CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Electromagnetic theories of consciousness - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"43581127-193f-435a-9176-9878e180b6b8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness","wgTitle":"Electromagnetic theories of consciousness","wgCurRevisionId":1228667236,"wgRevisionId":1228667236,"wgArticleId":1025417,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016","All articles lacking reliable references", "Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from December 2015","Electromagnetism","Obsolete scientific theories"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness","wgRelevantArticleId":1025417,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true, "wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4530887","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready" };RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Electromagnetic theories of consciousness - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness rootpage-Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Electromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Electromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemi_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemi_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cemi theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemi_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_brain_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_brain_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Quantum brain dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_brain_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Objections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_brain_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_brain_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence on brain function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_brain_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications_for_artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications_for_artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Implications for artificial intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications_for_artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetiske_teorier_om_bevissthet" title="Elektromagnetiske teorier om bevissthet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektromagnetiske teorier om bevissthet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Электромагнитные теории сознания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электромагнитные теории сознания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4530887#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&oldid=1228667236" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&id=1228667236&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4530887" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theories proposing consciousness as an electromagnetic phenomenon</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</b> propose that <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> can be understood as an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic phenomenon">electromagnetic phenomenon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theorists differ in how they relate consciousness to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>. Electromagnetic <i>field</i> theories (or "EM field theories") of consciousness propose that consciousness results when a <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> produces an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a> with specific characteristics. Susan Pockett<sup id="cite_ref-Susan_Pockett_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susan_Pockett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Johnjoe_McFadden" title="Johnjoe McFadden">Johnjoe McFadden</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have proposed EM field theories; <a href="/wiki/William_Uttal" title="William Uttal">William Uttal</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has criticized McFadden's and other field theories. </p><p>In general, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">quantum mind</a> theories do not treat consciousness as an electromagnetic phenomenon, with a few exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AR Liboff has proposed that "incorporating EM field-mediated communication into models of brain function has the potential to reframe discussions surrounding consciousness".<sup id="cite_ref-Liboff_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liboff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also related are E. Roy John's work and Andrew and Alexander Fingelkurts theory "Operational Architectonics framework of brain-mind functioning".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cemi_theory">Cemi theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cemi theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The starting point for McFadden and Pockett's theory is the fact that every time a <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a> fires to generate an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Postsynaptic_potential" title="Postsynaptic potential">postsynaptic potential</a> in the next neuron down the line, it also generates a disturbance in the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a>. McFadden has proposed that the brain's electromagnetic field creates a representation of the information in the neurons. Studies undertaken towards the end of the 20th century are argued to have shown that conscious experience correlates not with the number of neurons firing, but with the synchrony of that firing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McFadden views the brain's electromagnetic field as arising from the induced EM field of neurons. The synchronous firing of neurons is, in this theory, argued to amplify the influence of the brain's EM field fluctuations to a much greater extent than would be possible with the unsynchronized firing of neurons. </p><p>McFadden thinks that the EM field could influence the brain in a number of ways. Redistribution of ions could modulate neuronal activity, given that <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">voltage-gated ion channels</a> are a key element in the progress of <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> spikes. Neuronal firing is argued to be sensitive to the variation of as little as one millivolt across the cell membrane, or the involvement of a single extra ion channel. <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">Transcranial magnetic stimulation</a> is similarly argued to have demonstrated that weak EM fields can influence brain activity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>McFadden proposes that the digital information from neurons is integrated to form a conscious electromagnetic information (cemi) field in the brain. <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> is suggested to be the component of this field that is transmitted back to neurons, and communicates its state externally. Thoughts are viewed as electromagnetic representations of neuronal information, and the experience of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> in our choice of actions is argued to be our <a href="/wiki/Subjective_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjective experience">subjective experience</a> of the cemi field acting on our neurons. </p><p>McFadden's view of free will is deterministic. Neurons generate patterns in the EM field, which in turn modulate the firing of particular neurons. There is only conscious agency in the sense that the field or its download to neurons is conscious, but the processes of the brain themselves are driven by deterministic electromagnetic interactions. The feel of subjective experience or qualia corresponds to a particular configuration of the cemi field. This field representation is in this theory argued to integrate parts into a whole that has meaning, so a face is not seen as a random collection of features, but as somebody's face. The integration of information in the field is also suggested to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Binding_problem#The_combination_problem" title="Binding problem">binding/combination problem</a>. </p><p>In 2013, McFadden published two updates to the theory. In the first, 'The CEMI Field Theory: Closing the Loop'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McFadden cites recent experiments in the laboratories of Christof Koch<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and David McCormick<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which demonstrate that external EM fields, that simulate the brain's endogenous EM fields, influence neuronal firing patterns within brain slices. The findings are consistent with a prediction of the cemi field theory that the brain's endogenous EM field - consciousness - influences brain function. In the second, 'The CEMI Field Theory Gestalt Information and the Meaning of Meaning',<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McFadden claims that the cemi field theory provides a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">binding problem</a> of how complex information is unified within ideas to provide meaning: the brain's EM field unifies the information encoded in millions of disparate neurons. </p><p>Susan Pockett<sup id="cite_ref-Susan_Pockett_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susan_Pockett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has advanced a theory, which has a similar physical basis to McFadden's, with consciousness seen as identical to certain <a href="/wiki/Spatiotemporal_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatiotemporal patterns">spatiotemporal patterns</a> of the EM field. However, whereas McFadden argues that his deterministic interpretation of the EM field is not out-of-line with mainstream thinking, Pockett suggests that the EM field comprises a universal consciousness that experiences the sensations, perceptions, thoughts and emotions of every conscious being in the universe. However, while McFadden thinks that the field is causal for actions, albeit deterministically, Pockett does not see the field as causal for our actions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantum_brain_dynamics">Quantum brain dynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quantum brain dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_brain_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum brain dynamics">Quantum brain dynamics</a></div> <p>The concepts underlying this theory derive from the physicists, <a href="/wiki/Hiroomi_Umezawa" title="Hiroomi Umezawa">Hiroomi Umezawa</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Herbert Fröhlich">Herbert Fröhlich</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1960s. More recently, their ideas have been elaborated by Mari Jibu and Kunio Yasue. Water comprises 70% of the brain, and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_brain_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum brain dynamics">quantum brain dynamics</a> (QBD) proposes that the electric dipoles of the water molecules constitute a quantum field, referred to as the cortical field, with corticons as the quanta of the field. This cortical field is postulated to interact with quantum coherent waves generated by the biomolecules in neurons, which are suggested to propagate along the neuronal network. The idea of quantum coherent waves in the neuronal network derives from Fröhlich. He viewed these waves as a means by which order could be maintained in living systems, and argued that the neuronal network could support long-range correlation of dipoles. This theory suggests that the cortical field not only interacts with the neuronal network, but also to a good extent controls it. </p><p>The proponents of QBD differ somewhat as to the way in which consciousness arises in this system. Jibu and Yasue suggest that the interaction between the energy quanta (corticons) of the quantum field and the biomolecular waves of the neuronal network produces consciousness. However, another theorist, Giuseppe Vitiello, proposes that the quantum states produce two poles, a subjective representation of the external world and also the internal self.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Locating <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> in the brain's EM field, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a>, has the advantage of neatly accounting for how information located in millions of neurons scattered through the brain can be unified into a single conscious experience (called the binding problem): the information is unified in the EM field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this way, EM field consciousness can be considered to be "joined-up information". This theory accounts for several otherwise puzzling facts, such as the finding that <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a> tend to be correlated with the synchronous firing of multiple neurons rather than the firing of individual neurons. When neurons fire together, their EM fields generate stronger EM field disturbances;<sup id="cite_ref-Crick_astonishing_hypothesis_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crick_astonishing_hypothesis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so synchronous neuron firing will tend to have a larger impact on the brain's EM field (and thereby consciousness) than the firing of individual neurons. However their generation by synchronous firing is not the only important characteristic of conscious electromagnetic fields—in Pockett's original theory, spatial pattern is the defining feature of a conscious (as opposed to a non-conscious) field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objections">Objections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Objections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a circa-2002 publication of <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">The Journal of Consciousness Studies</a>, the electromagnetic theory of consciousness faced an uphill battle for acceptance among cognitive scientists. </p><p>"No serious researcher I know believes in an electromagnetic theory of consciousness",<sup id="cite_ref-wireless_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wireless-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Baars" title="Bernard Baars">Bernard Baars</a> wrote in an e-mail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Baars is a neurobiologist and co-editor of <i>Consciousness and Cognition</i>, another scientific journal in the field. "It's not really worth talking about scientifically",<sup id="cite_ref-wireless_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wireless-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was quoted as saying. </p><p>McFadden acknowledges that his theory, which he calls the "cemi field theory", is far from proven but he argues that it is certainly a legitimate line of scientific inquiry. His article underwent peer review before publication. </p><p>The field theories of consciousness do not appear to have been as widely discussed as other quantum consciousness theories, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Roger_penrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stapp" title="Henry Stapp">Stapp</a> or <a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">Bohm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues against quantum consciousness. He instead discusses how <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> may relate to <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">dualistic consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalmers2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalmers2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chalmers is skeptical that any new physics can resolve the <a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">hard problem of consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalmers1995_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalmers1995-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chalmers1997_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalmers1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that quantum theories of consciousness suffer from the same weakness as more conventional theories. Just as he argues that there is no particular reason why particular macroscopic physical features in the brain should give rise to consciousness, he also thinks that there is no particular reason why a particular quantum feature, such as the EM field in the brain, should give rise to consciousness either.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the existence of <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">transcranial magnetic stimulation</a> with medical purposes, Y. H. Sohn, A. Kaelin-Lang and M. Hallett have denied it,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Alan_Gray" title="Jeffrey Alan Gray">Jeffrey Gray</a> states in his book <i>Consciousness: Creeping up on the Hard Problem</i>, that tests looking for the influence of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_therapy" title="Electromagnetic therapy">electromagnetic fields on brain function</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity#Causes" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">universally negative in their result</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2015)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness#Dubious" title="Talk:Electromagnetic theories of consciousness">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a number of studies have found clear neural effects from EM stimulation. </p> <ul><li>Dobson, et al. (2000): 1.8 millitesla = 18,000 mG<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thomas, et al. (2007): 400 microtesla = 4000 milligauss<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Huesser, et al. (1997): 0.1 millitesla = 1000 mG<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bell, et al. (2007) 0.78 Gauss = 780 mG<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_389–397_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_389–397-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marino, et al. (2004): 1 Gauss = 1000 mG<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_389–397_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_389–397-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Carrubba, et al. (2008): 1 Gauss = 1000 mG<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jacobson (1994): 5 picotesla = 0.00005 mG<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sandyk (1999): Picotesla range<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In April 2022, the results of two related experiments at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> were announced at <a href="/wiki/The_Science_of_Consciousness" title="The Science of Consciousness">The Science of Consciousness</a> conference, providing further evidence to support quantum processes operating within microtubules. In a study <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" title="Stuart Hameroff">Stuart Hameroff</a> was part of, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tuszy%C5%84ski" title="Jack Tuszyński">Jack Tuszyński</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetics</a> hasten the duration of a process called delayed luminescence, in which microtubules and tubulins <span class="nowrap">re-emit</span> trapped light. Tuszyński suspects that the phenomenon has a quantum origin, with <a href="/wiki/Superradiance" title="Superradiance">superradiance</a> being investigated as one possibility. In the second experiment, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_D._Scholes" title="Gregory D. Scholes">Gregory D. Scholes</a> and Aarat Kalra of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> used lasers to excite molecules within tubulins, causing a prolonged excitation to diffuse through microtubules further than expected, which did not occur when repeated under <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, diffusion results have to be interpreted carefully, since even classical diffusion can be very complex due to the wide range of length scales in the fluid filled extracellular space.