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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculties_and_modules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Faculties and modules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculties_and_modules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_the_nature_of_mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_the_nature_of_mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theories of the nature of mind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_the_nature_of_mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relation to matter</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relation_to_matter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relation to matter subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mind–body_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mind–body_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mind–body problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mind–body_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain_areas_and_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_areas_and_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Brain areas and processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_areas_and_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Individual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-human" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-human"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Non-human</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-human-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-human subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-human-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Animal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Artificial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health_and_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health_and_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mental health and disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health_and_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fields_and_methods_of_inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fields_and_methods_of_inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fields and methods of inquiry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fields_and_methods_of_inquiry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fields and methods of inquiry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fields_and_methods_of_inquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Philosophy of mind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Cognitive science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_other_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_other_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Relation to other fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mind</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gees_(mens)" title="Gees (mens) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gees (mens)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%95%E1%88%9D%E1%88%AE" title="አዕምሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አዕምሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Խելք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խելք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="মন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apytu%27%C5%A9_(arandupykuaaty)" title="Apytu'ũ (arandupykuaaty) – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apytu'ũ (arandupykuaaty)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1l" title="Ağıl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="মন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim" title="Sim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Аҡыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geist" title="Geist – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Geist" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spered" title="Spered – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spered" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81" title="Ăс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysl" title="Mysl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mysl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfungwa" title="Pfungwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pfungwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_meddwl" title="Y meddwl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y meddwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaim_(mens)" title="Vaim (mens) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaim (mens)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menso" title="Menso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Menso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogamen" title="Gogamen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gogamen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Man" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit" title="Esprit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intinn" title="Intinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Intinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" title="心智 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="心智" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%8C" title="마음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankali" title="Hankali – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hankali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waihona_no%CA%BBono%CA%BBo" title="Waihona noʻonoʻo – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Waihona noʻonoʻo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Խելք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խելք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mento" title="Mento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budi" title="Budi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqondo" title="Ingqondo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ingqondo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqondo" title="Ingqondo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqondo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugur" title="Hugur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="דעת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezuu_(esprit)" title="Fezuu (esprit) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fezuu (esprit)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81" title="ಮನಸ್ಸು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮನಸ್ಸು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brys" title="Brys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Brys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akili_ya_binadamu" title="Akili ya binadamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akili ya binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lespri" title="Lespri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lespri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB-%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Акыл-эс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акыл-эс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ຈິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81ts" title="Prāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protas" title="Protas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geis" title="Geis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മനസ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စိုတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="စိုတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minda" title="Minda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akabudi" title="Akabudi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Akabudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စိတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83" title="心 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wees" title="Wees – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn" title="Sinn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn" title="Sinn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperit" title="Esperit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esperit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrii" title="Surrii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Surrii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong" title="Ong – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ong" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81" title="سیانف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیانف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main" title="Main – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Main" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umys%C5%82" title="Umysł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Umysł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C4%B1l" title="Aqıl – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aqıl" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minte" title="Minte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunqu_(yuyay)" title="Sunqu (yuyay) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sunqu (yuyay)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B9" title="Өй – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өй" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83" title="मनः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मनः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱢᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendja" title="Mendja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mendja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%ACritu_(menti)" title="Spìritu (menti) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spìritu (menti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mind" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myse%C4%BE" title="Myseľ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Myseľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زەین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieli" title="Mieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyke" title="Psyke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psyke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerru" title="Agerru – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agerru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Зиһен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зиһен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="మనసు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మనసు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="จิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D" title="ሓንጎል – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሓንጎል" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%BB" title="Ақл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ақл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏙᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihin" title="Zihin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zihin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlingz" title="Simlingz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Simlingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m_tr%C3%AD" title="Tâm trí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tâm trí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunahuna" title="Hunahuna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hunahuna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5" title="心灵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="心灵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihleketo" title="Mihleketo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mihleketo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%9C" title="שכל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שכל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="心靈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C4%B1l" title="Aqıl – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Aqıl" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruots" title="Pruots – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruots" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" title="心智 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心智" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisuk" title="Bisuk – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bisuk" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q450#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Totality of psychological phenomena</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mind_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mind (disambiguation)">Mind (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mental_capacities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of a head with symbols for different mental capacities inside it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mental_capacities.svg/220px-Mental_capacities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mental_capacities.svg/330px-Mental_capacities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mental_capacities.svg/440px-Mental_capacities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The mind is responsible for phenomena like <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">action</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>mind</b> is that which <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">remembers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">wills</a>. It covers the totality of <b>mental</b> phenomena, including both <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious</a> processes, through which an individual is aware of external and internal circumstances, and <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> processes, which can influence an individual without intention or awareness. The mind plays a central role in most aspects of human life but its exact nature is disputed. Some characterizations focus on internal aspects, saying that the mind transforms information and is not directly accessible to outside observers. Others stress its relation to outward conduct, understanding <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental phenomena</a> as dispositions to engage in observable behavior. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a> is the challenge of explaining the relation between matter and mind. Traditionally, mind and matter were often thought of as distinct <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substances</a> that could exist independently from one another. The dominant philosophical position since the 20th century has been <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a>, which says that everything is material, meaning that minds are certain aspects or features of some material objects. The evolutionary history of the mind is tied to the development of <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous systems</a>, which led to the formation of brains. As brains became more complex, the number and capacity of mental functions increased with particular brain areas dedicated to specific mental functions. Individual human minds also develop as they learn from experience and pass through psychological stages in the process of aging. Some people are affected by <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, in which certain mental capacities do not function as they should. </p><p>It is widely accepted that <a href="/wiki/Non-human" title="Non-human">non-human</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> have some form of mind, but it is controversial to which animals this applies. The topic of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">artificial minds</a> poses similar challenges and theorists discuss the possibility and consequences of creating them using computers. </p><p>The main fields of inquiry studying the mind include <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>. They tend to focus on different aspects of the mind and employ different methods of investigation, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Empirical_observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical observation">empirical observation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> to <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual analysis">conceptual analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought experiments">thought experiments</a>. The mind is relevant to many other fields, including <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, religion, and education. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mind is the totality of psychological phenomena and capacities, encompassing both <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> states. The term <i>mind</i> is sometimes used in a narrow meaning to refer only to cognitive functions associated with <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_reasoning" title="Logical reasoning">reasoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>. In a broader sense, it also includes processes like <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise definition of mind is disputed and while it is generally accepted that some non-human animals also have minds, there is no agreement on where exactly the boundary lies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these disputes, there is wide agreement that mind plays a central role in most aspects of human life as the seat of consciousness, emotions, thoughts, and sense of personal identity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various fields of inquiry study the mind; the main ones include <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The words <i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a></i> and <i>mentality</i> are usually used as synonyms of <i>mind</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often employed in overlapping ways with the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a></i>, <i>spirit</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a></i> but their meanings are not exactly the same. Some religions understand the soul as an independent entity that constitutes the immaterial essence of human beings, is of divine origin, survives bodily death, and is <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>spirit</i> has various additional meanings not directly associated with mind, such as <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">a vital principle animating living beings</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(supernatural_entity)" title="Spirit (supernatural entity)">supernatural being</a> inhabiting objects or places.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognition encompasses certain types of mental processes in which <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> is acquired and <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> processed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intellect is one mental capacity responsible for thought, reasoning, and understanding<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is closely related to intelligence as the ability to acquire, understand, and apply knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain is the physical organ responsible for most or all mental functions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern English word <i>mind</i> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gemynd</i></span>, meaning "memory". This term gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> words <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">mind(e)</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">münd(e)</i></span>, and <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">mend(e)</i></span>, resulting in a slow expansion of meaning to cover all mental capacities. The original meaning is preserved in expressions like <i>call to mind</i> and <i>keep in mind</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognates</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">gimunt</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">gamunds</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μένος</span></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mens</i></span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">manas</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mind encompasses many phenomena, including perception, memory, <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>, motivation, <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>, and consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perception is the process of interpreting and organizing <a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">sensory information</a> to become acquainted with the environment. This information is acquired through <a href="/wiki/Sense_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense organs">sense organs</a> receptive to various types of <a href="/wiki/Physical_stimulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical stimulation">physical stimuli</a>, which correspond to different forms of perception, such as <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auditory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory perception">hearing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory perception">smell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a>. The sensory information received serves as raw data that is filtered and processed to actively constitute the experience of the world and the objects within it. This complex process underlying perceptual experience is shaped by many factors, including the individual's past <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experiences</a>, cultural background, beliefs, knowledge, and expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Memory is the mechanism of storing and retrieving information.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic memory</a> handles information about specific past events in one's life and makes this information available in the present. When a person remembers what they had for dinner yesterday, they employ episodic memory. <a href="/wiki/Semantic_memory" title="Semantic memory">Semantic memory</a> handles general knowledge about the world that is not tied to any specific episodes. When a person recalls that the capital of Japan is Tokyo, they usually employ semantic memory to access this general information without remembering the specific instance when they learned it. <a href="/wiki/Procedural_memory" title="Procedural memory">Procedural memory</a> is memory of how to do things, such as riding a bicycle or playing a musical instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another distinction is between <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">short-term memory</a>, which holds information for brief periods, usually with the purpose of completing specific cognitive tasks, and <a href="/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">long-term memory</a>, which can store information for extended periods, potentially lasting a lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thinking involves the processing of information and the manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>. It is goal-oriented and often happens in response to experiences by aiming at making sense of them, organizing their information, and deciding how to respond.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logical reasoning is a form of thinking that starts from a set of premises and aims to arrive at a conclusion supported by these premises. This is the case when deducing that "Socrates is mortal" from the premises "Socrates is a man" and "all men are mortal".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Problem-solving" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem-solving">Problem-solving</a> is a closely related process that consists of several steps, such as identifying a problem, developing a plan to address it, implementing the plan, and assessing whether it worked.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thinking in the form of <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> involves considering possible courses of action to assess which one is the most beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a symbolic process, thinking is deeply intertwined with language, and some theorists hold that <a href="/wiki/Language_of_thought_hypothesis" title="Language of thought hypothesis">all thought happens through the medium of language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imagination is a creative process of internally generating mental images, ideas, experiences, and related phenomena. Unlike perception, it does not directly depend on the stimulation of sensory organs. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dreaming</a>, these mental constructs are often derived from previous experiences but can include novel combinations and elements. Imagination happens during <a href="/wiki/Daydreaming" title="Daydreaming">daydreaming</a> and plays a key role in art and literature. Additionally, it can also be used to come up with novel solutions to real-world problems.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motivation is an internal state that propels individuals to initiate, continue, or terminate goal-directed behavior. It is responsible for the formation of <a href="/wiki/Intentions" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentions">intentions</a> to perform <a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">actions</a> and affects what goals someone pursues, how much effort they invest in the activity, and how long they engage in it.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivation is affected by emotions, which are temporary experiences of positive or negative feelings like joy or anger. They are directed at and evaluate specific events, persons, or situations. They usually come together with certain physiological and behavioral responses.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attention is an aspect of other mental processes in which mental resources like awareness are directed towards certain features of experience and away from others. This happens when a driver focuses on the traffic while ignoring billboards on the side of the road. Attention can be controlled voluntarily in the pursuit of specific goals but can also be diverted involuntarily when a strong <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(psychology)" title="Stimulus (psychology)">stimulus</a> captures a person's attention.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attention is relevant to learning, which is the ability of the mind to acquire new information and permanently modify its understanding and behavioral patterns. Individuals learn by undergoing experiences, which helps them <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adapt</a> to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscious_and_unconscious">Conscious and unconscious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conscious and unconscious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious mind</a></div> <p>An influential distinction is between conscious and unconscious mental processes. Consciousness is the awareness of external and internal circumstances. It encompasses a wide variety of states, such as perception, thinking, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_(psychology)" title="Fantasy (psychology)">fantasizing</a>, dreaming, and <a href="/wiki/Altered_states_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Altered states of consciousness">altered states of consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of phenomenal consciousness, the awareness involves a direct and qualitative experience of mental phenomena, like the auditory experience of attending a concert. Access consciousness, by contrast, refers to an awareness of information that is accessible to other mental processes but not necessarily part of current experience. For example, the information stored in a memory may be accessible when drawing conclusions or guiding actions even when the person is not explicitly thinking about it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unconscious or nonconscious mental processes operate without the individual's awareness but can still influence mental phenomena on the level of thought, feeling, and action. Some theorists distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Preconscious" title="Preconscious">preconscious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious</a>, and unconscious states depending on their accessibility to conscious awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When applied to the overall state of a person rather than specific processes, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconscious</a></i> implies that the person lacks any awareness of their environment and themselves, like during a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unconscious mind plays a central role in <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> as the part of the mind that contains thoughts, memories, and desires not accessible to conscious introspection. According to <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological mechanism">psychological mechanism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Repression_(psychoanalysis)" title="Repression (psychoanalysis)">repression</a> keeps disturbing phenomena, like unacceptable sexual and aggressive impulses, from entering consciousness to protect the individual. Psychoanalytic theory studies symptoms caused by this process and therapeutic methods to avoid them by making the repressed thoughts accessible to conscious awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_distinctions">Other distinctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mental_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental states">Mental states</a> are often divided into qualitative and propositional states. Qualitative states are experiences of sensory qualities, typically referred to as <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a>, like colors, sounds, smells, pains, itches, and hunger. Propositional states involve an <a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">attitude</a> towards a content that can be expressed by a <a href="/wiki/Declarative_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative sentence">declarative sentence</a>. When a person believes that it is raining, they have the propositional attitude of belief towards the content "it is raining". Different types of propositional states are characterized by different attitudes towards their content. For instance, it is also possible to hope, fear, desire, or doubt that it is raining.