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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_of_Kublai_Khan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_Kublai_Khan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rule of Kublai Khan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_Kublai_Khan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_the_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_the_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Founding the dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_the_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_conquests_and_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_conquests_and_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Military conquests and campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_conquests_and_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successors_after_Kublai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successors_after_Kublai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Successors after Kublai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successors_after_Kublai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temür_Khan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temür_Khan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Temür Khan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temür_Khan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Külüg_Khan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Külüg_Khan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Külüg Khan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Külüg_Khan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gegeen_Khan_and_Yesün_Temür" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gegeen_Khan_and_Yesün_Temür"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Gegeen Khan and Yesün Temür</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gegeen_Khan_and_Yesün_Temür-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Temür" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Temür"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Temür-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toghon_Temür" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toghon_Temür"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Toghon Temür</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toghon_Temür-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_the_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_the_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Decline of the empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing_and_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing_and_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Printing and publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing_and_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Imperial lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four-class_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-class_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Four-class system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four-class_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_administrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_administrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Foreign administrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_administrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Chinese_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Chinese_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Anti-Chinese policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Chinese_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Semu_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Semu_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Anti-<i>Semu</i> policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Semu_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuan dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-dinastie" title="Yuan-dinastie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yuan-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-Dynastie" title="Yuan-Dynastie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Yuan-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83_%D3%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Улу Ӱан каандык – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Улу Ӱан каандык" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة يوان الحاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة يوان الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Yuan" title="Dinastía Yuan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Yuan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Yuan imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yuan imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-ti%C3%A2u" title="Goân-tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Юань (династия) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Юань (династия)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Юань (імперыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юань (імперыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Юен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡོན་རྒྱལ་རབས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡོན་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D1%8D_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ехэ Юань Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ехэ Юань Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Yuan" title="Dinastia Yuan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Yuan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%85-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%C4%95%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Юань йăх-несĕлĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юань йăх-несĕлĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_J%C3%BCan" title="Říše Jüan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Jüan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Yuan" title="Brenhinllin Yuan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Yuan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-dynastiet" title="Yuan-dynastiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yuan-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-Dynastie" title="Yuan-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yuan-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuani_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Yuani dünastia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yuani dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Δυναστεία Γιουάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Γιουάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Yuan" title="Dinastía Yuan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Yuan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Yuan" title="Dinastio Yuan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Yuan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yuan dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86" title="دودمان یوآن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان یوآن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Yuan" title="Dynastie Yuan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Yuan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshliocht_Yuan" title="Ríshliocht Yuan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Yuan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Yuan" title="Dinastía Yuan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Yuan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83" title="元 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="元" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8n-chh%C3%A8u" title="Ngièn-chhèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngièn-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Юан өнчин төр – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Юан өнчин төр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="원나라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="युआन राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युआन राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Yuan" title="Dinastija Yuan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Yuan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Yuan" title="Dinasti Yuan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Yuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAanveldi%C3%B0" title="Júanveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Júanveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Yuan" title="Dinastia Yuan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Yuan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F" title="שושלת יואן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת יואן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Yuan" title="Wangsa Yuan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Yuan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იუანის დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუანის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Юань Империясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юань Империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Yuan" title="Nasaba ya Yuan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Yuan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Yuan" title="Xanedana Yuan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Yuan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%99" title="ລາຊະວົງຢວນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງຢວນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jua%C5%86u_dinastija" title="Juaņu dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Juaņu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Juanų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juanų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Yuan" title="Dinastia Yuan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Yuan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCan-dinasztia" title="Jüan-dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jüan-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Јуен (династија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јуен (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="യുവാൻ രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുവാൻ രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="युआन राजवंश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युआन राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იუანიშ დინასტია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იუანიშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Yuan" title="Dinasti Yuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Yuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%C3%B2ng-di%C3%A8u" title="Nguòng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguòng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Юань Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Юань Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ယွမ်မင်းဆက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယွမ်မင်းဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-dynastie" title="Yuan-dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yuan-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="युआन राजवंश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युआन राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)" title="元 (王朝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="元 (王朝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-D%C3%BCnastii" title="Yuan-Dünastii – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Yuan-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-dynastiet" title="Yuan-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yuan-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-dynastiet" title="Yuan-dynastiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yuan-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Yuan" title="Dinastia Yuan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Yuan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_(sulola)" title="Yuan (sulola) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yuan (sulola)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="یوآن راجٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوآن راجٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="يوان کورنۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يوان کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="រាជវង្សយាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សយាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Yuan" title="Dynastia Yuan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Yuan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Yuan" title="Dinastia Yuan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Yuan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Yuan" title="Dinastia Yuan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Yuan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Юань (империя) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юань (империя)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Yuan" title="Dinastia Yuan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Yuan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="යුවාන් රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුවාන් රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yuan dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCan_(dynastia)" title="Jüan (dynastia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jüan (dynastia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی یوان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی یوان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Јуанско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јуанско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Yuan" title="Dinastija Yuan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Yuan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan-dynastia" title="Yuan-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yuan-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yuandynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Yuan" title="Dinastiyang Yuan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Yuan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="யுவான் அரசமரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யுவான் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="ราชวงศ์หยวน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์หยวน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Yuan Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yuan Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Юан күрүнези – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Юан күрүнези" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Династія Юань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Юань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="یوآن شاہی سلسلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوآن شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%88%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="يۈەن سۇلالىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يۈەن سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yienzciuz" title="Yienzciuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yienzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Nhà Nguyên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Nguyên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuani_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Yuani dünastia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Yuani dünastia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83" title="元 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="元" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Yuan" title="Dinastiya Yuan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Yuan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="元朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83" title="大元 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大元" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="元朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵡⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵡⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Great Yuan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大元</span></span></li><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dà Yuán</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠠᠢ ᠦᠨ <br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span></span></span></span></li><li><span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Dai Ön ulus</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>)</span></li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1271–1368</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Dynasty_revised.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuan dynasty (c. 1290)[note 1]"><img alt="Yuan dynasty (c. 1290)[note 1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yuan_Dynasty_revised.png/250px-Yuan_Dynasty_revised.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yuan_Dynasty_revised.png/375px-Yuan_Dynasty_revised.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yuan_Dynasty_revised.png/500px-Yuan_Dynasty_revised.png 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="1417" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Yuan dynasty (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1290</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-goryeo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goryeo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-GreatYuan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Late_imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a> (summer capital)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol" title="Middle Mongol">Middle Mongol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">'Phags-pa script</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> as <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>, Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>/Chinese <a href="/wiki/Heaven_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven worship">Heaven worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Chinese Nestorian Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Roman Catholic Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-Emperor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emperor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1260–1294 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1332–1368 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Toghon Temür</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of China">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1264–1282 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fanakati" title="Ahmad Fanakati">Ahmad Fanakati</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1340–1355 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Postclassical_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Postclassical Era">Postclassical Era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a> proclaimed Emperor<sup id="cite_ref-Emperor_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emperor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1260</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kublai's proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan"<sup id="cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proclamation1271-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 November 1271</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1268–1273</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Conquest of Southern Song</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1276</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1279</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1351–1368</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall of <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 September 1368</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Formation of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1368–1388</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1310<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">11,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (4,200,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a> banknotes, <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Chinese cash</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/75px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/113px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/150px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Mongols" title="Template:History of the Mongols">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric</a> period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 3300–2500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture">Chemurchek culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2750–1900 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Munkhkhairkhan_culture" title="Munkhkhairkhan culture">Munkhkhairkhan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1800–1600 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sagsai_culture" title="Sagsai culture">Sagsai culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanzuukh_culture" title="Ulaanzuukh culture">Ulaanzuukh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture">Slab-grave culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture">Chandman culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600–300 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 209 BC–93 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 93–234</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganates</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 555–630<br />682–744</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 628–646</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Tang protectorate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 647–682</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 744–840</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 907–1125</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Mongol khanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 9th–12th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1130–1206</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1206–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1271–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–1635</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat Confederation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1399–1634</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1634–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1691–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">National Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">People's Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921<br />1921–1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1924–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BCE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BCE)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BCE</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BCE)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BCE)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BCE – 220 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BCE – 9 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 CE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Yuan dynasty</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:元">元</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:朝">朝</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yuáncháo</span></i>), officially the <b>Great Yuan</b><sup id="cite_ref-CivilSociety_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilSociety-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:元">元</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dà Yuán</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br />ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span>, <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Yeke Yuwan Ulus</i></span>, literally "Great Yuan State"),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">imperial dynasty of China</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">its division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GreatYuan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a> (Emperor Shizu or Setsen Khan), the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> clan, and lasted from 1271 to 1368. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a>, the Yuan dynasty followed the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and preceded the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s enthronement as <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> in 1206 was described in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-style title of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-Emperor_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emperor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enthronement1206_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enthronement1206-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> had ruled territories including modern-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">northern China</a> for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Han style,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1994624_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1994624-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a>. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol-led khanates and controlled most of modern-day <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and its surrounding areas, including modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mongol_Empire_p.611_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongol_Empire_p.611-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first dynasty founded by a non-Han ethnicity that ruled all of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-San_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 312">: 312 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1368, following the defeat of the Yuan forces by the Ming dynasty, the Genghisid rulers retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a> and continued to rule until 1635 when they surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin dynasty</a> (which later evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> is known in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">historiography</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a>. </p><p>After the division of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a>. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty and accorded him the <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> Taizu.<sup id="cite_ref-Emperor_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emperor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the edict titled <i>Proclamation of the Dynastic Name</i> issued in 1271,<sup id="cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proclamation1271-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proclamation1271-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Yuan emperors mastered the <a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Chinese language</a>, while others only used their native <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol" title="Middle Mongol">Mongolian language</a>, written with the <a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">'Phags-pa script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kublai, as a <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire from 1260, had claimed supremacy over the other successor Mongol khanates: the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, before proclaiming as the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> in 1271. As such, the Yuan was also sometimes referred to as the <b>Empire of the Great Khan</b>. However, even though the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was recognized by the western khans in 1304, their subservience was nominal and each continued its own separate development.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Yuan dynasty</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_dynasty_(Chinese_and_Mongolian).