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> quantum physicist <a href="/wiki/Vlatko_Vedral" title="Vlatko Vedral">Vlatko Vedral</a> told that this connection with consciousness is a really long shot. </p><p>Also in 2022, a group of Italian physicists conducted several experiments that failed to provide evidence in support of a gravity-related quantum collapse model of consciousness, weakening the possibility of a quantum explanation for consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_brain_function">Influence on brain function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence on brain function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The different EM field theories disagree as to the role of the proposed conscious EM field on brain function. In McFadden's cemi field theory, as well as in Drs Fingelkurts' Brain-Mind Operational Architectonics theory, the brain's global EM field modifies the electric charges across neural membranes, and thereby influences the probability that particular neurons will fire, providing a feed-back loop that drives <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. However, in the theories of Susan Pockett and E. Roy John, there is no necessary causal link between the conscious EM field and our consciously willed actions. </p><p>References to "Mag Lag" also known as the subtle effect on cognitive processes of MRI machine operators who sometimes have to go into the scanner room to check the patients and deal with issues that occur during the scan could suggest a link between magnetic fields and consciousness. Memory loss and delays in information processing have been reported, in some cases several hours after exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One hypothesis is that magnetic fields in the 0.5-9 Tesla range can affect the ion permeability of neural membranes, in fact this could account for a lot of the issues seen as this would affect many different brain functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications_for_artificial_intelligence">Implications for artificial intelligence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Implications for artificial intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If true, the theory has major implications for efforts to design consciousness into <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> machines;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> current <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> technology is designed to transmit information linearly along electrical channels, and more general electromagnetic effects are seen as a nuisance and <a href="/wiki/Damping_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Damping ratio">damped</a> out; if this theory is right, however, this is directly counterproductive to creating an artificially conscious computer, which on some versions of the theory would instead have electromagnetic fields that synchronized its outputs—or in the original version of the theory would have spatially patterned electromagnetic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction" title="Orchestrated objective reduction">Orchestrated objective reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_neural_network" title="Quantum neural network">Quantum neural network</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Susan_Pockett-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Susan_Pockett_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Susan_Pockett_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Pockett2000" class="citation book cs1">Susan Pockett (September 2000). <i>The Nature of Consciousness</i>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-12215-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-12215-8"><bdi>978-0-595-12215-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Consciousness&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-09&rft.isbn=978-0-595-12215-8&rft.au=Susan+Pockett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPockett2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pockett, Susan (2012). "The electromagnetic field theory of consciousness: a testable hypothesis about the characteristics of conscious as opposed to non-conscious fields". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (<span class="nowrap">11–</span>12): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=The+electromagnetic+field+theory+of+consciousness%3A+a+testable+hypothesis+about+the+characteristics+of+conscious+as+opposed+to+non-conscious+fields&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pockett&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnjoe_McFadden2002" class="citation journal cs1">Johnjoe McFadden (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/rec/MCFTCE">"The Conscious Electromagnetic Information (Cemi) Field Theory: The Hard Problem Made Easy?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i>. <b>9</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Conscious+Electromagnetic+Information+%28Cemi%29+Field+Theory%3A+The+Hard+Problem+Made+Easy%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Johnjoe+McFadden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FMCFTCE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span><br />- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnjoe_McFadden2002" class="citation journal cs1">Johnjoe McFadden (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/rec/MCFSFA">"Synchronous Firing and Its Influence on the Brain's Electromagnetic Field: Evidence for an Electromagnetic Field Theory of Consciousness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=Synchronous+Firing+and+Its+Influence+on+the+Brain%27s+Electromagnetic+Field%3A+Evidence+for+an+Electromagnetic+Field+Theory+of+Consciousness&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Johnjoe+McFadden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FMCFSFA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span><br />- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnjoe_McFadden2006" class="citation book cs1">Johnjoe McFadden (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/rec/MCFTCF-3">"12. The CEMI Field Theory: Seven Clues to the Nature of Consciousness"</a>. In Jack A. Tuszynski (ed.). <i>The Emerging Physics of Consciousness</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">385–</span>404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23890-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23890-4"><bdi>978-3-540-23890-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12.+The+CEMI+Field+Theory%3A+Seven+Clues+to+the+Nature+of+Consciousness&rft.btitle=The+Emerging+Physics+of+Consciousness&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-23890-4&rft.au=Johnjoe+McFadden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FMCFTCF-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_R._Uttal2005" class="citation book cs1">William R. Uttal (2005). <i>Neural Theories of Mind: Why the Mind-Brain Problem May Never Be Solved</i>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5484-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5484-8"><bdi>978-0-8058-5484-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neural+Theories+of+Mind%3A+Why+the+Mind-Brain+Problem+May+Never+Be+Solved&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-5484-8&rft.au=William+R.+Uttal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMari_JibuKunio_Yasue1995" class="citation book cs1">Mari Jibu; Kunio Yasue (1995). <i>Quantum brain dynamics and consciousness</i>. John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-183-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-183-1"><bdi>978-1-55619-183-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+brain+dynamics+and+consciousness&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55619-183-1&rft.au=Mari+Jibu&rft.au=Kunio+Yasue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiuseppe_Vitiello2001" class="citation book cs1">Giuseppe Vitiello (2001). <i>My Double Unveiled</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58811-076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58811-076-3"><bdi>978-1-58811-076-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Double+Unveiled&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58811-076-3&rft.au=Giuseppe+Vitiello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liboff-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liboff_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiboff2016" class="citation journal cs1">Liboff, A R (2016). "Magnetic correlates in electromagnetic consciousness". <i>Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine</i>. <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">228–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F15368378.2015.1057641">10.3109/15368378.2015.1057641</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27049696">27049696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32635627">32635627</a>. <q>There is no question that incorporating EM field-mediated communication into models of brain function has the potential to reframe discussions surrounding consciousness. However, to the best of our knowledge, all previous discussions concerning this possibility only focused on traditional electrophysiological parameters, with no recognition of the role likely played by the magnetic field.