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<li id="toc-1840_to_1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1840_to_1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1840 to 1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1840_to_1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_postals_and_private_postcards_(c._1865_to_1880)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_postals_and_private_postcards_(c._1865_to_1880)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First postals and private postcards (c. 1865 to 1880)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_postals_and_private_postcards_(c._1865_to_1880)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age_of_postcards_(c._1890_to_1915)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age_of_postcards_(c._1890_to_1915)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Golden age of postcards (c. 1890 to 1915)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age_of_postcards_(c._1890_to_1915)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_I_(1918_to_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_I_(1918_to_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-World War I (1918 to present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_I_(1918_to_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_specifics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_specifics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Country specifics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Country_specifics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Country specifics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Country_specifics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seaside_postcards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaside_postcards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Seaside postcards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaside_postcards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legalities_and_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legalities_and_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Legalities and censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legalities_and_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lynchings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lynchings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Lynchings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lynchings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical value</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_value-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical value subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Digital collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collecting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collecting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collecting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collecting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glossary_of_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glossary_of_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Glossary of terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glossary_of_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Postcard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بطاقة بريدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطاقة بريدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোস্টকার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোস্টকার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kng-phe" title="Kng-phe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kng-phe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паштовая картка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паштовая картка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пощенска картичка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пощенска картичка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopisnica" title="Dopisnica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dopisnica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal" title="Postal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Postal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koresponden%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_l%C3%ADstek" title="Korespondenční lístek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korespondenční lístek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postkort" title="Postkort – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Postkort" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postkarte" title="Postkarte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Postkarte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postkaart" title="Postkaart – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Postkaart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84_%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB_(%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Καρτ ποστάλ (ταχυδρομικός όρος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρτ ποστάλ (ταχυδρομικός όρος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjeta_postal" title="Tarjeta postal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tarjeta postal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%9Dtkarto" title="Poŝtkarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poŝtkarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal" title="Postal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Postal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کارت پستال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارت پستال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_postale" title="Carte postale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carte postale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EC%84%9C" title="엽서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엽서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोस्टकार्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोस्टकार्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartu_pos" title="Kartu pos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kartu pos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3stkort" title="Póstkort – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Póstkort" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartolina_postale" title="Cartolina postale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartolina postale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94" title="גלויה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלויה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertu_pos" title="Kertu pos – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kertu pos" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საფოსტო ბარათი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფოსტო ბარათი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postikadi" title="Postikadi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Postikadi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_karte%C5%86a" title="Posta karteņa – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Posta karteņa" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartula_cursualis" title="Chartula cursualis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chartula cursualis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelez%C5%91lap" title="Levelezőlap – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Levelezőlap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="പോസ്റ്റ് കാർഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോസ്റ്റ് കാർഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poskad" title="Poskad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poskad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansichtkaart" title="Ansichtkaart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ansichtkaart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AF%E3%81%8C%E3%81%8D" title="はがき – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="はがき" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postkort" title="Postkort – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Postkort" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postkort" title="Postkort – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Postkort" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartka_pocztowa" title="Kartka pocztowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kartka pocztowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart%C3%A3o-postal" title="Cartão-postal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartão-postal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_po%C8%99tal%C4%83" title="Carte poștală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carte poștală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пошткарта – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пошткарта" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Почтовая карточка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Почтовая карточка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Postcard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razglednica" title="Razglednica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Razglednica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Дописница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дописница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razglednica" title="Razglednica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Razglednica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postikortti" title="Postikortti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Postikortti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vykort" title="Vykort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vykort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="அஞ்சலட்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அஞ்சலட்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="పోస్టుకార్డు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోస్టుకార్డు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="ไปรษณียบัตร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไปรษณียบัตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartpostal" title="Kartpostal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kartpostal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Поштова