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mental state or process is <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a> if it is based on good reasons or follows the norms of rationality. For example, a belief is rational if it relies on strong supporting <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> and a decision is rational if it follows careful deliberation of all the relevant factors and outcomes. Mental states are irrational if they fail to adhere to these standards, such as beliefs caused by faulty reasoning, <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive biases</a>, and decisions that give into <a href="/wiki/Temptation" title="Temptation">temptations</a> against one's best judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mental states that fall outside the domain of rational evaluation are arational rather than irrational. There is controversy regarding which mental phenomena lie outside this domain; suggested examples include sensory impressions, feelings, desires, and involuntary responses.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another contrast is between <a href="/wiki/Disposition" title="Disposition">dispositional</a> and occurrent mental states. A dispositional state is a power that is not exercised. If a person believes that cats have whiskers but does not think about this fact, it is a dispositional belief. By activating the belief to consciously think about it or use it in other cognitive processes, it becomes occurrent until it is no longer actively considered or used. The great majority of a person's beliefs are dispositional most of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculties_and_modules">Faculties and modules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Faculties and modules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the mind was subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Faculty_psychology" title="Faculty psychology">mental faculties</a> understood as capacities to perform certain functions or bring about certain processes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An influential subdivision in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">history of philosophy</a> was between the faculties of intellect and <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intellect encompasses mental phenomena aimed at understanding the world and determining what to believe or what is true; the will is concerned with practical matters and what is good, reflected in phenomena like desire, decision-making, and action.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact number and nature of the mental faculties are disputed. More fine-grained distinctions divide the intellect into the faculties of understanding and judgment or add sensibility as an additional faculty responsible for sensory impressions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion_-_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of two horizontal lines with arrow-like components at their ends" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion_-_simple.svg/220px-M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion_-_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion_-_simple.svg/330px-M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion_-_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion_-_simple.svg/440px-M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion_-_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion" title="Müller-Lyer illusion">Müller-Lyer illusion</a>, the horizontal black lines have the same length but the top line appears longer. The illusion persists even after becoming aware of it because of the automatic functioning of mental modules responsible for low-level visual processing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the traditional view, more recent approaches analyze the mind in terms of <a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">mental modules</a> rather than faculties.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mental module is an inborn system of the brain that automatically performs a particular function within a specific domain without conscious awareness or effort. In contrast to faculties, the concept of mental modules is normally used to provide a more limited explanation. It is typically restricted to certain low-level cognitive processes without trying to explain how they are integrated into higher-level processes such as conscious reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many low-level cognitive processes responsible for visual perception have this automatic and unconscious nature. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Visual_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual illusion">visual illusions</a> like the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion" title="Müller-Lyer illusion">Müller-Lyer illusion</a>, the underlying processes continue their operation and the illusion persists even after a person has become aware of the illusion, indicating the mechanical and involuntary nature of the process.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples of mental modules concern cognitive processes responsible for <a href="/wiki/Language_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Language processing">language processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Face_perception" title="Face perception">facial recognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_the_nature_of_mind">Theories of the nature of mind</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theories of the nature of mind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theories of the nature of mind aim to determine what all <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental states</a> have in common. They seek to discover the "mark of the mental", that is, the criteria that distinguish mental from non-mental phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epistemic criteria say that the unique feature of mental states is how people know about them. For example, if a person has a toothache, they have direct or non-inferential knowledge that they are in pain. But they do not have this kind of knowledge about non-mental phenomena such as the physical causes of the pain, and may have to consult <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">external evidence</a> through visual inspection or a visit to the dentist. Another feature commonly ascribed to mental states is that they are private, meaning that others do not have direct access to a person's mental state. As a result, external observers have to make inferences from other indicators, like the pain behavior of the person with the toothache. Some philosophers claim that knowledge of some or all mental states is <a href="/wiki/Infallible" class="mw-redirect" title="Infallible">infallible</a>, for instance, that a person cannot be mistaken about whether they are in pain.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related view asserts that all mental states are either conscious or accessible to consciousness. According to this view, when a person actively remembers the fact that the Eiffel Tower is in Paris then this state is mental because it is part of consciousness. When the person does not think about it, this belief is still considered a mental state because the person could bring it to consciousness by thinking about it. This view denies the existence of a "deep unconsciousness", that is, unconscious mental states that cannot in principle become conscious.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory says that <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the mark of the mental. A state is intentional if it refers to or <a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">represents</a> something. For example, if a person perceives a piano or thinks about it then the mental state is intentional because it refers to a piano. This view distinguishes between the original intentionality of mental phenomena and the derivative intentionality of some non-mental phenomena. According to this view, the ability of words and pictures to refer to things derives from the fact that they can evoke mental states. In this sense, only mental states have original intentionality, whereas words and pictures have derivative intentionality since they would not refer if divorced from linguistic conventions or visual interpretations. Some philosophers disagree that all mental states are intentional, citing itches, tickles, and pains as possible exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, mental states are dispositions to engage in certain publicly observable behavior as a reaction to particular external stimuli. This view implies that mental phenomena are not private internal states but are accessible to empirical observation like regular physical phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a> agrees that mental states do not depend on the exact internal constitution of the mind and characterizes them instead in regard to their functional role. The functional role of a mental state is the way it interacts with other phenomena. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> is often caused by bodily injury and typically leads to pain behavior, like moaning, and a desire to stop the pain. As a result, injury, pain behavior, and desire are part of the functional role of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Computationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Computationalism">Computationalism</a>, a similar theory prominent in cognitive science, defines minds in terms of cognitions and <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computations</a> as information processors.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theories under the umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Externalism" title="Externalism">externalism</a> emphasize the mind's dependency on the environment. According to this view, mental states and their contents are at least partially determined by external circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, some forms of content externalism hold that it can depend on external circumstances whether a belief refers to one object or another.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of <a href="/wiki/Embodied_embedded_cognition" title="Embodied embedded cognition">embedded cognition</a> emphasizes that mental processes happen in the context of a physical and social environments. It examines how this context shapes cognitive activity.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Extended_mind_thesis" title="Extended mind thesis">extended mind thesis</a> states that external circumstances not only influence the mind but are part of it. In this sense, a diary is part of the mind by helping it store information. Similarly, an electronic calculator is part of the mind by helping it perform calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closely related view of <a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">enactivism</a> holds that mental processes involve an interaction between organism and environment.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A theory from the field of <a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">embodied cognition</a> states that the connection to a body is an essential feature of minds. It asserts that certain aspects of the body outside the nervous system, like motor capacities, are part of the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_matter">Relation to matter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relation to matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mind–body_problem"><span id="Mind.E2.80.93body_problem"></span>Mind–body problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mind–body problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></div> <p>The mind–body problem is the difficulty of providing a general explanation of the relationship between mind and body, for example, of the link between thoughts and brain processes. Despite their different characteristics, mind and body interact with each other, like when a bodily change causes mental discomfort or when a limb moves because of an <a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">intention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mind–body problem came to particular prominence in modern philosophy as a result of Descartes' metaphysical distinction between mind and body. Earlier philosophers typically did not see mind and body as contrasting principles.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Descartes' philosophy, minds were often conceived as substantial entities able to exist on their own. Now they are more commonly seen as capacities rather than independent entities.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dualism-vs-Monism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of approaches to the mind–body problem. It shows dualism in the form of Cartesian dualism on the left side. It presents monism in the forms of physicalism, idealism, and neutral monism on the right side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dualism-vs-Monism.png/290px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dualism-vs-Monism.png/435px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dualism-vs-Monism.png/580px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Different approaches toward resolving the mind–body problem<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">substance dualism</a>, minds or souls exist as independent <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">entities</a> in addition to material things. This view implies that, at least in principle, minds can exist without bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a> is another view, saying that mind and matter are not independent entities but different <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">properties</a> that apply to the same individual.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monist</a> views, by contrast, state that reality is made up of only one kind. According to metaphysical <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealists</a>, for instance, everything is mental.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They understand material things as mental phenomena, for example, as ideas or perceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">neutral monists</a>, by contrast, the world is at its most fundamental level neither physical nor mental but neutral. They see physical and mental concepts as convenient but superficial ways to describe reality.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monist view most influential since the 20th century has been <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which states that everything is physical.