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electromagnetic+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Magnetic+correlates+in+electromagnetic+consciousness.&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32635627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27049696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F15368378.2015.1057641&rft.aulast=Liboff&rft.aufirst=A+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources for Fingelkurts: <ul><li>Andrew A. Fingelkurts and Alexander A. Fingelkurts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bm-science.com/team/chapt3.pdf">Mapping of the Brain Operational Architectonics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927074403/http://www.bm-science.com/team/chapt3.pdf">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published in: Chen, F. J. (ed.) Focus on Brain Mapping Research, Nova Science Publishers, 2005 pp. 59-98</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingelkurtsFingelkurts2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fingelkurts A, Fingelkurts A (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bm-science.com/team/art18.pdf">"Operational architectonics of the human brain biopotential field: Towards solving the mind-brain problem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Brain and Mind</i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1014427822738">10.1023/a:1014427822738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16125062">16125062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+and+Mind&rft.atitle=Operational+architectonics+of+the+human+brain+biopotential+field%3A+Towards+solving+the+mind-brain+problem&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1014427822738&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16125062%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fingelkurts&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Fingelkurts%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bm-science.com%2Fteam%2Fart18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingelkurts_Andrew_A.Fingelkurts_Alexander_A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fingelkurts Andrew A.; Fingelkurts Alexander A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927073225/http://www.bm-science.com/team/art30.pdf">"Making complexity simpler: Multivariability and metastability in the brain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>114</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">843–</span>862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207450490450046">10.1080/00207450490450046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15204050">15204050</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11376883">11376883</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bm-science.com/team/art30.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Making+complexity+simpler%3A+Multivariability+and+metastability+in+the+brain&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E843-%3C%2Fspan%3E862&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11376883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15204050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207450490450046&rft.au=Fingelkurts+Andrew+A.&rft.au=Fingelkurts+Alexander+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bm-science.com%2Fteam%2Fart30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingelkurts_Andrew_A.Fingelkurts_Alexander_A.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fingelkurts Andrew A.; Fingelkurts Alexander A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bm-science.com/team/art39.pdf">"Timing in cognition and EEG brain dynamics: discreteness versus continuity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cognitive Processing</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10339-006-0035-0">10.1007/s10339-006-0035-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16832687">16832687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2228893">2228893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Processing&rft.atitle=Timing+in+cognition+and+EEG+brain+dynamics%3A+discreteness+versus+continuity&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2228893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16832687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10339-006-0035-0&rft.au=Fingelkurts+Andrew+A.&rft.au=Fingelkurts+Alexander+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bm-science.com%2Fteam%2Fart39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingelkurts_Andrew_A.Fingelkurts_Alexander_A.Neves_Carlos_F.H.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fingelkurts Andrew A.; Fingelkurts Alexander A.; Neves Carlos F.H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708074448/http://www.bm-science.com/team/art53.pdf">"Phenomenological architecture of a mind and Operational Architectonics of the brain: the unified metastable continuum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of New Mathematics and Natural Computing</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">221–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2Fs1793005709001258">10.1142/s1793005709001258</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bm-science.com/team/art53.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+New+Mathematics+and+Natural+Computing&rft.atitle=Phenomenological+architecture+of+a+mind+and+Operational+Architectonics+of+the+brain%3A+the+unified+metastable+continuum&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2Fs1793005709001258&rft.au=Fingelkurts+Andrew+A.&rft.au=Fingelkurts+Alexander+A.&rft.au=Neves+Carlos+F.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bm-science.com%2Fteam%2Fart53.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFries,_P.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fries, P.; et al. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC25091">"Synchronization of oscillatory responses in visual cortex correlates with perception in interocular rivalry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <b>94</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">2699–</span>2704. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...9412699F">1997PNAS...9412699F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.23.12699">10.1073/pnas.94.23.12699</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC25091">25091</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9356513">9356513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Synchronization+of+oscillatory+responses+in+visual+cortex+correlates+with+perception+in+interocular+rivalry&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2699-%3C%2Fspan%3E2704&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC25091%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9356513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.23.12699&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...9412699F&rft.au=Fries%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC25091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden,_J.2013" class="citation journal cs1">McFadden, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/763034/1/mcfadden_JCS_2013%28a%29.pdf">"The CEMI Field Theory Closing the Loop"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">153–</span>168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=The+CEMI+Field+Theory+Closing+the+Loop&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2013&rft.au=McFadden%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepubs.surrey.ac.uk%2F763034%2F1%2Fmcfadden_JCS_2013%2528a%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnastassiou,_C.A.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Anastassiou, C.A.; et al. (2011). "Ephaptic coupling of cortical neurons". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Neuroscience" title="Nature Neuroscience">Nature Neuroscience</a></i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn.2727">10.1038/nn.2727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21240273">21240273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7836328">7836328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Ephaptic+coupling+of+cortical+neurons&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7836328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21240273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn.2727&rft.au=Anastassiou%2C+C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrohlich,_F.McCormick,_D.A.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Frohlich, F.; McCormick, D.A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139922">"Endogenous electric fields may guide neocortical network activity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neuron_(journal)" title="Neuron (journal)">Neuron</a></i>. <b>67</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2010.06.005">10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139922">3139922</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20624597">20624597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Endogenous+electric+fields+may+guide+neocortical+network+activity&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139922%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20624597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2010.06.005&rft.au=Frohlich%2C+F.