листівка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поштова листівка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="پوسٹ کارڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پوسٹ کارڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carto%C5%82ina_posta%C5%82e" title="Cartołina postałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cartołina postałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C6%B0u_thi%E1%BA%BFp" title="Bưu thiếp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bưu thiếp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of postal stationery</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Postcard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Postcard (disambiguation)">Postcard (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postcards_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Postcards (disambiguation)">Postcards (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/POST_card" title="POST card">POST card</a> or <a href="/wiki/Postal_card" title="Postal card">Postal card</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burns_on_Ayr_Postcard_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Burns_on_Ayr_Postcard_1899.jpg/220px-Burns_on_Ayr_Postcard_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Burns_on_Ayr_Postcard_1899.jpg/330px-Burns_on_Ayr_Postcard_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Burns_on_Ayr_Postcard_1899.jpg/440px-Burns_on_Ayr_Postcard_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Example of a court card, postmarked 1899, showing <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> and his cottage and monument in <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People_boarding_a_train_at_the_Shawnee_depot,_circa_late_1800s_-_DPLA_-_e0b201c59bea89f203494f37fe0ee671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Postcard depicting people boarding a train at the Shawnee Depot in Colorado, late 1800s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/People_boarding_a_train_at_the_Shawnee_depot%2C_circa_late_1800s_-_DPLA_-_e0b201c59bea89f203494f37fe0ee671.jpg/220px-People_boarding_a_train_at_the_Shawnee_depot%2C_circa_late_1800s_-_DPLA_-_e0b201c59bea89f203494f37fe0ee671.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/People_boarding_a_train_at_the_Shawnee_depot%2C_circa_late_1800s_-_DPLA_-_e0b201c59bea89f203494f37fe0ee671.jpg/330px-People_boarding_a_train_at_the_Shawnee_depot%2C_circa_late_1800s_-_DPLA_-_e0b201c59bea89f203494f37fe0ee671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/People_boarding_a_train_at_the_Shawnee_depot%2C_circa_late_1800s_-_DPLA_-_e0b201c59bea89f203494f37fe0ee671.jpg/440px-People_boarding_a_train_at_the_Shawnee_depot%2C_circa_late_1800s_-_DPLA_-_e0b201c59bea89f203494f37fe0ee671.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Postcard depicting people boarding a train at the Shawnee Depot in Colorado, late 1800s</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>postcard</b> or <b>post card</b> is a piece of thick <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> or thin <a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">cardboard</a>, typically rectangular, intended for writing and mailing without an <a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">envelope</a>. Non-rectangular shapes may also be used but are rare. </p><p>In some places, one can send a postcard for a lower fee than a <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stamp_collecting" title="Stamp collecting">Stamp collectors</a> distinguish between postcards (which require a <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Postal_card" title="Postal card">postal cards</a> (which have the postage pre-printed on them). While a postcard is usually printed and sold by a private company, individual or organization, a postal card is issued by the relevant <a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_entities" title="List of postal entities">postal authority</a> (often with pre-printed postage).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Production of postcards blossomed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an easy and quick way for individuals to communicate, they became extremely popular.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study and collecting of postcards is termed <i><a href="/wiki/Deltiology" title="Deltiology">deltiology</a></i> (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">deltion</i></span>, small writing tablet, and the also Greek <i>-logy</i>, the study of).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1840_to_1864">1840 to 1864</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1840 to 1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipmancard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lipmancard.jpg/220px-Lipmancard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lipmancard.jpg/330px-Lipmancard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lipmancard.jpg/440px-Lipmancard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Lipman's Postal Card</figcaption></figure> <p>Cards with messages have been sporadically created and posted by individuals since the beginning of postal services. The <a href="/wiki/World%27s_oldest_postcard" class="mw-redirect" title="World's oldest postcard">earliest known picture postcard</a> was a hand-painted design on card created by the writer <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hook" title="Theodore Hook">Theodore Hook</a>. Hook posted the card, which bears a <a href="/wiki/Penny_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny black">penny black</a> stamp, to himself in 1840 from <a href="/wiki/Fulham" title="Fulham">Fulham</a> (part of London).<sup id="cite_ref-Guinness_World_Records_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guinness_World_Records-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He probably did so as a practical joke on the postal service, since the image is a caricature of workers in the post office.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 the postcard sold for a record £31,750.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the custom of sending through the mail, at letter rate, a picture or blank card stock that held a message, began with a card postmarked in December 1848 containing printed advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commercially produced card was created in 1861 by <a href="/wiki/John_P._Charlton" title="John P. Charlton">John P. Charlton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, who patented a private postal card, and sold the rights to <a href="/wiki/Hymen_Lipman" title="Hymen Lipman">Hymen Lipman</a>, whose postcards, complete with a decorated border, were marketed as "Lipman's Postal Card".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cards had no images. While the United States government allowed privately printed cards as early as February 1861, they saw little use until 1870, when experiments were done on their commercial viability.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_postals_and_private_postcards_(c._1865_to_1880)"><span id="First_postals_and_private_postcards_.28c._1865_to_1880.29"></span>First postals and private postcards (c. 1865 to 1880)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First postals and private postcards (c. 1865 to 1880)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte.jpg/220px-Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte.jpg/330px-Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte.jpg/440px-Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>"Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte" (lit. field post correspondence card) used during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> postal official, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stephan" title="Heinrich von Stephan">Heinrich von Stephan</a>, first proposed an "open post-sheet" made of stiff paper in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed that one side would be reserved for a recipient address, and the other for a brief message.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His proposal was denied on grounds of being too radical and officials did not believe anyone would willingly give up their privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1869, the post office of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> accepted a similar proposal, also without images, and 3 million cards were mailed within the first three months.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870, the government of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> decided to take the advice of Austrian <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Herrmann" title="Emanuel Herrmann">Emanuel Herrmann</a> and issued postals for soldiers to inexpensively send home from the field.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The period from 1870 to 1874 saw a great number of countries begin the issuance of postals. In 1870, the North German Confederation was joined by Baden, Bavaria, Great Britain, Luxembourg and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year 1871 saw Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden introduce their own postals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algeria, Chile, France and Russia did so in 1872, and were followed by France, Japan, Romania, Serbia, Spain and the United States between 1873 and 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these postals included small images on the same side as the postage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postcards began to be sent internationally after the first Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">General Postal Union</a>, which met in Bern, Switzerland in October 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Bern was ratified in the United States in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conlie_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Conlie_postcard.jpg/220px-Conlie_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Conlie_postcard.