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yuan_dynasty_%28Chinese_and_Mongolian%29.svg/145px-Yuan_dynasty_%28Chinese_and_Mongolian%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yuan_dynasty_%28Chinese_and_Mongolian%29.svg/218px-Yuan_dynasty_%28Chinese_and_Mongolian%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yuan_dynasty_%28Chinese_and_Mongolian%29.svg/290px-Yuan_dynasty_%28Chinese_and_Mongolian%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="1051" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Yuan dynasty" in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> (top) and "Great Yuan State" (<i>Yehe Yüan Ulus</i>, a modern form) in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (bottom)</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">元朝</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Yuan dynasty"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yuán cháo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄩㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yüan<sup>2</sup> ch‘ao<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yuán cháo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɥɛ̌n ʈʂʰǎʊ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Nyœ́ záu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yùhn chìuh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jyun4 ciu4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jyn˩ tsʰiw˩]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Guân tiâo</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Dynastic name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">大元</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Great Yuan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dà Yuán</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄉㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Ta<sup>4</sup> Yüan<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dà Yuán</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tâ ɥɛ̌n]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">daai6 jyun4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[taj˨ jyn˩]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative official full name:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠠᠢ<br />ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ<br />ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span><br /> <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Dai Yuwan Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus</i></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">大元大蒙古國</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">大元大蒙古国</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Great Yuan" (Middle Mongol transliteration of Chinese "Dà Yuán") Great Mongol State</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dà Yuán Dà Měnggǔ Guó</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄉㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄥˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Ta<sup>4</sup> Yüan<sup>2</sup> Ta<sup>4</sup> Meng<sup>3</sup>-ku<sup>3</sup> Kuo<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dà Yuán Dà Měng-gǔ Guó</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tâ ɥɛ̌n tâ mə̀ŋ.kù kwǒ]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>In 1271, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> imposed the name <b>Great Yuan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">大元</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dà Yuán</span></i>), establishing the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-CivilSociety_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilSociety-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Dà Yuán" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大元</span></span>) is derived from a clause "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大哉乾元</span></span>" (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">dà zāi Qián Yuán</span></i>; 'Great is Qián', 'the Primal') in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Wings" title="Ten Wings">Commentaries</a> on the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i> section<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Qian_(hexagram)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qian (hexagram)">first hexagram</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">乾</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proclamation1271-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mongolian-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian-language">Mongolian-language</a> counterpart was <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Dai Ön Ulus</i></span>, also rendered as <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Ikh Yuan Üls</i></span> or <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Yekhe Yuan Ulus</i></span>. In Mongolian, <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Dai Ön</i></span> a borrowing from Chinese, was often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大蒙古國</span></span>; 'Great Mongol State'), which resulted in the form <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠠᠢ<br />ᠥᠨ<br />ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大元大蒙古國</span></span>; <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Dai Ön Yeqe Mongɣul Ulus</i></span>, lit. "Great Yuan – Great Mongol State")<sup id="cite_ref-mname_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mname-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠠᠢ ᠦᠨ<br /> ᠺᠡᠮᠡᠺᠦ<br /> ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br /> ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br /> ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Dai Ön qemeqü Yeqe Mongɣol Ulus</i></span>, lit. "Great Mongol State called Great Yuan").<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per contemporary historiographical norm, "Yuan dynasty" typically refers to the realm with its main capital in <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). However, the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" and the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant for the entire Mongol Empire when the dynasty was proclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proclamation1271-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreatYuan1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usage is seen in the writings, including non-Chinese texts, produced during the time of the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-GreatYuan1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is not commonly used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">division of the Mongol Empire</a>. Some scholars believe that 1260 was the year that the Yuan dynasty emerged with the proclamation of a <a href="/wiki/Era_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Era name">reign title</a> following the collapse of the unified Mongol Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yuan dynasty is sometimes also called the "Mongol dynasty" by westerners,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 269">: 269 </span></sup> akin to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> sometimes being referred to as the "Manchu dynasty"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Manchu Dynasty of China".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 365">: 365 </span></sup> Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan",<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of <a href="/wiki/Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khan">Great Khan</a>; these appeared on some Yuan maps. However, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History of the Yuan dynasty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Yuan dynasty">Timeline of the Yuan dynasty</a>.</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_invasions_andconquests8971" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Template:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_invasions_andconquests8971" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and<br />conquests</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Asia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Central_Asia" title="Mongol campaigns in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezm</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jraberd" title="Siege of Jraberd">Jraberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khokhanaberd" title="Siege of Khokhanaberd">Khokhanaberd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Nizari state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Western Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Eastern_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Burma (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;">Other invasions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irtysh_River_(13th_century)" title="Battle of Irtysh River (13th century)">Irtysh River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">list</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans#Mongol_invasions" title="Cumans">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Durdzuketi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania#Mongol_conquest_and_aftermath_(13th–14th_centuries)" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Poland (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third</a>)</li> <li>Hungary (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Byzantine Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Gazaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire2125" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Division of the Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Division of the Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Division of the Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire2125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire"><span class="wrap">Division of the Mongol Empire</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Khanate</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;">War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> united the Mongol tribes of the steppes and became <a href="/wiki/Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khan">Great Khan</a> in 1206.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010169_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010169-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>, the Mongols <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">destroyed</a> the weakened <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> in 1234, conquering most of <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">northern China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010169–170_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010169–170-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in <a href="/wiki/Xingzhou_(in_modern_Hebei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xingzhou (in modern Hebei)">Xingzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani</a>. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994415_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994415-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> succeeded Ögedei's son, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük</a>, as Great Khan in 1251.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994392_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994392-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994394_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994394-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">paper money</a>, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994418_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994418-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201265_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201265-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Tianze" title="Shi Tianze">Shi Tianze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Heima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Heima (page does not exist)">Liu Heima</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%BB%91%E9%A6%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:劉黑馬">劉黑馬</a></span></span>, aka Liu Ni),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Khitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Zhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Zhala (page does not exist)">Xiao Zhala</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E6%9C%AD%E5%89%8C" class="extiw" title="zh:蕭札剌">蕭札剌</a></span></span>) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ögedei Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129–130">: 129–130 </span></sup> Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175">: 175 </span></sup> There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">石抹孛迭兒</span></span>), Tabuyir (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">塔不已兒</span></span>), and Zhongxi, the son of Xiaozhaci (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">蕭札刺之子重喜</span></span>) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Möngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994410_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994410-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 1259 without a successor at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diaoyucheng" title="Siege of Diaoyucheng">Siege of Diaoyucheng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994411_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994411-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a>, was challenging his claim to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994422_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994422-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198851_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198851-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq Böke Great Khan, beginning a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198853_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198853-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994423–424_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994423–424-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a> was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007104_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007104-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the three western khanates (<a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>) became functionally autonomous, and only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198862_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198862-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994413_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen1994413-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil strife had <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">permanently divided the Mongol Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen200124_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen200124-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_of_Kublai_Khan">Rule of Kublai Khan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rule of Kublai Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_years">Early years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Ögedei's grandson <a href="/wiki/Kaidu" title="Kaidu">Kaidu</a> refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198877_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198877-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007105_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007105-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198877_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198877-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince <a href="/wiki/Wonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Wonjong of Goryeo">Wonjong</a> as the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Kingdom of Goryeo</a> (Korea), making it a Mongol tributary state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994436–437_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994436–437-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198877_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198877-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai betrothed one of his daughters to the prince to solidify the relationship between the two houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994438_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994438-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean women were sent to the Yuan court as tribute and one concubine became the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Gi" title="Empress Gi">empress</a> of the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest. Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the Han advisers in his court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994426_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994426-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He feared that his dependence on Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198866_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198866-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994427_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994427-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_History#Ancient_China_and_the_early_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt in Chinese History">traditional monopolies on salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_China#Iron" title="History of metallurgy in China">iron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198870–71_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198870–71-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201270_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201270-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a> and divided Yuan society into three classes with the Han occupying the lowest rank until the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and its people, who made up the fourth class, the Southern Chinese. Kublai's Chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government, sometimes more than high officials, but their official rank was nebulous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198870–71_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198870–71-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Founding_the_dynasty">Founding the dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Founding the dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/220px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/330px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/440px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="4018" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, founder of the Yuan dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a> in Mongolia to <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> in 1264,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010172_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010172-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constructing a new city near the former <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchen</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a>, now modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, in 1266.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988132_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1988132-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan (<span lang="zh">大元</span>) in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1994616_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1994616-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the dynasty is first attested in the <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i> and describes the "origin of the universe" or a "primal force".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988136_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1988136-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the Daidu (<span lang="zh">大都</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàdū</span></i>; 'Great Capital') of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1999461_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999461-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The era name was changed to Zhiyuan to herald a new era of Chinese history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1999458_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999458-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adoption of a dynastic name legitimized Mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional Chinese political succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1999616_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999616-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994458_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994458-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1999616_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999616-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> trade network by protecting the <a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Mongol postal system</a>, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation of paper <a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">jiaochao</a> banknotes. During the beginning of the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols continued issuing <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">coins</a>; however, under <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan" title="Külüg Khan">Külüg Khan</a> coins were completely replaced by paper money. It was not until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Toghon Temür</a> that the government of the Yuan dynasty would attempt to reintroduce copper coinage for circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i>, Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201272_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201272-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai expanded the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a> from southern China to Daidu in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201274_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201274-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201262_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201262-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994463_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994463-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen200161_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen200161-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_conquests_and_campaigns">Military conquests and campaigns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military conquests and campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_of_the_Great_Khan_(Catayo)_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Empire_of_the_Great_Khan_%28Catayo%29_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/300px-Empire_of_the_Great_Khan_%28Catayo%29_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Empire_of_the_Great_Khan_%28Catayo%29_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/450px-Empire_of_the_Great_Khan_%28Catayo%29_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Empire_of_the_Great_Khan_%28Catayo%29_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/600px-Empire_of_the_Great_Khan_%28Catayo%29_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4482" data-file-height="3850" /></a><figcaption>Empire of the Great Khan ("<i>Catayo</i>" for <a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a>) according to the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> (1375, rotated 180°). <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> with its caravan of traders appears in the bottom right corner, while the Pacific coast runs along the top-left corner. <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> is seen enthroned. A flag with three red crescent moons <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_Atlas,_Flag_of_Cathay_(Chinese_Empire).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Catalan_Atlas%2C_Flag_of_Cathay_%28Chinese_Empire%29.png/15px-Catalan_Atlas%2C_Flag_of_Cathay_%28Chinese_Empire%29.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Catalan_Atlas%2C_Flag_of_Cathay_%28Chinese_Empire%29.png/23px-Catalan_Atlas%2C_Flag_of_Cathay_%28Chinese_Empire%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Catalan_Atlas%2C_Flag_of_Cathay_%28Chinese_Empire%29.png/30px-Catalan_Atlas%2C_Flag_of_Cathay_%28Chinese_Empire%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="861" /></a></span>)</span> appears on all the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994429_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994429-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai besieged <a href="/wiki/Xiangyang_District,_Xiangfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangyang District, Xiangfan">Xiangyang</a> (襄阳) between 1268 and 1273,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201277_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201277-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangtze River basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010172_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010172-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan#First_invasion_(1274)" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">against Japan</a> in 1274.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duan family ruling the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dali">Kingdom of Dali</a> (大理) in Yunnan submitted to the Yuan dynasty as vassals and were allowed to keep their throne, militarily assisting the Yuan dynasty against the Song dynasty in southern China. </p><p>The Duan family still ruled Dali relatively independently during the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a> chieftains and local tribe leaders and kingdoms in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan submitted to Yuan rule and were allowed to keep their titles. The Han Chinese Yang family ruling the <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom_of_Bozhou" title="Chiefdom of Bozhou">Chiefdom of Bozhou</a>, which was recognized by both the Song and Tang dynasty, also received recognition by the Mongols in the Yuan dynasty, and later by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. The Luo clan in Shuixi led by Ahua were recognized by the Yuan emperors, as they were by the Song emperors when led by Pugui and Tang emperors when led by Apei. They descended from the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> era king Huoji who legendarily helped <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a> against <a href="/wiki/Meng_Huo" title="Meng Huo">Meng Huo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 260">: 260 </span></sup> They were also recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143">: 143 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1276 Kublai captured the Song capital of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> (杭州), the wealthiest city of China,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994430_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994430-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the surrender of the Southern Song Han Chinese <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gong of Song">Emperor Gong of Song</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007106_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007106-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor Gong was married off to a Mongol princess of the royal <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> family of the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 213">: 213 </span></sup> Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Bing_of_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Bing of Song">Emperor Bing of Song</a>, who was Emperor Gong's younger brother. The Yuan forces commanded by Han Chinese General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hongfan" title="Zhang Hongfan">Zhang Hongfan</a> led a predominantly Han navy to defeat the Song loyalists at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">battle of Yamen</a> in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201277–78_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201277–78-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007113_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007113-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yuan dynasty created the "Han Army" (<span lang="zh-Hant">漢軍</span>) out of defected Jin troops and an army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (<span lang="zh-Hant">新附軍</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kublai's government faced financial difficulties after 1279. Wars and construction projects had drained the Mongol treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994473_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994473-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi2012111_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi2012111-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994473_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994473-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai's <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan#Second_invasion_(1281)" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">second invasion of Japan</a> in 1281 failed because of an <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">inauspicious typhoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kublai botched his campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Annam, Champa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi2012113_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi2012113-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but won a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">Pyrrhic victory</a> against <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988218_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1988218-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expeditions were hampered by disease, an inhospitable climate, and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi2012113_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi2012113-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> which ruled Annam (Đại Việt) defeated the Mongols at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a>. Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988218–219_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1988218–219-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internal strife threatened Kublai within his empire. Kublai Khan suppressed rebellions challenging his rule in Tibet and the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988487–488_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1988487–488-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His favorite wife died in 1281 and so did his chosen heir in 1285. Kublai grew despondent and retreated from his duties as emperor. He fell ill in 1293, and died on 18 February 1294.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994488_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994488-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successors_after_Kublai">Successors after Kublai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Successors after Kublai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">List of Yuan emperors</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Yuan_khans" title="List of Northern Yuan khans">List of Northern Yuan khans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(late)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)">Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temür_Khan"><span id="Tem.C3.BCr_Khan"></span>Temür Khan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Temür Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MongolMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MongolMap.jpg/330px-MongolMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MongolMap.jpg/495px-MongolMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MongolMap.jpg/660px-MongolMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Mongol successor khanates<sup id="cite_ref-goryeo_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goryeo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dali">Dali</a> in 1253, the former ruling Duan family were appointed as its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local chieftains were appointed as <a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a>, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>-era governments, principally in the province of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Zhenjin" title="Zhenjin">Zhenjin</a>, as the crown prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister <a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a>, succeeded the throne and ruled as <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan,_Emperor_Chengzong_of_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan">Temür Khan</a>, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Külüg_Khan"><span id="K.C3.BCl.C3.BCg_Khan"></span>Külüg Khan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Külüg Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan" title="Külüg Khan">Külüg Khan</a> (Emperor Wuzong) came to the throne after the death of Temür Khan. Unlike his predecessor, he did not continue Kublai's work, largely rejecting his objectives. Most significantly he introduced a policy called "New Deals", focused on monetary reforms. During his short reign (1307–11), the government fell into financial difficulties, partly due to bad decisions made by Külüg. By the time he died, China was in severe debt and the Yuan court faced popular discontent.<sup id="cite_ref-San_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 323">: 323 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan">Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourth Yuan emperor, <a href="/wiki/Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan" title="Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan">Buyantu Khan</a> (born Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese culture</a> after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been mentored by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Meng_(Yuan_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Meng (Yuan dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Meng</a> (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AD%9F" class="extiw" title="zh:李孟">李孟</a></span>), a <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">尚書省</span>), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1313 the traditional <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a> were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gegeen_Khan_and_Yesün_Temür"><span id="Gegeen_Khan_and_Yes.C3.BCn_Tem.C3.BCr"></span>Gegeen Khan and Yesün Temür</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gegeen Khan and Yesün Temür"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuntai_north_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Yuntai_north_side.jpg/250px-Yuntai_north_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Yuntai_north_side.jpg/375px-Yuntai_north_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Yuntai_north_side.jpg/500px-Yuntai_north_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="1717" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deva_King_of_the_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Deva_King_of_the_East.jpg/250px-Deva_King_of_the_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Deva_King_of_the_East.jpg/375px-Deva_King_of_the_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Deva_King_of_the_East.jpg/500px-Deva_King_of_the_East.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="1889" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform</a> was created during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Emperor Huizong</a> by imperial command.</div></div></div></div> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gegeen_Khan" title="Gegeen Khan">Gegeen Khan</a>, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of China">chancellor</a> Baiju. During his reign, the <i>Da Yuan Tong Zhi</i> (<span lang="zh">《大元通制》</span>; 'Comprehensive Institutions of the Great Yuan'), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed <a href="/wiki/Yes%C3%BCn_Tem%C3%BCr" class="mw-redirect" title="Yesün Temür">Yesün Temür</a> (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a>. </p><p>Before Yesün Temür's reign, China had been relatively free from popular rebellions after the reign of Kublai. Yuan control, however, began to break down in those regions inhabited by ethnic minorities. The occurrence of these revolts and the subsequent suppression aggravated the financial difficulties of the Yuan government. The government had to adopt some measure to increase revenue, such as selling offices, as well as curtailing its spending on some items.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994551_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994551-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Temür"><span id="Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Tem.C3.BCr"></span>Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür">Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94_-_panoramio.jpg/170px-%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94_-_panoramio.jpg/255px-%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94_-_panoramio.jpg/340px-%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%A6%85%E5%AF%BA%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="3968" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Bailin Temple Pagoda</a> of Zhaoxian County, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> Province, built in 1330 during the Yuan dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, <a href="/wiki/Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür">Tugh Temür</a> was recalled to <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Qipchaq</a> commander <a href="/wiki/El_Tem%C3%BCr" title="El Temür">El Temür</a>. He was installed as emperor in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son <a href="/wiki/Ragibagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragibagh">Ragibagh</a> succeeded to the throne in Shangdu (商都) with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Capitals" title="War of the Two Capitals">War of the Two Capitals</a>. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother <a href="/wiki/Khutughtu_Khan_Kusala" title="Khutughtu Khan Kusala">Kusala</a>, who was backed by Chagatai Khan <a href="/wiki/Eljigidey" title="Eljigidey">Eljigidey</a>, and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994550_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994550-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty. </p><p>Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and promoting <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese cultural values</a>. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (<span lang="zh-Hant">奎章閣學士院</span>), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment" (<span lang="zh">儒教推崇</span>). The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books, but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional <a href="/wiki/Compendium" title="Compendium">compendium</a> named <i>Jingshi Dadian</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">經世大典</span>). Tugh Temür supported <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> and also devoted himself in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toghon_Temür"><span id="Toghon_Tem.C3.BCr"></span>Toghon Temür</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Toghon Temür"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of <a href="/wiki/Rinchinbal_Khan" title="Rinchinbal Khan">Rinchinbal</a> (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Toghon Temür</a> (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death, <a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Merkid" title="Bayan of the Merkid">Bayan</a> became as powerful an official as El Temür had been in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghon Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew <a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a>, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toqto'a seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Twenty-Four Histories">official histories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toqto'a resigned his office with the approval of Toghon Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_the_empire">Decline of the empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Decline of the empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Jade_15_Swan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yuan_Jade_15_Swan.jpg/220px-Yuan_Jade_15_Swan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yuan_Jade_15_Swan.jpg/330px-Yuan_Jade_15_Swan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yuan_Jade_15_Swan.jpg/440px-Yuan_Jade_15_Swan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Yuan dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> swan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Dynasty,_porcelain_dish,_mid_14th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Yuan_Dynasty%2C_porcelain_dish%2C_mid_14th_century.jpg/220px-Yuan_Dynasty%2C_porcelain_dish%2C_mid_14th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Yuan_Dynasty%2C_porcelain_dish%2C_mid_14th_century.jpg/330px-Yuan_Dynasty%2C_porcelain_dish%2C_mid_14th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Yuan_Dynasty%2C_porcelain_dish%2C_mid_14th_century.jpg/440px-Yuan_Dynasty%2C_porcelain_dish%2C_mid_14th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A Yuan dynasty blue-and-white <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> dish with fish and flowing water design, mid-14th century, <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Gallery of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies. </p><p>From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</a> led by Song loyalists started and grew into a nationwide uprising and the Song loyalists established a renewed Song dynasty in 1351 with its capital at Kaifeng. In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghon Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in Toghon Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. He fled north to <a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a> from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644), founded by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a> in the south. Zhu Yuanzhang was a former Duke and commander in the army of the Red Turban Song dynasty and assumed power as Emperor after the death of the Red Turban Song Emperor <a href="/wiki/Han_Lin%27er" title="Han Lin'er">Han Lin'er</a>, who had tried to regain Khanbaliq, which eventually failed, and who died in <a href="/wiki/Yingchang" title="Yingchang">Yingchang</a> (located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some royal family members still live in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (July 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liang_(realm)" title="Liang (realm)">Prince of Liang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basalawarmi" title="Basalawarmi">Basalawarmi</a> established a separate pocket of resistance to the Ming in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, but his forces were decisively defeated by the Ming in 1381. By 1387 the remaining Yuan forces in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> under <a href="/wiki/Naghachu" title="Naghachu">Naghachu</a> had also <a href="/wiki/Ming_campaign_against_Naghachu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming campaign against Naghachu">surrendered to the Ming dynasty</a>. The Yuan remnants retreated to Mongolia after the fall of Yingchang to the Ming in 1370, where the name Great Yuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大元</span></span>) was formally carried on, and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Jingdezhen_Porcelain_Jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Yuan_Jingdezhen_Porcelain_Jar.jpg/180px-Yuan_Jingdezhen_Porcelain_Jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Yuan_Jingdezhen_Porcelain_Jar.jpg/270px-Yuan_Jingdezhen_Porcelain_Jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Yuan_Jingdezhen_Porcelain_Jar.jpg/360px-Yuan_Jingdezhen_Porcelain_Jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Yuan porcelain jar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Underglaze_Blue_Jingdezhen_Porcelain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Yuan_Underglaze_Blue_Jingdezhen_Porcelain.jpg/220px-Yuan_Underglaze_Blue_Jingdezhen_Porcelain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Yuan_Underglaze_Blue_Jingdezhen_Porcelain.jpg/330px-Yuan_Underglaze_Blue_Jingdezhen_Porcelain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Yuan_Underglaze_Blue_Jingdezhen_Porcelain.jpg/440px-Yuan_Underglaze_Blue_Jingdezhen_Porcelain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Yuan underglaze blue <a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen_porcelain" title="Jingdezhen porcelain">Jingdezhen porcelain</a> plate</figcaption></figure> <p>A rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty. The major cultural achievements were the development of <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> and the increased use of the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular Chinese">written vernacular</a>. Arts and culture also greatly developed and flourished during the Yuan dynasty. There was a widespread introduction of blue and white painted porcelain, as well as a major change to Chinese painting.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between East and West. The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange. The other cultures and peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> also very much influenced China. It had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia until its decline; the communications between Yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, encouraged this development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuzman1988568–570_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuzman1988568–570-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001211_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001211-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism had a great influence in the Yuan government, and the Tibetan-rite <a href="/wiki/Tantric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Buddhism">Tantric Buddhism</a> had significantly influenced China during this period. The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, medicine, clothing, and cuisine in East Asia. Eastern crops such as <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, new varieties of <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>, high-quality granulated <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Mongol_Empire_p.611_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongol_Empire_p.611-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 611">: 611 </span></sup> </p><p>Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> also enjoyed a period of toleration. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>) flourished, although <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> governmental practices and examinations based on the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classic texts">Classics</a>, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, and scientific education. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate;_Yuan_Dynasty;_Lacquer,_wood,_and_fabric.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Plate%3B_Yuan_Dynasty%3B_Lacquer%2C_wood%2C_and_fabric.jpg/220px-Plate%3B_Yuan_Dynasty%3B_Lacquer%2C_wood%2C_and_fabric.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Plate%3B_Yuan_Dynasty%3B_Lacquer%2C_wood%2C_and_fabric.jpg/330px-Plate%3B_Yuan_Dynasty%3B_Lacquer%2C_wood%2C_and_fabric.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Plate%3B_Yuan_Dynasty%3B_Lacquer%2C_wood%2C_and_fabric.jpg/440px-Plate%3B_Yuan_Dynasty%3B_Lacquer%2C_wood%2C_and_fabric.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>A plate made of <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquer</a>, wood, and paper from the Yuan dynasty. The Chinese were able to perfect a method of making lacquer. Decorating this plate are parrots and peonies. The parrot was a symbol of fidelity; because of its ability to mimic human speech, it was believed to be a suitable companion to a woman whose husband was away from home. The bird would be able to inform each person of the other's activities. The <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">peony</a> was a symbol of female virtue. When shown in full bloom, it is a token of love, affection, and feminine beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art" title="Birmingham Museum of Art">Birmingham Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Certain Chinese innovations and products, such as purified <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpetre</a>, printing techniques, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playing_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing cards">playing cards</a>, and medical literature, were exported to Europe and Western Asia, while the production of thin glass and <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> became popular in China. The Yuan exercised a profound influence on the Chinese Ming dynasty. The Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (1368–97) admired the Mongols' unification of China and adopted its garrison system.<sup id="cite_ref-Mongol_Empire_p.611_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongol_Empire_p.611-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 611">: 611 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%9A%8B%E6%A1%A5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%E7%9A%8B%E6%A1%A5.jpg/220px-%E7%9A%8B%E6%A1%A5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%E7%9A%8B%E6%A1%A5.jpg/330px-%E7%9A%8B%E6%A1%A5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%E7%9A%8B%E6%A1%A5.jpg/440px-%E7%9A%8B%E6%A1%A5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The Yuan dynasty arched bridges of <a href="/wiki/Taicang" title="Taicang">Taicang</a> were built to show the prosperity the city enjoyed under the Yuan.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Aside from the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">ancient Roman embassies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back</a> date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, whose account of his trip to "Cambaluc," the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, <i>Il milione</i> (or, <i>The Million</i>, known in English as the <i>Travels of Marco Polo</i>), appeared about the year 1299. Some doubted the accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, chopsticks, tea houses – which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture – as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan. Recent studies however show that Polo's account is largely accurate and unique.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yuan undertook extensive public works. Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Guo_Shoujing" title="Guo Shoujing">Guo Shoujing</a>, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a> to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was only 26 seconds off the modern <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>'s measurement. Road and water communications were reorganized and improved. To provide against possible famines, <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a> were ordered built throughout the empire. The city of Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a>, which was completely renovated. These commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout Asia and facilitated direct Chinese contacts with Europe. Chinese travelers to the West were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014.09.04.154246_Houhai_Lake_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2014.09.04.154246_Houhai_Lake_Beijing.jpg/250px-2014.09.04.154246_Houhai_Lake_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2014.09.04.154246_Houhai_Lake_Beijing.jpg/375px-2014.09.04.154246_Houhai_Lake_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2014.09.04.154246_Houhai_Lake_Beijing.jpg/500px-2014.09.04.154246_Houhai_Lake_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beiyue_Temple_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Beiyue_Temple_8.jpg/250px-Beiyue_Temple_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Beiyue_Temple_8.jpg/375px-Beiyue_Temple_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Beiyue_Temple_8.jpg/500px-Beiyue_Temple_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The two artificial lakes <a href="/wiki/Houhai" title="Houhai">Houhai</a> and <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianhai" class="extiw" title="sv:Qianhai">Qianhai</a> were built in <a href="/wiki/Khanbalik" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanbalik">Dadu</a> by the Yuan. The Yuan built the <a href="/wiki/Beiyue_Temple" title="Beiyue Temple">Dening Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quyang_County" title="Quyang County">Quyang</a> in 1270.</div></div></div></div> <p>The Yuan dynasty was the first dynasty founded by non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> ethnicity that ruled all of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to the traditional Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be "the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples, besides it there is nothing great or precious."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all direct quotes should be supported by an inline citation (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In traditional <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of China">historiography of China</a>, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai officially honoured prior rulers of the Mongol Empire as Yuan emperors by conferring them <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple names</a>. Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Han Chinese were treated as <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizens</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and that China stagnated economically and scientifically. </p><p>The dynasty chose white as its imperial color, which corresponds to the Metal element according to the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Five Elements</a> (wuxing). The Metal element does not follow from the Song's dynastic element Five in the creation sequence of the five elements. Instead, it follows from the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>'s dynastic element Earth. Although the Yuan did not openly announce it, its choice of white as its imperial color suggests that it considered Jin, another conquest dynasty, rather than the Han-Chinese Song dynasty, as its rightful predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dragon clothing of Imperial China was used by the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanid">Ilkhanids</a>, the Chinese <i>Huangdi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a>) title was used by the Ilkhanids due to heavy clout upon the Mongols of the Chinese system of politics. Seals with Chinese characters were created by the Ilkhanids themselves besides the seals they received from the Yuan dynasty which contain references to a Chinese government organization.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility#Mongol_Empire_(1206–1368)_and_Yuan_dynasty_(1271–1368)" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility § Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_coinage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Yuan_coinage.jpg/220px-Yuan_coinage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Yuan_coinage.jpg/330px-Yuan_coinage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Yuan_coinage.jpg/440px-Yuan_coinage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2266" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Yuan dynasty coinage</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_map_of_the_Northwest_territory_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_in_Haiguotuzhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Evolution_map_of_the_Northwest_territory_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_in_Haiguotuzhi.jpg/220px-Evolution_map_of_the_Northwest_territory_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_in_Haiguotuzhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Evolution_map_of_the_Northwest_territory_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_in_Haiguotuzhi.jpg/330px-Evolution_map_of_the_Northwest_territory_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_in_Haiguotuzhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Evolution_map_of_the_Northwest_territory_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_in_Haiguotuzhi.jpg/440px-Evolution_map_of_the_Northwest_territory_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_in_Haiguotuzhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Northwest territory</figcaption></figure> <p>The structure of the Yuan government took shape during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (1260–1294). While some changes took place such as the functions of certain institutions, the essential components of the government bureaucracy remained intact from the beginning to the end of the dynasty in 1368. </p><p>The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Hans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhists</a>. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>, as well as Khitan <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a> and Jurchen <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115-1234)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (1115-1234)">Jin</a> dynasties. Chinese advisers such as <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bingzhong" title="Liu Bingzhong">Liu Bingzhong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yao_Shu" title="Yao Shu">Yao Shu</a> gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">division of authority</a> among <a href="/wiki/Civil_affairs" title="Civil affairs">civil</a>, military, and <a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">censorial</a> offices, including the <a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Central Secretariat</a> (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">樞密院</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shūmì Yuàn</span></i>) to manage military affairs, and the <a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a> to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance. Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a>), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a> (<span lang="zh">尚書省</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shangshu Sheng</span></i>) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan" title="Külüg Khan">Külüg Khan</a> or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards. </p><p>While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice">Ministry of Justice</a>, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and <i><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a></i>, who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a> compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dali">Kingdom of Dali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom_of_Bozhou" title="Chiefdom of Bozhou">Chiefdom of Bozhou</a>, other <i><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></i> chiefdoms, and <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo</a> were ruled by rulers subject to, and in some cases related to, the Yuan imperial house.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">Chinese mathematics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yanghui_triangle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Yanghui_triangle.gif/220px-Yanghui_triangle.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Yanghui_triangle.gif/330px-Yanghui_triangle.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Yanghui_triangle.gif/440px-Yanghui_triangle.gif 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle" title="Pascal's triangle">Pascal's triangle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Shijie" title="Zhu Shijie">Zhu Shijie</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></i>, written in 1303</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yang_Hui_magic_circle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yang_Hui_magic_circle.svg/220px-Yang_Hui_magic_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yang_Hui_magic_circle.svg/330px-Yang_Hui_magic_circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yang_Hui_magic_circle.svg/440px-Yang_Hui_magic_circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yang_Hui" title="Yang Hui">Yang Hui</a>'s Magic Circle</figcaption></figure> <p>Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Shijie" title="Zhu Shijie">Zhu Shijie</a> (1249–1314) solved <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultaneous equations">simultaneous equations</a> with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011196_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011196-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDauben2007344_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauben2007344-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDauben2007346_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauben2007346-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His method is described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></i>, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle" title="Pascal's triangle">Pascal's triangle</a>. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo1985101_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo1985101-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shoujing" title="Guo Shoujing">Guo Shoujing</a> applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo1985105_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo1985105-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011247_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011247-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His calendar, the <i>Shoushi Li</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">授時暦</span>; 'Time Granting Calendar'), was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001172_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001172-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo1985105_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo1985105-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers were known to be interested in Muslim calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001172_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001172-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers brought <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> to China in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo1985105_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo1985105-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001142_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001142-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called <i>otachi</i> and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized <i>otachi</i> doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001142_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001142-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had "Four Great Schools" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Mongols, the practice of Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese medical techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">moxibustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulse_diagnosis" title="Pulse diagnosis">pulse diagnosis</a>, and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane2006138–139_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2006138–139-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician <a href="/wiki/Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Wei Yilin</a> (1277–1347) invented a suspension method for <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(orthopedic_surgery)" title="Reduction (orthopedic surgery)">reducing</a> dislocated joints, which he performed using anesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane2006140_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2006140-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongol physician <a href="/wiki/Hu_Sihui" title="Hu Sihui">Hu Sihui</a> described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane2006140_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2006140-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as <i>huihui</i> or Muslim medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001151_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001151-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001155_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001155-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humoral system</a> contradicted the <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin-yang</a> and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001151_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001151-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing_and_publishing">Printing and publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Printing and publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg/220px-Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg/330px-Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg/440px-Yuan_dynasty_banknote_with_its_printing_plate_1287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>Yuan dynasty <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknote</a> with its printing plate, 1287</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png/220px-Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png/330px-Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png/440px-Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>A revolving typecase with individual <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> characters from <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a>'s <i>Nong Shu</i>, published in 1313</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mongol rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu1950460_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu1950460-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese printing technology was transferred to the Mongols through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a> and Tibetan intermediaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Yuan documents such as <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a>'s <i>Nong Shu</i> were printed with earthenware <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a>, a technology invented in the 12th century. However, most published works were still produced through traditional <a href="/wiki/Block_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Block printing">block printing</a> techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001176–177_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001176–177-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun</a>, Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182_129-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu1950463_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu1950463-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Private printing businesses also flourished under the Yuan. They published a diverse range of works, and printed educational, literary, medical, religious, and historical texts. The volume of printed materials was vast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001181_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001181-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1312, 1,000 copies of a Buddhist text commented by Cosgi Odsir were printed just within Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001183_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001183-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1328, annual sales of printed calendars and almanacs reached over three million in the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001184_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001184-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the <i><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></i>, the paper money of the Yuan. Jiaochao were made from the bark of mulberry trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001183_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001183-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001179_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001179-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister <a href="/wiki/Bolad" title="Bolad">Bolad</a> was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of <a href="/wiki/Gaykhatu" title="Gaykhatu">Gaykhatu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001177_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001177-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001178_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001178-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign observers took note of Yuan printing technology. Marco Polo documented the Yuan printing of paper money and almanac pamphlets called <i>tacuini</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001183_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001183-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vizier <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din</a> recognized that printing was a valuable technological breakthrough, and expressed regret that the Mongol experiment with printing paper money had failed in the Muslim world. Rashid-al-Din's view was not shared by other chroniclers in the Middle East, who were critical of the experiment's disruptive impact on the Il-khanate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001184_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001184-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BW_Jar_FFD_RBG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BW_Jar_FFD_RBG.jpg/180px-BW_Jar_FFD_RBG.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BW_Jar_FFD_RBG.jpg/270px-BW_Jar_FFD_RBG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BW_Jar_FFD_RBG.jpg/360px-BW_Jar_FFD_RBG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5030" data-file-height="6707" /></a><figcaption>Blue-and-white Covered Jar with Fretwork Floral Design in Red and Blue Glaze, excavated in Baoding</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese ceramics</a> the period was one of expansion, with the great innovation the development in <a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen_ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingdezhen ware">Jingdezhen ware</a> of <a href="/wiki/Underglaze" title="Underglaze">underglaze</a> painted <a href="/wiki/Blue_and_white_pottery" title="Blue and white pottery">blue and white pottery</a>. This seems to have begun in the early decades of the 14th century, and by the end of the dynasty was mature and well-established. Other major types of wares continued without a sharp break in their development, but there was a general trend to some larger size pieces, and more decoration. This is often seen as a decline from Song refinement. Exports expanded considerably, especially to the Islamic world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society of the Mongol Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">Yuan poetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_lifestyle">Imperial lifestyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Imperial lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG/220px-Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG/330px-Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG/440px-Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280</figcaption></figure> <p>Since its invention in 1269, the <a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">'Phags-pa script</a>, a unified script for spelling <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">written Chinese</a>, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing <i>quda</i> marriage alliance with other Mongol clans – the <a href="/wiki/Onggirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Onggirat">Onggirat</a> and the Ikeres – kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tugh_Temur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugh Temur">Tugh Temur</a> (Emperor Wenzong), whose mother was a <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a> concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Tugh Temür was an example of a Yuan emperor who actively sponsored cultural activities; including in his imperial capacity and in his personal activities such as writing <a href="/wiki/Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">poetry</a>, painting, reading <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classical texts</a>, and ordering the compilation of books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1999471_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999471-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly <a href="/wiki/Sinicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinicized">sinicized</a> while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his Mongolian heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 488–489">: 488–489 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam during the Yuan dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion in the Mongol Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg/170px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="466" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg/255px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg/340px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Manichaean Diagram of the Universe</a></i>, a painting describing Yuan period <a href="/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaean</a> cosmology</figcaption></figure> <p>There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> became the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. The top-level department and government agency known as the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">宣政院</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xuānzhèngyuàn</span></i>) was set up in <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> (modern Beijing) to supervise <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monks</a> throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a Sakya <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">帝师</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dìshī</span></i>) at court. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> Furthermore, Mongol patronage of Buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of Buddhist art. Mongolian Buddhist translations, almost all from Tibetan originals, began on a large scale after 1300. Many Mongols of the upper class such as the <a href="/wiki/Jalayir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalayir">Jalayir</a> and the Oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> scholars and institutions. A considerable number of Confucian and Chinese historical works were translated into the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_porcelain_buddha.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yuan_porcelain_buddha.JPG/220px-Yuan_porcelain_buddha.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yuan_porcelain_buddha.JPG/330px-Yuan_porcelain_buddha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Yuan_porcelain_buddha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A Yuan <a href="/wiki/Qingbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingbai">Qingbai</a> porcelain statue of <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Hans and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.<sup id="cite_ref-buell1979_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buell1979-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genghis Khan and the following Yuan emperors forbade Islamic practices like Halal butchering, forcing Mongol methods of butchering animals on Muslims, and other restrictive degrees continued. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_1999_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon_1999-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews "slaves" and demanded that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method. <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a> was also forbidden. Jews were also affected and forbidden by the Mongols to eat <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">Kosher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food". [Cinggis Qa’an replied:] "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime." He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: "if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat". Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie_1998_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie_1998-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The Muslims in the semu class revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the <a href="/wiki/Ispah_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispah Rebellion">Ispah Rebellion</a>, but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding. Some Muslim communities had the name in Chinese meaning "barracks" and also meaning "thanks"; many Hui Muslims claim it is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was named in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladney_1991_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladney_1991-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</a>, Muslim generals <a href="/wiki/Mu_Ying" title="Mu Ying">Mu Ying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lan_Yu_(general)" title="Lan Yu (general)">Lan Yu</a> led Muslim troops loyal to the Ming dynasty against Mongol and Muslim troops loyal to the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_1999_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon_1999-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> statues were found in <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> dating to the Yuan period.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four-class_system">Four-class system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Four-class system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structure">Structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covered_box_with_pavilion_and_figures,_China,_Yuan_dynasty,_1300s_AD,_carved_lacquer_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC08285.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Covered_box_with_pavilion_and_figures%2C_China%2C_Yuan_dynasty%2C_1300s_AD%2C_carved_lacquer_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08285.jpg/220px-Covered_box_with_pavilion_and_figures%2C_China%2C_Yuan_dynasty%2C_1300s_AD%2C_carved_lacquer_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08285.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Covered_box_with_pavilion_and_figures%2C_China%2C_Yuan_dynasty%2C_1300s_AD%2C_carved_lacquer_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08285.jpg/330px-Covered_box_with_pavilion_and_figures%2C_China%2C_Yuan_dynasty%2C_1300s_AD%2C_carved_lacquer_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08285.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Covered_box_with_pavilion_and_figures%2C_China%2C_Yuan_dynasty%2C_1300s_AD%2C_carved_lacquer_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08285.jpg/440px-Covered_box_with_pavilion_and_figures%2C_China%2C_Yuan_dynasty%2C_1300s_AD%2C_carved_lacquer_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08285.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="3484" /></a><figcaption>Box with pavilion and figures, Yuan dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covered_box_with_lunar_palace,_14th_century,_Tokyo_National_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Covered_box_with_lunar_palace%2C_14th_century%2C_Tokyo_National_Museum.JPG/220px-Covered_box_with_lunar_palace%2C_14th_century%2C_Tokyo_National_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Covered_box_with_lunar_palace%2C_14th_century%2C_Tokyo_National_Museum.JPG/330px-Covered_box_with_lunar_palace%2C_14th_century%2C_Tokyo_National_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Covered_box_with_lunar_palace%2C_14th_century%2C_Tokyo_National_Museum.JPG/440px-Covered_box_with_lunar_palace%2C_14th_century%2C_Tokyo_National_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption>Covered box with lunar palace, 14th century. Yuan dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mongols had employed foreigners long before the reign of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty. But during Kublai's reign a hierarchy of reliability was introduced in China. The population was divided into the following classes:<sup id="cite_ref-structure_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structure-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. The Mongols were called "Gao-chen"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles"><span title="Chinese script needed (July 2023)">Chinese script needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (the citizens of the ruling empire) by the conquered Southern Song population.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a>, consisting of non-Mongol foreigners from the west and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Buddhist Uyghurs from Turfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanguts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tanguts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetans" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Jews</a>, Nestorian Christians, and Muslims from Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Haw_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haw-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-structure_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structure-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Han</i>, a category usually referring to <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> people, but under Yuan usage referred to various peoples, most of whom were former subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern China">Northern China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> and other ethnicities who lived north of the <a href="/wiki/Huaihe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaihe River">Huaihe River</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi1983_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi1983-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-structure_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structure-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Nan</i> (Southerners), or all subjects of the former Southern Song dynasty, including ethnic Han Chinese and minority native ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">southern China</a>, as well as the people of the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a>. They were sometimes called "Manzi" during the Yuan dynasty. They were on the "bottom of the privilege ladder" in Yuan society.<sup id="cite_ref-structure_149-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structure-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The ordering of the classes and the placement of people in them came down to how loyal and trustworthy to the Mongols they were. This was defined by the date they surrendered to the Mongols and had little to do with their ethnicity. Ethnic Han Chinese could be classified as either <i>Han ren</i> or <i>Nan ren</i> while Khitans and Jurchens from <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> were not considered <i>Han</i> but <i>Semu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haw_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haw-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, while the more they held out, the lower they were ranked. As a result, the Northern Chinese were ranked higher than the Southern Chinese, because the Song dynasty in southern China fought longer and surrendered later.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 264–265">: 264–265 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 426">: 426 </span></sup> Similarly, the Uighur and Karluk monarchs were ranked higher than the Korean monarch at court because they surrendered earlier while the Koreans surrendered later. The Uighurs in particular were noted to not have fought at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi1983_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi1983-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haw_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haw-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_administrators">Foreign administrators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Foreign administrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mongols employed people from different regions to oversee different parts of their empire. Central Asian Muslims served as administrators in China while Han people and Khitans from China served as administrators over the Muslim population in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> in Central Asia. Foreigners were used to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.<sup id="cite_ref-buell1979_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buell1979-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han people were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq, <a href="/wiki/Olmaliq" title="Olmaliq">Almaliq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a> by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called <a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">"Right Alan Guard"</a> which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a> and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Gongzhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi1983_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi1983-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 255">: 255 </span></sup> After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators of gardens and fields in Samarqand while co-management with Chinese and Khitans was required since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them.<sup id="cite_ref-barthold_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barthold-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yuan-appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Khitan by the name of Ahai. He was from the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a>, held the title Taishi, and was familiar with Chinese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-barthold_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barthold-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han officials and colonists were <a href="/wiki/History_of_Siberia#Mongol_conquest_of_Southern_and_Western_Siberia" title="History of Siberia">sent by the Yuan dynasty</a> to areas of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Lingbei province</a> including <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%81%E8%B7%AF" class="extiw" title="zh:和宁路">Henning Circuit</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%8A%E8%98%AD%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="zh:益蘭州">Yilan Prefecture</a>, and <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%99%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="zh:謙州">Qian Prefecture</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_South_Mosque_of_Jinan_2009-03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_South_Mosque_of_Jinan_2009-03.JPG/200px-The_South_Mosque_of_Jinan_2009-03.