometimes edited out (or even in).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There have been cases over the millennia of governments opening and copying or photographing the contents of private mail.<sup id="cite_ref-deccan_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deccan-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subject to the laws in the relevant jurisdiction, correspondence may be openly or covertly opened, or the contents determined via some other method, by the police or other authorities in some cases relating to a suspected criminal conspiracy, although <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_noir" title="Cabinet noir">black chambers</a> (largely in the past, though there is apparently some continuance of their use today) opened extralegally. </p><p>The mail service may be allowed to open the mail if neither addressee nor sender can be located, in order to attempt to locate either. Mail service may also open the mail to inspect if it contains materials that are hazardous to transport or violate local laws. </p><p>While in most cases <a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">mail censorship</a> is exceptional, <a href="/wiki/Military_mail" title="Military mail">military mail</a> to and from soldiers is often subject to surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mail is censored to prevent leaking tactical secrets, such as troop movements or weather conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the country, civilian mail containing military secrets can also be monitored and censored.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mail sent to and from inmates in jails or prisons within the United States is subject to opening and review by jail or prison staff to determine if the mail has any criminal action dictated or provides means for an escape. The only mail that is not able to be read is attorney-client mail, which is covered under the attorney-client confidentiality laws in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_electronic_correspondence">Rise of electronic correspondence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rise of electronic correspondence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern alternatives, such as the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">telex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">facsimile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, have reduced the attractiveness of paper mail for many applications. These modern alternatives have some advantages: in addition to their speed, they may be more secure, e.g., because the general public cannot learn the address of the sender or recipient from the envelope, and occasionally traditional items of mail may fail to arrive, e.g. due to vandalism to mailboxes, unfriendly pets, and adverse weather conditions. Mail carriers due to perceived hazards or inconveniences, may refuse, officially or otherwise, to deliver mail to a particular address (for instance, if there is no clear path to the door or mailbox). On the other hand, traditional mail avoids the possibility of computer malfunctions and <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, and the recipient does not need to print it out if they wish to have a paper copy, though scanning is required to make a digital copy. </p><p>Physical mail is still widely used in business and personal communications for such reasons as legal requirements for <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">signatures</a>, requirements of etiquette, and the requirement to enclose small physical objects. </p><p>Since the advent of <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, which is almost always much faster, the postal system has come to be referred to in <a href="/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">Internet slang</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a> "<a href="/wiki/Snail_Mail_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Snail Mail (disambiguation)">snail mail</a>". Occasionally, the term "white mail" has also been used as a neutral term for postal mail. </p><p>Mainly during the 20th century, experimentation with <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_mail" title="Hybrid mail">hybrid mail</a> has combined electronic and paper delivery. Electronic mechanisms include <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">telex</a>, facsimile (<a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a>), <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, and short message service (<a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a>). There have been methods which have combined mail and some of these newer methods, such as temporary emails, that combine facsimile transmission with overnight delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vehicles commonly use a mechanical or electro-mechanical standardised writing (typing), that on the one hand makes for more efficient communication, while on the other hand makes impossible characteristics and practices that traditionally were in conventional mail, such as <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>. </p><p>This epoch<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> is undoubtedly mainly dominated by mechanical writing, with a general use of no more of half a dozen standard typographic <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">fonts</a> from standard keyboards. However, the increased use of typewritten or computer-printed letters for personal communication and the advent of email have sparked renewed interest in calligraphy, as a letter has become more of a "special event". Long before email and computer-printed letters, however, decorated envelopes, <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">rubber stamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artistamp" title="Artistamp">artistamps</a> formed part of the medium of <a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">mail art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s (decade) with the advent of <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> and other online <a href="/wiki/Auction_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Auction sites">auction sites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Online store">online stores</a>, postal services in industrialized nations have seen a major shift to item shipping. This has been seen as a boost to the system's usage in the wake of lower paper mail volume due to the accessibility of email. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Online_post_office" title="Online post office">Online post offices</a> have emerged to give recipients a means of receiving traditional correspondence mail in a scanned electronic format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collecting">Collecting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Collecting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Barraud_-_Le_Philat%C3%A9liste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barraud_-_Le_Philat%C3%A9liste.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Barraud_-_Le_Philat%C3%A9liste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barraud_-_Le_Philat%C3%A9liste.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Barraud_-_Le_Philat%C3%A9liste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barraud_-_Le_Philat%C3%A9liste.