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption>The claimed first printed picture postcard</figcaption></figure><p>The first known printed picture postcard, with an image on one side, was created in France in 1870 at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Conlie" title="Camp Conlie">Camp Conlie</a> by Léon Besnardeau (1829–1914). Conlie was a training camp for soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Prussian war">Franco-Prussian War</a>. The cards had a lithographed design printed on them containing emblematic images of piles of armaments on either side of a scroll topped by the arms of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a> and the inscription "War of 1870. Camp Conlie. Souvenir of the National Defence. Army of Brittany" (in French).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these are certainly the first known picture postcards, there was no space for stamps and no evidence that they were ever posted without envelopes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, the bookdealer August Schwartz from <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a> is regarded as the inventor of the illustrated postcard. On July 16, 1870, he mailed a post correspondence card with an image of a man with a cannon, signaling the looming Franco-Prussian war.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following year the first known picture postcard in which the image functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">souvenir</a> was sent from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first advertising card appeared in 1872 in Great Britain and the first German card appeared in 1874. Private advertising cards started appearing in the United States around 1873, and qualified for a special postage rate of one cent.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private cards inspired Lipman's card were also produced concurrently with the U.S. government postal in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The backs of these private cards contained the words "Correspondence Card", "Mail Card" or "Souvenir Card" and required two-cent postage if they were written upon.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age_of_postcards_(c._1890_to_1915)"><span id="Golden_age_of_postcards_.28c._1890_to_1915.29"></span>Golden age of postcards (c. 1890 to 1915)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Golden age of postcards (c. 1890 to 1915)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cards showing images increased in number during the 1880s. Images of the newly built <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> in 1889 and 1890 gave impetus to the postcard, leading to the so-called "golden age" of the picture postcard.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This golden age began slightly earlier in Europe than the United States, likely due to a <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">depression in the 1890s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World's Fair</a> in 1893 excited many attendees with its line of "Official Souvenir" postals, which popularized the idea of picture postcards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stage was now set for private postcard industry to boom, which it did once the United States government changed the postage rate for private cards from two cents to one in May 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Spanning from approximately 1905 to 1915 in the United States, the golden age of postcards stemmed from a combination of social, economic, and governmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand for postcards increased, government restrictions on production loosened, and technological advances (in photography, printing, and mass production) made the boom possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery" title="Rural Free Delivery">Rural Free Delivery</a> allowed mail to be delivered to more American households than ever before.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billions of postcards were mailed during the golden age, including nearly a billion per year in United States from 1905 to 1915, and 7 billion worldwide in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many postcards from this era were in fact never posted but directly acquired by collectors themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austrian_Postcard_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Austrian_Postcard_1901.jpg/220px-Austrian_Postcard_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Austrian_Postcard_1901.jpg/330px-Austrian_Postcard_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Austrian_Postcard_1901.jpg/440px-Austrian_Postcard_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Austrian postcard from 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite years of incredible success, economic and government forces would ultimately spell the end of the golden age. The peak came sometime between 1907 and 1910 for the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909, American publishers successfully lobbied to place tariffs on high quality German imports with the <a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of tariffs really started to make a large impact, and escalating hostilities in Europe made it difficult to import cards and ink into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fad may have also simply run its natural course.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war disrupted production efforts in Europe, although postcard production did not entirely stop.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cards were still useful for propaganda, and for boosting troop morale.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_I_(1918_to_present)"><span id="Post-World_War_I_.281918_to_present.29"></span>Post-World War I (1918 to present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-World War I (1918 to present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcard_depicting_Dalhousie_Street,_Amherstburg,_Ontario_(I0026093).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A street with buildings and hydro lines on both sides. There is a horse and buggy parked on the street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Postcard_depicting_Dalhousie_Street%2C_Amherstburg%2C_Ontario_%28I0026093%29.jpg/170px-Postcard_depicting_Dalhousie_Street%2C_Amherstburg%2C_Ontario_%28I0026093%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Postcard_depicting_Dalhousie_Street%2C_Amherstburg%2C_Ontario_%28I0026093%29.jpg/255px-Postcard_depicting_Dalhousie_Street%2C_Amherstburg%2C_Ontario_%28I0026093%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Postcard_depicting_Dalhousie_Street%2C_Amherstburg%2C_Ontario_%28I0026093%29.jpg/340px-Postcard_depicting_Dalhousie_Street%2C_Amherstburg%2C_Ontario_%28I0026093%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>Postcard depicting Dalhousie Street, Amherstburg, Ontario, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span>, from the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Images_from_Archives_of_Ontario_-_F_2076_Alvin_D._McCurdy_fonds" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Images from Archives of Ontario - F 2076 Alvin D. McCurdy fonds">Alvin D. McCurdy fonds</a> held at the Archives of Ontario</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, the production of postcards continued, albeit in different styles than before. Demand for postcards decreased, especially as telephone usage grew.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was still a need for postcards, which would be dubbed the "poor man's telephone".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As tastes changed, publishers began focusing on scenic views, humor, and fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "White border" cards, which existed prior to the war, were produced in greater numbers from roughly 1915 to 1930 in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They required less ink and had lower production standards than fine German cards.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were later replaced by "linen" postcards in the 1930s and 1940s, which used a printing process popularized by <a href="/wiki/Curt_Teich" title="Curt Teich">Curt Teich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the modern era of Photochrom (often shortened simply to "chrome") postcards began in 1939, and gained momentum around 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These glossy, colorful postcards are what we most commonly encounter today.