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#f9f9f9; width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9; border:1px solid black; padding: 2px 5px\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\t\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Mjesec_Azije/2024\" title=\"Wikipedija:Mjesec Azije/2024\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WAM_logo_without_text.svg/25px-WAM_logo_without_text.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"27\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WAM_logo_without_text.svg/38px-WAM_logo_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WAM_logo_without_text.svg/50px-WAM_logo_without_text.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"859\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E Od 1. do 30. novembra održava se uređivački maraton \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Mjesec_Azije/2024\" title=\"Wikipedija:Mjesec Azije/2024\"\u003EMjesec Azije\u003C/a\u003E. \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pojam_topline_i_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pojam_topline_i_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pojam topline i temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pojam_topline_i_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Količina_topline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Količina_topline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Količina topline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Količina_topline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Količina topline</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Količina_topline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specifični_toplinski_kapacitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifični_toplinski_kapacitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Specifični toplinski kapacitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifični_toplinski_kapacitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prijenos_topline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prijenos_topline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prijenos topline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prijenos_topline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Prijenos topline</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prijenos_topline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vođenje_ili_kondukcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vođenje_ili_kondukcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vođenje ili kondukcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vođenje_ili_kondukcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strujanje_ili_konvekcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strujanje_ili_konvekcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Strujanje ili konvekcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strujanje_ili_konvekcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toplinsko_zračenje_ili_termalna_radijacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toplinsko_zračenje_ili_termalna_radijacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Toplinsko zračenje ili termalna radijacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toplinsko_zračenje_ili_termalna_radijacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori_topline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori_topline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori topline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Izvori_topline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Izvori topline</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Izvori_topline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sunce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zemlja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zemlja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Zemlja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zemlja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemijska_energija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemijska_energija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kemijska energija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemijska_energija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomska_ili_nuklearna_energija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomska_ili_nuklearna_energija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Atomska ili nuklearna energija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomska_ili_nuklearna_energija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Toplina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 112 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmte" title="Warmte — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Warmte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%99%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5" title="ሙቀት — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሙቀት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81t" title="Hāt — Staroengleski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hāt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Staroengleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="उष्मा — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उष्मा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حرارة — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حرارة — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرارة" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupi" title="Lupi — Ajmara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lupi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Ajmara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stilik" title="İstilik — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ایستی‌لیک — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستی‌لیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rme" title="Wärme — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wärme" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init" title="Init — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Init" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Цеплыня — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цеплыня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Топлина — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топлина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="তাপ — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplota" title="Toplota — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Toplota" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainit" title="Kainit — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kainit" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="گەرمی — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەرمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplo" title="Teplo — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teplo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%88%C4%83" title="Ăшă — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăшă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwres" title="Gwres — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwres" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varme" title="Varme — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rme" title="Wärme — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wärme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Θερμότητα — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat" title="Heat — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Heat" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmo" title="Varmo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soojushulk" title="Soojushulk — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soojushulk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bero" title="Bero — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calol" title="Calol — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Calol" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="گرما — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6_(fysiikka)" title="Lämpö (fysiikka) — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpö (fysiikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mm%C3%BCs" title="Lämmüs — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lämmüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakata" title="Katakata — Fidžijski" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Katakata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidžijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaleur_(thermodynamique)" title="Chaleur (thermodynamique) — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaleur (thermodynamique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waremk" title="Waremk — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waremk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarmte" title="Waarmte — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Waarmte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teas" title="Teas — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="ઉષ્મા — Gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉષ્મા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hiass" title="Çhiass — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhiass" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="חום (פיזיקה) — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חום (פיזיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊष्मा — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplina" title="Toplina — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toplina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chal%C3%A8" title="Chalè — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chalè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%91" title="Hő — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ջերմաքանակ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմաքանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panas" title="Panas — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloro" title="Kaloro — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaloro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmi" title="Varmi — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Varmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calore" title="Calore — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iit" title="Iit — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalor" title="Kalor — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D" title="სითბო — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სითბო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%BA%93%C9%A3al" title="Aẓɣal — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aẓɣal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fefeku" title="Fefeku — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fefeku" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жылулық — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жылулық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಉಷ್ಣತೆ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಷ್ಣತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4" title="열 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAhn_(fiz%C3%AEk)" title="Têhn (fizîk) — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Têhn (fizîk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wermte" title="Wermte — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wermte" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ey%C3%A1ngala" title="Eyángala — Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eyángala" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iluma" title="Šiluma — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiluma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltums" title="Siltums — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siltums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="ताप — Maitili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ताप" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maitili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Топлина — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топлина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="താപം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താപം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дулаан — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дулаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haba" title="Haba — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Haba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0" title="အပူ — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="ताप — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ताप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmte" title="Warmte — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Warmte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varme" title="Varme — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Varme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varme" title="Varme — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27a" title="Ho'a — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ho'a" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਗਰਮੀ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciep%C5%82o" title="Ciepło — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciepło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Căldură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ldur%C3%A2" title="Câldurâ — Aromanijski" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Câldurâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Теплота — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теплота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caluri" title="Caluri — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caluri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat" title="Heat — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplo" title="Teplo — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teplo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplota" title="Toplota — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toplota" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madziya" title="Madziya — Šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Madziya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul" title="Kul — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nxeht%C3%ABsia" title="Nxehtësia — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nxehtësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Топлота — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топлота" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panas" title="Panas — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rme" title="Värme — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Värme" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joto" title="Joto — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Joto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="வெப்பம் (இயற்பியல்) — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்பம் (இயற்பியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఉష్ణము — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Гармо — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гармо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ความร้อน — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความร้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C4%B1" title="Isı — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Isı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Җылылык — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җылылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Кількість теплоти — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кількість теплоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="حرارت — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issiqlik_miqdori" title="Issiqlik miqdori — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Issiqlik miqdori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t" title="Nhiệt — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%87%8F" title="热量 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热量" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A5" title="היץ — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="היץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熱量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="熱" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt" title="Jia̍t — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toplina" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Toplina&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toplina"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toplina"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Toplina" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Toplina" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&oldid=41813670" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajna veza</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podaci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Toplina&id=41813670&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FToplina"><span>Skrati URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FToplina"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Toplina"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Toplina&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heat" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44432" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/300px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/450px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg/600px-171879main_LimbFlareJan12_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">Temperatura</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunčeve</a> površine (<a href="/wiki/Fotosfera" title="Fotosfera">fotosfera</a>) je 5 778 K (5 505 °C). Toplina se od Sunca do <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlje</a> prenosi <a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplinsko zračenje">toplinskim zračenjem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_svjetlost" title="Sunčeva svjetlost">Sunčeva svjetlost</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Sunshine_at_Dunstanburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sunshine_at_Dunstanburgh.JPG/300px-Sunshine_at_Dunstanburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sunshine_at_Dunstanburgh.JPG/450px-Sunshine_at_Dunstanburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sunshine_at_Dunstanburgh.JPG/600px-Sunshine_at_Dunstanburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_svjetlost" title="Sunčeva svjetlost">Sunčeva svjetlost</a> svijetli kroz <a href="/wiki/Oblak" title="Oblak">oblake</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Translational_motion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Translational_motion.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">Temperatura</a> <a href="/wiki/Idealni_plin" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealni plin">idealnog plina</a> je mjera prosječne <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetičke energije</a> <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekula</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Toplinske <a href="/wiki/Vibracije" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibracije">vibracije</a> dijelova <a href="/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjelančevine">bjelančevine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amplituda" title="Amplituda">amplituda</a> vibracija raste s <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Linear_Heat_flow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Linear_Heat_flow.svg/300px-Linear_Heat_flow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Linear_Heat_flow.svg/450px-Linear_Heat_flow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Linear_Heat_flow.svg/600px-Linear_Heat_flow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>Linearni tok topline kod <a href="/wiki/Toplinska_vodljivost" title="Toplinska vodljivost">provođenja ili kondukcije topline</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hot_metalwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hot_metalwork.jpg/300px-Hot_metalwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hot_metalwork.jpg/450px-Hot_metalwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hot_metalwork.jpg/600px-Hot_metalwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Iz vrućeg tijela rasprostire se toplina na sve strane nevidljivim <a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplinsko zračenje">toplinskim zrakama</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG/300px-Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="454" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG/450px-Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG/600px-Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Jouleov</a> uređaj iz 1845.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ice-calorimeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ice-calorimeter.jpg/300px-Ice-calorimeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="503" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Ice-calorimeter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> Prvi svjetski ledeni <a href="/wiki/Kalorimetar" title="Kalorimetar">kalorimetar</a>, koji se počeo upotrebljavati 1782., a napravili su ga <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Lavoisier" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier">Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>, da bi odredili količinu topline koja prati određene kemijske procese, a <a href="/wiki/Konstrukcija" title="Konstrukcija">konstrukcija</a> se zasniva na prethodnim proračunima <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Josepha Blacka</a> kada je otkrio <a href="/wiki/Latentna_toplina" title="Latentna toplina">latentnu toplinu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpg/300px-Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpg/450px-Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpg/600px-Hukseflux_radiometer_sr11_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piranometar" title="Piranometar">Piranometar</a> je <a href="/wiki/Mjerni_instrument" title="Mjerni instrument">mjerni instrument</a> koji mjeri ukupno <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_svjetlost" title="Sunčeva svjetlost">Sunčevo zračenje</a> (sa svim <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" class="mw-redirect" title="Valna duljina">valnim duljinama</a>), koje pada na neku vodoravnu plohu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Earth-crust-cutaway-croatian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Earth-crust-cutaway-croatian.png/300px-Earth-crust-cutaway-croatian.