&rft.au=McCormick%2C+D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden,_J.2013" class="citation journal cs1">McFadden, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507164232/http://machineslikeus.com/sites/default/files/mcfadden_JCS_2013%28b%29.pdf">"The CEMI Field Theory Gestalt Information and the Meaning of Meaning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">153–</span>168. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://machineslikeus.com/sites/default/files/mcfadden_JCS_2013%28b%29.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=The+CEMI+Field+Theory+Gestalt+Information+and+the+Meaning+of+Meaning&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2013&rft.au=McFadden%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmachineslikeus.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmcfadden_JCS_2013%2528b%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiroomi_Umezawa" class="citation book cs1">Hiroomi Umezawa. <i>Advanced Field Theory: Micro, Macro and Thermal Physics (1993)</i>. American Institute of Physics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Field+Theory%3A+Micro%2C+Macro+and+Thermal+Physics+%281993%29&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft.au=Hiroomi+Umezawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Frohlich1968" class="citation journal cs1">Herbert Frohlich (1968). "Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Quantum_Chemistry" title="International Journal of Quantum Chemistry">International Journal of Quantum Chemistry</a></i>. <b>2</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">641–</span>649. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968IJQC....2..641F">1968IJQC....2..641F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqua.560020505">10.1002/qua.560020505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Quantum+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Long-range+coherence+and+energy+storage+in+biological+systems&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E641-%3C%2Fspan%3E649&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fqua.560020505&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968IJQC....2..641F&rft.au=Herbert+Frohlich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crick_astonishing_hypothesis-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crick_astonishing_hypothesis_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1995" class="citation book cs1">Crick, Francis (1995). <i>Astonishing hypothesis: The scientific search for the soul</i>. Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astonishing+hypothesis%3A+The+scientific+search+for+the+soul&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wireless-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wireless_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wireless_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629034618/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/05/52674">"Consciousness Based on Wireless?"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. 21 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/05/52674">the original</a> on 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Consciousness+Based+on+Wireless%3F&rft.date=2002-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fscience%2Fdiscoveries%2Fnews%2F2002%2F05%2F52674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaarsEdelman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baars BJ, Edelman DB (14 May 2014). "Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses". <i>Phys Life Rev</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhLRv...9..285B">2012PhLRv...9..285B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2012.07.001">10.1016/j.plrev.2012.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22925839">22925839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys+Life+Rev&rft.atitle=Consciousness%2C+biology+and+quantum+hypotheses&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22925839&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2012.07.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhLRv...9..285B&rft.aulast=Baars&rft.aufirst=BJ&rft.au=Edelman%2C+DB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span><br />- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBókkonMallickTuszynski2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bókkon I, Mallick BN, Tuszynski JA (11 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3769617">"Near death experiences: a multidisciplinary hypothesis"</a>. <i>Front Hum Neurosci</i>. <b>7</b>: 533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2013.00533">10.3389/fnhum.2013.00533</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3769617">3769617</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24062655">24062655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front+Hum+Neurosci&rft.atitle=Near+death+experiences%3A+a+multidisciplinary+hypothesis&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=533&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3769617%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24062655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2013.00533&rft.aulast=B%C3%B3kkon&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Mallick%2C+BN&rft.au=Tuszynski%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3769617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span><br />- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHameroff_S2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hameroff S (14 May 2014). "Consciousness, the brain, and spacetime geometry". <i>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci</i>. <b>929</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NYASA.929...74H">2001NYASA.929...74H</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.405.2988">10.1.1.405.2988</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2001.tb05709.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05709.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11349432">11349432</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12399940">12399940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+N.+Y.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Consciousness%2C+the+brain%2C+and+spacetime+geometry&rft.volume=929&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12399940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001NYASA.929...74H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.405.2988%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11349432&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2001.tb05709.x&rft.au=Hameroff+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Chalmers1996" class="citation book cs1">David Chalmers (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consciousmindins00chal"><i>The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510553-7"><bdi>978-0-19-510553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscious+Mind%3A+In+Search+of+a+Fundamental+Theory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510553-7&rft.au=David+Chalmers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsciousmindins00chal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chalmers2003-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chalmers2003_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_P._StichTed_A._Warfield2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephen P. Stich; Ted A. Warfield (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEGK_ZStddkC&q=dualistic+consciousness&pg=PA126"><i>The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470998755" title="Special:BookSources/9780470998755"><bdi>9780470998755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Guide+to+Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=9780470998755&rft.au=Stephen+P.+Stich&rft.au=Ted+A.+Warfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNEGK_ZStddkC%26q%3Ddualistic%2Bconsciousness%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chalmers1995-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chalmers1995_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Chalmers1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David J. Chalmers</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consc.net/papers/facing.html">"Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness"</a>. <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">200–</span>219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=Facing+Up+to+the+Problem+of+Consciousness&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=1995&rft.au=David+J.