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postcard sales dropped to around 25% of 1990s levels,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the growing popularity of social media around 2007, resulting in closure of long-established printers such as <a href="/wiki/J_Salmon_Ltd" title="J Salmon Ltd">J Salmon Ltd</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_specifics">Country specifics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Country specifics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1879, the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Office of India">Post Office of India</a> introduced a quarter <a href="/wiki/Indian_anna" title="Indian anna">anna</a> postcard that could be posted from one place to another within <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a>. This was the cheapest form of post provided to the Indian people to date and proved a huge success. The establishment of a large postal system spanning India resulted in unprecedented postal access: a message on a postcard could be sent from one part of the country to another part (often to a physical address without a nearby post office) without additional postage affixed. This was followed in April 1880 by postcards meant specifically for government use and by reply postcards in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 423–424">: 423–424 </span></sup> The postcard facility continues to this date in independent <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayu1002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ayu1002.jpg/170px-Ayu1002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ayu1002.jpg/255px-Ayu1002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ayu1002.jpg/340px-Ayu1002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Postcard by <a href="/wiki/Yumeji_Takehisa" title="Yumeji Takehisa">Takehisa Yumeji</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Official postcards were introduced in December 1873, shortly after stamps were introduced to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-ppc_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppc-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Return postcards were introduced in 1885, sealed postcards in 1900, and private postcards were allowed from 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-ppc_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppc-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, official postcards have one side dedicated exclusively to the address, and the other side for the content, though commemorative picture postcards and private picture postcards also exist. In Japan today, two particular idiosyncratic postcard customs exist: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Postcard" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Postcard">New Year's Day postcards</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">年賀状</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nengajō</i></span>)</span> and <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="return_postcard"></span><span class="vanchor-text">return postcard</span></span>s</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">往復はがき</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ōfuku-hagaki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>. New Year's Day postcards serve as <a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">greeting cards</a>, similar to Western <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Christmas cards</a>, while return postcards function similarly to a <a href="/wiki/Self-addressed_stamped_envelope" title="Self-addressed stamped envelope">self-addressed stamped envelope</a>, allowing one to receive a reply without burdening the addressee with postage fees. Return postcards consist of a single double-size sheet, and cost double the price of a usual postcard – one addresses and writes one half as a usual postcard, writes one's own address on the return card, leaving the other side blank for the reply, then folds and sends. Return postcards are most frequently encountered by non-Japanese in the context of making reservations at certain locations that only accept reservations by return postcard, notably at <a href="/wiki/Saih%C5%8D-ji_(Kyoto)" title="Saihō-ji (Kyoto)">Saihō-ji</a> (moss temple). For overseas purposes, an <a href="/wiki/International_reply_coupon" title="International reply coupon">international reply coupon</a> is used instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the State Standard of the Russian Federation "GOST 51507-99. Postal cards. Technical requirements. Methods of Control" (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives the following definition: </p><p> Post Card is a standard rectangular form of a paper for public postings. According to the same state standards, cards are classified according to the type and kind.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_stamped_postcard_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Standard_stamped_postcard_Russia.jpg/220px-Standard_stamped_postcard_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Standard_stamped_postcard_Russia.jpg/330px-Standard_stamped_postcard_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Standard_stamped_postcard_Russia.jpg/440px-Standard_stamped_postcard_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>Standard stamped postcard Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on whether or not the image on the card printing postage stamp cards are divided into two types: </p> <ul><li>marked;</li> <li>unmarked.</li></ul> <p>Depending on whether or not the card illustrations, cards are divided into two types: </p> <ul><li>illustrated;</li> <li>simple, that is non-illustrated.</li></ul> <p>Cards, depending on the location of illustrations divided into: </p> <ul><li>Vector card at the location on the front side;</li> <li>on the reverse side.</li></ul> <p>Depending on the walking area cards subdivided into: </p> <ul><li>cards for shipment within the Russian Federation (internal post);</li> <li>cards for shipment outside of the Russian Federation (international postage).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain, postcards without images were issued by the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Office">Post Office</a> in 1870, and were printed with a stamp as part of the design, which was included in the price of purchase. These cards came in two sizes. The larger size was found to be slightly too large for ease of handling, and was soon withdrawn in favour of cards 13mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch) shorter.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 75 million of these cards were sent within Britain during 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973 the British Post Office introduced a new type of card, <a href="/wiki/PHQ_Cards" class="mw-redirect" title="PHQ Cards">PHQ Cards</a>, popular with collectors, especially when they have the appropriate stamp affixed and a <a href="/wiki/First_day_of_issue" title="First day of issue">first day of issue</a> <a href="/wiki/Postmark" title="Postmark">postmark</a> obtained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seaside_postcards">Seaside postcards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seaside postcards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1894, British publishers were given permission by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> to manufacture and distribute picture postcards, which could be sent through the post. It was originally thought<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the first UK postcards were produced by printing firm Stewarts of Edinburgh but later research, published in Picture Postcard Monthly in 1991, has shown that the first UK picture card was published by ETW Dennis of <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two postmarked examples of the September 1894 ETW Dennis card have survived but no cards of Stewarts dated 1894 have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early postcards were pictures of landmarks, scenic views, photographs or drawings of celebrities and so on. With <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotives" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam locomotives">steam locomotives</a> providing fast and affordable travel, the <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside</a> became a popular tourist destination, and generated its own souvenir-industry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathing_beauty_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bathing_beauty_1908.jpg/170px-Bathing_beauty_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bathing_beauty_1908.jpg/255px-Bathing_beauty_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bathing_beauty_1908.jpg/340px-Bathing_beauty_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>A seaside postcard</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1930s, cartoon-style saucy postcards became widespread, and at the peak of their popularity the sale of saucy postcards reached 16 million a year. They were often bawdy in nature, making use of <a href="/wiki/Innuendo" title="Innuendo">innuendo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendres</a>, and traditionally featured <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypical</a> characters such as vicars, large ladies, and put-upon husbands, in the same vein as the <i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry On films">Carry On</a></i> films. </p><p>A notable artist of seaside postcards, often saucy, was the illustrator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_(illustrator)" title="Thomas Henry (illustrator)">Thomas Henry</a>, most known for his portrayal of William Brown in the <a href="/wiki/Just_William_(book_series)" title="Just William (book series)">Just William</a> book series by <a href="/wiki/Richmal_Crompton" title="Richmal Crompton">Richmal Crompton</a>. He started drawing postcards as early as 1913, continuing well into the 1950s. </p><p>In the early 1950s, the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government were concerned at the apparent deterioration of morals in the UK and decided on a crackdown on these postcards. The main target of their campaign was the postcard artist <a href="/wiki/Donald_McGill" title="Donald McGill">Donald McGill</a>. In the more liberal 1960s, the saucy postcard was revived and later came to be considered, by some, as an art form.