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Barraud_-_Le_Philat%C3%A9liste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption><i>Le Philateliste</i> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barraud" title="François Barraud">François Barraud</a> (1929)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamps</a> are also object of a particular form of <a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">collecting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stamp_collecting" title="Stamp collecting">Stamp collecting</a> has been a very popular <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a>. In some cases, when demand greatly exceeds supply, their commercial value on this specific market may become enormously greater than face value, even after use. For some postal services the sale of stamps to collectors who will never use them is a significant source of revenue; for example, stamps from Tokelau, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, Tristan da Cunha, Niuafoʻou and many others. Stamp collecting is commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">philately</a>, although strictly the latter term refers to the study of stamps. </p><p>Another form of collecting regards <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcards</a>, a document written on a single robust sheet of paper, usually decorated with photographic pictures or artistic drawings on one of the sides, and short messages on a small part of the other side, that also contained the space for the address. In strict philatelic usage, the postcard is to be distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Postal_card" title="Postal card">postal card</a>, which has a pre-printed postage on the card. The fact that this communication is visible by other than the receiver often causes the messages to be written in <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a>. </p><p>Letters are often studied as an example of literature, and also in biography in the case of a famous person. A portion of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistles</a> to Christian congregations in various parts of the Roman Empire. See below for a list of famous letters. </p><p>A style of writing, called <i><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary</a>,</i> tells a fictional story in the form of the correspondence between two or more characters. </p><p>A makeshift mail method after stranding on a deserted island is a <a href="/wiki/Message_in_a_bottle" title="Message in a bottle">message in a bottle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deregulation">Deregulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Deregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mailboxes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mailboxes.jpg/220px-Mailboxes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mailboxes.jpg/330px-Mailboxes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Mailboxes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>In the United States, private companies, such as <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="FedEx Corporation">FedEx</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a>, compete with the federal government's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">package delivery</a>. Different mailboxes are also provided for local and express service. (The USPS has a <a href="/wiki/Legal_monopoly" title="Legal monopoly">legal monopoly</a> on <a href="#First-Class">First Class</a> and Standard Mail delivery.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous countries, including Sweden (1 January 1993),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealand (1998 and 2003), Germany (2005 and 2007), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> opened up the postal services market to new entrants. In the case of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Post">New Zealand Post Limited</a>, this included (from 2003) its right to be the sole New Zealand postal administration member of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a>, thus the ending of its monopoly on stamps bearing the name New Zealand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillarboxes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pillarboxes.jpg/220px-Pillarboxes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pillarboxes.jpg/330px-Pillarboxes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pillarboxes.jpg/440px-Pillarboxes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pillar_boxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar boxes">Pillar boxes</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, Portugal (1st class mail in blue and 2nd class in red)</figcaption></figure> <p>Letter-sized mail constitutes the bulk of the contents sent through most postal services. These are usually documents printed on <a href="/wiki/A4_paper_size" class="mw-redirect" title="A4 paper size">A4</a> (210×297 mm), <a href="/wiki/Letter_(paper_size)" title="Letter (paper size)">Letter-sized</a> (8.5×11 inches), or smaller paper and placed in envelopes. </p><p>Handwritten correspondence, while once a major means of communications between distant people, is now used less frequently<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the advent of more immediate forms of communication, such as the telephone or email. Traditional letters, however, are often considered to hark back to a "simpler time" and are still used when someone wishes to be deliberate and thoughtful about their communication. An example would be a letter of sympathy to a bereaved person. </p><p>Bills and invoices are often sent through the mail, like regular billing correspondence from <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">utility</a> companies and other service providers. These letters often contain a self-addressed envelope that allows the receiver to remit payment back to the company easily. While still very common, many people now opt to use online bill payment services, which eliminate the need to receive bills through the mail. Paperwork for the confirmation of large financial transactions is often sent through the mail. Many tax documents are as well. </p><p>New <a href="/wiki/Credit_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit cards">credit cards</a> and their corresponding <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal identification numbers">personal identification numbers</a> are sent to their owners through the mail. The card and number are usually mailed separately several days or weeks apart for security reasons. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bulk_mail" title="Bulk mail">Bulk mail</a> is mail that is prepared for bulk mailing, often by <a href="/wiki/Presort" class="mw-redirect" title="Presort">presorting</a>, and processing at reduced rates. It is often used in <a href="/wiki/Direct_marketing" title="Direct marketing">direct marketing</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">advertising mail</a>, although it has other uses as well. The senders of these messages sometimes purchase lists of addresses (which are sometimes targeted towards certain <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographics</a>) and then send letters advertising their product or service to all recipients. Other times, commercial solicitations are sent by local companies advertising local products, like a <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a> delivery service advertising to their delivery area or a <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> store sending their weekly advertising circular to a general area. Bulk mail is also often sent to companies' existing subscriber bases, advertising new products or services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First-Class">First-Class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: First-Class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>First-Class Mail</b> in the U.S. includes postcards, letters, large envelopes (flats), and small packages, providing each piece weighs 13 ounces (370 g) or less. Delivery is given priority over second-class (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>), third class (bulk advertisements), and fourth-class mail (books and media packages). First-Class Mail prices are based on both the shape and weight of the item being mailed. Pieces over 13 ounces can be sent as Priority Mail.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011 42% of First-Class Mail arrived the next day, 27% in two days, and 31% in three. The USPS expected that changes to the service in 2012 would cause about 51% to arrive in two days and most of the rest in three.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs20111205_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs20111205-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canada Post counterpart is Lettermail.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Royal Mail's 1st Class, as it is styled, is simply a priority option over 2nd Class, at a slightly higher cost. Royal Mail aims (but does not guarantee) to deliver all 1st Class letters the day after posting.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Austria priority delivery mail is called Prio, in Switzerland A-Post.