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Earth-crust-cutaway-croatian.png 1.5x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Prema unutrašnjosti <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlja</a> je sve toplija, a u dubinama većim od 18 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">metara</a> ispod površine vanjske toplinske promjene temperature nemaju utjecaja. Znači, ovdje toplina ne dolazi izvana nego iz unutrašnjosti Zemlje.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:DancingFlames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DancingFlames.jpg/300px-DancingFlames.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DancingFlames.jpg/450px-DancingFlames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DancingFlames.jpg/600px-DancingFlames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ogrjevna_vrijednost" title="Ogrjevna vrijednost">Ogrjevna vrijednost</a> je svojstvena za svaku <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_tvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska tvar">kemijsku tvar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Toplina</b>, <b>toplinska energija</b> ili <b>količina topline</b> (oznaka <i>Q</i>) je <a href="/wiki/Fizikalna_veli%C4%8Dina" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizikalna veličina">fizikalna veličina</a> kojom se opisuje <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> koja <a href="/wiki/Prijenos_topline" class="mw-redirect" title="Prijenos topline">prelazi s toplijega tijela na hladnije</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mjerna_jedinica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mjerna jedinica">Mjerna jedinica</a> topline jest <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEul" title="Džul">džul</a> (J); stara jedinica bila je <a href="/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija">kalorija</a> (1 cal = 4,186 J). Toplina koja se izmjenjuje pri dodiru dvaju tijela različitih <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> ovisi o <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masi</a> <i>m</i> <a href="/wiki/Tijelo_(fizika)" title="Tijelo (fizika)">tijela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toplinski_kapacitet" title="Toplinski kapacitet">specifičnom toplinskom kapacitetu</a> <i>c</i> <a href="/wiki/Tvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvar">tvari</a> od koje se tijelo sastoji, te o <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturnoj</a> razlici <i>Δt</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta Q=c\cdot m\cdot \Delta t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta Q=c\cdot m\cdot \Delta t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28df4476a28fc66919365b0a9407746a651d56eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.054ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta Q=c\cdot m\cdot \Delta t}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Subjektivni osjećaj topline dobiva se dodirom s tijelima kojima je temperatura viša (toplo) ili niža (hladno) od temperature ljudskoga <a href="/wiki/Tijelo_(biologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijelo (biologija)">tijela</a>. Toplina se objektivno mjeri promatranjem djelovanja ugrijanih tijela na druga tijela (kalorimetrija). <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pojam_topline_i_temperature">Pojam topline i temperature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Pojam topline i temperature" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pojam topline i temperature"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ako stavimo ruku u posudu s vrućom vodom i držimo je nekoliko sekundi, a zatim je stavimo u posudu s toplom vodom, učinit će nam se kao da je ta <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> hladna. Stavimo li ruku u hladnu vodu i držimo li je nekoliko sekundi, a onda je uronimo u onu toplu vodu, imat ćemo osjet kao da smo je stavili u vruću vodu. Odatle vidimo da <a href="/wiki/Osjeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Osjeti">čovječji osjet</a> nije mjerodavan za prosuđivanje stanja nekoga <a href="/wiki/Tijelo_(fizika)" title="Tijelo (fizika)">fizikalnog tijela</a>, to jest njegove temperature. </p><p>Toplina i <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> nisu jedno te isto. To najbolje možemo uočiti iz jednog primjera. U dvije po veličini različite prostorije ložimo <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">peć</a> iste veličine tako da trošimo istu količinu <a href="/wiki/Goriva" title="Goriva">goriva</a> na sat; vidjet ćemo da će temperature <a href="/wiki/Prostorija" title="Prostorija">prostorija</a> biti različite. Veća prostorija imat će manju temperaturu, a manja veću, iako je svaka prostorija, to jest <a href="/wiki/Zrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zrak">zrak</a> u prostoriji, primio istu količinu topline <a href="/wiki/Gorenje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorenje">izgaranjem</a> jednake količine goriva. Dva fizikalna tijela mogu imati istu količinu topline, a različitu temperaturu. Da bi veća prostorija imala istu temperaturu kao manja, morali bismo većoj dati veću količinu topline, to jest morali bismo potrošiti veću količinu goriva. Odatle vidimo da dva fizikalna tijela mogu imati istu temperaturu, ali različitu količinu topline. </p><p>Međutim, što je toplina? Na to pitanje odgovara <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_teorija_plinova" title="Kinetička teorija plinova">molekularno-kinetička teorija topline</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molekule" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekule">Molekule</a> u tijelima ne miruju, nego se nalaze u stalnom <a href="/wiki/Gibanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibanje">gibanju</a>, čija <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzina</a> može biti veća ili manja. <a href="/wiki/Bu%C5%A1enje" title="Bušenje">Bušenjem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glodalica" title="Glodalica">glodanjem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokarenje" title="Tokarenje">tokarenjem</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rezanje" title="Rezanje">rezanjem</a> pomoću <a href="/wiki/Alatni_stroj" title="Alatni stroj">alatnih strojeva</a>, kao i kod svake <a href="/wiki/Strojna_obrada" title="Strojna obrada">obrade materijala</a> <a href="/wiki/Alat" title="Alat">alatom</a>, stvara se toplina. Toplina nastaje na osnovu utrošenog <a href="/wiki/Rad_(fizika)" title="Rad (fizika)">mehaničkog rada</a>, a i na račun <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetičke energije</a>. Udarom <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ceki%C4%87" title="Čekić">čekića</a>, koji ima kinetičku energiju, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakovanj_(razdvojba)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakovanj (razdvojba) (stranica ne postoji)">nakovanj</a> stvara se toplina. Tu se kinetička energija ne pretvara samo u toplinu nego i u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energija_zvuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energija zvuka (stranica ne