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Original postcards are now highly sought after, and rare examples can command high prices at auction. The best-known saucy seaside postcards were produced by the publishing company <a href="/wiki/Bamforth_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Bamforth & Co Ltd">Bamforths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holmfirth" title="Holmfirth">Holmfirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>. </p><p>Despite the decline in popularity of postcards that are overtly "saucy", postcards continue to be a significant economic and cultural aspect of British seaside tourism. Sold by <a href="/wiki/Newsagents" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsagents">newsagents</a> and street vendors, as well as by specialist souvenir shops, modern seaside postcards often feature multiple depictions of the resort in unusually favourable weather conditions. <a href="/wiki/John_Hinde_(photographer)" title="John Hinde (photographer)">John Hinde</a> used saturated colour and meticulously planned his photographs, which made his postcards of the later twentieth century become collected and admired as <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a>. Such cards are also respected as important documents of <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a>, and have been influential on the work of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Parr" title="Martin Parr">Martin Parr</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_postcards_in_the_United_States" title="History of postcards in the United States">History of postcards in the United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> defines a postcard as: rectangular, at least <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches (88.9 mm) high × 5 inches (127 mm) long × 0.007 inches (0.178 mm) thick and no more than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches (108 mm) high × 6 inches (152.4 mm) long × 0.016 inches (0.406 mm) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some postcards have deviated from this (for example, shaped postcards). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legalities_and_censorship">Legalities and censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legalities and censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial appearance of picture postcards (and the enthusiasm with which the new medium was embraced) raised some legal issues. Picture postcards allowed and encouraged many individuals to send images across national borders, and the legal availability of a postcard image in one country did not guarantee that the card would be considered "proper" in the destination country, or in the intermediate countries that the card would have to pass through. Some countries might refuse to handle postcards containing sexual references (in seaside postcards) or images of full or partial nudity (for instance, in images of classical statuary or paintings). For example, the United States Postal Service would only allow the delivery of postcards showing a back view of naked men from Britain if their posteriors were covered with a black bar.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early postcards often showcased photography of nude women. Illegal to produce in the United States, these were commonly known as <a href="/wiki/French_postcard" title="French postcard">French postcards</a>, due to the large number of them produced in France. Other countries objected to the inappropriate use of religious imagery. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> banned the sale or importation of some materials relating to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in 1900. Affected postcards that were successfully sent through the Ottoman Empire before this date (and are postmarked accordingly) have a high rarity value and are considered valuable by collectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lynchings">Lynchings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lynchings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lynching_postcards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching postcards">Lynching postcards</a></div><p>In 1873, the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock Act">Comstock Act</a> was passed in the United States, which banned the publication of "obscene matter as well as its circulation in the mails".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, §3893 was added to the Comstock Act, stating that the ban included material "tending to incite arson, murder, or assassination".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this act did not explicitly ban lynching photographs or postcards, it banned the explicit racist texts and poems inscribed on certain prints. According to some, these texts were deemed "more incriminating" and caused their removal from the mail instead of the photograph itself because the text made "too explicit what was always implicit in lynchings".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some towns imposed "<a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a>" on lynching photographs, but section 3893 was the first step towards a national <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the amendment, the distribution of lynching photographs and postcards continued. Though they were not sold openly, the censorship was bypassed when people sent the material in <a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">envelopes</a> or mail wrappers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal censorship</a></div> <p>Censorship played an important role in the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each country involved utilized some form of censorship. This was a way to sustain an atmosphere of ignorance and give propaganda a chance to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the war, the United States Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a>. These gave broad powers to the government to censor the press through the use of fines, and later any criticism of the government, army, or sale of war bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Espionage Act laid the groundwork for the establishment of a Central Censorship Board which oversaw censorship of communications including cable and mail.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Postal control was eventually introduced in all of the armies, to find the disclosure of military secrets and test the morale of soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied countries</a>, civilians were also subjected to censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French censorship was modest and more targeted compared to the sweeping efforts made by the British and Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Great Britain, all mail was sent to censorship offices in London or Liverpool.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States sent mail to several centralized post offices as directed by the Central Censorship Board.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American censors would only open mail related to Spain, Latin America or Asia—as their British allies were handling other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one week alone, the San Antonio post office processed more than 75,000 letters, of which they controlled 77 percent (and held 20 percent for the following week).<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soldiers on the front developed strategies to circumvent censors.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some would go on "home leave" and take messages with them to post from a remote location.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those writing postcards in the field knew they were being censored, and deliberately held back controversial content and personal matters.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those writing home had a few options including free, government-issued field postcards, cheap, picture postcards, and embroidered cards meant as keepsakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, censors often disapproved of picture postcards.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one case, French censors reviewed 23,000 letters and destroyed only 156 (although 149 of those were illustrated postcards).<sup id="cite_ref-:18_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Censors in all warring countries also filtered out propaganda that disparaged the enemy or approved of atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, German censors prevented postcards with hostile slogans such as "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jeder Stoß ein Franzos</i></span>" ("Every hit a Frenchman") among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_37-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_value">Historical value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postcards document the natural landscape as well as the built environment—buildings, gardens, parks, cemeteries, and tourist sites. They provide snapshots of societies at a time when few newspapers carried images.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postcards provided a way for the general public to keep in touch with their friends and family, and required little writing.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anytime there was a major event, a postcard photographer was there to document it (including celebrations, disasters, political movements, and even wars).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commemorating popular humor, entertainment, fashion, and many other aspects of daily life, they also shed light on transportation, sports, work, religion, and advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cards were sent to convey news of death and birth, store purchases, and employment.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcard_%22Tabouret_Tour_Eiffel%22_Paris.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Postcard_%22Tabouret_Tour_Eiffel%22_Paris.jpeg/220px-Postcard_%22Tabouret_Tour_Eiffel%22_Paris.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Postcard_%22Tabouret_Tour_Eiffel%22_Paris.jpeg/330px-Postcard_%22Tabouret_Tour_Eiffel%22_Paris.