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_South_Mosque_of_Jinan_2009-03.JPG/300px-The_South_Mosque_of_Jinan_2009-03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_South_Mosque_of_Jinan_2009-03.JPG/400px-The_South_Mosque_of_Jinan_2009-03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Great_Southern_Mosque" title="Jinan Great Southern Mosque">Jinan Great Southern Mosque</a> was completed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a> (the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-Chinese_policies">Anti-Chinese policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anti-Chinese policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and the traditional Chinese <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic">bureaucratic</a> system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the <i><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a></i> people (various allied groups from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>, and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong "<a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a>" coloration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994491–492_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994491–492-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and <i>Semu</i> were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a> in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1982135_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1982135-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of "barbarians" in his government, the Yongle Emperor answered: "Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only "Mongols and Tartars" and discarded northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1982124–136_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1982124–136-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ordinary Mongol families fell into extreme poverty in both Mongolia and China proper, and elite positions were increasingly penetrated by ethnic Han.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 467">: 467 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-Semu_policies">Anti-<i>Semu</i> policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Anti-Semu policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan emperors severely discriminated against them, restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">Kosher</a> butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie_1998_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie_1998-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> in rebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a> had Muslim generals like <a href="/wiki/Lan_Yu_(general)" title="Lan Yu (general)">Lan Yu</a> who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname Yíng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">營</span></span>) which means, amongst other definitions, both "barracks" and "thanks". Many Hui Muslims claim that because they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols, this surname was given in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladney_1991_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladney_1991-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (July 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> During the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslims in the <i>Semu</i> class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the <a href="/wiki/Ispah_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispah Rebellion">Ispah Rebellion</a> but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding. </p><p>The Muslim merchants in Quanzhou who engaged in maritime trade enriched their families which encompassed their political and trade activities as families. Historians see the violent Chinese backlash that happened at the end of the Yuan dynasty against the wealth of the Muslim and <i>Semu</i> as something inevitable, however anti-Muslim and anti-<i>Semu</i> laws had already been passed by the Yuan dynasty. In 1340 all marriages were forced to follow Confucian principles in marriage regulations, in 1329 all foreign holy men including Muslims had tax exemptions revoked, in 1328 the position of Muslim Qadi was abolished after its powers were limited in 1311. This resulted in anti-Mongol sentiment among Muslims so some anti-Yuan rebels in the mid 14th century were joined by Muslims. In 1357–1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started a revolt against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian. Persian merchants Amin ud-Din (Amiliding) and Saif ud-Din Saifuding led the revolt. Persian official Yawuna assassinated both Amin ud-Din and Saif ud-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. For five years the Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou two times and failed to take it. Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367 after A Muslim rebel officer named Jin Ji defected from Yawuna.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%85%83_%E5%89%94%E7%B4%85%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%B4%8B%E6%BC%86%E7%9B%A4-Dish_with_peonies_MET_DP256112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E5%85%83_%E5%89%94%E7%B4%85%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%B4%8B%E6%BC%86%E7%9B%A4-Dish_with_peonies_MET_DP256112.jpg/250px-%E5%85%83_%E5%89%94%E7%B4%85%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%B4%8B%E6%BC%86%E7%9B%A4-Dish_with_peonies_MET_DP256112.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E5%85%83_%E5%89%94%E7%B4%85%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%B4%8B%E6%BC%86%E7%9B%A4-Dish_with_peonies_MET_DP256112.jpg/375px-%E5%85%83_%E5%89%94%E7%B4%85%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%B4%8B%E6%BC%86%E7%9B%A4-Dish_with_peonies_MET_DP256112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E5%85%83_%E5%89%94%E7%B4%85%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%B4%8B%E6%BC%86%E7%9B%A4-Dish_with_peonies_MET_DP256112.jpg/500px-%E5%85%83_%E5%89%94%E7%B4%85%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%B4%8B%E6%BC%86%E7%9B%A4-Dish_with_peonies_MET_DP256112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dish_with_Roses_LACMA_M.2005.57_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dish_with_Roses_LACMA_M.2005.57_%281_of_2%29.jpg/250px-Dish_with_Roses_LACMA_M.2005.57_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dish_with_Roses_LACMA_M.2005.57_%281_of_2%29.jpg/375px-Dish_with_Roses_LACMA_M.2005.57_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dish_with_Roses_LACMA_M.2005.57_%281_of_2%29.jpg/500px-Dish_with_Roses_LACMA_M.2005.57_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2081" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Yuan dynasty carved red lacquer.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Mote" title="Frederick W. Mote">Frederick W. Mote</a> wrote that the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed "degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and <i>Semu</i> than there were Mongol and <i>Semu</i> who lived in poverty and were ill-treated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003492_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003492-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese historians like Uematsu, Sugiyama and Morita criticized the perception that a four-class system existed under Mongol rule and Funada Yoshiyuki questioned the very existence of the <i>Semu</i> as a class.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Dynasty_Administrative_division_1330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yuan_Dynasty_Administrative_division_1330.jpg/250px-Yuan_Dynasty_Administrative_division_1330.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yuan_Dynasty_Administrative_division_1330.jpg/375px-Yuan_Dynasty_Administrative_division_1330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yuan_Dynasty_Administrative_division_1330.jpg/500px-Yuan_Dynasty_Administrative_division_1330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_Empire%27s_Ayimaq_in_North_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mongol_Empire%27s_Ayimaq_in_North_China.jpg/300px-Mongol_Empire%27s_Ayimaq_in_North_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mongol_Empire%27s_Ayimaq_in_North_China.jpg/450px-Mongol_Empire%27s_Ayimaq_in_North_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mongol_Empire%27s_Ayimaq_in_North_China.jpg/600px-Mongol_Empire%27s_Ayimaq_in_North_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Mongol Empire's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayimaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayimaq (page does not exist)">Ayimaq</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E4%B8%8B_(%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" class="extiw" title="ja:投下 (モンゴル帝国)">ja</a>]</span> in North China</figcaption></figure> <p>The territory of the Yuan dynasty was divided into the Central Region (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">腹裏</span></span>) governed by the <a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Central Secretariat</a> and places under control of various provinces (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">行省</span></span>) or Branch Secretariats (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">行中書省</span></span>), as well as the region under the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a>. </p><p>The Central Region, consisting of present-day <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, the south-eastern part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> areas to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中書省</span></span>) at <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">宣政院</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xuānzhèng Yuàn</span></i>) <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">held administrative rule</a> over the whole of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and a part of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. </p><p>Branch Secretariats or simply <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a>, were provincial-level administrative organizations or institutions, though they were not exactly provinces in modern sense. There were eleven "regular" provinces in Yuan dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their administrations were subordinated to the Central Secretariat. </p><p>Below the level of provinces, the largest political division was the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)#China" title="Circuit (administrative division)">circuit</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">道</span></span>), followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)#China" title="Circuit (administrative division)">lù</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">路</span></span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">fǔ</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">府</span></span>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou (country subdivision)">zhōu</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">州</span></span>). These are three kinds of prefecture-like divisions. The lowest political division was the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of the People's Republic of China">county</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">縣</span></span>). </p><p>Basically, <i>lù</i> were higher than <i>fǔ</i>, which were higher than <i>zhōu</i>. However, the actual relationship between them could be very complicated. All of <i>lù</i>, <i>fǔ</i>, and <i>zhōu</i> could administer counties. Some <i>fǔ</i> and <i>zhōu</i> were directly administered by the province, while some existed inside a <i>lù</i>. A <i>lù</i> usually administered several counties, along with several <i>fǔ</i> and <i>zhōu</i>, and the <i>fǔ</i> or <i>zhōu</i> themselves could also administer their own counties. As a result, it is impossible to delineate exactly how many tiers of divisions there were under a province. </p><p>This government structure at the provincial level was later inherited and modified by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_dynasty_iron_magic_square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magic square in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty)"><img alt="Magic square in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Yuan_dynasty_iron_magic_square.jpg/274px-Yuan_dynasty_iron_magic_square.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Yuan_dynasty_iron_magic_square.jpg/411px-Yuan_dynasty_iron_magic_square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Yuan_dynasty_iron_magic_square.jpg/548px-Yuan_dynasty_iron_magic_square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Magic_square" title="Magic square">Magic square</a> in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png" class="mw-file-description" title="smelting machines (Yuan dynasty)"><img alt="smelting machines (Yuan dynasty)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png/324px-Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png/487px-Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png/649px-Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> machines (Yuan dynasty)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B4%E8%BD%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water wheel (Yuan dynasty)"><img alt="Water wheel (Yuan dynasty)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E6%B0%B4%E8%BD%AE.jpg/174px-%E6%B0%B4%E8%BD%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E6%B0%B4%E8%BD%AE.jpg/261px-%E6%B0%B4%E8%BD%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E6%B0%B4%E8%BD%AE.jpg/348px-%E6%B0%B4%E8%BD%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water wheel (Yuan dynasty)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B4%E9%94%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water hammer (Yuan dynasty)"><img alt="Water hammer (Yuan dynasty)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E6%B0%B4%E9%94%A4.jpg/175px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%94%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E6%B0%B4%E9%94%A4.jpg/262px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%94%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E6%B0%B4%E9%94%A4.jpg/350px-%E6%B0%B4%E9%94%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water hammer (Yuan dynasty)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weaving machine (Yuan dynasty)"><img alt="Weaving machine (Yuan dynasty)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA.jpg/177px-%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA.jpg/265px-%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA.jpg/353px-%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Weaving machine (Yuan dynasty)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B4%E7%A3%A8%E9%BD%BF%E8%BD%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="water mill gear (Yuan dynasty)"><img alt="water mill gear (Yuan dynasty)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E6%B0%B4%E7%A3%A8%E9%BD%BF%E8%BD%AE.jpg/177px-%E6%B0%B4%E7%A3%A8%E9%BD%BF%E8%BD%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E6%B0%B4%E7%A3%A8%E9%BD%BF%E8%BD%AE.jpg/265px-%E6%B0%B4%E7%A3%A8%E9%BD%BF%E8%BD%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E6%B0%B4%E7%A3%A8%E9%BD%BF%E8%BD%AE.jpg/354px-%E6%B0%B4%E7%A3%A8%E9%BD%BF%E8%BD%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">water mill gear (Yuan dynasty)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%86%9C%E4%B9%A6%E7%BB%87%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="loom (Yuan dynasty)"><img alt="loom (Yuan dynasty)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E5%86%9C%E4%B9%A6%E7%BB%87%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%BA.jpg/176px-%E5%86%9C%E4%B9%A6%E7%BB%87%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E5%86%9C%E4%B9%A6%E7%BB%87%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%BA.jpg/264px-%E5%86%9C%E4%B9%A6%E7%BB%87%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E5%86%9C%E4%B9%A6%E7%BB%87%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%BA.jpg/352px-%E5%86%9C%E4%B9%A6%E7%BB%87%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">loom (Yuan dynasty)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 350px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 348px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhao_Mengfu1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuan painting (Zhao Mengfu)"><img alt="Yuan painting (Zhao Mengfu)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zhao_Mengfu1.jpg/522px-Zhao_Mengfu1.jpg" decoding="async" width="348" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Zhao_Mengfu1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yuan painting (<a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mengfu" title="Zhao Mengfu">Zhao Mengfu</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chuangzi Nu (Yuan dynasty)[166]"><img alt="Chuangzi Nu (Yuan dynasty)[166]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg/211px-Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg/317px-Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Chuangzi_Nu1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chuangzi Nu (Yuan dynasty)<sup id="cite_ref-bm_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bm-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanda_detail_heart_sutra_zhao_mengfu.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Military costume."><img alt="Military costume." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Skanda_detail_heart_sutra_zhao_mengfu.jpeg/143px-Skanda_detail_heart_sutra_zhao_mengfu.jpeg" decoding="async" width="96" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Skanda_detail_heart_sutra_zhao_mengfu.jpeg/215px-Skanda_detail_heart_sutra_zhao_mengfu.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Skanda_detail_heart_sutra_zhao_mengfu.jpeg/286px-Skanda_detail_heart_sutra_zhao_mengfu.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Military costume.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immortal_Riding_a_Dragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a dragon."><img alt="Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a dragon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Immortal_Riding_a_Dragon.jpg/117px-Immortal_Riding_a_Dragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Immortal_Riding_a_Dragon.jpg/176px-Immortal_Riding_a_Dragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Immortal_Riding_a_Dragon.jpg/235px-Immortal_Riding_a_Dragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="2070" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_and_Groom,_after_Li_Gonglin_by_Zhao_Yong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuan cavalry"><img alt="Yuan cavalry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Horse_and_Groom%2C_after_Li_Gonglin_by_Zhao_Yong.jpg/359px-Horse_and_Groom%2C_after_Li_Gonglin_by_Zhao_Yong.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Horse_and_Groom%2C_after_Li_Gonglin_by_Zhao_Yong.jpg/538px-Horse_and_Groom%2C_after_Li_Gonglin_by_Zhao_Yong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Horse_and_Groom%2C_after_Li_Gonglin_by_Zhao_Yong.jpg/717px-Horse_and_Groom%2C_after_Li_Gonglin_by_Zhao_Yong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yuan <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Ge.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuan Mongol soldier"><img alt="Yuan Mongol soldier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Jiang_Ge.JPG" decoding="async" width="172" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yuan Mongol soldier</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan during his youth"><img alt="Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan during his youth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG/170px-Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG/255px-Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s grandson, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> during his youth</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%85%83%E8%B4%9F%E5%9B%8A%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mongol rider (Yuan dynasty)"><img alt="Mongol rider (Yuan dynasty)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E5%85%83%E8%B4%9F%E5%9B%8A%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91.jpg/311px-%E5%85%83%E8%B4%9F%E5%9B%8A%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E5%85%83%E8%B4%9F%E5%9B%8A%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91.jpg/466px-%E5%85%83%E8%B4%9F%E5%9B%8A%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E5%85%83%E8%B4%9F%E5%9B%8A%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91.jpg/622px-%E5%85%83%E8%B4%9F%E5%9B%8A%E9%AA%91%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4476" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mongol rider (Yuan dynasty)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_stone_Nestorian_inscription_(rep).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese stone inscription of a Nestorian Christian Cross from Cross Temple in Beijing (then called Dadu, or Khanbaliq), dated to the Yuan dynasty"><img alt="Chinese stone inscription of a Nestorian Christian Cross from Cross Temple in Beijing (then called Dadu, or Khanbaliq), dated to the Yuan dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Yuan_stone_Nestorian_inscription_%28rep%29.JPG/360px-Yuan_stone_Nestorian_inscription_%28rep%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Yuan_stone_Nestorian_inscription_%28rep%29.JPG/540px-Yuan_stone_Nestorian_inscription_%28rep%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Yuan_stone_Nestorian_inscription_%28rep%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese stone inscription of a <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Nestorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Cross">Christian Cross</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan" title="Cross Temple, Fangshan">Cross Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (then called Dadu, or <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a>), dated to the Yuan dynasty</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 25em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">History of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/75px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/113px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/150px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="font-size:smaller;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Mongolia" title="Category:History of Mongolia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Mongol khanates</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">IX-X</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khereid">Khereid Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">X-1203</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">XI–XII</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">IX – XII</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">-1204</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">X-1206</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1206-1368</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan dynasty</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1271-1368</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1225-1340s</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1346-1462</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1487-1660?</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1514-1705</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1240-1502</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1256-1335</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1335-1357</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jalairid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalairid Sultanate">Jalairid Sultanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1335-1432</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuids</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1335-1357</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1368-1691</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1370–1507</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1383-1513</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Oirat">Four Oirat</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1399-1634</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghun dynasty</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1479-1599</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (in India)<div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1526–1857</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1630-1731</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1640s-1717</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1634-1758</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogd Khaganate">Bogd Khaganate</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1911-1924</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1924–1992</span></span></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">1992-present</span></span></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Mongols" title="Template:History of the Mongols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Mongols" title="Template talk:History of the Mongols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Mongols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Mongols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Yuan_Dynasty_and_Northern_Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Emperor's family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">List of Mongol rulers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet under Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia under Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria under Yuan rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Yuan dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam during the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">Europeans in Medieval China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua-Yi_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Hua-Yi distinction">Hua-Yi distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_ware" title="Jun ware">Jun ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">List of largest empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qiuyan" title="Wu Qiuyan">Wu Qiuyan</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-goryeo-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goryeo_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goryeo_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The precise status of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a> is unclear. While Goryeo was a vassal of the Yuan dynasty, many scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Tan_Qixiang" title="Tan Qixiang">Tan Qixiang</a>, regard it as an autonomous state outside the Yuan territory;<sup id="cite_ref-tan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994436–437_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994436–437-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198877_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198877-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others regard it as an integral part of the Yuan territory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As per modern historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). However, the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大元</span></span>) as proclaimed by Kublai in 1271, as well as the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant to be applied to the entire <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proclamation1271-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreatYuan1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">disintegrated nature</a> of the Mongol Empire.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emperor-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emperor_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emperor_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emperor_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emperor_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Since the enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> (<span lang="zh">成吉思皇帝</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chéngjísī huángdì</span></i>) in Spring 1206.<sup id="cite_ref-Enthronement1206_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enthronement1206-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decades before <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, the "Great Mongol State" (<i>Yeke Mongγol Ulus</i>) already used the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-style title of <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">皇帝</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huángdì</span></i>) to translate title <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">合罕</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Héhàn</span></i>, <i>Great Khan</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kublai Khan announced that he inherited the Mongol throne, <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a> broke out due to opposition from other Mongols.