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Registered_and_recorded_mail">Registered and recorded mail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Registered and recorded mail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Registered_mail" title="Registered mail">Registered mail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoverCrete1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CoverCrete1914.jpg/220px-CoverCrete1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CoverCrete1914.jpg/330px-CoverCrete1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CoverCrete1914.jpg/440px-CoverCrete1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Multi-franked registered mail from Crete using Greek stamps during the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State#Union_with_Greece" title="Cretan State">Union with Greece</a> to Egypt in 1914 showing numbered registration label</figcaption></figure> <p>Registered mail allows the location and in particular the correct delivery of a letter to be tracked. It is usually considerably more expensive than regular mail, and is typically used for valuable items. Registered mail is constantly tracked through the system. </p><p>Recorded mail is handled just like ordinary mail with the exception that it has to be signed for on receipt. This is useful for legal documents where proof of delivery is required. </p><p>In the United Kingdom recorded delivery mail (branded as <i>signed for</i> by the Royal Mail) is covered by <i>The Recorded Delivery Services Act 1962</i>. Under this legislation any document which its relevant law requires service by registered post<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be lawfully served by recorded delivery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repositionable_notes">Repositionable notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Repositionable notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> introduced a test allowing "repositionable notes" (for example, 3M's <a href="/wiki/Post-it_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-it notes">Post-it notes</a>) to be attached to the outside of envelopes and bulk mailings,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> afterwards extending the test for an unspecified period.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repositionable note may be fixed directly to the address side of First-Class Mail and Standard Mail letter-size mailpieces. These mailpieces must meet the standards in 7.2 through 7.6. The note is included as an integral part of the mailpiece for weight and postage rate and must be accounted for in pricing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postal_cards_and_postcards">Postal cards and postcards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Postal cards and postcards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Postal_card" title="Postal card">Postal cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcards</a> are small message cards that are sent by mail unenveloped; the distinction often, though not invariably and reliably, drawn between them is that "postal cards" are issued by the postal authority or entity with the "postal indicia" (or "stamp") preprinted on them, while postcards are privately issued and require affixing an adhesive stamp (though there have been some cases of a postal authority's issuing non-stamped postcards). Postcards are often printed to promote tourism, with pictures of resorts, tourist attractions or humorous messages on the front and allowing for a short message from the sender to be written on the back. The postage required for postcards is generally less than postage required for standard letters; however, certain technicalities such as their being oversized or having cut-outs,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may result in payment of the first-class rate being required. </p><p>Postcards are also used by <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a> for new subscriptions. Inside many magazines are postage-paid subscription cards that a reader can fill out and mail back to the publishing company to be billed for a subscription to the magazine. In this fashion, magazines also use postcards for other purposes, including reader surveys, contests or information requests. </p><p>Postcards are sometimes sent by <a href="/wiki/Charities" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities">charities</a> to their members with a message to be signed and sent to a politician (e.g. to promote <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third_world_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world debt">third world debt</a> cancellation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mail_services">Other mail services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other mail services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_mail_letterbox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_mail_letterbox.jpg/220px-US_mail_letterbox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_mail_letterbox.jpg/330px-US_mail_letterbox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_mail_letterbox.jpg/440px-US_mail_letterbox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>This antique "letter-box" style U.S. mailbox is both on display and in use at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building" title="Smithsonian Institution Building">Smithsonian Institution Building</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Small_packet" title="Small packet">Small packets</a> are usually less than 2 kg (4 lb). </p><p>Larger envelopes are also sent through the mail. These are often composed of a stronger material than standard envelopes and are often used by businesses to transport documents that may not be folded or damaged, such as legal documents and contracts. Due to their size, larger envelopes are sometimes charged additional postage. </p><p>Packages are often sent through some postal services, usually requiring additional postage than an average letter or postcard. Many postal services have limitations as to what a package may or may not contain, usually placing limits or bans on perishable, hazardous or flammable materials. Some hazardous materials in limited quantities may be shipped with appropriate markings and packaging, like an <a href="/wiki/ORM-D" title="ORM-D">ORM-D</a> label. Additionally, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> concerns, the U.S. Postal Service subjects their packages to numerous security tests, often scanning or <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-raying</a> packages for materials that might be found in biological materials or <a href="/wiki/Mail_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail bomb">mail bombs</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">Newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a> are also sent through postal services. Many magazines are simply placed in the mail normally (but in the U.S., they are printed with a special bar code that acts as pre-paid postage – see <a href="/wiki/POSTNET" title="POSTNET">POSTNET</a>), but many are now shipped in <a href="/wiki/Shrinkwrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkwrap">shrinkwrap</a> to protect the loose contents of the magazine. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, newspapers and magazines were normally posted using <a href="/wiki/Wrapper_(philately)" title="Wrapper (philately)">wrappers</a> with a stamp imprint. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_mail" title="Hybrid mail">Hybrid mail</a>, sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/L-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="L-mail">L-mail</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Lodgement_(finance)" title="Lodgement (finance)">electronic lodgement</a> of mail from the mail generator's computer directly to a Postal Service provider. The Postal Service provider is then able to use electronic means to have the mail piece sorted, routed and physically produced at a site closest to the delivery point. It is a type of mail growing in popularity with some Post Office operations and individual businesses venturing into this market. In some countries, these services are available to print and deliver emails to those who are unable to receive <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, such as the elderly or infirm. Services provided by Hybrid mail providers are closely related to that of <a href="/wiki/Mail_forwarding" title="Mail forwarding">mail forwarding</a> service providers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Category:Postal_organizations" title="Category:Postal organizations">Category Postal organizations</a>, examples being: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post_DHL_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Post DHL Group">Deutsche Post DHL Group</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">La Poste (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poste_Italiane" title="Poste Italiane">Poste Italiane</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a>, British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Limited" title="Post Office Limited">Post