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Postcard_%22Tabouret_Tour_Eiffel%22_Paris.jpeg/440px-Postcard_%22Tabouret_Tour_Eiffel%22_Paris.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> from 1969. Motive: 1950s <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> Stool.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a primary source, postcards are incredibly important to the types of historical research conducted by historians, historic preservationists, and genealogists alike. They give insight into both the physical world, and the social world of the time. During their heyday postcards revolutionized communication, similar to social media of today.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those studying communication, they highlight the adoption of media, its adaptation, and its ultimate discarding.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postcards have been used to study topics as diverse as theatre, racial attitudes, and war.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_collections">Digital collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Digital collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Libraries, archives, and museums have extensive collections of picture postcards; many of the postcards in these collections are digitized<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts are continuously being made by professionals in these fields to digitize these materials to make them more widely accessible to the public. For those interested, there are already several large collections viewable online. Some large digital collections of postcards include: </p> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnyc.org/">OldNYC</a></i> (New York Public Library)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections">Digital Collections</a> (New York Public Library) <ul><li>These collections include the Detroit Publishing Company, holiday postcards, WWI postcards, and more.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.carli.illinois.edu/digital/collection/nby_teich">Curt Teich Postcard Archives Digital Collection</a></i> (Newberry Library)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bildpostkarten.uni-osnabrueck.de/">Historische Bildpostkarten Universität Osnabrück</a> (Osnabrueck University Library, Germany)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pendergastkc.org/">The Pendergast Years</a></i> (Kansas City Public Library)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uidaho.edu/digital/postcards/">Northwest Historical Postcards Collection</a></i> (University of Idaho)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansascollection.omeka.net/collections/show/2">Kansas City, Kansas Postcard Collection</a></i> (Kansas City, Kansas Public Library)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/1LjmRG49">Ernest G. Best postcard collection of merchant vessels, naval vessels and sailing vessels, 1900–1940</a>. State Library of New South Wales, PXE 722/Items 1–4961.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collecting">Collecting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Collecting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deltiology" title="Deltiology">Deltiology</a></div><p>It is likely that postcard collecting first began as soon as postcards were mailed. One could argue that actual collecting began with the acquisition of souvenir postcards from the world's fairs, which were produced specifically with the collector (souvenir hunter) in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, during the golden age of postcards, collecting became a mainstream craze.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frenzy of purchasing, mailing, and collecting postcards was often referred to as "postcarditis", with up to half purchased by collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clubs such as <i>The Jolly Jokers</i>, <i>The Society for the Promulgation of Post Cards</i>, and the <i>Post Card Union</i> sprang up to facilitate postcard exchanges, each having thousands of members.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postcard albums were commonly seen in Victorian parlors, and had a place of prominence in many middle and upper class households.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, postcard collecting is still a popular and widespread hobby. The value of a postcard is mainly determined by the image illustrated on it. Other important factors for collectors can be countries, issuers, and authors. Online catalogs can be found on collector websites and clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These catalogs provide detailed information about each postcard alongside their picture. In addition, these websites include collection management tools, trading platforms, and forums to assist with discussions between collectors. The oldest continuously run club in the United States is the <i>Metropolitan Postcard Club of New York City</i>, founded in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glossary_of_terminology">Glossary of terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Glossary of terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the terms on this list were devised by modern collectors to describe cards in their possession. For the most part, these terms were not used contemporaneously by publishers or others in the industry. </p> <dl><dt>3D Postcard</dt> <dd>Postcards with artwork that appears in 3D. This can be done with different techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_printing" title="Lenticular printing">lenticular printing</a> or hologram.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Advertising_postcard" title="Advertising postcard">Advertising Postcard</a></dt> <dd>Specialist marketing companies in many countries produce and distribute advertising postcards which are available for free. These are normally offered on wire rack displays in plazas, coffee shops and other commercial locations, usually not intended to be mailed.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Appliqué</dt> <dd>A postcard that has some form of cloth, metal or other embellishment attached to it.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Art Déco</dt> <dd>Artistic style of the 1920s, recognizable by its symmetrical designs and straight lines.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FolliesBergereBoxCostume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FolliesBergereBoxCostume.jpg/170px-FolliesBergereBoxCostume.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FolliesBergereBoxCostume.jpg/255px-FolliesBergereBoxCostume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FolliesBergereBoxCostume.jpg/340px-FolliesBergereBoxCostume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a> costume, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Art Nouveau</dt> <dd>Artistic style of the turn of the century, characterized by flowing lines and flowery symbols, yet often depicting impressionist more than representational art.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Artist Signed</dt> <dd>Postcards with artwork that has the artist's signature, and the art is often unique for postcards.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Bas Relief</dt> <dd>Postcards with a heavily raised surface, giving a papier-mâché appearance.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Big Letter</dt> <dd>A postcard that shows the name of a place in very big letters that do not have pictures inside each letter <i>(see also Large Letter)</i>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Composites</dt> <dd>A number of individual cards, that when placed together in a group, form a larger picture. Also called "installment" cards.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Court_card_(postcard)" title="Court card (postcard)">Court Card</a></dt> <dd>The official size for British postcards between 1894 and 1899, measuring 115 mm × 89 mm (4.5 in × 3.5 in).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Divided Back</dt> <dd>Postcards with a back divided into two sections, one for the message, the other for the address. British cards were first divided in 1902 and American cards in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Early</dt> <dd>Any card issued before the <i>divided back</i> was introduced (pre-1907).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Embossed</dt> <dd>Postcards with a raised surface.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration_Postcards" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaggeration Postcards">Exaggeration</a></dt> <dd>Postcards featuring impossibly large animals and crops, created using <a href="/wiki/Trick_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Trick photography">trick photography</a> and other methods.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Folded</dt> <dd>Postcards that are folded, so that they have at least 4 pages. Most folded cards need to be mailed inside an envelope, but there are some that can be mailed directly.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oura_Tenshudo_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oura_Tenshudo_Temple.jpg/170px-Oura_Tenshudo_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oura_Tenshudo_Temple.jpg/255px-Oura_Tenshudo_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oura_Tenshudo_Temple.jpg/340px-Oura_Tenshudo_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cura_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōura Church">Ōura Church</a>, hand-tinted postcard</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Hand-tinted</dt> <dd>Black-and-white images were tinted by hand using watercolors and stencils.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Hold-to-Light</dt> <dd>Also referred to as 'HTL', postcards often of a night time scene with cut out areas to show the light.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Intermediate Size</dt> <dd>The link between Court Cards and Standard Size, measuring 130 mm × 80 mm (5.1 in × 3.1 in).