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">eliminative physicalism</a>, there are no mental phenomena, meaning that things like beliefs and desires do not form part of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reductive_physicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductive physicalism">Reductive physicalists</a> defend a less radical position: they say that mental states exist but can, at least in principle, be completely described by physics without the need for special sciences like psychology. For example, <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorists</a> aim to analyze mental concepts in terms of observable behavior without resorting to internal mental states.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Type_identity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Type identity theory">Type identity theory</a> also belongs to reductive physicalism and says that mental states are the same as brain states.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Non-reductive_physicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-reductive physicalism">non-reductive physicalists</a> agree that everything is physical, they say that mental concepts describe physical reality on a more abstract level that cannot be articulated by physics.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">functionalism</a>, mental concepts do not describe the internal constitution of physical substances but functional roles within a system.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One consequence of this view is that mind does not depend on brains but can also be <a href="/wiki/Multiple_realizability" title="Multiple realizability">realized by other systems</a> that implement the corresponding functional roles, possibly also computers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different approach, found in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, aims to dissolve the mind–body problem by arguing that it is based on an artificial dichotomy not present in the phenomenological description of experience.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">hard problem of consciousness</a> is a central aspect of the mind–body problem: it is the challenge of explaining how physical states can give rise to conscious experience. Its main difficulty lies in the <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">subjective</a> and qualitative nature of consciousness, which is unlike typical physical processes. The hard problem of consciousness contrasts with the "easy problems" of explaining how certain aspects of consciousness function, such as perception, memory, or learning.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_areas_and_processes">Brain areas and processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brain areas and processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another approach to the relation between mind and matter uses empirical observation to study how the brain works and which brain areas and processes are associated with specific mental phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain is the central organ of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> and is present in all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> and the majority of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> is of particular complexity and consists of about 86 billion <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>, which communicate with one another via <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form a complex <a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(biology)" title="Neural network (biology)">neural network</a> and cognitive processes emerge from their electrical and chemical interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human brain is divided into regions that are associated with different functions. The main regions are the <a href="/wiki/Hindbrain" title="Hindbrain">hindbrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">forebrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many biological functions associated with basic survival are the responsibility of the hindbrain and midbrain. Higher mental functions, ranging from thoughts to motivation, are primarily localized in the forebrain.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of a side-view of the brain with the prefrontal cortex colored in orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/220px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/330px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/440px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> is divided into various areas with distinct functions, like the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> (shown in orange) responsible for <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The primary operations of many of the main mental phenomena are located in specific areas of the forebrain. The <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a>, such as planning, decision-making, problem-solving, and working memory.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">sensory cortex</a> processes and interprets sensory information, with different subareas dedicated to different senses, like the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory area">auditory areas</a>. A central function of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> is the formation and retrieval of long-term memories. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a>, which plays a key role in the regulation of emotions through the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortex</a> is responsible for planning, executing, and controlling voluntary movements. <a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a> is a separate region dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Speech_production" title="Speech production">speech production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activity of the different areas is additionally influenced by <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling molecules</a> that enhance or inhibit different types of neural communication. For example, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> influences motivation and pleasure while <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> affects mood and appetite.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The close interrelation of brain processes and the mind is seen by the effect that physical changes of the brain have on the mind. For instance, the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive drugs">psychoactive drugs</a>, like caffeine, <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a>, alcohol, and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelics" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics">psychedelics</a>, temporarily affects <a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">brain chemistry</a> with diverse effects on the mind, ranging from increased attention to mood changes, impaired cognitive functions, and <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-term changes to the brain in the form of <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative diseases">neurodegenerative diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain injuries">brain injuries</a> can lead to permanent alterations in mental functions. <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> in its first stage deteriorates the hippocampus, reducing the ability to form new memories and recall existing ones.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An often-cited case of the effects of brain injury is <a href="/wiki/Phineas_Gage" title="Phineas Gage">Phineas Gage</a>, whose prefrontal cortex was severely damaged during a work accident when an iron rod pierced through his skull and brain. Gage survived the accident but his <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a> and social attitude changed significantly as he became more impulsive, irritable, and anti-social while showing little regard for social conventions and an impaired ability to plan and make rational decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all these changes were permanent and Gage managed to recover and adapt in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mind has a long evolutionary history starting with the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">development of the nervous system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">the brain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is generally accepted today that mind is not exclusive to humans and various non-human animals have some form of mind, there is no consensus at which point exactly the mind emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of mind is usually explained in terms of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">genetic variations</a> responsible for new or improved mental capacities, such as better perception or social dispositions, have an increased chance of being passed on to future generations if they are beneficial to <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">survival and reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minimal forms of information processing are already found in the earliest forms of life 4 to 3.5 billion years ago, like the abilities of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular organisms</a> to sense the environment, store this information, and react to it. <a href="/wiki/Nerve_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve cell">Nerve cells</a> emerged with the development of <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular organisms">multicellular organisms</a> more than 600 million years ago as a way to process and transmit information. About 600 to 550 million years ago, an evolutionary bifurcation happened into radially symmetric organisms<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with ring-shaped nervous systems or a <a href="/wiki/Nerve_net" title="Nerve net">nerve net</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, and organisms with <a href="/wiki/Bilaterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaterians">bilaterally symmetric bodies</a>, whose nervous systems tend to be more centralized. About 540 million years ago, vertebrates evolved within the group of bilaterally organized organisms. Vertebrates, like birds and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, have a <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> including a complex brain with specialized functions. Invertebrates, like <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, typically either have no or relatively simple brains.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of evolution, the brains of vertebrates tended to grow and the specialization of different brain areas tended to increase. These developments are closely related to changes in limb structures, sense organs, and living conditions with a close correspondence between the size of a brain area and the importance of its function to the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important step in the evolution of mammals about 200 million years ago was the development of the <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a>, which is responsible for many higher-order brain functions.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size of the brain relative to the body further increased with the development of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, like monkeys, about 65 million years ago and later with the emergence of the first <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a> about 7–5 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">Anatomically modern humans</a> appeared about 300,000 to 200,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various theories of the evolutionary processes responsible for <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">human intelligence</a> have been proposed. The social intelligence hypothesis says that the evolution of the human mind was triggered by the increased importance of social life and its emphasis on mental abilities associated with <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_transfer" title="Knowledge transfer">knowledge transfer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meta-cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-cognition">meta-cognition</a>. According to the ecological intelligence hypothesis, the main value of the increased mental capacities comes from their advantages in dealing with a complex physical environment through processes like behavioral flexibility, learning, and tool use. Other suggested mechanisms include the effects of a changed diet with energy-rich food and general benefits from an increased speed and efficiency of information processing.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some models propose that another major cognitive shift occurred possibly 50,000 to 40,000 years ago. Called <i><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a></i>, it is associated with the emergence of new or improved mental abilities, such as technological innovativeness, abstract thinking, the use of <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a>, planning, and social coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual">Individual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Individual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the development of mind in general in the course of history, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">individual human minds also develop</a> in the course of their lifetime. Some of the individual changes vary from person to person as a form of learning from experience, like forming specific memories or acquiring particular behavioral patterns. Others are more universal developments as psychological stages that all or most humans go through as they pass through <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">early childhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adulthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulthood">adulthood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments cover various areas, including intellectual, sensorimotor, linguistic, emotional, social, and moral developments.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some factors affect the development of mind before birth, such as nutrition, maternal stress, and exposure to harmful substances like alcohol during pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early childhood is marked by rapid developments as <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infants</a> learn voluntary control over their bodies and interact with their environment on a basic level. Typically after about one year, this covers abilities like walking, recognizing familiar faces, and producing individual words.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the emotional and social levels, they develop attachments with their primary caretakers and express emotions ranging from joy and surprise to fear and anger.