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> form commonly used by Chinese and Mongolian academics: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongolian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongolian language">Middle Mongolian</a>: <span lang="xng"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠠᠢ<br />ᠦᠨ<br />ᠶᠡᠬᠡ<br />ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span></span>, <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus</i></span> or <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Их Юань улс</span></span> in Modern <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Cyrillic">Mongolian Cyrillic</a>, <i><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Ikh Yuan Üls/Yekhe Yuan Ulus</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Koh2014" class="citation web cs1">Walter Koh, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinasymposium.com/articles/History/History_Chapter_Eight.pdf">"China under Mongol Rule: The Yuan dynasty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>China Symposium</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Symposium&rft.atitle=China+under+Mongol+Rule%3A+The+Yuan+dynasty&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinasymposium.com%2Farticles%2FHistory%2FHistory_Chapter_Eight.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tan_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan_Qixiang1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tan_Qixiang" title="Tan Qixiang">Tan Qixiang</a>; et al. (1987). <a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Atlas_of_China" title="The Historical Atlas of China"> <bdi lang="zh">《中国历史地图集》</bdi></a> [<i>The Historical Atlas of China</i>] (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/SinoMaps_Press" title="SinoMaps Press">SinoMaps Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/zgmap/013.htm">Vol. 7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5031-1844-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5031-1844-9"><bdi>978-7-5031-1844-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B&rft.pages=Vol.+7&rft.pub=SinoMaps+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-7-5031-1844-9&rft.au=Tan+Qixiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994436–437-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994436–437_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994436–437_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi1994">Rossabi 1994</a>, pp. 436–437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi198877-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198877_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198877_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198877_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi198877_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi1988">Rossabi 1988</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_West2006" class="citation web cs1">Andrew West, ed. (21 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Description.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Phags-pa Script: Description"</a>. <i>BabelStone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BabelStone&rft.atitle=%27Phags-pa+Script%3A+Description&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.babelstone.co.uk%2FPhags-pa%2FDescription.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enthronement1206-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enthronement1206_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enthronement1206_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong_Lian1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Song_Lian" title="Song Lian">Song Lian</a> (1976) [1370]. "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7001" class="extiw" title="zh:s:元史/卷001">太祖本紀</a> [Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Taizu</a>]". <bdi lang="zh">《元史》</bdi> [<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i>] (in Literary Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju. <q>元年丙寅，帝大會諸王群臣，建<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%96%BF%E7%99%BD%E7%BA%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:九斿白纛">九游白纛</a>，即皇帝位於斡難河之源。諸王群臣共上尊號曰<strong><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap">成吉思</span>皇帝</span></strong>。"<br />"In <a href="/wiki/1206" title="1206">the first year</a>, on the <i><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">bingyin</a></i> day, the emperor greatly assembled the many princes and numerous vassals, and erected his nine-tailed white <a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">tuğ banner</a>, assuming the position of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> at the source of the <a href="/wiki/Onon_(river)" title="Onon (river)">Onon river</a>. And the many princes and numerous vassals together bestowed upon him the reverent title <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Genghis Huangdi</span>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E6%9C%AC%E7%B4%80+%5BChronicle+of+Taizu%5D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Shuju&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Song+Lian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang_Fuxue_(杨富学)1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Yang Fuxue (杨富学) (1997). <bdi lang="zh">回鹘文献所见蒙古"合罕"称号之使用范围</bdi> [The scope of use of Mongolian "Khagan" title found in Old Uyghur literature]. <i>内蒙古社会科学 [Inner Mongolia Social Sciences]</i> (5). 甘肃敦煌研究院. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224535800">224535800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6+%5BInner+Mongolia+Social+Sciences%5D&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%89%80%E8%A7%81%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%22%E5%90%88%E7%BD%95%22%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224535800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Yang+Fuxue+%28%E6%9D%A8%E5%AF%8C%E5%AD%A6%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proclamation1271-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proclamation1271_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKublai_Emperor1271" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Emperor</a> (18 December 1271), <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/建國號詔"><bdi lang="zh">《建國號詔》</bdi></a> [<i>Edict to Establish the Name of the State</i>], 《元典章》[<i>Statutes of Yuan</i>] (in Literary Chinese)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B%E8%99%9F%E8%A9%94%E3%80%8B&rft.series=%E3%80%8A%E5%85%83%E5%85%B8%E7%AB%A0%E3%80%8B%5B%27%27Statutes+of+Yuan%27%27%5D&rft.date=1271&rft.au=Kublai+Emperor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B%E8%99%9F%E8%A9%94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Taagepera, Rein</a> (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf?t=otc3in">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly" title="International Studies Quarterly">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=499&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt3cn68807%2Fqt3cn68807.pdf%3Ft%3Dotc3in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CivilSociety-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CivilSociety_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CivilSociety_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2013" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Karla W. (26 April 2013). <i>Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'<span></span></i>. Oxford University Press. p. 39 <span class="nowrap">n. 69</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199765898.003.0002">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765898.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190297640" title="Special:BookSources/9780190297640"><bdi>9780190297640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Society+in+China%3A+The+Legal+Framework+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+%27New+Reform+Era%27&rft.pages=39+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3En.+69%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199765898.003.0002&rft.isbn=9780190297640&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Karla+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/418">"ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ"</a> (in Mongolian). Монголын түүхийн тайлбар толь. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%A0%AE%E1%A0%A3%E1%A0%A9%E1%A0%AD%E1%A0%A3%E1%A0%AF+%E1%A0%A4%E1%A0%A8+%E1%A0%B6%E1%A0%A1%E1%A0%AC%E1%A0%A1+%E1%A0%B6%E1%A0%A4%E1%A0%B8%E1%A0%A0%E1%A0%A8+%E1%A0%A4%E1%A0%AF%E1%A0%A4%E1%A0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmongoltoli.mn%2Fhistory%2Fh%2F418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itKyDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA50"><i>In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48244-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48244-8"><bdi>978-1-108-48244-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Mongol+Empire%3A+Ming+China+and+Eurasia&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48244-8&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitKyDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreat%2Byuan%2Bentire%2Bmongol%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA293"><i>Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols</i></a>. Harvard–Yenching Institute Monograph Series 68 Studies in East Asian Law. Brill. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03608-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03608-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03608-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Twilight%3A+Northeast+Asia+Under+the+Mongols&rft.series=Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching+Institute+Monograph+Series+68+Studies+in+East+Asian+Law&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03608-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDjWpqU55eMC%26q%3Dgreat%2Byuan%2Brefer%2Bto%2Bentire%2Bmongol%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodong_Kim2018" class="citation book cs1">Hodong Kim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6p1WDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA45">"Mongol Perceptions of "China" and the Yuan Dynasty"</a>. In Brook, Timothy; Walt van Praag, Michael van; Boltjes, Miek (eds.). <i>Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56293-3"><bdi>978-0-226-56293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mongol+Perceptions+of+%22China%22+and+the+Yuan+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Sacred+Mandates%3A+Asian+International+Relations+since+Chinggis+Khan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56293-3&rft.au=Hodong+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6p1WDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreat%2Byuan%2Brefer%2Bto%2Bentire%2Bmongol%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> At p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1994624-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1994624_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote1994">Mote 1994</a>, p. 624.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mongol_Empire_p.611-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mongol_Empire_p.611_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mongol_Empire_p.611_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mongol_Empire_p.611_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2004" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo"><i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-4671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mongolia+and+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Pratt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo0000atwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-San-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-San_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-San_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan2014" class="citation book cs1">San, Tan Koon (2014). <i>Dynastic China: An Elementary History</i>. Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press. pp. 312, 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-88-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-88-5"><bdi>978-983-9541-88-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898313910">898313910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+China%3A+An+Elementary+History&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=312%2C+323&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898313910&rft.isbn=978-983-9541-88-5&rft.aulast=San&rft.aufirst=Tan+Koon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhard1971" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, Wolfram (1971). <i>A History of China</i> (3rd ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01518-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01518-5"><bdi>0-520-01518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+China&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-520-01518-5&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranke1953" class="citation journal cs1">Franke, Herbert (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1665DFfIcjI.pdf">"Could the Mongol emperors read and write Chinese?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Major</i>. Second series. <b>3</b> (1). Academica Sinica: <span class="nowrap">28–</span>41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=Could+the+Mongol+emperors+read+and+write+Chinese%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Franke&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1665DFfIcjI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Saunders">Saunders, John Joseph</a> (2001) [1971]. <i>The History of the Mongol Conquests</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1766-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mongol+Conquests&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1939). <i>L'empire des steppes: Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan</i> [<i>The Empire of Steppes</i>] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27empire+des+steppes%3A+Attila%2C+Gengis-Khan%2C+Tamerlan&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:周易/乾"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%91%A8%E6%98%93/%E4%B9%BE">"周易·乾卦·彖傳" </a></span>. <bdi lang="zh">《易傳》</bdi> [<i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Wings" title="Ten Wings">Commentaries</a> on the I Ching</i>] (in Traditional Chinese). <q>《彖》曰：<span class="nowrap"><strong><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">大哉乾元</span></strong></span>，萬物資始，乃統天。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%91%A8%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E4%B9%BE%E5%8D%A6%C2%B7%E5%BD%96%E5%82%B3&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%98%93%E5%82%B3%E3%80%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mname-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mname_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolker_RybatzkiAlessandra_PozziPeter_W._GeierJohn_R._Krueger2009" class="citation book cs1">Volker Rybatzki; Alessandra Pozzi; Peter W. Geier; John R. Krueger, eds. (2009). <i>The Early Mongols Language, Culture and History</i>. Studies in Honor of Igor de Rachewiltz on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday. Indiana University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780933070578" title="Special:BookSources/9780933070578"><bdi>9780933070578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Mongols+Language%2C+Culture+and+History&rft.series=Studies+in+Honor+of+Igor+de+Rachewiltz+on+the+Occasion+of+his+80th+Birthday&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780933070578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈得芝2009" class="citation journal cs1">陈得芝 (2009). 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"Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty?". <i>Journal of Song-Yuan Studies</i>. <b>45</b>: 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song-Yuan+Studies&rft.atitle=Was+%27da+Yuan%27+a+Chinese+Dynasty%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=288&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Hodong+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Woodman_Cleaves1949" class="citation journal cs1">Francis Woodman Cleaves (1949). "The Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1362 in Memory of Prince Hindu". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>12</b>: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Mongolian+Inscription+of+1362+in+Memory+of+Prince+Hindu&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Francis+Woodman+Cleaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodong_Kim2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hodong Kim (2015). "Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty?". <i>Journal of Song-Yuan Studies</i>. <b>45</b>: <span class="nowrap">279–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsys.2015.0007">10.1353/sys.2015.0007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song-Yuan+Studies&rft.atitle=Was+%27da+Yuan%27+a+Chinese+Dynasty%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsys.2015.0007&rft.au=Hodong+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_HoneychurchChunag_Amartuvshin2006" class="citation book cs1">William Honeychurch; Chunag Amartuvshin (2006). 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No. 4. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201272-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201272_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi2012">Rossabi 2012</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201274-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201274_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi2012">Rossabi 2012</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201262-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201262_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi2012">Rossabi 2012</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994463-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994463_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi1994">Rossabi 1994</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen200161-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen200161_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi">"Panel VI"</a>. <i>The Cresques Project</i>. Catalan Atlas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cresques+Project&rft.atitle=Panel+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cresquesproject.net%2Fcatalan-atlas-legends%2Fpanel-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavallo2013" class="citation book cs1">Cavallo, Jo Ann (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYyBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32"><i>The World Beyond Europe in the Romance Epics of Boiardo and Ariosto</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6667-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6667-2"><bdi>978-1-4426-6667-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Beyond+Europe+in+the+Romance+Epics+of+Boiardo+and+Ariosto&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6667-2&rft.aulast=Cavallo&rft.aufirst=Jo+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYyBAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1994429-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1994429_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi1994">Rossabi 1994</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi201277-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi201277_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi2012">Rossabi 2012</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2007107_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2007">Morgan 2007</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_C._Brose2014" class="citation book cs1">Michael C. 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New Delhi: Vij Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86367-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86367-11-2"><bdi>978-93-86367-11-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/975222159">975222159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+a+Biography&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F975222159&rft.isbn=978-93-86367-11-2&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Zofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Q55zwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraughwell2010" class="citation book cs1">Craughwell, Thomas J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROijKBT6CMIC&pg=PA251"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols almost Conquered the World</i></a>. Beverly, MA: Fair Winds Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-851-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-851-8"><bdi>978-1-61673-851-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/777020257">777020257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Second+Largest+Empire+in+History%3A+How+Genghis+Khan%27s+Mongols+almost+Conquered+the+World&rft.place=Beverly%2C+MA&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Fair+Winds+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F777020257&rft.isbn=978-1-61673-851-8&rft.aulast=Craughwell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROijKBT6CMIC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2012" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA84"><i>Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9033-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-9033-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779849477">779849477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnationalism+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Societies%3A+The+Role+of+Cross-Border+Trade+and+Travel&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F779849477&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QPWXrCCzBIC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersTempleman2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA742">"Yuan Dynasty"</a>. <i>Historical Dictionary of Tibet</i>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 742. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7984-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7984-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/801440529">801440529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yuan+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Tibet&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=742&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F801440529&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Templeman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVlyX6iSDEQC%26pg%3DPA742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994551-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994551_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsiao1994">Hsiao 1994</a>, p. 551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994550-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994550_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsiao1994">Hsiao 1994</a>, p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928071037/http://news.xinmin.cn/domestic/zonghe/2007/02/06/149732.html"><bdi lang="zh">成吉思汗直系后裔现身河南巨幅家谱为证</bdi></a> [Genghis Khan's direct descendants still alive in Henan: huge pedigree chart verifies]. <i>今日安报</i> (in Chinese). 6 February 2007. 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Teaching China with the Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507190351/https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/for-educators/teaching-china-with-the-smithsonian/explore-by-dynasty/yuan-dynasty/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Yuan+dynasty+%281279%E2%80%931368%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.si.edu%2Flearn%2Ffor-educators%2Fteaching-china-with-the-smithsonian%2Fexplore-by-dynasty%2Fyuan-dynasty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuzman1988568–570-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuzman1988568–570_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuzman1988">Guzman 1988</a>, pp. 568–570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001211-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001211_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham_Museum_of_Art2010" class="citation book cs1">Birmingham Museum of Art (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910171150/http://www.birminghammuseumstore.org/bmapu.html"><i>A Guide to the Collection</i></a>. London: Giles. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904832-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904832-77-5"><bdi>978-1-904832-77-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghammuseumstore.org/bmapu.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Collection&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Giles&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-904832-77-5&rft.au=Birmingham+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghammuseumstore.org%2Fbmapu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210821235714/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/jiangsu/suzhou/travel/2012-03/26/content_14912380.htm">"Taicang's five Yuan Dynasty bridges"</a>. <i>Suzhou Official Travel and Tourism website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/jiangsu/suzhou/travel/2012-03/26/content_14912380.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2021 – via China Daily.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suzhou+Official+Travel+and+Tourism+website&rft.atitle=Taicang%27s+five+Yuan+Dynasty+bridges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fm%2Fjiangsu%2Fsuzhou%2Ftravel%2F2012-03%2F26%2Fcontent_14912380.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing_Dingnian_(凌鼎年)2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ling Dingnian (凌鼎年) (2016). <i>Taicang Shihua</i> <bdi lang="zh">太仓史话</bdi> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_Literature_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Sciences Literature Press">Social Sciences Literature Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5097-8262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5097-8262-0"><bdi>978-7-5097-8262-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taicang+Shihua+%E5%A4%AA%E4%BB%93%E5%8F%B2%E8%AF%9D&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Social+Sciences+Literature+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-7-5097-8262-0&rft.au=Ling+Dingnian+%28%E5%87%8C%E9%BC%8E%E5%B9%B4%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun_Hai_(孙海)Lin_Xinjian_(蔺新建)2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sun Hai (孙海); Lin Xinjian (蔺新建) (2006). <bdi lang="zh">中国考古集成: 宋元明清</bdi> [<i>Chinese Archaeology Collections: Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing</i>] (in Chinese). <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9E%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中州古籍出版社">Central States Ancient Books Publishing House</a>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%3A+%E5%AE%8B%E5%85%83%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Central+States+Ancient+Books+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Sun+Hai+%28%E5%AD%99%E6%B5%B7%29&rft.au=Lin+Xinjian+%28%E8%94%BA%E6%96%B0%E5%BB%BA%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw2006" class="citation cs2">Haw, Stephen G. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA54"><i>Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan</i></a>, Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34850-8"><bdi>978-0-415-34850-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo%27s+China%3A+a+Venetian+in+the+Realm+of+Khubilai+Khan&rft.series=Volume+3+of+Routledge+studies+in+the+early+history+of+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34850-8&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSfvfr8VQSEC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Ulrich_Vogel2012" class="citation book cs1">Hans Ulrich Vogel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydo_9TEmuVQC&pg=PA1"><i>Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23193-1"><bdi>978-90-04-23193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo+Was+in+China%3A+New+Evidence+from+Currencies%2C+Salts+and+Revenues&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23193-1&rft.au=Hans+Ulrich+Vogel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdo_9TEmuVQC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarilyn_Shea2007" class="citation web cs1">Marilyn Shea (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201152853/http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0018Guo_Shoujing6603w.html">"Guo Shoujing – 郭守敬"</a>. <i>Chinese Astronomy</i>. University of Maine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0018Guo_Shoujing6603w.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Guo+Shoujing+%E2%80%93+%E9%83%AD%E5%AE%88%E6%95%AC&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Marilyn+Shea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhua.umf.maine.edu%2FChina%2Fastronomy%2Ftianpage%2F0018Guo_Shoujing6603w.