postoji)">energiju zvuka</a> i u mehanički rad potreban za <a href="/wiki/Deformacija" title="Deformacija">deformaciju</a> tijela. Pri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sraz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sraz (stranica ne postoji)">sudaru</a> dvaju tijela prenosi se gibanje, to jest kinetička energija s jednog tijela na drugo. To ne vrijedi samo za velika tijela nego i za sitne čestice, to jest molekule. Kinetička energija čekića pretvara se u kinetičku energiju molekula, to jest u njihovo nevidljivo <a href="/wiki/Gibanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibanje">gibanje</a>. Toplina je, dakle, kinetička energija molekularnog gibanja. </p><p>Što tijelo više <a href="/wiki/Grijanje" title="Grijanje">grijemo</a>, molekule se sve brže gibaju i imaju sve veću kinetičku energiju. Zbog toga se molekule međusobno udaljavaju, pa kruto tijelo taljenjem prelazi u tekuće <a href="/wiki/Agregatna_stanja" title="Agregatna stanja">agregatno stanje</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teku%C4%87ine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekućine">Tekuće tijelo</a> zagrijavanjem prelazi u <a href="/wiki/Plin" class="mw-redirect" title="Plin">plinovito</a> agregatno stanje. Molekule vode daljim zagrijavanjem kod <a href="/wiki/Vreli%C5%A1te" title="Vrelište">vrelišta</a> odlaze u zrak. <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">Voda</a> prelazi u <a href="/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para">vodenu paru</a>. <a href="/wiki/Para" title="Para">Para</a> ima toliku kinetičku energiju da tjera <a href="/wiki/Parni_stroj" class="mw-redirect" title="Parni stroj">parni stroj</a>. Koliki je stupanj toga molekularnog gibanja, kazuje temperatura. Temperatura je, dakle, stupanj toplinskog stanja tijela i o njoj ovisi agregatno stanje tijela. </p><p>Onaj dio nauke o toplini koji se bavi toplinom kao jednim oblikom energije i proučava pretvaranje toplinske energije u mehaničku radnju zove se <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamika</a>. Budući da je to pretvaranje naročito važno kod plinova, to se termodinamika bavi u prvom redu toplinskim promjenama kod plinova. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Količina_topline"><span id="Koli.C4.8Dina_topline"></span>Količina topline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Količina topline" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Količina topline"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Želimo li masu od 1 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a> ugrijati na <a href="/wiki/Plamenik" title="Plamenik">plameniku</a> od 10 °C na 20 °C, trebat će nam određeno <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_(fizika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrijeme (fizika)">vrijeme</a>. Za <a href="/wiki/Grijanje" title="Grijanje">grijanje</a> 1 kilograma vode na tom plameniku od 10 °C na 30 °C bit će potrebno duže vremena. Za grijanje 2 kilograma vode trebat će dvostruko duže vremena nego za grijanje 1 kilograma vode. Dakle potrebna količina topline za zagrijavanje vode je to veća što je veća masa vode i što je zagrijavamo na višu temperaturu. Prema tome je: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=m\cdot (t_{2}-t_{1})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=m\cdot (t_{2}-t_{1})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5eec4b3d44ef60cf4e8cb1655e4b57f0da953f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.094ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=m\cdot (t_{2}-t_{1})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>Q</i> - količina topline izražena u <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEul" title="Džul">džulima</a> (J), <i>m</i> - <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> vode u <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogramima</a> (kg) i <i>t<sub>2</sub> - t<sub>1</sub></i> - razlika temperature u <a href="/wiki/Celzij" class="mw-redirect" title="Celzij">celzijima</a> (°C). </p><p>Količinu topline mjerimo kao i svaku energiju u džulima. Međutim, još se upotrebljava kao jedinica topline kilo<a href="/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija">kalorija</a> (kcal). 1 kcal je ona količina topline koja je potrebna da se 1 kilogram vode, kod normalnog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlak_zraka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tlak zraka (stranica ne postoji)">tlaka zraka</a> od 760 torra (1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standardna_atmosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standardna atmosfera (stranica ne postoji)">atm</a>), zagrije od 14,5 °C na 15,5 °C. To je zbog toga što količine topline za zagrijavanje 1 kilograma vode, na primjer od 12 na 13 °C ili od 20 na 21 °C, nisu jednake. Međutim su razlike tako malene da se u praksi uzima da je za ugrijavanje 1 kilograma vode za 1 °C potrebna 1 kcal, bez obzira kod koje se to temperature vrši. Kod grijanja mora se toplina dovoditi, a kod ohlađivanja odvoditi. Kilokalorija (kcal), određena pri 15 °C, približno je jednaka 4,1855 kilodžula (kJ). </p><p>Za zagrijavanje 1 kilograma <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željeza</a> trebat će manje vremena nego za zagrijavanje 1 kilograma <a href="/wiki/Opeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Opeka">opeke</a>. Znači da za različite tvari treba različita količina topline da bi se 1 kilogram te tvari ugrijao za 1 °C. Količina topline u J ili kcal koja je potrebna da se 1 kg neke tvari ugrije za 1 °C zove se specifična toplina ili specifični <a href="/wiki/Toplinski_kapacitet" title="Toplinski kapacitet">toplinski kapacitet</a>, a označuje se malim slovom <i>c</i>. </p><p>Prema tome, ako je za ugrijavanje 1 kg neke tvari potrebna specifična toplina <i>c</i>, to je za ugrijavanje <i>m</i> kg tvari potrebna <i>c ∙ m</i>. Za ugrijavanje <i>m</i> kg tvari od temperature <i>t<sub>1</sub></i> na temperaturu <i>t<sub>2</sub></i> potrebna je toplina: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=c\cdot m\cdot (t_{2}-t_{1})=c\cdot m\cdot \Delta t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=c\cdot m\cdot (t_{2}-t_{1})=c\cdot m\cdot \Delta t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/329dde5d6debaa386f7c8e042117286bae564604" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.059ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=c\cdot m\cdot (t_{2}-t_{1})=c\cdot m\cdot \Delta t}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specifični_toplinski_kapacitet"><span id="Specifi.C4.8Dni_toplinski_kapacitet"></span>Specifični toplinski kapacitet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Specifični toplinski kapacitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Specifični toplinski kapacitet"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specifi%C4%8Dni_toplinski_kapacitet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specifični toplinski kapacitet (stranica ne postoji)">Specifični toplinski kapacitet</a> nekih tvari: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvar">Tvar</a></th> <th>c (J kg<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a></td> <td>4 816 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulja" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ulja">ulje</a></td> <td>3 800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkoholi" title="Alkoholi">alkohol</a></td> <td>2 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Led" title="Led">led</a></td> <td>2 