+Chalmers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconsc.net%2Fpapers%2Ffacing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chalmers1997-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chalmers1997_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers1997" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers, David J. (1997). <i>The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory</i> (Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511789-9"><bdi>978-0-19-511789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscious+Mind%3A+In+Search+of+a+Fundamental+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511789-9&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Chalmers1996" class="citation book cs1">David Chalmers (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consciousmindins00chal"><i>The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510553-7"><bdi>978-0-19-510553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscious+Mind%3A+In+Search+of+a+Fundamental+Theory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510553-7&rft.au=David+Chalmers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsciousmindins00chal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Chalmers1996" class="citation book cs1">David Chalmers (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consciousmindins00chal"><i>The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510553-7"><bdi>978-0-19-510553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscious+Mind%3A+In+Search+of+a+Fundamental+Theory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510553-7&rft.au=David+Chalmers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsciousmindins00chal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohnKaelin-LangHallett2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sohn, Y H; Kaelin-Lang, A; Hallett, M (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738563">"The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on movement selection"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry</i>. <b>74</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">985–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.74.7.985">10.1136/jnnp.74.7.985</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738563">1738563</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12810802">12810802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery+%26+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+on+movement+selection&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E985-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1738563%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12810802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.74.7.985&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Y+H&rft.au=Kaelin-Lang%2C+A&rft.au=Hallett%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1738563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Gray2004" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Gray (2004). <i>Consciousness: Creeping up on the Hard Problem</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852090-0"><bdi>978-0-19-852090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consciousness%3A+Creeping+up+on+the+Hard+Problem&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852090-0&rft.au=Jeffrey+Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobsonSt_PierreWieserFuller2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dobson, J.; St Pierre, T.; Wieser, H. G.; Fuller, M. (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10653619/">"Changes in paroxysmal brainwave patterns of epileptics by weak-field magnetic stimulation"</a>. <i>Bioelectromagnetics</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291521-186x%28200002%2921%3A2%3C94%3A%3Aaid-bem3%3E3.0.co%3B2-7">10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(200002)21:2<94::aid-bem3>3.0.co;2-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-8462">0197-8462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10653619">10653619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioelectromagnetics&rft.atitle=Changes+in+paroxysmal+brainwave+patterns+of+epileptics+by+weak-field+magnetic+stimulation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2000-02&rft.issn=0197-8462&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10653619&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291521-186x%28200002%2921%3A2%3C94%3A%3Aaid-bem3%3E3.0.co%3B2-7&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=St+Pierre%2C+T.&rft.au=Wieser%2C+H.+G.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F10653619%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasGrahamPratoMcKay2007" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Alex W.; Graham, Karissa; Prato, Frank S.; McKay, Julia; Forster, Patricia Morley; Moulin, Dwight E.; Chari, Sesh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670735">"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial using a low-frequency magnetic field in the treatment of musculoskeletal chronic pain"</a>. <i>Pain Research & Management</i>. <b>12</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2007%2F626072">10.1155/2007/626072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1203-6765">1203-6765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670735">2670735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18080043">18080043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pain+Research+%26+Management&rft.atitle=A+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+clinical+trial+using+a+low-frequency+magnetic+field+in+the+treatment+of+musculoskeletal+chronic+pain&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2670735%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1203-6765&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18080043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2007%2F626072&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Alex+W.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Karissa&rft.au=Prato%2C+Frank+S.&rft.au=McKay%2C+Julia&rft.au=Forster%2C+Patricia+Morley&rft.au=Moulin%2C+Dwight+E.&rft.au=Chari%2C+Sesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2670735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeusserTellschaftThoss1997" class="citation journal cs1">Heusser, K.; Tellschaft, D.; Thoss, F. (19 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9469655/">"Influence of an alternating 3 Hz magnetic field with an induction of 0.1 millitesla on chosen parameters of the human occipital EEG"</a>. <i>Neuroscience Letters</i>. <b>239</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0304-3940%2897%2900881-1">10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00881-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3940">0304-3940</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9469655">9469655</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22753522">22753522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+Letters&rft.atitle=Influence+of+an+alternating+3+Hz+magnetic+field+with+an+induction+of+0.1+millitesla+on+chosen+parameters+of+the+human+occipital+EEG&rft.volume=239&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1997-12-19&rft.issn=0304-3940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22753522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9469655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0304-3940%2897%2900881-1&rft.aulast=Heusser&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Tellschaft%2C+D.&rft.au=Thoss%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F9469655%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_389–397-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_389–397_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_389–397_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellMarinoChesson1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, G. B.; Marino, A. A.; Chesson, A. L. (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1281085/">"Alterations in brain electrical activity caused by magnetic fields: detecting the detection process"</a>. <i>Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology</i>. <b>83</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-4694%2892%2990075-s">10.1016/0013-4694(92)90075-s</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-4694">0013-4694</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1281085">1281085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electroencephalography+and+Clinical+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Alterations+in+brain+electrical+activity+caused+by+magnetic+fields%3A+detecting+the+detection+process&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E397&rft.date=1992-12&rft.issn=0013-4694&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1281085&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0013-4694%2892%2990075-s&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft.au=Marino%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F1281085%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrubbaFrilotChessonWebber2008" class="citation journal cs1">Carrubba, Simona; Frilot, Clifton; Chesson, Andrew L.; Webber, Charles L.; Zbilut, Joseph P.; Marino, Andrew A. (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18036693/">"Magnetosensory evoked potentials: consistent nonlinear phenomena"</a>. <i>Neuroscience Research</i>. <b>60</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neures.2007.10.001">10.1016/j.neures.2007.10.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0168-0102">0168-0102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18036693">18036693</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4848049">4848049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+Research&rft.atitle=Magnetosensory+evoked+potentials%3A+consistent+nonlinear+phenomena&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2008-01&rft.issn=0168-0102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4848049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18036693&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neures.2007.10.001&rft.aulast=Carrubba&rft.aufirst=Simona&rft.au=Frilot%2C+Clifton&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Andrew+L.&rft.au=Webber%2C+Charles+L.&rft.au=Zbilut%2C+Joseph+P.&rft.au=Marino%2C+Andrew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18036693%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, J. I. (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7603740/">"Pineal-hypothalamic tract mediation of picotesla magnetic fields in the treatment of neurological disorders"</a>. <i>Panminerva Medica</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0808">0031-0808</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7603740">7603740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Panminerva+Medica&rft.atitle=Pineal-hypothalamic+tract+mediation+of+picotesla+magnetic+fields+in+the+treatment+of+neurological+disorders&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7603740&rft.issn=0031-0808&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=J.