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Kaleidoscope</dt> <dd>Postcards with a rotating wheel that reveals a myriad of colours and patterns when turned.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greetings_from_Los_Angeles,_California_(63828).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greetings_from_Los_Angeles%2C_California_%2863828%29.jpg/220px-Greetings_from_Los_Angeles%2C_California_%2863828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greetings_from_Los_Angeles%2C_California_%2863828%29.jpg/330px-Greetings_from_Los_Angeles%2C_California_%2863828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greetings_from_Los_Angeles%2C_California_%2863828%29.jpg/440px-Greetings_from_Los_Angeles%2C_California_%2863828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2159" /></a><figcaption>"Large Letter" card <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1940s</span></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Large-letter_postcard" title="Large-letter postcard">Large Letter</a></dt> <dd>A postcard that has the name of a place shown as a series of very large letters, inside of each of which is a picture of that locale <i>(see also Big Letter)</i>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Maximum Card</dt> <dd>Postcards with a postage stamp placed on the picture side of the card and tied by the cancellation, usually the first day of issue.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Midget Postcard</dt> <dd>Novelty cards of the size 90 mm × 70 mm (3.54 in × 2.76 in).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Novelty</dt> <dd>Any postcard that deviates from the norm. These include cards which do something (such as mechanical postcards) or which have articles attached to them.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could also be printed in an unusual size or shape, or made of strange materials (including leather, wood, metal, silk, or coconut).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Oilette</dt> <dd>A trade name used by London publisher <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Tuck_%26_Sons" title="Raphael Tuck & Sons">Raphael Tuck & Sons</a> for postcards reproduced from original painting.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Postcard Folder</dt> <dd>A set of picture postcards, printed on light-weight paper, which fold out accordion-style from an outer envelope (folder). These typically contain more than 5 cards.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Postcardese</dt> <dd>The style of writing used on postcards; short sentences, jumping from one subject to another.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/QSL_card" title="QSL card">QSL Card</a></dt> <dd>Postcards that confirms a successful reception of a radio signal on amateur radio.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Real_photo_postcard" title="Real photo postcard">Real Photographic</a></dt> <dd>"Real photo postcards", as collectors have dubbed them, are often abbreviated as "RP" or "RPPC". Most of these were produced in small batches from an original negative by an individual or a local store.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are not printed.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Reward Card</dt> <dd>Cards that were given away to school children for good work.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Special Property Card</dt> <dd>Postcards that are made of a material other than cardboard or contains something made not of cardboard.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Standard Size</dt> <dd>Introduced in Britain in November 1899, measuring 140 mm × 89 mm (5.5 in × 3.5 in).</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benwickpost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Benwickpost.jpg/220px-Benwickpost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Benwickpost.jpg/330px-Benwickpost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Benwickpost.jpg/440px-Benwickpost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>A Topographical postcard of <a href="/wiki/Benwick" title="Benwick">Benwick, UK</a>, featuring a vignette, therefore likely an undivided back (pre-1907)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Topographical</dt> <dd>Postcards showing street scenes and general views. <a href="/wiki/Judges_Postcards" title="Judges Postcards">Judges Postcards</a> produced many British topographical views.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Undivided Back</dt> <dd>Postcards with a plain back where all of this space was used for the address. This is usually in reference to <i>early</i> cards, although undivided were still in common use up until 1907. In 1907,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Congress</a> published a series of decrees that permitted postcards to bear messages on the left half of the card's back. This allowed printers to eschew the vignette in favor of extending the picture to the edges, ensuing the divided-back "Golden Age of Postcards."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Vignette</dt> <dd>Usually found on "undivided back" cards, consisting of a design that does not occupy the whole of the picture side. Vignettes may be anything from a small sketch in one corner of the card, to a design cover three quarters of the card. The purpose is to leave some space for the message to be written, as the entire reverse of the card could only be used for the address.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Write-Away</dt> <dd>A card with the opening line of a sentence, which the sender would then complete. Often found on early comic cards.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entry_-_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_-_Postcard_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entry of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, postcard from 1900"><img alt="Entry of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, postcard from 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Entry_-_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_-_Postcard_1900.jpg/76px-Entry_-_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_-_Postcard_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Entry_-_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_-_Postcard_1900.jpg/114px-Entry_-_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_-_Postcard_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Entry_-_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_-_Postcard_1900.jpg/152px-Entry_-_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_-_Postcard_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="2192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entry of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Uqba">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a>, postcard from 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortress_in_Vyborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fortress in Vyborg, postcard from 1917"><img alt="Fortress in Vyborg, postcard from 1917" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fortress_in_Vyborg.jpg/180px-Fortress_in_Vyborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fortress_in_Vyborg.jpg/270px-Fortress_in_Vyborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fortress_in_Vyborg.jpg/360px-Fortress_in_Vyborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fortress in <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>, postcard from 1917</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatrical_District,_Richmond,_Virginia,_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richmond, Virginia, c. late 1923. The intersection shown is at 8th & Broad streets."><img alt="Richmond, Virginia, c. late 1923. The intersection shown is at 8th & Broad streets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg/180px-Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg/270px-Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg/360px-Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 1923</span>. The intersection shown is at 8th & Broad streets. </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aloha_nui_cook.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hawaiian Aloha nui Postcard c. 1908"><img alt="Hawaiian Aloha nui Postcard c. 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aloha_nui_cook.jpg/180px-Aloha_nui_cook.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aloha_nui_cook.jpg/270px-Aloha_nui_cook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aloha_nui_cook.jpg/360px-Aloha_nui_cook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Aloha_nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloha nui">Aloha nui</a> Postcard <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1908</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dackel_mit_Bierkrug.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German postcard with inscription "This beer belongs to my master!""><img alt="German postcard with inscription "This beer belongs to my master!"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dackel_mit_Bierkrug.jpg/77px-Dackel_mit_Bierkrug.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dackel_mit_Bierkrug.jpg/116px-Dackel_mit_Bierkrug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dackel_mit_Bierkrug.jpg/154px-Dackel_mit_Bierkrug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German postcard with inscription "This beer belongs to my master!"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayreuth_Purger_142.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gruss aus-type postcard, published by the Munich-based German printing house Purger & Co."><img alt="Gruss aus-type postcard, published by the Munich-based German printing house Purger & Co." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bayreuth_Purger_142.jpg/180px-Bayreuth_Purger_142.