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminij" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminij">aluminij</a></td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo">staklo</a></td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a></td> <td>460 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cink" title="Cink">cink</a></td> <td>390 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bakar_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakar (element)">bakar</a></td> <td>380 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiva" title="Živa">živa</a></td> <td>140 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Produkt <i>c ∙ m</i>, to jest količina topline koju treba tijelo mase <i>m</i> kg da se zagrije za 1 °C, zove se <a href="/wiki/Toplinski_kapacitet" title="Toplinski kapacitet">toplinski kapacitet</a> <a href="/wiki/Fizikalno_tijelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizikalno tijelo">fizikalnog tijela</a>. </p><p>Kako voda ima veliku specifičnu toplinu, to ju je teško ugrijati. Zagrijana pak voda sadrži veliku količinu topline, što se mnogo iskorišćuje u <a href="/wiki/Tehnika" title="Tehnika">tehnici</a>. Voda se upotrebljava kao nosilac topline kod <a href="/wiki/Centralno_grijanje" title="Centralno grijanje">centralnog grijanja</a> i u <a href="/wiki/Parni_kotao" class="mw-redirect" title="Parni kotao">parnim kotlovima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Generator_pare" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator pare">generatorima pare</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prijenos_topline">Prijenos topline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Prijenos topline" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prijenos topline"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toplina se prenosi vođenjem, strujanjem i zračenjem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vođenje_ili_kondukcija"><span id="Vo.C4.91enje_ili_kondukcija"></span>Vođenje ili kondukcija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Vođenje ili kondukcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vođenje ili kondukcija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondukcija_topline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondukcija topline (stranica ne postoji)">Kondukcija topline</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><b>Vođenje</b> ili <b>kondukcija</b> je prijenos topline tako da se dio tijela zagrijava izravnim dodirom s izvorom topline, a susjedni se dijelovi redom dalje zagrijavaju. Ako se, na primjer, jedan kraj <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalnoga</a> štapa stavi u <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">peć</a>, toplina se po štapu širi vođenjem. Brzina prenošenja topline to je veća što je veća <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturna</a> razlika, a ovisi i o samoj <a href="/wiki/Tvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvar">tvari</a>. Budući da su dobri <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni vodič">vodiči</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električnih naboja</a> (metali) ujedno i dobri vodiči topline, <a href="/wiki/Toplinska_vodljivost" title="Toplinska vodljivost">toplinska se vodljivost</a> pripisuje ponajprije gibanju slobodnih elektrona. </p><p>Svako tijelo ne vodi toplinu jednako. Stavimo li u vatru <a href="/wiki/Drvo_(materijal)" title="Drvo (materijal)">drvenu</a> šipku umjesto metalne, moći ćemo je u ruci držati i onda kada <a href="/wiki/Gorenje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorenje">gori</a>. Tijela koja dobro vode toplinu zovemo toplinskim vodičima, a ona koja slabo vode toplinu <a href="/wiki/Toplinska_izolacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplinska izolacija">toplinskim izolatorima</a>. Poluvodiči topline su tijela (kao <a href="/wiki/Kremen" title="Kremen">kremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mramor" title="Mramor">mramor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> i neke rude) koja toplinu vode slabije od <a href="/wiki/Kovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovina">kovina</a>, ali bolje od pravih <a href="/wiki/Izolator" class="mw-disambig" title="Izolator">izolatora</a>. Od tehničkih kovina najbolji vodič topline je <a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">srebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakar_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakar (element)">bakar</a>, a zatim <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminij">aluminij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mjed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mjed">mjed</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a>. Loši vodiči topline su <a href="/wiki/Zrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zrak">zrak</a>, a zatim šupljikave tvari kao <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azbest" title="Azbest">azbest</a>, drvena piljevina, <a href="/wiki/Mineralna_vuna" title="Mineralna vuna">kamena vuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polistiren" title="Polistiren">polistiren</a> i drugo. Šupljikave tvari su loši vodiči topline jer imaju u sebi mnogo šupljina, ispunjenih zrakom koji je toplinski izolator. <a href="/wiki/Teku%C4%87ine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekućine">Tekućine</a> su također loši vodiči topline. Da je <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> loš vodič topline, pokazuje pokus kada u epruveti punoj vode na dnu imamo pričvršćen <a href="/wiki/Led" title="Led">led</a> (pričvršćen da ne ispliva), voda može gore već vrijeti, a led se neće još <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taljenje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taljenje (stranica ne postoji)">rastaliti</a>. Budući da je zrak loš vodič topline, on sprečava gubitak topline kod dvostrukih <a href="/wiki/Prozor" title="Prozor">prozora</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termos-boca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termos-boca (stranica ne postoji)">Termos-boca</a> drži dugo toplinu zbog toga što ima dvostruku stijenku iz koje je isisan zrak, pa nema tijela koje bi vodilo toplinu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strujanje_ili_konvekcija">Strujanje ili konvekcija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Strujanje ili konvekcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Strujanje ili konvekcija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Konvekcija" title="Konvekcija">Konvekcija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><b>Strujanje</b> ili <b>konvekcija</b> je prijenos je topline u tvarima koje mogu strujati, to jest u <a href="/wiki/Teku%C4%87ina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekućina">tekućinama</a> i <a href="/wiki/Plin" class="mw-redirect" title="Plin">plinovima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluidi</a>). Strujanje nastaje zbog promjene <a href="/wiki/Gusto%C4%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustoća">gustoće</a> zagrijavanjem. Ako se, na primjer, voda grije odozdo, donji se slojevi vode ugriju, rašire i smanji im se gustoća, pa se ugrijana voda diže nad hladnu. Slično nastaju i <a href="/wiki/Vjetar" title="Vjetar">vjetrovi</a> u <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" class="mw-disambig" title="Atmosfera">atmosferi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grijanje" title="Grijanje">Grijanje</a> prostorija pomoću <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">peći</a> osniva