Office Limited</a>, British</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Express_mail" title="Express mail">Express mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPML" title="EPPML">EPPML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parcel_(package)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parcel (package)">Parcel (package)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Shipping insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_entities" title="List of postal entities">List of postal entities</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Components of a postal system: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sign_(address)" title="Fire sign (address)">Fire sign (address)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_box" title="Letter box">Letter box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_carrier" title="Mail carrier">Mail carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_bag" title="Mail bag">Mail bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_train_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail train (disambiguation)">Mail train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packstation" class="mw-redirect" title="Packstation">Packstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_box" title="Post box">Post box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">Post office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-office_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-office box">Post-office box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_rate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Postage rate (disambiguation)">Postage rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Australia, Canada, and the U.S., the term "mail" is commonly used for the postal system and for the letters, postcards, and parcels it carries; in New Zealand, "post" is more common for the postal system and "mail" for the material delivered; in the UK, "post" prevails in both senses. However, the British, American, Australian, and Canadian national postal services are called, respectively, the "<a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a>", the "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a>"; in addition, such fixed phrases as "<a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">junk mail</a>" are found throughout the English-speaking world.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mail">"mail, <i>n.</i><sup>2</sup>"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i> (Unabridged (v 1.1) ed.). 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219051534/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mail">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-02-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mail%2C+n.%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft.edition=Unabridged+%28v+1.1%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary</i>, G. & C. Merriam Company, 1963, pp. 662–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"email, n.2". <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=email%2C+n.2&rft.btitle=OED+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2018" class="citation web cs1">Bauer, Patricia (31 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Tomlinson">"Ray Tomlinson"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312113048/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Tomlinson">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ray+Tomlinson&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRay-Tomlinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaddenDirven2007" class="citation book cs1">Radden, Günter; Dirven, René (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lx7UAniLfJwC&q=surface%20mail&pg=PA4"><i>Cognitive English Grammar</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556196638" title="Special:BookSources/978-1556196638"><bdi>978-1556196638</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414054319/https://books.google.com/books?id=lx7UAniLfJwC&q=surface%20mail&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+English+Grammar&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1556196638&rft.aulast=Radden&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Dirven%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlx7UAniLfJwC%26q%3Dsurface%2520mail%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZUtAAAAYAAJ&q=lady+%22take+a+bath+%22+maid&pg=PA662">"Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country"</a>. 1843. p. 662. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414054329/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZUtAAAAYAAJ&q=lady+%22take+a+bath+%22+maid&pg=PA662">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fraser%27s+Magazine+for+Town+and+Country&rft.pages=662&rft.date=1843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ZUtAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dlady%2B%2522take%2Ba%2Bbath%2B%2522%2Bmaid%26pg%3DPA662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-VMEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22snail+mail%22%3B&pg=PA112-IA5">"Snail Mail"</a>. <i>Life</i>. November 22, 1968. p. NY3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414054339/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VMEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22snail+mail%22%3B&pg=PA112-IA5">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Snail+Mail&rft.pages=NY3&rft.date=1968-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-VMEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D%2522snail%2Bmail%2522%253B%26pg%3DPA112-IA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltaweel,_MarkAndrea_Squitieri2018" class="citation book cs1">Altaweel, Mark; Andrea Squitieri (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21c4td4.10"><i>Long-Distance Trade and Economy before and during the Age of Empires." Revolutionizing a World: From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East</i></a>. University College London Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt21c4td4.10">10.2307/j.ctt21c4td4.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911576-65-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911576-65-5"><bdi>978-1-911576-65-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21c4td4.10">j.ctt21c4td4.10</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121104655/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21c4td4.10">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long-Distance+Trade+and+Economy+before+and+during+the+Age+of+Empires.%22+Revolutionizing+a+World%3A+From+Small+States+to+Universalism+in+the+Pre-Islamic+Near+East&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=University+College+London+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt21c4td4.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt21c4td4.10&rft.isbn=978-1-911576-65-5&rft.au=Altaweel%2C+Mark&rft.au=Andrea+Squitieri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt21c4td4.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upu.int/en/Universal-Postal-Union/About-UPU/History">"About UPU: History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a>. 2 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110104905/https://www.upu.int/en/Universal-Postal-Union/About-UPU/History">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+UPU%3A+History&rft.pub=Universal+Postal+Union&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upu.int%2Fen%2FUniversal-Postal-Union%2FAbout-UPU%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, Herodotus, trans. A.D. Godley, vol. 4, book 8, verse 98, pp. 96–97 (1924).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstissues.org/ficc/details/scinde_1.shtml">"First Issues Collectors Club of stamps and philatelic material"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120904135544/http://www.firstissues.org/ficc/details/scinde_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Issues+Collectors+Club+of+stamps+and+philatelic+material&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstissues.org%2Fficc%2Fdetails%2Fscinde_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span> First Issues Collectors Club (retrieved 25 September)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorn 2006: 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prasad 2003: 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazumdar 1990: 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aiyangar 2004: 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe 1951: 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tran, Lanh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamnet.vn/lich-su-buu-dien-viet-nam-hanh-trinh-tu-thoi-nguyen-den-thoi-phap-thuoc-i418194.html">"Lịch sử Bưu điện Việt Nam: Hành trình từ thời Nguyễn đến thời Pháp thuộc"</a>. <i>VietNamNet News</i> (in Vietnamese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VietNamNet+News&rft.atitle=L%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+B%C6%B0u+%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+H%C3%A0nh+tr%C3%ACnh+t%E1%BB%AB+th%E1%BB%9Di+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn+th%E1%BB%9Di+Ph%C3%A1p+thu%E1%BB%99c&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Lanh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnet.vn%2Flich-su-buu-dien-viet-nam-hanh-trinh-tu-thoi-nguyen-den-thoi-phap-thuoc-i418194.