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Piaget's theory of cognitive development">influential theory</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a> divides the cognitive development of children into four stages. The sensorimotor stage from birth until two years is concerned with sensory impressions and motor activities while learning that objects remain in existence even when not observed. In the preoperational stage until seven years, children learn to interpret and use symbols in an intuitive manner. They start employing <a href="/wiki/Logical_reasoning" title="Logical reasoning">logical reasoning</a> to physical objects in the concrete operational stage until eleven years and extend this capacity in the following formal operational stage to <a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">abstract ideas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probabilities</a>, and possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important processes shaping the mind in this period are <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a>, at first through primary caretakers and later through peers and the schooling system.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychological transformations during adolescence are provoked by physiological developments and by being confronted with a different social situation in the form of new expectations from others. An important factor in this period is change to the <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-concept</a>, which can take the form of an <a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis#Teenage" title="Existential crisis">identity crisis</a>. This process typically involves developing individuality and independence from parents while at the same time seeking closeness and conformity with friends and peers. Further developments in this period include improvements to the reasoning ability and the formation of a principled moral viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mind also changes during adulthood but in a less rapid and pronounced manner. Reasoning and problem-solving skills improve during early and middle adulthood. Some people experience the mid-life transition as a <a href="/wiki/Midlife_crisis" title="Midlife crisis">midlife crisis</a> involving an inner conflict about <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>, associated with anxiety, a sense of lack of accomplishments in life, or an awareness of mortality. Intellectual faculties tend to decline in later adulthood, specifically the ability to learn complex unfamiliar tasks and later also the ability to remember. At the same time, people tend to become more inward-looking and cautious.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-human">Non-human</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Non-human"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal">Animal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Animal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is commonly acknowledged today that animals have some form of mind, but it is controversial to which animals this applies and how their mind differs from the human mind.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different conceptions of the mind lead to different responses to this problem. When understood in a very wide sense as the capacity to process information, the mind is present in all forms of life, including insects, plants, and individual cells.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other side of the spectrum are views that deny the existence of mentality in most or all non-human animals based on the idea that they lack key mental capacities, like abstract <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a> and symbolic language.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">animal minds</a> is highly relevant to the field of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> since it affects the treatment of animals, including the topic of <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discontinuity views state that the minds of non-human animals are fundamentally different from human minds and often point to higher mental faculties, like thinking, reasoning, and deliberate decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This outlook is reflected in the traditionally influential position of defining humans as "<a href="/wiki/Rational_animal" title="Rational animal">rational animals</a>" as opposed to all other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuity views, by contrast, emphasize similarities and see cognitive differences in degree rather than kind. Central considerations for this position are the shared evolutionary origin and organic similarities on the level of brain and nervous system. Observable behavior is another key factor, such as problem-solving skills, <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">animal communication</a>, and reactions to and expressions of pain and pleasure. Of particular importance are the questions of consciousness and <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentience</a>, that is, to what extent non-human animals have a subjective experience of the world and are capable of suffering and feeling joy.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial">Artificial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Artificial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></div> <p>Some of the difficulties of assessing animal minds are also reflected in the topic of artificial minds. It includes the question of whether computer systems implementing <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> should be considered a form of mind.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is consistent with some theories of the nature of mind, such as functionalism and its claim that mental concepts describe functional roles. It asserts that the functions implemented by biological brains could in principle also be implemented by artificial devices.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turing_test_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of a person receiving two written pages, one from a computer and one from a human" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turing_test_diagram.png/220px-Turing_test_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turing_test_diagram.png/330px-Turing_test_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turing_test_diagram.png/440px-Turing_test_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a> aims to determine whether a computer can imitate human linguistic behavior to the degree that it is not possible to tell the difference between human and computer.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> (1912–1954), is a traditionally influential procedure to test artificial intelligence: a person exchanges messages with two parties, one of them a human and the other a computer. The computer passes the test if it is not possible to reliably tell which party is the human and which one the computer. While there are computer programs today that may pass the Turing test, this alone is usually not accepted as conclusive proof of mindedness.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some aspects of mind, it is controversial whether computers can, in principle, implement them, such as desires, feelings, consciousness, and free will.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This problem is often discussed through the contrast between <a href="/wiki/Weak_artificial_intelligence" title="Weak artificial intelligence">weak</a> and strong artificial intelligence. Weak or narrow artificial intelligence is limited to specific mental capacities or functions. It focuses on a particular task or a narrow set of tasks, like <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">autonomous driving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">theorem proving</a>. The goal of strong AI, also termed <i><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a></i>, is to create a complete artificial person that has all the mental capacities of humans, including consciousness, emotion, and reason.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is controversial whether strong AI is possible; influential arguments against it include <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Room_Argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Room Argument">Chinese Room Argument</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a>'s critique based on <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heideggerian</a> philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mental_health_and_disorder">Mental health and disorder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mental health and disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">Psychopathology</a></div> <p>Mental health is a state of mind characterized by internal equilibrium and <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> in which mental capacities function as they should. Some theorists emphasize positive features such as the abilities of a person to realize their potential, express and modulate emotions, cope with adverse life situations, and fulfill their social role. Negative definitions, by contrast, see mental health as the absence of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">mental disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mental disorders are abnormal patterns of thought, emotion, or behavior. These patterns deviate not only from how a mental capacity works on average but from how it should work while usually causing some form of <a href="/wiki/Mental_distress" title="Mental distress">distress</a>. The content of those norms is controversial and there are differences from culture to culture. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> was historically considered a mental disorder by medical professionals, a view which only changed in the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OCD_handwash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of hand washing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OCD_handwash.jpg/220px-OCD_handwash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OCD_handwash.jpg/330px-OCD_handwash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OCD_handwash.jpg/440px-OCD_handwash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> is a mental disorder in which a person follows <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">compulsive rituals</a>, like excessive hand washing, to alleviate <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thought" title="Intrusive thought">intrusive thoughts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There is a great variety of mental disorders, each associated with a different form of malfunctioning. <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorders</a> involve intense and persistent fear that is disproportionate to the actual threat and significantly impairs everyday life. An example is <a href="/wiki/Social_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social phobia">social phobia</a>, which involves irrational fear of certain social situations. Anxiety disorders also include <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>, for which the <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> manifests in the form of <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thought" title="Intrusive thought">intrusive thoughts</a> that the person tries to alleviate by following <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">compulsive rituals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood disorders">Mood disorders</a> cause intense moods or mood swings that are inconsistent with the external circumstances and can last for long periods. For instance, people affected by <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> experience extreme mood swings between <a href="/wiki/Manic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Manic state">manic states</a> of euphoria and <a href="/wiki/Depressive_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Depressive state">depressive states</a> of hopelessness.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a> are characterized by enduring patterns of <a href="/wiki/Maladaptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Maladaptive">maladaptive</a> behavior that significantly impair regular life. <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_personality_disorder" title="Paranoid personality disorder">Paranoid personality disorder</a>, for example, leads people to be deeply suspicious of the motives of others without rational basis.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psychotic_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic disorder">Psychotic disorders</a> are among the most severe mental illnesses and involve a distorted relation to reality in the form of hallucinations and <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusions</a>, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other disorders include <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" title="Dissociative disorder">dissociative disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model" title="Biopsychosocial model">biopsychosocial model</a> identifies three types of causes of mental disorders: biological, cognitive, and environmental factors. Biological factors include bodily causes, in particular neurological influences and genetic predispositions. On the cognitive level, maladaptive beliefs and patterns of thought can be responsible. Environmental factors involve cultural influences and social events that may trigger the onset of a disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various approaches to treating mental disorders, and the most suitable treatment usually depends on the type of disorder, its cause, and the individual's overall condition. <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapeutic methods</a> use personal interaction with a therapist to change patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> aims to help patients resolve conflicts between the conscious and the unconscious mind.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> focuses on conscious mental phenomena to identify and change irrational beliefs and negative thought patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">Behavior therapy</a> relies on <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a> to unlearn harmful behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic therapies</a> try to help people gain insight into their <a href="/wiki/Self-worth" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-worth">self-worth</a> and empower them to resolve their problems.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">Drug therapies</a> use medication to alter the brain chemistry involved in the disorder through substances like <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsychotics">antipsychotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood stabilizers">mood stabilizers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiolytics">anxiolytics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fields_and_methods_of_inquiry">Fields and methods of inquiry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fields and methods of inquiry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various fields of inquiry study the mind, including psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and cognitive science. They differ from each other in the aspects of mind they investigate and the <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methods</a> they employ.