se strujanju. Toplina se od peći prenosi po sobi strujanjem zraka. U nekim zgradama vrši se grijanje više prostorija s jednog centralnog mjesta. To je takozvano <a href="/wiki/Centralno_grijanje" title="Centralno grijanje">centralno grijanje</a>. Ako postoji centralno grijanje samo za jedan stan, onda je to etažno grijanje. Prema vrsti sredstva za prenošenje topline centralno grijanje može biti zračno, vodno i parno. Pri zračnom grijanju upotrebljava se kao sredstvo za prenošenje topline zrak. Pri grijanju vodom upotrebljava se kao sredstvo za prenošenje topline voda, a osniva se na prirodnoj cirkulaciji tople i hladne vode. Voda se grije u <a href="/wiki/Kotao" title="Kotao">kotlu</a> koji je obično u podrumu, diže se kroz <a href="/wiki/Cijev" title="Cijev">cijevi</a> i predaje svoju toplinu preko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radijator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radijator (stranica ne postoji)">radijatora</a> stambenim prostorijama. Ohlađena voda vraća se drugim <a href="/wiki/Cjevovod" title="Cjevovod">cjevovodom</a> u kotao gdje se ponovo ugrije. Da bi se voda u napunjenom sistemu pri zagrijavanju mogla slobodno širiti, na tavanu se obično nalazi ekspanziona posuda koja prima višak vode. Pri parnom grijanju upotrebljava se kao sredstvo za prenošenje topline <a href="/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para">vodena para</a> od 0,05 do 2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standardna_atmosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standardna atmosfera (stranica ne postoji)">atm</a> (od 100 do 200 k<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pa (stranica ne postoji)">Pa</a>). U radijatorima para predaje svoju toplinu stijenama radijatora i tako zagrijava prostoriju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toplinsko_zračenje_ili_termalna_radijacija"><span id="Toplinsko_zra.C4.8Denje_ili_termalna_radijacija"></span>Toplinsko zračenje ili termalna radijacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Toplinsko zračenje ili termalna radijacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Toplinsko zračenje ili termalna radijacija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplinsko zračenje">Toplinsko zračenje</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><b>Toplinsko zračenje</b> ili <b>termalna radijacija</b> je prijenos je topline tako da zagrijano tijelo odašilje <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetsko zračenje</a>, a hladnije tijelo zagrijava se upijanjem (apsorpcijom) energije <a href="/wiki/Zra%C4%8Denje" title="Zračenje">zračenja</a>. Tako <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlja</a> prima toplinu od <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunca</a> koja prolazi kroz zrakoprazni prostor. Toplinske zrake šire se istom <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzinom svjetlosti</a> kao i <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" class="mw-redirect" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosne zrake</a>. </p><p>Ako stojimo blizu ugrijane <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">peći</a>, osjetit ćemo toplinu, iako je okolni zrak još hladan. Iz vrućeg tijela rasprostire se toplina na sve strane nevidljivim toplinskim zrakama. Iz tog se razloga nazivaju peći centralnog grijanja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radijator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radijator (stranica ne postoji)">radijatorima</a>. Različita tijela vladaju se različito prema toplinskim zrakama. <a href="/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo">Staklo</a> koje je za zrake svjetlosti prozirno apsorbira toplinske zrake, dok <a href="/wiki/Ebonit" title="Ebonit">ebonit</a> koji je neproziran propušta toplinske zrake. <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">Voda</a> i <a href="/wiki/Led" title="Led">led</a> su nepropusni za toplinske zrake, to jest oni ih apsorbiraju i zbog toga se zagrijavaju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prve <a href="/wiki/Teorija" title="Teorija">teorije</a> o toplini osnivale su se na shvaćanju da je toplina tvar koja se nalazi pohranjena u svakom tijelu, te da dodirom prelazi iz toplijega tijela u hladnije. To se shvaćanje počelo mijenjati kada je potkraj 18. stoljeća <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Thompson (stranica ne postoji)">B. Th. Rumford</a> uočio da je toplina razvijena pri <a href="/wiki/Bu%C5%A1enje" title="Bušenje">bušenju</a> <a href="/wiki/Top" title="Top">topovskih</a> cijevi razmjerno utrošenomu <a href="/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_rad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehanički rad">mehaničkom radu</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">J. P. Joule</a> <a href="/wiki/Pokus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokus">pokusima</a> je 1843. pokazao da rad može prelaziti u toplinu. <a href="/wiki/Jouleova_toplina" class="mw-redirect" title="Jouleova toplina">Jouleova toplina</a> je toplina koju proizvede <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električna struja</a> prolaskom kroz <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni vodič">električni vodič</a> tijekom nekoga vremena, jednaka je umnošku <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni otpor">električnoga otpora</a>, kvadrata <a href="/wiki/Jakost" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jakost">jakosti</a> električne struje i vremena. </p><p>Sredinom 19. stoljeća razvili su <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">R. J. E. Clausius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">L. Boltzmann</a> i drugi <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_teorija_plinova" title="Kinetička teorija plinova">kinetičku teoriju plinova</a> prema kojoj je toplina rezultat mehaničkoga gibanja <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekula</a>. To je gibanje prvi uočio <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brown">R. Brown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brownovo_gibanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownovo gibanje">Brownovo gibanje</a>). U kinetičkoj teoriji plinova temperatura tijela dovodi se u vezu s prosječnom <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetičkom energijom</a> mehaničkoga <a href="/wiki/Gibanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibanje">gibanja</a> molekula. Zagrijavanje tijela je povećanje kinetičke energije molekula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori_topline">Izvori topline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Izvori topline" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori topline"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunce">Sunce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Sunce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sunce"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunce</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Sunce je najveći izvor toplinske energije na čijoj površini vlada temperatura od 5 778 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (5 505 <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0C" class="mw-redirect" title="°C">°C</a>), a u unutrašnjosti se penje na milijune stupnjeva. Svaki <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetvorni_metar" class="mw-redirect" title="Četvorni metar">cm<sup>2</sup></a> Zemljine površine na koju pada <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_svjetlost" title="Sunčeva svjetlost">Sunčeva svjetlost</a> okomito prima u minuti prosječno 1,94 <a href="/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija">cal</a>, to jest 1,36 <a href="/wiki/Vat" title="Vat">W</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetvorni_metar" class="mw-redirect" title="Četvorni metar">m<sup>2</sup></a>. Ta se količina topline zove <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_konstanta" title="Sunčeva konstanta">Sunčeva ili solarna konstanta</a>. Pri tome se misli na površinu koja se nalazi na gornjoj granici <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">Zemljine atmosfere</a>, jer <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" class="mw-disambig" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a> upija znatan dio te topline tako da na samu Zemljinu površinu dolazi prosječno pola te vrijednosti. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_energija" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunčeva energija">Sunčeva energija</a> je najvažnija za život na Zemlji. Na primjer <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> vodenih slapova je nastala od Sunčeve energije jer zagrijavanjem vode nastaje <a href="/wiki/Hlapljenje" title="Hlapljenje">ishlapljivanje</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para">vodena para</a> se diže uvis, pa onda pada na Zemlju u obliku <a href="/wiki/Oborina" class="mw-redirect" title="Oborina">oborina</a> kiše ili snijega. Sunčeva energija omogućuje rast <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">bilja</a> koje sakuplja tu energiju. Prirodna <a href="/wiki/Goriva" title="Goriva">goriva</a>, na primjer <a href="/wiki/Ugljen" title="Ugljen">ugljen</a>, nastala su iz biljaka koje su u davno vrijeme došle pod <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_kora" title="Zemljina kora">Zemljinu koru</a>. Prema tome vidimo da sva raspoloživa energija dolazi uglavnom sa Sunca. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zemlja">Zemlja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Zemlja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zemlja"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlja</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Zemlja je također izvor topline. Prema unutrašnjosti Zemlja je sve toplija, a u dubinama većim od 18 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">metara</a> ispod površine vanjske toplinske promjene temperature nemaju utjecaja. Znači, ovdje toplina ne dolazi izvana nego iz unutrašnjosti Zemlje. Na svakih 100 metara prema središtu Zemlje temperatura poprečno raste za 3 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kemijska_energija">Kemijska energija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Kemijska energija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kemijska energija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_energija" title="Kemijska energija">Kemijska energija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Kemijska energija, sadržana u različitim <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_tvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska tvar">kemijskim tvarima</a>, oslobađanjem se pretvara u toplinu. Najobičnija pojava topline nastaje kemijskim spajanjem tvari s <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">kisikom</a>, a taj se proces naziva <a href="/wiki/Oksidacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidacija">oksidacija</a>. Ako se pri tom javlja <a href="/wiki/Plamen" title="Plamen">plamen</a>, to je <a href="/wiki/Gorenje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorenje">gorenje</a>. Tvar iz koje dobivamo izgaranjem toplinu za kućnu i tehničku upotrebu zove se <a href="/wiki/Goriva" title="Goriva">gorivo</a>. Toplina izgaranja goriva je njegova <a href="/wiki/Ogrjevna_vrijednost" title="Ogrjevna vrijednost">ogrjevna vrijednost</a> ili ogrjevna moć, a to je ona količina topline koju potpunim <a href="/wiki/Izgaranje" class="mw-redirect" title="Izgaranje">izgaranjem</a> razvije 1 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Goriva" title="Goriva">goriva</a>. Ogrjevna moć goriva određuje se takozvanom <a href="/wiki/Kalorimetar" title="Kalorimetar">kalorimetrijskom bombom</a>. U toj posudi nalazi se čisti <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">kisik</a> pod <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlakom</a> do 25 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(jedinica)" title="Bar (jedinica)">bara</a>. Ta je bomba smještena u posudi koja je napunjena <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodom</a>. Kada gorivo izgori voda se ugrije. Iz <a href="/wiki/Toplinski_kapacitet" title="Toplinski kapacitet">toplinskog kapaciteta</a> posude i bombe, i povišenja temperature vode možemo izračunati ogrjevnu moć goriva. Za <a href="/wiki/Plin" class="mw-redirect" title="Plin">plinove</a> se ogrjevna moć navodi u <a href="/wiki/Kubi%C4%8Dni_metar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubični metar">m<sup>3</sup></a>. Tako je na primjer ogrjevna moć <a href="/wiki/Kameni_ugljen" title="Kameni ugljen">kamenog ugljena</a> od 7 000 <a href="/wiki/Kalorija" title="Kalorija">kcal</a>/kg (7 000 ∙ 4,186 = 29 302 <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEul" title="Džul">kJ</a>/kg = 29,3 MJ/kg) do 8 000 (8 000 ∙ 4,186 = 33 488 kJ/kg = 33,5 MJ/kg), <a href="/wiki/Koks" title="Koks">koksa</a> 29,3 MJ/kg, <a href="/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin">benzina</a> 46 MJ/kg, rasvjetnog plina od 17 do 30 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomska_ili_nuklearna_energija">Atomska ili nuklearna energija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Atomska ili nuklearna energija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Atomska ili nuklearna energija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_energija" title="Nuklearna energija">Nuklearna energija</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Izvor kemijske energije su procesi koji se zbivaju između <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> odnosno <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekula</a> pojedinih <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijski element">kemijskih elemenata</a>. Kako su atomi sastavljeni od najsitnijih čestica, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a>, to procesi koji se zbivaju između tih najsitnijih čestica stvaraju nuklearnu ili atomsku energiju. Nuklearna energija je mnogo veća od kemijske, ali se i ona konačno pretvara u toplinsku energiju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplina&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41378145">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>toplina (količina topline)</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=61787">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Velimir Kruz: "Tehnička fizika za tehničke škole", "Školska knjiga" Zagreb, 1969.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toplina&oldid=41813670">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toplina&oldid=41813670</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Termodinamika" title="Kategorija:Termodinamika">Termodinamika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Fizikalne_veli%C4%8Dine" title="Kategorija:Fizikalne veličine">Fizikalne veličine</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena 9. februara 2024. u 17:59.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uslovi. 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