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lamdong.gov.vn/sites/stttt/bc-vt/SitePages/Lich-su-Buu-dien-Viet-Nam-Hanh-trinh-tu-thoi-Nguyen-den-thoi-Phap-thuoc.aspx">"Lịch sử Bưu điện Việt Nam: Hành trình từ thời Nguyễn đến thời Pháp thuộc"</a>. <i>lamdong.gov.vn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lamdong.gov.vn&rft.atitle=L%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+B%C6%B0u+%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+H%C3%A0nh+tr%C3%ACnh+t%E1%BB%AB+th%E1%BB%9Di+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn+th%E1%BB%9Di+Ph%C3%A1p+thu%E1%BB%99c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flamdong.gov.vn%2Fsites%2Fstttt%2Fbc-vt%2FSitePages%2FLich-su-Buu-dien-Viet-Nam-Hanh-trinh-tu-thoi-Nguyen-den-thoi-Phap-thuoc.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mic.gov.vn/mic_2020/Pages/TinTuc/tinchitiet.aspx?tintucid=154941">"Lịch sử Bưu điện Việt Nam: Hành trình từ thời Nguyễn đến thời Pháp thuộc"</a>. 2022-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VietNamNet+News&rft.atitle=L%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+B%C6%B0u+%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+H%C3%A0nh+tr%C3%ACnh+t%E1%BB%AB+th%E1%BB%9Di+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn+th%E1%BB%9Di+Ph%C3%A1p+thu%E1%BB%99c&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Lanh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnet.vn%2Flich-su-buu-dien-viet-nam-hanh-trinh-tu-thoi-nguyen-den-thoi-phap-thuoc-i418194.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dangcongsan.vn/tu-tuong-van-hoa/70-nam-truyen-thong-cua-nganh-buu-dien-nhung-dau-an-lich-su-317038.html">"70 năm truyền thống của Ngành Bưu điện: Những dấu ấn lịch sử"</a>. <i>dangcongsan.vn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642543319" title="Special:BookSources/9783642543319"><bdi>9783642543319</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926235052/https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_PtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Alphabet to Internet: Mediated Communication in Our Lives</i></a>. Rada Press. p. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933011-90-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933011-90-5"><bdi>978-1-933011-90-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alphabet+to+Internet%3A+Mediated+Communication+in+Our+Lives&rft.pages=2008&rft.pub=Rada+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-933011-90-5&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Irving+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_PtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thurn-and-Taxis-postal-system">"Thurn and Taxis postal system European history Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Thurn+and+Taxis+postal+system+European+history+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThurn-and-Taxis-postal-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbof.com/thurn-taxis/#1986">"Thurn & Taxis pushing a comeback of Telecom activities in Paris, next to the last, still existing historic Postal mansion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227211940/http://pbof.com/thurn-taxis/#1986">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thurn+%26+Taxis+pushing+a+comeback+of+Telecom+activities+in+Paris%2C+next+to+the+last%2C+still+existing+historic+Postal+mansion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbof.com%2Fthurn-taxis%2F%231986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbof.com/thurn-taxis/#1702">"The Paris Hotel de la Poste / VB mansion, connecting point of the Post in the Bourbon territories and operated by the Pajot & Rouille family and the Post in the Habsburg territories operated by the Thurn & Taxis family"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227211940/http://pbof.com/thurn-taxis/#1702">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Hotel+de+la+Poste+%2F+VB+mansion%2C+connecting+point+of+the+Post+in+the+Bourbon+territories+and+operated+by+the+Pajot+%26+Rouille+family+and+the+Post+in+the+Habsburg+territories+operated+by+the+Thurn+%26+Taxis+family&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbof.com%2Fthurn-taxis%2F%231702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbof.com/">"Phone Book of the World using the Thurn & Taxis Posthorn in the company logo"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017155535/https://pbof.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phone+Book+of+the+World+using+the+Thurn+%26+Taxis+Posthorn+in+the+company+logo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbof.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postalmuseum.org/collections/rowland-hill-postal-reforms/">"Rowland Hill's Postal Reforms"</a>. <i>The British Postal Museum & Archive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122034542/https://www.postalmuseum.org/collections/rowland-hill-postal-reforms/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Postal+Museum+%26+Archive&rft.atitle=Rowland+Hill%27s+Postal+Reforms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postalmuseum.org%2Fcollections%2Frowland-hill-postal-reforms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.usps.com/future-postal-service/gcg-narrative.pdf">"USPS volume report by The Boston Consulting Group on USPS public website"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025220341/http://about.usps.com/future-postal-service/gcg-narrative.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USPS+volume+report+by+The+Boston+Consulting+Group+on+USPS+public+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout.usps.com%2Ffuture-postal-service%2Fgcg-narrative.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/first-class-mail-1926-2010.pdf">First Class Mail Volume, 1926–2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114113728/http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/first-class-mail-1926-2010.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldwin, N. C. (1960), p. 5, <i>Fifty Years of British Air Mails</i>, Francis J.Field Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1702.html">"United States Code: Title 18, 1702. Obstruction of correspondence"</a>. Legal Information Institute of Cornell University Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904142937/http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1702.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Code%3A+Title+18%2C+1702.+Obstruction+of+correspondence&rft.pub=Legal+Information+Institute+of+Cornell+University+Law+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2F18%2F1702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deccan-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deccan_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deccan_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deccan_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan172006/panorama19352006116.asp">Back when spies played by the rules</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311121314/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan172006/panorama19352006116.asp">Archived</a> 2007-03-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Deccan Herald</i>, January 17, 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 8(1): Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/D5CC24A7-DC13-4318-B457-5C9014916D7A/0/EnglishAnglais.pdf">"European Convention on Human Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104073701/http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/D5CC24A7-DC13-4318-B457-5C9014916D7A/0/EnglishAnglais.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanbar.org&rft.atitle=A+Blind+Spot+in+Attorney-Client+Confidentiality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fadvocacy%2Fgovernmental_legislative_work%2Fpublications%2Fwashingtonletter%2Fjanuary_2020%2Fbop-attorney-client%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_076.htm">"Significant Years in U.S. Postal History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227063650/http://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_076.