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F7603740%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandyk1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sandyk, R. (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10372649/">"Treatment with AC pulsed electromagnetic fields improves olfactory function in Parkinson's disease"</a>. <i>The International Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>97</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00207459909000662">10.3109/00207459909000662</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7454">0020-7454</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10372649">10372649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Treatment+with+AC+pulsed+electromagnetic+fields+improves+olfactory+function+in+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=1999-04&rft.issn=0020-7454&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10372649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00207459909000662&rft.aulast=Sandyk&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F10372649%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewton2022" class="citation web cs1">Lewton, Thomas (18 April 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2316408-quantum-experiments-add-weight-to-a-fringe-theory-of-consciousness/">"Quantum experiments add weight to a fringe theory of consciousness"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Quantum+experiments+add+weight+to+a+fringe+theory+of+consciousness&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft.aulast=Lewton&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2316408-quantum-experiments-add-weight-to-a-fringe-theory-of-consciousness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangermann2022" class="citation web cs1">Tangermann, Victor (19 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futurism.com/human-consciousness-quantum-physics">"Experiment Suggests That Consciousness May Be Rooted in Quantum Physics"</a>. <i>www.futurism.com</i>. Camden Media Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.futurism.com&rft.atitle=Experiment+Suggests+That+Consciousness+May+Be+Rooted+in+Quantum+Physics&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.aulast=Tangermann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffuturism.com%2Fhuman-consciousness-quantum-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholson, Charles (May 2022). "The Secret World in the Gaps between Brain Cells". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>75</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PhT....75e..26N">2022PhT....75e..26N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.4999">10.1063/PT.3.4999</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248620292">248620292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=The+Secret+World+in+the+Gaps+between+Brain+Cells&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248620292%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.4999&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PhT....75e..26N&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-06-collapsing-theory-quantum-consciousness.html">"Collapsing a leading theory for the quantum origin of consciousness"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>. 13 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Collapsing+a+leading+theory+for+the+quantum+origin+of+consciousness&rft.date=2022-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2022-06-collapsing-theory-quantum-consciousness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerakhshaniDiósiLaubensteinPiscicchia2022" class="citation journal cs1">Derakhshani, Maaneli; Diósi, Lajos; Laubenstein, Matthias; Piscicchia, Kristian; Curceanu, Catalina (1 September 2022). "At the crossroad of the search for spontaneous radiation and the Orch OR consciousness theory". <i>Physics of Life Reviews</i>. <b>42</b>: <span class="nowrap">8–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PhLRv..42....8D">2022PhLRv..42....8D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2022.05.004">10.1016/j.plrev.2022.05.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617922">35617922</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248868080">248868080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+of+Life+Reviews&rft.atitle=At+the+crossroad+of+the+search+for+spontaneous+radiation+and+the+Orch+OR+consciousness+theory&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2022.05.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248868080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35617922&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PhLRv..42....8D&rft.aulast=Derakhshani&rft.aufirst=Maaneli&rft.au=Di%C3%B3si%2C+Lajos&rft.au=Laubenstein%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Piscicchia%2C+Kristian&rft.au=Curceanu%2C+Catalina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201192801/http://www.radmagazine.co.uk/ScientificPDFs/August%202009%20-%20Occupational%20hazard.%20Working%20in%20MRI%20and%20the%20potential%20impact%20of%20EU%20PAD%20-%20Ms%20Elizabeth%20Moore.pdf">"Occupational hazard? Working in MRI and the potential impact of EU PAD (EMF)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radmagazine.co.uk/ScientificPDFs/August%202009%20-%20Occupational%20hazard.%20Working%20in%20MRI%20and%20the%20potential%20impact%20of%20EU%20PAD%20-%20Ms%20Elizabeth%20Moore.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occupational+hazard%3F+Working+in+MRI+and+the+potential+impact+of+EU+PAD+%28EMF%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radmagazine.co.uk%2FScientificPDFs%2FAugust%25202009%2520-%2520Occupational%2520hazard.%2520Working%2520in%2520MRI%2520and%2520the%2520potential%2520impact%2520of%2520EU%2520PAD%2520-%2520Ms%2520Elizabeth%2520Moore.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew A. Fingelkurts, Alexander A. Fingelkurts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bm-science.com/team/art54_in-press.pdf">Brain and mind Operational Architectonics and man-made "machine" consciousness. Cognitive Processing (2009) 10(2):105-111.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden2020" class="citation journal cs1">McFadden, Johnjoe (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7507405">"Integrating information in the brain's EM field: The cemi field theory of consciousness"</a>. <i>Neuroscience of Consciousness</i>. <b>2020</b> (1): niaa016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnc%2Fniaa016">10.1093/nc/niaa016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7507405">7507405</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32995043">32995043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221971224">221971224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+of+Consciousness&rft.atitle=Integrating+information+in+the+brain%27s+EM+field%3A+The+cemi+field+theory+of+consciousness&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=niaa016&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7507405%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221971224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32995043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnc%2Fniaa016&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=Johnjoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7507405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+theories+of+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Field_theories_of_consciousness#The_electromagnetic_field_theory_of_consciousness">The electromagnetic field theory of consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/news/technology/1,52674-0.html">Consciousness Based on Wireless?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consciousness277" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consciousness" title="Template:Consciousness"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consciousness" title="Template talk:Consciousness"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consciousness" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consciousness"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consciousness277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Shaughnessy_(philosopher)" title="Brian O'Shaughnessy (philosopher)">Brian O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Strong" title="Charles Augustus Strong">Charles Augustus Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Peacocke" title="Christopher Peacocke">Christopher Peacocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">Colin McGinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Papineau" title="David Papineau">David Papineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">George Henry Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Rey" title="Georges Rey">Georges Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Levine_(philosopher)" title="Joseph Levine (philosopher)">Joseph Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Frankish" title="Keith Frankish">Keith Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Sayre" title="Kenneth M. Sayre">Kenneth M. Sayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Velmans" title="Max Velmans">Max Velmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Goff_(philosopher)" title="Philip Goff (philosopher)">Philip Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Metzinger" title="Thomas Metzinger">Thomas Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">William Kingdon Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lycan" title="William Lycan">William Lycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seager_(philosopher)" title="William Seager (philosopher)">William Seager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_D._Hoffman" title="Donald D. Hoffman">Donald D. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fechner" title="Gustav Fechner">Gustav Fechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Jaynes" title="Julian Jaynes">Julian Jaynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koffka" title="Kurt Koffka">Kurt Koffka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuroscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Seth" title="Anil Seth">Anil Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Baars" title="Bernard Baars">Bernard Baars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl Pribram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weiskrantz" title="Lawrence Weiskrantz">Lawrence Weiskrantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gazzaniga" title="Michael Gazzaniga">Michael Gazzaniga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graziano" title="Michael Graziano">Michael Graziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wilken" title="Patrick Wilken">Patrick Wilken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Stanislas Dehaene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Laureys" title="Steven Laureys">Steven Laureys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" title="Stuart Hameroff">Stuart Hameroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Singer" title="Wolf Singer">Wolf Singer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annaka_Harris" title="Annaka Harris">Annaka Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_monism" title="Anomalous monism">Anomalous monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-aspect_theory" title="Double-aspect theory">Double-aspect theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_monism" title="Reflexive monism">Reflexive monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionary_materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionary materialism">Revisionary materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_schema_theory" title="Attention schema theory">Attention schema theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Universe_of_Consciousness#The_Dynamic_Core_Hypothesis" title="A Universe of Consciousness">Dynamic core hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasio%27s_theory_of_consciousness" title="Damasio's theory of consciousness">Damasio's theory of consciousness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workspace_theory" title="Global workspace theory">Global workspace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_theories_of_consciousness" title="Higher-order theories of consciousness">Higher-order theories of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory" title="Holonomic brain theory">Holonomic brain theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_information_theory" title="Integrated information theory">Integrated information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_masking#Lamme's_recurrent_feedback_hypothesis_of_visual_awareness_and_masking" title="Visual masking">Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_drafts_model" title="Multiple drafts model">Multiple drafts model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction" title="Orchestrated objective reduction">Orchestrated objective reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">Altered state of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">Attentional control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">Binding problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindsight" title="Blindsight">Blindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_theater" title="Cartesian theater">Cartesian theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorders of consciousness">Disorders of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Divided consciousness">Divided consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_consciousness" title="Dual consciousness">Dual consciousness (split-brain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_gap" title="Explanatory gap">Explanatory gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppression" title="Flash suppression">Flash suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">Heterophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection_illusion" title="Introspection illusion">Introspection illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_argument" title="Knowledge argument">Knowledge argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">Locked-in syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimally_conscious_state" title="Minimally conscious state">Minimally conscious state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">Neural correlates of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Philosophical zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_consciousness" title="Primary consciousness">Primary consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_(neural_circuitry)" title="Reentry (neural circuitry)">Reentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(witness)" title="Sakshi (witness)">Sakshi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_consciousness" title="Secondary consciousness">Secondary consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Sociology of human consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology)">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">Subconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_character_of_experience" title="Subjective character of experience">Subjective character of experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">Subjectivity and objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">Unconsciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_masking" title="Visual masking">Visual masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Universe_of_Consciousness" title="A Universe of Consciousness">A Universe of Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness">Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_and_Cognition" title="Consciousness and Cognition">Consciousness and Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_Explained" title="Consciousness Explained">Consciousness Explained</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness" title="Cosmic Consciousness">Cosmic Consciousness</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_the_Self_Controls_Its_Brain" title="How the Self Controls Its Brain">How the Self Controls Its Brain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Consciousness_Conference" title="Online Consciousness Conference">Online Consciousness Conference</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(consciousness_journal)" title="Psyche (consciousness journal)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Astonishing_Hypothesis" title="The Astonishing Hypothesis">The Astonishing Hypothesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscious_Mind" title="The Conscious Mind">The Conscious Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind" title="The Emperor's New Mind">The Emperor's New Mind</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Science_of_Consciousness" title="The Science of Consciousness">The Science of Consciousness</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Consciousness" title="Understanding Consciousness">Understanding Consciousness</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_It_Like_to_Be_a_Bat%3F" title="What Is It Like to Be a Bat?">What Is It Like to Be a Bat?</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wider_than_the_Sky" title="Wider than the Sky">Wider than the Sky</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Consciousness" title="Category:Consciousness">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Consciousness" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Consciousness">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&oldid=1228667236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&oldid=1228667236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electromagnetism" title="Category:Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Obsolete_scientific_theories" title="Category:Obsolete scientific theories">Obsolete scientific theories</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2020">Use dmy dates from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from December 2015">Articles with disputed statements from December 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 June 2024, at 14:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-sz5ct","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.564","walltime":"0.689","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3810,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":163053,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4695,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":188959,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 595.502 1 -total"," 54.60% 325.143 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.35% 144.978 29 Template:Cite_journal"," 18.58% 110.623 13 Template:Cite_book"," 14.16% 84.352 3 Template:Navbox"," 14.10% 83.992 1 Template:Consciousness"," 10.96% 65.244 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.07% 59.940 6 Template:Fix"," 9.22% 54.924 4 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.22% 37.047 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.357","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6534057,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-bc58557c4-mpv4d","timestamp":"20250204095129","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Electromagnetic theories of consciousness","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4530887","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4530887","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-28T19:19:59Z","dateModified":"2024-06-12T14:08:16Z"}</script> </body> </html>