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of the mind poses various problems since it is difficult to directly examine, manipulate, and measure it. Trying to circumvent this problem by investigating the brain comes with new challenges of its own, mainly because of the brain's complexity as a neural network consisting of billions of neurons, each with up to 10,000 links to other neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div> <p>Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. It investigates conscious and unconscious mental phenomena, including perception, memory, feeling, thought, decision, intelligence, and <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>. It is further interested in their outward manifestation in the form of observable behavioral patterns, studying how these patterns depend on external circumstances and are shaped by learning.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychology is a wide discipline that includes many subfields. <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a> is interested in higher-order mental activities like thinking, problem-solving, reasoning, and concept formation.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biological_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological psychology">Biological psychology</a> seeks to understand the underlying mechanisms on the physiological level and how they depend on genetic transmission and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a> studies the development of the mind from childhood to old age while <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a> examines the influence of social contexts on mind and behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality psychology</a> investigates personality, exploring how characteristic patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior develop and vary among individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further subfields include <a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">comparative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">educational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational psychology">occupational</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a scientific discipline, <a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">psychology emerged</a> at the end of the 19th century from the experimental work of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> (1832–1920). Early schools of thought included <a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(psychology)" title="Structuralism (psychology)">structuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">functionalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychologists use a great variety of methods to study the mind. Experimental approaches set up a controlled situation, either in the laboratory or the field, in which they modify <a href="/wiki/Independent_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent variable">independent variables</a> and measure their effects on <a href="/wiki/Dependent_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent variable">dependent variables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach makes it possible to identify <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causal relations</a> between the variables. For example, to determine whether people with similar interests (independent variable) are more likely to become friends (dependent variables), participants of a study could be paired with either similar or dissimilar participants. After giving the pairs time to interact, it is assessed whether the members of similar pairs have more positive attitudes toward one another than the members of dissimilar pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlational</a> methods examine the strength of association between two variables without establishing a causal relationship between them.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">survey method</a> presents participants with a list of questions aimed at eliciting information about their mental attitudes, behavior, and other relevant factors. It analyzes how participants respond to questions and how answers to different questions correlate with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveys usually have a large number of participants in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Case_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Case studies">case studies</a>, which focus on an in-depth examination of a single subject or a small group of subjects, often to examine rare phenomena or explore new fields.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further methods include <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitudinal studies">longitudinal studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_observation" title="Naturalistic observation">naturalistic observation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)" title="Phenomenology (psychology)">phenomenological</a> description of experience.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1206_FMRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="fMRI image showing the brain from a top view with active areas colored in orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1206_FMRI.jpg/150px-1206_FMRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1206_FMRI.jpg/225px-1206_FMRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1206_FMRI.jpg/300px-1206_FMRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">Functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> is a neuroimaging technique to detect brain areas with increased neural activity (shown in orange).<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system. Its primary focus is the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> and the brain in particular, but it also investigates the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> mainly responsible for connecting the central nervous system to the limbs and organs. Neuroscience examines the implementation of mental phenomena on a physiological basis, covering various levels of analysis. On the small scale, it studies the molecular and cellular basis of the mind, dealing with the constitution of and interaction between individual neurons. On the large scale, it analyzes the architecture of the brain as a whole and its division into regions with different functions.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_neuroscience" title="History of neuroscience">study of the nervous system began</a> in the ancient period and evolved through the centuries, including <a href="/wiki/Anatomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical">anatomical</a> insights through dissections and speculative theories about brain functions. Neuroscience was recognized as a distinct academic discipline in the 20th century as technological advances, like the development of <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> techniques, revolutionized the field.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern neuroscience, neuroimaging techniques are of particular importance as the main research methods of neuroscientists. <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">Functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI) measures changes in the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> of the brain associated with blood flow. Areas of increased blood flow indicate that the corresponding brain region is particularly active. <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">Positron emission tomography</a> (PET) uses radioactive substances to detect a range of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic changes</a> in the brain. <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a> (EEG) measures the electrical activity of the brain, usually by placing <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> on the scalp and measuring the voltage differences between them. These techniques are often employed to measure brain changes under particular circumstances, for example, while engaged in a specific cognitive task. Important insights are also gained from patients and <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">laboratory animals</a> with <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a>, helping neuroscientists understand the function of the damaged area and how its absence affects the remaining brain.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_mind">Philosophy of mind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Philosophy of mind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></div> <p>Philosophy of mind examines the nature of mental phenomena and their relation to the physical world. It seeks to understand the "mark of the mental", that is, the features that all mental states have in common. It further investigates the essence of different types of mental phenomena, such as <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">desires</a>, emotions, <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a>, and consciousness while exploring how they are related to one another. Philosophy of mind also examines solutions to the mind–body problem, like dualism, idealism, and physicalism, and assesses arguments for and against them.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It asks whether people have a <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> or the ability to choose their actions, and how this ability contrasts with the idea that <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">everything is determined by preceding causes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braininvat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of a brain in a vat that is connected to a computer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Braininvat.jpg/250px-Braininvat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Braininvat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">brain in a vat</a> is a thought experiment to examine the nature of the mind and its relation to matter. It explores how a brain would experience reality if a supercomputer fed it the same electrical stimulation a normal brain receives.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While philosophers of mind also include empirical considerations in their inquiry, they differ from fields like psychology and neuroscience by giving significantly more emphasis to non-empirical forms of inquiry. One such method is <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual analysis">conceptual analysis</a>, which aims to clarify the meaning of concepts, like <i>mind</i> and <i>intention</i>, by decomposing them to identify their semantic parts.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">Thought experiments</a> are often used to evoke <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuitions</a> about abstract theories to assess their coherence and plausibility. To do so, philosophers imagine a situation relevant to a theory and employ <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_thinking" title="Counterfactual thinking">counterfactual thinking</a> to assess the possible consequences of this theory. Influential thought experiments include <a href="/wiki/Mary_the_super-scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary the super-scientist">Mary the color scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombies" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical zombies">philosophical zombies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brain_in_a_vat" title="Brain in a vat">brain in a vat</a>-scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the subjective nature of the mind, the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological method</a> is also commonly used to analyze the structure of consciousness by describing experience from the first-person perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosophical discussion of the mind has a long history, reaching back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>. Influential contributions were made by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 428–347 BCE</span>), <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> (1596–1650), <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (1711–1776), <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804), <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1842–1910), and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a> (1900–1976).<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_science">Cognitive science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cognitive science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></div> <p>Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mental processes. It aims to overcome the challenge of understanding something as complex as the mind by integrating research from diverse fields ranging from psychology and neuroscience to philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. Unlike these disciplines, it is not a unified field but a collaborative effort. One difficulty in synthesizing their insights is that each of these disciplines explores the mind from a different perspective and level of abstraction while using different research methods to arrive at its conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognitive science emerged in the second half of the 20th century as researchers from various disciplines began to examine how mental processes represent the world and transform information. The field expanded in the 1980s following advances in neuroimaging to include a <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> perspective on how computational processes are implemented by the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To incorporate insights from diverse disciplines, cognitive science relies on a unified conceptualization of minds as <a href="/wiki/Information_processing_(psychology)" title="Information processing (psychology)">information processors</a>. This means that mental processes are understood as computations that retrieve, transform, store, and transmit information.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, perception retrieves sensory information from the environment and transforms it to extract meaningful patterns that can be used in other mental processes, such as planning and decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognitive science relies on different levels of description to analyze cognitive processes. The most abstract level focuses on the basic problem the process is supposed to solve and the reasons why the organism needs to solve it. The intermediate level seeks to uncover the <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> as a formal step-by-step procedure to solve the problem. The most concrete level asks how the algorithm is <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implemented</a> through physiological changes on the level of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another methodology is to analyze the mind as a complex system composed of individual subsystems that can be studied independently of one another.