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Postal+Matters&rft.atitle=Treaties&rft.date=1990-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulgaria.usembassy.gov%2Fpostalmatters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordic" class="citation web cs1">Kordic, Angie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/mail-art-correspondence-postal">"How Did Mail Art Develop into a Global Art Movement?"</a>. <i>Widewalls</i>. Widewalls Modern & Contemporary Art Source<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Widewalls&rft.atitle=How+Did+Mail+Art+Develop+into+a+Global+Art+Movement%3F&rft.aulast=Kordic&rft.aufirst=Angie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.widewalls.ch%2Fmagazine%2Fmail-art-correspondence-postal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citymail.se/Startsida_68.asp?meny=OmCityMail&bMeny=Om+CityMail">City Mail, Sweden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050730091452/http://www.citymail.se/Startsida_68.asp?meny=OmCityMail&bMeny=Om+CityMail">Archived</a> 2005-07-30 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070129050905/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj13n1/cj13n1-5.pdf">"Frycklund, Jonas "Private Mail in Sweden", <i>Cato Journal</i> Vol. 13, No. 1 (1993)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj13n1/cj13n1-5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frycklund%2C+Jonas+%22Private+Mail+in+Sweden%22%2C+Cato+Journal+Vol.+13%2C+No.+1+%281993%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournal%2Fcj13n1%2Fcj13n1-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(511 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2013" class="citation news cs1">Coleman, John (2013-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2013/04/handwritten-notes-are-a-rare-c">"Handwritten Notes Are a Rare Commodity. They're Also More Important Than Ever"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012">0017-8012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529183942/https://hbr.org/2013/04/handwritten-notes-are-a-rare-c">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Handwritten+Notes+Are+a+Rare+Commodity.+They%27re+Also+More+Important+Than+Ever.&rft.date=2013-04-05&rft.issn=0017-8012&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2013%2F04%2Fhandwritten-notes-are-a-rare-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usps.com/ship/first-class.htm">"First-Class Mail"</a>. USPS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015214036/https://www.usps.com/ship/first-class.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First-Class+Mail&rft.pub=USPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usps.com%2Fship%2Ffirst-class.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbs20111205-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbs20111205_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/postal-service-cuts-mean-slower-mail-in-2012/">"Postal service cuts mean slower mail in 2012"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. Associated Press. 2011-12-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008095219/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57336477/postal-service-cuts-mean-slower-mail-in-2012/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Postal+service+cuts+mean+slower+mail+in+2012&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fpostal-service-cuts-mean-slower-mail-in-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadapost.ca/tools/pg/manual/PGletterml-e.asp">"Lettermail"</a>. Canada Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423033929/https://www.canadapost.ca/tools/pg/manual/PGletterml-e.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lettermail&rft.pub=Canada+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadapost.ca%2Ftools%2Fpg%2Fmanual%2FPGletterml-e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalmail.com/personal/sending-mail">"Sending Mail"</a>. Royal Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423033735/https://www.royalmail.com/personal/sending-mail">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sending+Mail&rft.pub=Royal+Mail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalmail.com%2Fpersonal%2Fsending-mail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post.ch/en/sending-letters/domestic-letters">"Comparison of services"</a>. Swiss Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529115803/https://www.post.ch/en/sending-letters/domestic-letters">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparison+of+services&rft.pub=Swiss+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post.ch%2Fen%2Fsending-letters%2Fdomestic-letters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for example documents served under The Law of Property Act 1925</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150726/http://www.usps.com/communications/news/press/2005/pr05_028.htm">"Postal Service Helps Businesses "Stick" to their Message"</a>. 2005-04-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usps.com/communications/news/press/2005/pr05_028.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Postal+Service+Helps+Businesses+%22Stick%22+to+their+Message&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usps.com%2Fcommunications%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F2005%2Fpr05_028.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711153055/http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/2007/pr07_055.htm">"Marketing 'Notes' Extended for Additional Year: U.S. Postal Service Governors Issue Decision on Repositionable Notes"</a>. 2007-07-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/2007/pr07_055.htm">the original</a> on 2007-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marketing+%27Notes%27+Extended+for+Additional+Year%3A+U.S.+Postal+Service+Governors+Issue+Decision+on+Repositionable+Notes&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usps.com%2Fcommunications%2Fnewsroom%2F2007%2Fpr07_055.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/raustin13/modernph/pc14due.html">"Cut-Out Postcard – Postage Due"</a>. Members.aol.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060309065646/http://members.aol.com/raustin13/modernph/pc14due.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cut-Out+Postcard+%E2%80%93+Postage+Due&rft.pub=Members.aol.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aol.com%2Fraustin13%2Fmodernph%2Fpc14due.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyangarS._Krishnaswami_A.2004" class="citation book cs1">Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami; S. Krishnaswami A. (2004). <i>Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India</i>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8359-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8359-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8359-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%3A+Collected+Essays+on+the+Literary+and+Political+History+of+Southern+India&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8359-0&rft.aulast=Aiyangar&rft.aufirst=Sakkottai+Krishnaswami&rft.au=S.+Krishnaswami+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmási2010" class="citation book cs1">Almási, Gábor (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101011147"><i>Humanistic Letter-Writing</i></a>. Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanistic+Letter-Writing&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pub=Institute+of+European+History&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Alm%C3%A1si&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3A0159-20101011147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDornMacClellan,_James_E.2006" class="citation book cs1">Dorn, Harold; MacClellan, James E. (2006). <i>Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8359-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8359-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8359-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+World+History%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8359-0&rft.aulast=Dorn&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=MacClellan%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Daunton, M. J. <i>Royal Mail: The Post Office Since 1840</i> (Athlone, 1985), Great Britain.