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yuan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23276848">"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China"</a>. <i>Journal of Song-Yuan Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsys.2014.0000">10.1353/sys.2014.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44511246">44511246</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147099574">147099574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song-Yuan+Studies&rft.atitle=Legitimation+Discourse+and+the+Theory+of+the+Five+Elements+in+Imperial+China&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E364&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147099574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44511246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsys.2014.0000&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23276848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ho, Kai-Lung (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3725455">"An Initial Study for Mongolian Factors inside the Rasulid Hexaglot"</a>. <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>52</b>. Harrassowitz Verlag: <span class="nowrap">36–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13173%2FCAJ%2F2008%2F1%2F4">10.13173/CAJ/2008/1/4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256889989">256889989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Initial+Study+for+Mongolian+Factors+inside+the+Rasulid+Hexaglot&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13173%2FCAJ%2F2008%2F1%2F4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256889989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Kai-Lung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3725455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011196-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011196_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoseph2011">Joseph 2011</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauben2007344-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDauben2007344_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDauben2007">Dauben 2007</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauben2007346-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDauben2007346_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDauben2007">Dauben 2007</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo1985101-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo1985101_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHo1985">Ho 1985</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo1985105-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo1985105_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo1985105_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo1985105_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHo1985">Ho 1985</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011247-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2011247_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoseph2011">Joseph 2011</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001172-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001172_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001172_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001142-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001142_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001142_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi1988125_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi1988">Rossabi 1988</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001157_124-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2006138–139-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane2006138–139_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane2006">Lane 2006</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2006140-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane2006140_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane2006140_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane2006">Lane 2006</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001151-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001151_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001151_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001155-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001155_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001182_129-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu1950460-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu1950460_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu1950">Wu 1950</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001176–177-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001176–177_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu1950463-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001184_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001179-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001179_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001177-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001177_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001178-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2001178_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllsen2001">Allsen 2001</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999471-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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"The reign of Khubilai Khan". In Herbert Franke; <a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Denis C. Twitchett</a> (eds.). <i>Alien regimes and border states: 907–1368</i>. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 6. 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(1979). "Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara". <i>Journal of Asian History</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41930343">41930343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Sino-Khitan+Administration+in+Mongol+Bukhara&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41930343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon_1999-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_1999_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_1999_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA24"><i>China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects</i></a>. Richmond: Curzon Press. pp. 24, 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-1026-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+community%3A+migration%2C+settlement+and+sects&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pages=24%2C+34&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUEswLE4SWUC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohan_Elverskog2010" class="citation book cs1">Johan Elverskog (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA228"><i>Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4237-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-4237-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Fifty-ninth+George+Ernest+Morrison+Lecture+in+Ethnology&rft.atitle=The+Integration+of+Religious+Minorities+in+China%3A+The+Case+of+Chinese+Muslims&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Donald+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicpopulation.com%2Fasia%2FChina%2FChina_integration%2520of%2520religious%2520minority.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gladney_1991-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gladney_1991_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gladney_1991_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladney1991" class="citation book cs1">Gladney, Dru C. 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Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-59495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-59495-1"><bdi>978-0-674-59495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Chinese%3A+ethnic+nationalism+in+the+People%27s+Republic&rft.pages=234&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Council+on+East+Asian+Studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-674-59495-1&rft.aulast=Gladney&rft.aufirst=Dru+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkkJwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan_Ta_Sen2009" class="citation book cs1">Tan Ta Sen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&q=zhu+yuanzhang+mosques&pg=PA170"><i>Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia</i></a>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-837-5"><bdi>978-981-230-837-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheng+Ho+and+Islam+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-230-837-5&rft.au=Tan+Ta+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIUmU2ytmIIC%26q%3Dzhu%2Byuanzhang%2Bmosques%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow2012" class="citation web cs1">Chow, Chung-wah (7 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218090946/http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/">"What to do in Quanzhou: China's forgotten historic port"</a>. <i>CNN Travel</i>. 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Mote">Mote, Frederick W.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA490"><i>Imperial China 900–1800</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">489–</span>490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+900%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E490&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01212-7&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQWW7QgUH4gC%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupfer2008" class="citation book cs1">Kupfer, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCJNQPszu5sC&pg=PA189"><i>Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-57533-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-57533-8"><bdi>978-3-631-57533-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youtai+-+Presence+and+Perception+of+Jews+and+Judaism+in+China&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-631-57533-8&rft.aulast=Kupfer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCJNQPszu5sC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2008" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, George Qingzhi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XnIIbzweN7IC&pg=PA24"><i>Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0275-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0275-2"><bdi>978-1-4331-0275-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+as+Political+Strategy+and+Cultural+Expression%3A+Mongolian+Royal+Marriages+from+World+Empire+to+Yuan+Dynasty&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0275-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=George+Qingzhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnIIbzweN7IC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natsagdorj, S., and C. Dalai. 2003. "Yuan gürnii üyeiin Mongol oron." In Mongol Ulsiin Tuukh, vol. 2: XII-XIV Zuunii Dund üy, edited by C. Dalai and T. Ishdorj. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haw-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haw_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haw_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haw_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw2014" class="citation conference cs1">Haw, Stephen G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7542628"><i>The Semu ren in the Yuan Empire – who were they?</i></a>. Joint Research Conference of the Institute for Advanced Studies and the Israel Science Foundation. Jerusalem: Academia.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Semu+ren+in+the+Yuan+Empire+%E2%80%93+who+were+they%3F&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Academia.edu&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7542628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossabi1983-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi1983_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi1983_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi1983_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&pg=PA247"><i>China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 247, 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04562-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Among+Equals%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom+and+Its+Neighbors%2C+10th-14th+Centuries&rft.pages=247%2C+255&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04562-0&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNpD5UKmkswC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_Jianping2007" class="citation book cs1">Wang Jianping (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTPPAsiFDS4C&pg=PA265">"Islam and Christianity in the Social Context of China"</a>. In Zhao Dunhua (ed.). <i>Dialogues of Philosophies, Religions and Civilizations in the Era of Globalization</i>. San Antonio: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. pp. <span class="nowrap">261–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565182431" title="Special:BookSources/9781565182431"><bdi>9781565182431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+and+Christianity+in+the+Social+Context+of+China&rft.btitle=Dialogues+of+Philosophies%2C+Religions+and+Civilizations+in+the+Era+of+Globalization&rft.place=San+Antonio&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.pub=Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781565182431&rft.au=Wang+Jianping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTPPAsiFDS4C%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. look at the publisher's website (July 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang_Guangda2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Zhang Guangda (2000). "27. China". In M. A. Al-Bakhit; Louis Bazin; Sékéné Mody Cissoko (eds.). <i>History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development</i>. Vol. IV: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">421–</span>446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415093088" title="Special:BookSources/9780415093088"><bdi>9780415093088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=27.+China&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+Scientific+and+Cultural+Development.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780415093088&rft.au=Zhang+Guangda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2005" class="citation book cs1">Biran, Michal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B934LaVBaz8C&pg=PA96"><i>The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84226-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84226-6"><bdi>978-0-521-84226-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Qara+Khitai+in+Eurasian+History%3A+Between+China+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84226-6&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB934LaVBaz8C%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barthold-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barthold_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barthold_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Barthold1928" class="citation book cs1">W. Barthold, ed. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35pFAQAAIAAJ"><i>Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion</i></a>. E.J.W. Gibb memorial series (2nd ed.). p. 451.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkestan+Down+to+the+Mongol+Invasion&rft.series=E.J.W.+Gibb+memorial+series&rft.pages=451&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35pFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBretschneider1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bretschneider" title="Emil Bretschneider">Bretschneider, Emil</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/changchun.html">"The Travels of Ch'ang Ch'un to the West, 1220–1223 recorded by his disciple Li Chi Ch'ang"</a>. <i>Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources</i>. Barnes & Noble. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Travels+of+Ch%27ang+Ch%27un+to+the+West%2C+1220%E2%80%931223+recorded+by+his+disciple+Li+Chi+Ch%27ang&rft.btitle=Medi%C3%A6val+Researches+from+Eastern+Asiatic+Sources&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Bretschneider&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fchangchun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="zh">《元史》</bdi> [<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i>] (in Traditional Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (July 2023)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994491–492-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiao1994491–492_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsiao1994">Hsiao 1994</a>, pp. 491–492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1982135-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1982135_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1982">Morgan 1982</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1982124–136-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1982124–136_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1982">Morgan 1982</a>, pp. 124–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndicott-West1989" class="citation book cs1">Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1989). <i>Mongolian Rule in China: Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty</i>. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series 29. Brill. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9781684170050_004">10.1163/9781684170050_004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-005-0"><bdi>978-1-68417-005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolian+Rule+in+China%3A+Local+Administration+in+the+Yuan+Dynasty&rft.series=Harvard-Yenching+Institute+Monograph+Series+29&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9781684170050_004&rft.isbn=978-1-68417-005-0&rft.aulast=Endicott-West&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndicott2005" class="citation book cs1">Endicott, Elizabeth (2005). "The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism (Twelfth to Early Twentieth Centuries)". In Reuven Amitai; Michal Biran (eds.). <i>Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">461–</span>482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047406334_021">10.1163/9789047406334_021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0633-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0633-4"><bdi>978-90-474-0633-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245584164">245584164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mongols+and+China%3A+Cultural+Contacts+and+the+Changing+Nature+of+Pastoral+Nomadism+%28Twelfth+to+Early+Twentieth+Centuries%29&rft.btitle=Mongols%2C+Turks%2C+and+Others%3A+Eurasian+Nomads+and+the+Sedentary+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E482&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245584164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047406334_021&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0633-4&rft.aulast=Endicott&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=005_dachang.inc&issue=005">"China's Islamic Communities Generate Local Histories: The Case of Dachang"</a>. <i>China Heritage Quarterly</i> (book review). No. 5. Australia National University. March 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-8461">1833-8461</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Heritage+Quarterly&rft.atitle=China%27s+Islamic+Communities+Generate+Local+Histories%3A+The+Case+of+Dachang&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2006-03&rft.issn=1833-8461&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaheritagequarterly.org%2Fscholarship.php%3Fsearchterm%3D005_dachang.inc%26issue%3D005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu_Yingsheng_(刘迎胜)2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Liu Yingsheng (刘迎胜) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA121">"Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China"</a>. In Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.). <i>The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration</i>. Vol. 6 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05809-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05809-4"><bdi>978-3-447-05809-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1860-1812">1860-1812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muslim+Merchants+in+Mongol+Yuan+China&rft.btitle=The+East+Asian+Mediterranean%3A+Maritime+Crossroads+of+Culture%2C+Commerce+and+Human+Migration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1860-1812&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05809-4&rft.au=Liu+Yingsheng+%28%E5%88%98%E8%BF%8E%E8%83%9C%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSA_AaRdgioC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaffee2018" class="citation book cs1">Chaffee, John W. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfBmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157"><i>The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400</i></a>. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9780511998492.005">10.1017/9780511998492.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-64009-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-64009-1"><bdi>978-1-108-64009-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Merchants+of+Premodern+China%3A+The+History+of+a+Maritime+Asian+Trade+Diaspora%2C+750%E2%80%931400&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+Asian+History&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9780511998492.005&rft.isbn=978-1-108-64009-1&rft.aulast=Chaffee&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfBmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003492-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003492_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunada_Yoshiyuki2010" class="citation conference cs1">Funada Yoshiyuki (6 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2439642"><i>The Image of the Semu People: Mongols, Chinese, and Various Other Peoples under the Mongol Empire</i></a>. International Roundtable Entitled "The Nature of the Mongol Empire and Its Legacy". Centre for Studies in Asian Cultures and Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+the+Semu+People%3A+Mongols%2C+Chinese%2C+and+Various+Other+Peoples+under+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.place=Centre+for+Studies+in+Asian+Cultures+and+Social+Anthropology%2C+Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Vienna&rft.date=2010-11-06&rft.au=Funada+Yoshiyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2439642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duosang Mongol History, Vol. 1; Zhong-gou Tong-shi; History of Zhong-gou Border Nationalities; The New Yuan-shih<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bm-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bm_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeong_Kit_Meng2006" class="citation web cs1">Leong Kit Meng, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202081843/http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare/index-english12122007.html">"Siege Weapons Types in Chinese Warfare"</a>. <i>Chinese Siege Warfare</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare/index-english12122007.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Siege+Warfare&rft.atitle=Siege+Weapons+Types+in+Chinese+Warfare&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandhistorian.com%2Fchinesesiegewarfare%2Findex-english12122007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsen1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Allsen" title="Thomas T. Allsen">Allsen, Thomas</a> (1994). "The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Twitchett, Dennis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Franke_(sinologist)" title="Herbert Franke (sinologist)">Franke, Herbert</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC"><i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">321–</span>413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+Mongolian+empire+and+Mongolian+rule+in+north+China&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+6%3A+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907%E2%80%931368&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E413&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.aulast=Allsen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsen2001" class="citation book cs1">Allsen, Thomas (2001). <i>Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80335-9"><bdi>978-0-521-80335-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Conquest+in+Mongol+Eurasia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80335-9&rft.aulast=Allsen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陳學霖1991" class="citation journal cs1">陳學霖, Hok-Lam Chan (1991). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ta Chin" (Great Golden): The Origin and Changing Interpretations of the Jurchen State Name". <i>T'oung Pao</i>. Second Series. <b>77</b> (4/5): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853291X00046">10.1163/156853291X00046</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528536">4528536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162236445">162236445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=%22Ta+Chin%22+%28Great+Golden%29%3A+The+Origin+and+Changing+Interpretations+of+the+Jurchen+State+Name&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4%2F5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162236445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4528536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853291X00046&rft.aulast=%E9%99%B3%E5%AD%B8%E9%9C%96&rft.aufirst=Hok-Lam+Chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauben2007" class="citation book cs1">Dauben, Joseph (2007). "Chinese Mathematics". In Victor Katz (ed.). <i>The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11485-9"><bdi>978-0-691-11485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chinese+Mathematics&rft.btitle=The+Mathematics+of+Egypt%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+China%2C+India%2C+and+Islam%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11485-9&rft.aulast=Dauben&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey2010" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) [1996]. <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12433-1"><bdi>978-0-521-12433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12433-1&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzman1988" class="citation journal cs1">Guzman, Gregory G. (1988). "Were the Barbarians a Negative or Positive Factor in Ancient and Medieval History?". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>50</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">558–</span>571. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1988.tb00759.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1988.tb00759.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Were+the+Barbarians+a+Negative+or+Positive+Factor+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+History%3F&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E558-%3C%2Fspan%3E571&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1988.tb00759.x&rft.aulast=Guzman&rft.aufirst=Gregory+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo1985" class="citation book cs1">Ho, Peng Yoke (1985). <i>Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China</i>. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41445-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41445-4"><bdi>978-0-486-41445-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Li%2C+Qi+and+Shu%3A+An+Introduction+to+Science+and+Civilization+in+China&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-486-41445-4&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Peng+Yoke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao1994" class="citation book cs1">Hsiao, Ch'i-Ch'ing (1994). "Mid-Yuan Politics". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Twitchett, Dennis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Franke_(sinologist)" title="Herbert Franke (sinologist)">Franke, Herbert</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC"><i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">490–</span>560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mid-Yuan+Politics&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+6%3A+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907%E2%80%931368&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E490-%3C%2Fspan%3E560&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.aulast=Hsiao&rft.aufirst=Ch%27i-Ch%27ing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2011" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, George Gheverghese (2011). <i>The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13526-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13526-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13526-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crest+of+the+Peacock%3A+Non-European+Roots+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13526-7&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=George+Gheverghese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2006" class="citation book cs1">Lane, George (2006). <i>Daily Life in the Mongol Empire</i>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33226-5"><bdi>978-0-313-33226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33226-5&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1982" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, David (1982). "Who Ran the Mongol Empire?". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>114</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">124–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00159179">10.1017/S0035869X00159179</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162310870">162310870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Who+Ran+the+Mongol+Empire%3F&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00159179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162310870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morgan, David (2007). <i>The Mongols</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3539-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-3539-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3539-9&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2017" class="citation cs2">Robinson, David (2017), "Yuan Dynasty", <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199920082-0025">10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0025</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992008-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992008-2"><bdi>978-0-19-992008-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yuan+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199920082-0025&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992008-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1988" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khubilaikhanhisl00ross"><i>Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times</i></a>. Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06740-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06740-0"><bdi>978-0-520-06740-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khubilai+Khan%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06740-0&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhubilaikhanhisl00ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1994" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (1994). "The reign of Khubilai Khan". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Twitchett, Dennis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Franke_(sinologist)" title="Herbert Franke (sinologist)">Franke, Herbert</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC"><i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">414–</span>489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+reign+of+Khubilai+Khan&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+6%3A+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907%E2%80%931368&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E489&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi2012" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (2012). <i>The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984089-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984089-2"><bdi>978-0-19-984089-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-984089-2&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote1999" class="citation book cs1">Mote, Frederick W. (1999). <i>Imperial China: 900–1800</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%3A+900%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01212-7&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote1994" class="citation book cs1">Mote (1994). "Chinese society under Mongol rule, 1215-1368". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Twitchett, Dennis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Franke_(sinologist)" title="Herbert Franke (sinologist)">Franke, Herbert</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC"><i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">616–</span>664. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chinese+society+under+Mongol+rule%2C+1215-1368&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+6%3A+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907%E2%80%931368&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E616-%3C%2Fspan%3E664&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.au=Mote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, John Masson Jr. (January–March 1998). "Review: Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>118</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606298">10.2307/606298</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606298">606298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Nomads+on+Ponies+vs.+Slaves+on+Horses&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1998-01%2F1998-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606298&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606298%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+Masson+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu1950" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, K. T. (1950). "Chinese Printing under Four Alien Dynasties: (916-1368 A. D.)". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">447–</span>523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718064">10.2307/2718064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0073-0548">0073-0548</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718064">2718064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Chinese+Printing+under+Four+Alien+Dynasties%3A+%28916-1368+A.+D.%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E523&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0073-0548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718064&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=K.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700405282349">10.1177/0097700405282349</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062627">20062627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144587815">144587815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Reinventing+China%3A+Imperial+Qing+Ideology+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Chinese+National+Identity+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144587815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20062627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700405282349&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Gang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Yuan dynasty</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Yuan+dynasty">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Yuan+dynasty&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirge1995" class="citation journal cs1">Birge, Bettine (1995). "Levirate marriage and the revival of widow chastity in Yüan China". <i>Asia Major</i>. 3rd series. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>146. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41645519">41645519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=Levirate+marriage+and+the+revival+of+widow+chastity+in+Y%C3%BCan+China&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41645519%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Birge&rft.aufirst=Bettine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brook, Timothy. <i>The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties</i> (History of Imperial China) (Harvard UP, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Troubled-Empire-Dynasties-History-Imperial/dp/0674072537/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChande_Bary1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chan_Hok-lam" title="Chan Hok-lam">Chan, Hok-lam</a>; de Bary, W.T., eds. (1982). <i>Yuan Thought: Chinese Thought and Religion Under the Mongols</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05324-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05324-2"><bdi>978-0-231-05324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yuan+Thought%3A+Chinese+Thought+and+Religion+Under+the+Mongols&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-231-05324-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterell2007" class="citation book cs1">Cotterell, Arthur (2007). <i>The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire</i>. London, England: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-009-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-009-5"><bdi>978-1-84595-009-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Capitals+of+China+-+An+Inside+View+of+the+Celestial+Empire&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84595-009-5&rft.aulast=Cotterell&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardess1994" class="citation book cs1">Dardess, John (1994). "Shun-ti and the end of Yuan rule in China". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Denis C. Twitchett</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Franke_(sinologist)" title="Herbert Franke (sinologist)">Herbert Franke</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_King_Fairbank" title="John King Fairbank">John King Fairbank</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">561–</span>586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shun-ti+and+the+end+of+Yuan+rule+in+China&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+710%E2%80%931368&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E561-%3C%2Fspan%3E586&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.aulast=Dardess&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley</a> (2009). <i>Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook</i> (2nd ed.). Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-8839-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-8839-2"><bdi>978-1-4391-8839-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Civilization%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-8839-2&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndicott-West1986" class="citation journal cs1">Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1986). "Imperial governance in Yüan times". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">523–</span>549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2719142">10.2307/2719142</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719142">2719142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Imperial+governance+in+Y%C3%BCan+times&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E523-%3C%2Fspan%3E549&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2719142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2719142%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Endicott-West&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndicott-West1994" class="citation book cs1">Endicott-West, Elizabeth (1994). "The Yuan government and society". In Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke (sinologist); John King Fairbank (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">587–</span>615. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yuan+government+and+society&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+710%E2%80%931368&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E615&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.aulast=Endicott-West&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanglois1981" class="citation book cs1">Langlois, John D. (1981). <i>China Under Mongol Rule</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10110-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10110-1"><bdi>978-0-691-10110-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Under+Mongol+Rule&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10110-1&rft.aulast=Langlois&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanglois1977" class="citation journal cs1">Langlois, John D. (1977). "Report on the research conference: The Impact of Mongol Domination on Chinese Civilization". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Song-Yuan_Studies" title="Journal of Song-Yuan Studies">Sung Studies Newsletter</a></i>. <b>13</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">82–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23497251">23497251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sung+Studies+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+research+conference%3A+The+Impact+of+Mongol+Domination+on+Chinese+Civilization&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23497251%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Langlois&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaludan1998" class="citation book cs1">Paludan, Ann (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofchine00palu"><i>Chronicle of the China Emperors</i></a>. London, England: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05090-3"><bdi>978-0-500-05090-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+China+Emperors&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05090-3&rft.aulast=Paludan&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofchine00palu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, John Joseph (2001) [1971]. <i>The History of the Mongol Conquests</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1766-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mongol+Conquests&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1997" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Stephen (1997). "The Yuan and Ming Dynasties". In <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(sinologist)" title="Stephen Owen (sinologist)">Stephen Owen</a> (ed.). <i>An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173356/http://courses.washington.edu/chin463/OwenSanqu.pdf">723–743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yuan+and+Ming+Dynasties&rft.btitle=An+Anthology+of+Chinese+Literature%3A+Beginnings+to+1911&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=723-743&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". 1987. "Directory of Scholars Working in Sung, Liao, Chin and Yüan". Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies, no. 19. Society for Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies: 224–54. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23497542">23497542</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_dynasty&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yuan_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Liao" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Liao">Western Liao</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Remnants</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibet</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties in Chinese history</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a><br />(With <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> as vassal) </b><br />1271–1368 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yuan_dynasty_topics184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yuan_dynasty_topics184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_anti-Mongol_fortresses" title="Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses">anti-Mongol fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest of the Song dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngasaunggyan" title="Battle of Ngasaunggyan">Battle of Ngasaunggyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagan" title="Battle of Pagan">Pagan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second Mongol invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Capitals" title="War of the Two Capitals">War of the Two Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1344_Yellow_River_flood" title="1344 Yellow River flood">1344 Yellow River flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions" title="Red Turban Rebellions">Red Turban Rebellions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_invasions_of_Goryeo" title="Red Turban invasions of Goryeo">Red Turban invasions of Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispah_rebellion" title="Ispah rebellion">Ispah rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Yuan_dynasty_and_Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empresses_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of empresses of the Yuan dynasty">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Shiyi Dexiaofang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Nong Shu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaoying_Temple" title="Miaoying Temple">Miaoying Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Pagoda of Bailin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Azure_Clouds" title="Temple of Azure Clouds">Temple of Azure Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Great_Southern_Mosque" title="Jinan Great Southern Mosque">Jinan Great Southern Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">Yuan poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">Jin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenxian_Tongkao" title="Wenxian Tongkao">Wenxian Tongkao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chalk_Circle" title="The Chalk Circle">The Chalk Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Injustice_to_Dou_E" title="The Injustice to Dou E">The Injustice to Dou E</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Western_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of the Western Wing">The Story of the Western Wing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Yuan dynasty">Fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Empire50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia61" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1207-1308)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–1308)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai <span style="font-size:85%;">(1216–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1221)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1256)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia"><span class="wrap">Western Xia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1211–34)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea <span style="font-size:85%;">(1231–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–79)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet"><span class="wrap">Tibet <span style="font-size:85%;">(1236 / 1240 / 1252)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–56)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1274 / 1281)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma"><span class="wrap">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1277 / 1283 / 1287)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java <span style="font-size:85%;">(1293)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(1257 / 1284–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1300–02)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India <span style="font-size:85%;">(1221–1327)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia"><span class="wrap">Georgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–36)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Alania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongol invasion of Alania (page does not exist)">Alania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1239)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' <span style="font-size:85%;">(1223 / 1236–40)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1240–41)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258–59)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1259–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–65)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1285–86)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1287–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1291)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–43)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–1256)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–1323)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260 / 1301)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–64)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1262)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1268–1301)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1314–1318)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata683" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3875150325579210090000">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4241585-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024071">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007285787605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>96 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-pxzfp","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.266","walltime":"3.693","ppvisitednodes":{"value":39689,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":744071,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":64407,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":686041,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3146.480 1 -total"," 21.51% 676.682 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.63% 523.161 1 Template:Infobox_former_country"," 13.82% 434.845 75 Template:Cite_book"," 12.84% 404.025 114 Template:Sfn"," 5.13% 161.527 25 Template:Rp"," 4.81% 151.231 1 Template:Native_name_list"," 4.79% 150.840 25 Template:R/superscript"," 4.70% 148.012 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 4.67% 146.866 16 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.903","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23543804,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllsen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllsen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_West2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtwood2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiran2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirge1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirmingham_Museum_of_Art2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBretschneider1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuell1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavallo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaffee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChande_Bary1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_O._Hucker1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChow2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotterell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraughwell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDardess1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDauben2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_MilesAndrew_Scott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhard1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_E._Bacon1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndicott-West1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndicott-West1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndicott-West1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndicott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_Woodman_Cleaves1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranke1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrançoise_Aubin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunada_Yoshiyuki2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladney1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrousset1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuzman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans_Ulrich_Vogel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartill2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaw2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodong_Kim2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHodong_Kim2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsiao1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHu_Xiaopeng_(胡小鹏)2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHua2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohan_Elverskog2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_E._Herman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Masson_Smith_Jr.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKe_Shaomin1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKublai_Emperor1271\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKupfer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanglois1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanglois1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeong_Kit_Meng2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLing_Dingnian_(凌鼎年)2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu_Yingsheng_(刘迎胜)2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorge2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarilyn_Shea2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_C._Brose2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Markowitz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris_Rossabi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMote1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMote1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMote2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaludan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiero_Corradini1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowersTempleman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_FindlayMats_Lundahl2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossabi1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossabi1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossabi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossabi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuth_Dunnell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSong_Lian1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSun_Hai_(孙海)Lin_Xinjian_(蔺新建)2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaagepera1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan_Qixiang1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan_Ta_Sen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolker_RybatzkiAlessandra_PozziPeter_W._GeierJohn_R._Krueger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Barthold1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Koh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang_Furen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang_Jianping2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWen_Haiqing_(溫海清)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_HoneychurchChunag_Amartuvshin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang_Fuxue_(杨富学)1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang_Guangda2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF陈得芝2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF陳學霖1991\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Aut\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bsn\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox Mongol conquests\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Cambridge History of China\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonscat\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Csni\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Division of the Mongol Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"En dash\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 3,\n [\"History of China\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Mongolia\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Mongols\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 29,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"Lower\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Mongol Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"MongolUnicode\"] = 6,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Native name list\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Nonspecific\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 9,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Pb\"] = 10,\n [\"Pn\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Relevance inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 25,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Serif\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 114,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Strong\"] = 2,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 2,\n [\"Transl\"] = 4,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreliable source\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Yuan dynasty topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 18,\n [\"Zhi\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","20.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","17.9"],["recursiveClone 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dynasty","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuan_dynasty","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7313","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7313","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-09T07:03:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Yuan_Dynasty_revised.png","headline":"Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China (1271\u20131368)"}</script> </body> </html>