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bayreuth_Purger_142.jpg/270px-Bayreuth_Purger_142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bayreuth_Purger_142.jpg/360px-Bayreuth_Purger_142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gruss aus</i>-type postcard, published by the Munich-based German printing house <a href="/wiki/Purger_%26_Co." title="Purger & Co.">Purger & Co.</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_postcard" title="Advertising postcard">Advertising postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Brundage" title="Frances Brundage">Frances Brundage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Clapsaddle" title="Ellen Clapsaddle">Ellen Clapsaddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltiology" title="Deltiology">Deltiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-card" title="E-card">e-card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Frith" title="Francis Frith">Francis Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">Greeting card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Howland" title="Esther Howland">Esther Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_stamped_envelope" title="Illustrated stamped envelope">Illustrated stamped envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judges_Postcards" title="Judges Postcards">Judges Postcards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHQ_Cards" class="mw-redirect" title="PHQ Cards">PHQ Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_card" title="Postal card">Postal card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcardware">Postcardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcrossing" title="Postcrossing">Postcrossing</a></li> <li>Postino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostSecret" title="PostSecret">PostSecret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QSL_card" title="QSL card">QSL card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_photo_postcard" title="Real photo postcard">Real photo postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Godolphin_Osbourne_Stuart" title="Francis Godolphin Osbourne Stuart">F. G. O. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Valentine_(photographer)" title="James Valentine (photographer)">James Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_des_%C3%89tudiants_Am%C3%A9ricains_de_l%27%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Comité des Étudiants Américains de l'École des Beaux-Arts Paris">Comité des Étudiants Américains de l'École des Beaux-Arts Paris</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Vol. 60. Redman & Kerry. 1906. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18+August+1906&rft.btitle=The+American+Stationer&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Redman+%26+Kerry&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_q9c6Cl-FEC%26q%3Dpostcarditis%26pg%3DRA6-PA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colnect.com/postcards">"Postcards on Colnect"</a>. <i>colnect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colnect.com&rft.atitle=Postcards+on+Colnect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolnect.com%2Fpostcards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metropolitanpostcardclub.com/">"Metropolitan Postcard Club of New York City"</a>. <i>www.metropolitanpostcardclub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metropolitanpostcardclub.com&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Postcard+Club+of+New+York+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropolitanpostcardclub.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrulis" class="citation web cs1">Petrulis, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213182126/http://www.metropostcard.com/card09postdivided.html">"Post Card undivided"</a>. <i>www.metropostcard.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metropostcard.com/card09postdivided.html">the original</a> on 2020-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metropostcard.com&rft.atitle=Post+Card+undivided&rft.aulast=Petrulis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropostcard.com%2Fcard09postdivided.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectorsjournal.com/barrspcn/news/novelty-leather-postcards/article_f9b3d069-d3fc-5710-87dc-c298441391c5.html">"Novelty leather postcards"</a>. <i>Barr's Postcard News & Ephemera</i>. 2016-11-21. <q>Novelty postcards include Hold-to-lights, Die-cuts, leather, silk or metal applied, printed on silk, burnt wood, mechanical and on and on. They are just about anything but the flat printed or real photo postcards. One category is postcards made of leather.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barr%27s+Postcard+News+%26+Ephemera&rft.atitle=Novelty+leather+postcards&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectorsjournal.com%2Fbarrspcn%2Fnews%2Fnovelty-leather-postcards%2Farticle_f9b3d069-d3fc-5710-87dc-c298441391c5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, Richard. "Postcard Craze Engulfs the Great Lakes". <i>Inland Seas</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 39–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inland+Seas&rft.atitle=Postcard+Craze+Engulfs+the+Great+Lakes&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-45&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glcp.uvm.edu/landscape_new/dating/postcards/undivided_backs.php">"Undivided Backs (Pre-1907) - Postcards - Dating - Landscape Change Program"</a>. <i>glcp.uvm.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glcp.uvm.edu&rft.atitle=Undivided+Backs+%28Pre-1907%29+-+Postcards+-+Dating+-+Landscape+Change+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglcp.uvm.edu%2Flandscape_new%2Fdating%2Fpostcards%2Fundivided_backs.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapsalisE2013" class="citation web cs1">KapsalisE (2013-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siarchives.si.edu/history/featured-topics/postcard/postcard-history">"Postcard History"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Institution Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution+Archives&rft.atitle=Postcard+History&rft.date=2013-09-19&rft.au=KapsalisE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiarchives.si.edu%2Fhistory%2Ffeatured-topics%2Fpostcard%2Fpostcard-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/greetings-from-delaware/home/golden-age-of-postcards-1907-1915/">"Golden Age of Postcards (1907–1915) – Greetings from Delaware"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Age+of+Postcards+%281907%E2%80%931915%29+%E2%80%93+Greetings+from+Delaware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibitions.lib.udel.edu%2Fgreetings-from-delaware%2Fhome%2Fgolden-age-of-postcards-1907-1915%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcard&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Postcards" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Postcards">Postcards</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postcard.co.uk/">The Postcard Traders association</a>—Represents professionals within the UK postcard industry.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifpd.info/">The International Federation of Postcard Dealers</a>—Represents professional postcard dealers worldwide.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518004838/http://www.kinouya.com/">Japanese Postcard Collecting Research きのう屋日本の絵葉書コレクション</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.miamioh.edu/digital/collection/postcards/">Bowden Postcard Collection Online</a>. Approximately 30,000 digitized postcards, maintained by the Walter Havighurst Special Collections in the Miami University Libraries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnhindecollection.com/">johnhindecollection.com</a>, a website dedicated to John Hinde Postcards</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709063710/https://stmikes.utoronto.ca/kelly/john-m-kelly-library-archival-and-manuscript-collections-plowman-family-postcard-collection/">"Plowman Family Postcard Collection"</a>. University of St. Michael's College, John M. Kelly Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stmikes.utoronto.ca/kelly/john-m-kelly-library-archival-and-manuscript-collections-plowman-family-postcard-collection/">the original</a> on 2017-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plowman+Family+Postcard+Collection&rft.pub=University+of+St.+Michael%27s+College%2C+John+M.+Kelly+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstmikes.utoronto.ca%2Fkelly%2Fjohn-m-kelly-library-archival-and-manuscript-collections-plowman-family-postcard-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APostcard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Manufacturer_and_Builder/Volume_1/Issue_12/A_New_Thing_in_Postage" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Manufacturer and Builder/Volume 1/Issue 12/A New Thing in Postage">A New Thing in Postage (report on the first cheap postcard used in Austria)</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postcardtree.com/">PostcardTree</a>. 30,000+ digitized and postally used postcards.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newberrypostcards?sort=titleSorter">Newberry Postcards at Internet Archive</a> – digital collection of 26,000+ postcards</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1342">National Trust Library Historic Postcard collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1352">Institute of American Deltiology Postcard collection</a> at the University of Maryland libraries</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cup" title="Paper cup">Paper cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hygiene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_tissue" title="Facial tissue">Facial tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napkin" title="Napkin">Napkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towel</a></li> <li><a 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