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaton1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Henniker_Heaton" title="John Henniker Heaton">Heaton, J. Henniker</a> (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Empire and the century/Imperial Postal Services"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/Imperial_Postal_Services">"Imperial Postal Services" </a></span>. <i>The Empire and the century</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 288–317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Postal+Services&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=288-317&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Heaton&rft.aufirst=J.+Henniker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hemmeon, Joseph Clarence. <i>The history of the British post office</i> (Harvard University Press, 1912) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/bub_gb_DMhAAAAAIAAJ/bub_gb_DMhAAAAAIAAJ.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>John, Richard R. <i>Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Spreading-News-American-Postal-Franklin/dp/0674833422">excerpt</a></li> <li>Le Roux, Muriel, et al. eds. <i>A Concise History of the French Post Office: From Its Origins to the Present Time</i> (2018)</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe,_Robson1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robson_Lowe" title="Robson Lowe">Lowe, Robson</a> (1951). <i>Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps (v. III)</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+British+Empire+Postage+Stamps+%28v.+III%29&rft.place=London&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Robson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazumdar1990" class="citation book cs1">Mazumdar, Mohini Lal (1990). <i>The Imperial Post Offices of British India</i>. Calcutta: Phila Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Post+Offices+of+British+India&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Phila+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mazumdar&rft.aufirst=Mohini+Lal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoteJohn_K._Fairbank1998" class="citation book cs1">Mote, Frederick W.; John K. Fairbank (1998). <i>The Cambridge History of China</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24333-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24333-9&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rft.au=John+K.+Fairbank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2003" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). <i>Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-053-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-053-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-053-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Trade+and+Commerce+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-053-2&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Prakash+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMail" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mail&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mail" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mail">mail</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/post" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:post">post</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Postal_service#Q49845" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Postal service">Postal service</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Post" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Post">Post</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27688"><i>A Hundred Years by Post</i></a> by J. Wilson Hyde</li> <li>Potts, Albert, "<i><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US19578">US19,578</a></span> (First U.S. street mailbox patent)</i>". <a href="/wiki/US_patent_office" class="mw-redirect" title="US patent office">US patent office</a>. 1858</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postalheritage.org.uk">The British Postal Museum & Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thurn-taxis.com"><i>From Thurn & Taxis to Phone Book of the World - 7 centuries of Telecom History</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061218200955/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_special.htm#pcs">Royal Engineers Museum</a> British Army Postal Services History</li> <li>James Meek, <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>, 28 April 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n09/james-meek/in-the-sorting-office">In the Sorting Office</a>, 33(9)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/">U.S. National Postal Museum</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upu.int">Universal Postal Union</a>, a part of the United Nations</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mail_and_postal_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_system" title="Template:Postal system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Postal_system" title="Template talk:Postal system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Postal_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Postal system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mail_and_postal_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mail and postal systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postal_history" title="Postal history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_postal_history" title="Timeline of postal history">Timeline of postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Africa" title="Template:Postal history of Africa">African countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Asia" title="Template:Postal history of Asia">Asian countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Europe" title="Template:Postal history of Europe">European countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_Oceania" title="Template:Postal history of Oceania">Oceanian countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Postal_history_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Postal history of the Americas">Pan-American countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal censorship</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartica.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Envelope for mailing"><img alt="Envelope for mailing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cartica.png/70px-Cartica.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cartica.png/105px-Cartica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Cartica.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption>Envelope for mailing</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_mail" title="Bulk mail">Bulk mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicia_(philately)" title="Indicia (philately)">Indicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information-Based_Indicia" title="Information-Based Indicia">Information-Based Indicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_box" title="Letter box">Letter box</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_bag" title="Mail bag">Mail bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meter_stamp" title="Meter stamp">Meter stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parcel_post" title="Parcel post">Parcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parcel_locker" title="Parcel locker">Parcel locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_box" title="Post box">Post box / Mailbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_box" title="Relay box">Relay box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">Post office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_office_box" title="Post office box">Post office box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_meter" title="Postage meter">Postage meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_marking" title="Postal marking">Postal marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_value_stamp" title="Variable value stamp">Variable value stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">Airmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_mail" title="Express mail">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_mail" title="Registered mail">Registered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mail" title="Surface mail">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Air_Lifted" title="Surface Air Lifted">Surface Air Lifted (SAL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mail_carrier" title="Mail carrier">Mail carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_worker" title="Postal worker">Postal worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General" title="Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Mail_barcode" title="Intelligent Mail barcode">Intelligent Mail barcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_Isolation_Control_and_Tracking" title="Mail Isolation Control and Tracking">Mail Isolation Control and Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiline_Optical_Character_Reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiline Optical Character Reader">Multiline Optical Character Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_cover" title="Mail cover">Mail cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_sorting" title="Mail sorting">Mail sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_forwarding" title="Package forwarding">Package forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Alpha_Numeric_Encoding_Technique" title="Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique">PLANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSTNET" title="POSTNET">POSTNET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Institutions and systems</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_entities" title="List of postal entities">Postal entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_museum" title="Postal museum">Postal museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_postal_services" title="List of national postal services">Postal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Postal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Postal systems by country">Postal systems by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Postal_trade_unions" title="Category:Postal trade unions">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">Courier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Philately</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_philatelic_items" title="List of most expensive philatelic items">most expensive philatelic items</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_collecting" title="Stamp collecting">Stamp collecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postage_stamps" title="List of postage stamps">notable stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_catalog" title="Stamp catalog">catalogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philatelic_terminology" title="Category:Philatelic terminology">Philatelic terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of entities that have <br />issued postage stamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entities_that_have_issued_postage_stamps_(A%E2%80%93E)" title="List of entities that have issued postage stamps (A–E)">A–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entities_that_have_issued_postage_stamps_(F%E2%80%93L)" title="List of entities that have issued postage stamps (F–L)">F–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entities_that_have_issued_postage_stamps_(M%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of entities that have issued postage stamps (M–Z)">M–Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/24px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/35px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg/47px-Stamp_UK_Penny_Red_pl148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="534" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philately" title="Portal:Philately">Philately portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Postal_systems" title="Category:Postal systems">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Post" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Post">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Airmail" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Airmail-nav" title="Template:Airmail-nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Airmail-nav" title="Template talk:Airmail-nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Airmail-nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Airmail-nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Airmail" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">Airmail</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airmail_etiquette" title="Airmail etiquette">Airmail etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airmail_stamp" title="Airmail stamp">Airmail stamp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mail</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curtis "Jenny" JN-4"><img alt="Curtis "Jenny" JN-4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg/100px-US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg/150px-US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg/200px-US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="692" /></a></span><br /><small>Curtis "Jenny" JN-4</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade#The_start_of_the_Berlin_Airlift" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Airlift</a> (<small>Germany</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airmail_stamps_of_Denmark" title="Airmail stamps of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Greece#Early_airmail_stamps_.281926-1939.29" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Ireland#Airmails" title="Postage stamps of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_airmail_service" title="United States airmail service">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Air_Mail_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Mail Facility">Air Mail Facility</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Air_Mail_scandal" title="Air Mail scandal">Air Mail scandal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_airmail_stamps" title="List of United States airmail stamps">Stamps</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Philately</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerophilately" title="Aerophilately">Aerophilately</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophilately" title="Astrophilately">Astrophilately</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_cover" title="Crash cover">Crash cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flight_cover" title="First flight cover">First flight cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerogram" title="Aerogram">Aerogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_mail" title="Balloon mail">Balloon mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_plane" title="Mail plane">Mail plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">Pigeon post</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homing_pigeon" title="Homing pigeon">homing pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_mail" title="Rocket mail">Rocket mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeppelin_mail" title="Zeppelin mail">Zeppelin mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Air_Mail_Society" title="American Air Mail Society">American Air Mail Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_A%C3%A9rophilat%C3%A9liques" title="Fédération Internationale des Sociétés Aérophilatéliques">FISA (<small>French</small>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conveyances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.4" title="Airco DH.4">Airco DH.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI" title="Blériot XI">Blériot XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_40" title="Boeing Model 40">Boeing Model 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">Boeing P-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_JN-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss JN-4">Curtiss JN-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">Douglas DC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-38" title="Douglas O-38">Douglas O-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommer_1910_biplane#The_Humber-Sommer_biplane" title="Sommer 1910 biplane">Humber-Sommer biplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin" title="LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin">LZ 127 <i>Graf Zeppelin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mailplanes" title="Category:Mailplanes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Air_Mail_Marker" title="First Air Mail Marker">First Air Mail Marker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49845#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574389">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pošta"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124482&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529493505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643785">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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