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_fields">Relation to other fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Relation to other fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mind is relevant to many fields. In <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">problem of other minds</a> is the challenge of explaining how it is possible to know that people other than oneself have a mind. The difficulty arises from the fact that people directly experience their own minds but do not have the same access to the minds of others. According to a common view, it is necessary to rely on perception to observe the behavior of others and then infer that they have a mind based on <a href="/wiki/Analogical_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogical reasoning">analogical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">abductive reasoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closely related to this problem is <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a> in psychology, which is the ability to understand that other people possess beliefs, desires, intentions, and feelings that may differ from one's own.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> is interested in how different cultures conceptualize the nature of mind and its relation to the world. These conceptualizations affect the way people understand themselves, experience illness, and interpret ritualistic practices as attempts to commune with <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(supernatural_entity)" title="Spirit (supernatural entity)">spirits</a>. Some cultures do not draw a strict boundary between mind and world by allowing that thoughts can pass directly into the world and manifest as beneficial or harmful forces. For instance, some indigenous beliefs systems, like traditional beliefs in the <a href="/wiki/Azande_people" title="Azande people">Azande culture</a>, hold that angry thoughts can directly damage another person's crops or make them ill. Other cultures strictly separate the mind from external reality, seeing it as an internal phenomenon without supernatural powers.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> is a related field concerned with the connections between mind, society, and behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other topics, it is interested in the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a>, which happens when different people have a shared understanding or experience, meaning that their cognitive perspectives overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of mind plays a central role in various religions. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> say that there is no <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">enduring self</a> underlying mental activity. They analyze the mind as a stream of constantly changing experiences characterized by <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five aspects or "aggregates"</a>: <a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa#Buddhism" title="Rūpa">material form</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">feelings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samjna" class="mw-redirect" title="Samjna">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃskāra">volition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>, by contrast, affirm the existence of a <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">permanent self</a>. In an influential analogy, the human mind is compared to a horse-drawn chariot: the horses are the <a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">senses</a>, which lure the sense mind corresponding to the reins through sensual pleasures. The senses are controlled by the charioteer embodying the <a href="/wiki/Buddhi" title="Buddhi">intellect</a> while the self is a passenger.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a>, mind and soul are closely intertwined as the immaterial aspect of humans that may <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">survive bodily death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic thought distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">spirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">heart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">self</a> as interconnected aspects of the spiritual dimension of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> use the concept of <a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)">heart-mind</a> as the center of cognitive and emotional life, encompassing thought, understanding, will, desire, and mood.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrenology1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Phrenological diagram of the human head from the side. Different different areas are marked for distinct brain functions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/180px-Phrenology1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/270px-Phrenology1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/360px-Phrenology1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a> was a pseudoscientific attempt to correlate mental functions to brain areas.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, the minds of students are shaped through the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits as a process of socialization and enculturation. This is achieved through different <a href="/wiki/Teaching_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching methods">teaching methods</a> including the contrast between group work and individual learning and the use of instructional media.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teacher-centered education positions the teacher as the central authority controlling the learning process whereas in <a href="/wiki/Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">student-centered education</a>, students have a more active role in shaping classroom activities.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of the most effective method to develop the minds of the learners is determined by various factors, including the topic and the learner's age and skill level.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mind is a frequent subject of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> inquiry. <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a> was an early attempt to correlate mental functions with specific brain areas. While its central claims about predicting mental traits by measuring bumps on the skull did not survive scientific scrutiny, the underlying idea that certain mental functions are localized in particular regions of the brain is now widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychologists</a> seek to discover and study <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> mental abilities ranging from <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a> to <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">telekinesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_gap" title="Explanatory gap">Explanatory gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideasthesia" title="Ideasthesia">Ideasthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">List of philosophers of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_energy" title="Mental energy">Mental energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_at_Large" title="Mind at Large">Mind at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Darwinism" title="Neural Darwinism">Neural Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_intelligence" title="Outline of human intelligence">Outline of human intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_thought" title="Outline of thought">Outline of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_character_of_experience" title="Subjective character of experience">Subjective character of experience</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not all languages have a word that directly corresponds to the English word <i>mind</i>. For example, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> uses the word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geist</i></span>, which can mean both <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">mind</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">spirit</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The precise differences between these concepts are disputed. In Freud's psychoanalysis, the preconscious mind lies outside current awareness but can easily be accessed, whereas the unconscious mind is further removed from deliberate access. The word <i>subconscious</i> is sometimes used as a synonym of <i>preconscious</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some mental states, like perceptions and emotions, may have both qualitative and propositional aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mental faculties also play a central role in the Indian tradition, such as the contrast between the sense mind (manas) and intellect (<a href="/wiki/Buddhi" title="Buddhi">buddhi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A different perspective is proposed by the massive modularity hypothesis, which states that the mind is entirely composed of modules with high-level modules establishing the connection between low-level modules.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intentionality is to be <a href="/wiki/Intention#Intention_and_intentionality" title="Intention">distinguished from intention</a> in the sense of having a plan to perform a certain action.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More generally, embodied cognition is the study of the effects of bodily phenomena on the mind. It examines, for example, how certain bodily movements improve or hinder cognitive performance and how motor capacities affect the development of cognitive abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">hylomorphism</a>, for example, they are complementary principles: the soul is the form of the body while the body is the matter of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are other forms of idealism that assert slightly different positions, such as <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental idealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">absolute idealism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The two terms are usually treated as synonyms but some theorists distinguish them by holding that materialism is restricted to <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> while physicalism is a wider term that includes additional physical phenomena, like <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They include <a href="/wiki/Cnidarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidarians">cnidarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ctenophorans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenophorans">ctenophorans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a> examines how to measure the mental attributes or psychological constructs underlying the variables. For example, <a href="/wiki/IQ_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ tests">IQ tests</a> are one way to quantify intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 2, 6</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/mind">§ Mind</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022">HarperCollins 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=mind">§ Mind</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2024">HarperCollins 2024</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMorton2005">Morton 2005</a>, p. 603</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPaivio2014">Paivio 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaGYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR6">vi–vii</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSharov2012">Sharov 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ5HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343">343–344</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2019">Carruthers 2019</a>, pp. ix, 29–30</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1998">Griffin 1998</a>, pp. 53–55</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStichWarfield2008">Stich & Warfield 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEGK_ZStddkC&pg=PR9">ix–x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPashler2013">Pashler 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu3aMe6kRowC&pg=PR29">xxix–xxx</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 14–17</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/mind">§ Mind</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/psyche">§ Psyche</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024">Merriam-Webster 2024</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mentality">§ Mentality</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, p. 7</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022">HarperCollins 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=soul">§ Soul</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 5, 31</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSwinburne1998">Swinburne 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022">HarperCollins 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=spirit">§ Spirit</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024">Merriam-Webster 2024</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spirit">§ Spirit</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022">HarperCollins 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=cognition">§ Cognition</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, p. 16</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022">HarperCollins 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=intellect">§ Intellect</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024">Merriam-Webster 2024</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intellect">§ Intellect</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 273–274</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, p. 312</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024">Merriam-Webster 2024</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intelligence">§ Intelligence</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/mind">§ Mind</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFUttal2020">Uttal 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSbxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT98">96–97</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 4</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHoad1993">Hoad 1993</a>, p. 294</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmith1996">Smith 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pl0Cgb4IMKUC&pg=PA105">105</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCresswell2010">Cresswell 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC&pg=PA275">275</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWeekley2012">Weekley 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VigsBojU2c4C&pg=PA931">931</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGiannopulu2019">Giannopulu 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8uJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1992">Williams 1992</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LyJ1I3GhcUC&pg=PA2">2–3</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHawkins2023">Hawkins 2023</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEm8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167">167</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSharov2012">Sharov 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ5HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343">343–344</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPashler2013">Pashler 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu3aMe6kRowC&pg=PR29">xxix–xxx</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPaivio2014">Paivio 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaGYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR6">vi–vii</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFVanderwolf2013">Vanderwolf 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78m9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">155</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 85–86, 123–125</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMartin1998">Martin 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/perception/v-1">Lead section</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 74–76</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 208–209, 241</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/memory">§ Memory</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 210, 241</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTulving2001">Tulving 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wt1aZrGXLYC&pg=PA278">278</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFTsien2005">Tsien 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Af0IyHtGCMUC&pg=PA861">861</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbellBarohn2019">Campbell & Barohn 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4vvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">94</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 214–217, 241</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTsien2005">Tsien 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Af0IyHtGCMUC&pg=PA861">861</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKhuranaKhurana2018">Khurana & Khurana 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpxYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA462">462</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 249, 290</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBall2013">Ball 2013</a>, pp. 739–740</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNunes2011">Nunes 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZuSxo4JxoAC&pg=PA2066">2066</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGroarke">Groarke</a>, § 9. The Syllogism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBall2013">Ball 2013</a>, pp. 739–740</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, p. 254</li><li><a href="#CITEREFChowdhary2020">Chowdhary 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8SfbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">27</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBall2013">Ball 2013</a>, pp. 739–740</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 257–258, 290–291</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 265–266, 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, p. 269</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRescorla2023">Rescorla 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAydede2017">Aydede 2017</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSinger2000">Singer 2000</a>, pp. 227–228</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKind2017">Kind 2017</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/imagination">§ Imagination</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHoff2020">Hoff 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zm6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA617">617–618</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWeiner2000">Weiner 2000</a>, pp. 314–315</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHelms2000">Helms 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">lead section</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 298, 336–337</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMüller1996">Müller 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcEOhEWYDCgC&pg=PA14">14</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 322–323, 337</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/emotion">§ Emotion</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 126–127, 131</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/attention">§ Attention</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcPeek2009">McPeek 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LlN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Attention: Physiological</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 171, 202</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/learning">§ Learning</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 137–138</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDavies2001">Davies 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wt1aZrGXLYC&pg=PA190">190–192</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGennaro">Gennaro</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Terminological Matters: Various Concepts of Consciousness</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDavies2001">Davies 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wt1aZrGXLYC&pg=PA191">191–192</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmithies2019">Smithies 2019</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s7emDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">83–84</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGennaro">Gennaro</a>, § 1. Terminological Matters: Various Concepts of Consciousness</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 137–138</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKihlstromTobias1991">Kihlstrom & Tobias 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwxnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">212</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/unconscious">§ Unconscious</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBirchMalim2017">Birch & Malim 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzRIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205">204–205</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSayers2020">Sayers 2020</a>, p. 100</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGennaro">Gennaro</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Terminological Matters: Various Concepts of Consciousness</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKind2023">Kind 2023</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VC_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25">§ 2.1 Phenomenal Consciousness</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMijoia2005">Mijoia 2005</a>, pp. 1818–1819</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 137–138</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg_Gould2020">Steinberg Gould 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAT1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA151">151</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/unconscious">§ Unconscious</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCarel2006">Carel 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iUMevXETJ8C&pg=PA176">176</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, pp. 607–608</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSwinburne2013">Swinburne 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfDpm-roQwYC&pg=PA72">72–73</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLindeman">Lindeman</a>, § 1. General Characterization of the Propositional Attitudes</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, p. 607</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHarman2013">Harman 2013</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBroome2021">Broome 2021</a>, § 1. Normativity and Reasons, §2. 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Sensibility, Understanding, and Reason</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDeutsch2013">Deutsch 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfRXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA354">354</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSchweizer1993">Schweizer 1993</a>, p. 848</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobbins2017">Robbins 2017</a>, § 1. What Is a Mental Module?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRobbins2017">Robbins 2017</a>, Lead Section, § 1. What Is a Mental Module?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPerler2015">Perler 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78C6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHufendiekWild2015">Hufendiek & Wild 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78C6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">264–265</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, p. 277</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRobbins2017">Robbins 2017</a>, § 1. What Is a Mental Module?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHufendiekWild2015">Hufendiek & Wild 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78C6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265">265–268</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, pp. 288–290</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHufendiekWild2015">Hufendiek & Wild 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78C6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA267">267–268</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobbins2017">Robbins 2017</a>, § 3.1. The Case for Massive Modularity</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, p. 277</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRobbins2017">Robbins 2017</a>, § 1. What Is a Mental Module?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHufendiekWild2015">Hufendiek & Wild 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78C6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA266">266–267</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRobbins2017">Robbins 2017</a>, § 1. What Is a Mental Module?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, p. 289</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFOlson2013">Olson 2013</a>, p. 51</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 17–18</li><li><a href="#CITEREFO’Madagain">O’Madagain</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBayne2022">Bayne 2022</a>, pp. 8–9</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 18–20</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBayne2022">Bayne 2022</a>, pp. 8–10</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAudi1993">Audi 1993</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLzbG5VjscC&pg=PA167">167–168</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKriegel2014">Kriegel 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICf-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">384</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle1991">Searle 1991</a>, pp. 45–47, 50</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGillett1996">Gillett 1996</a>, pp. 191–192</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob2023">Jacob 2023</a>, § 1. Why Is Intentionality So-called?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFO’Madagain">O’Madagain</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKriegel2015">Kriegel 2015</a>, p. 141</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 23–25</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKriegel2014">Kriegel 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICf-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA383">383–384</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCrane1998">Crane 1998</a>, pp. 229–230</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLevin2023">Levin 2023</a>, § 2.3 Behaviorism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGraham2023">Graham 2023</a>, § 1. What Is Behaviorism?, § 5. Why Be a Behaviorist</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCunningham2000">Cunningham 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubdiw-ALgo0C&pg=PA40">40</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLevin2023">Levin 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1. What Is Functionalism?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPolger">Polger</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCunningham2000">Cunningham 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubdiw-ALgo0C&pg=PA40">40</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRescorla2020">Rescorla 2020</a>, Lead Section, § 3. The Classical Computational Theory of Mind</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 2–3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, pp. 3, 85</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020">Rowlands, Lau & Deutsch 2020</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Introduction</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmith">Smith</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020">Rowlands, Lau & Deutsch 2020</a>, § 1. Introduction, § 3. Content Externalism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmith">Smith</a>, § 1. Hilary Putnam and Natural Kind Externalism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFShapiroSpaulding2024">Shapiro & Spaulding 2024</a>, § 2.2 Embedded Cognition</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWeiskopfAdams2015">Weiskopf & Adams 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKoPBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">127–128</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020">Rowlands, Lau & Deutsch 2020</a>, § 1. Introduction, § 5. Extended Mind</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGreif2017">Greif 2017</a>, pp. 4311–4312</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKiversteinFarinaClark2013">Kiverstein, Farina & Clark 2013</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020">Rowlands, Lau & Deutsch 2020</a>, § 7. Extended Mind and the 4E Mind</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRowlands2009">Rowlands 2009</a>, pp. 53–56</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020">Rowlands, Lau & Deutsch 2020</a>, § 7. Extended Mind and the 4E Mind</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShapiroSpaulding2024">Shapiro & Spaulding 2024</a>, § 2.1 Three Themes of Embodied Cognition</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShapiro2019">Shapiro 2019</a>, pp. 5, 197–198</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCowart">Cowart</a>, § 2. General Characteristics of Embodied Cognition</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShapiro2019">Shapiro 2019</a>, pp. 1–3</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, p. 608</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 11–12</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 3–4</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWestphal2016">Westphal 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EY0nDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">12–13, 21–22</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCranePatterson2000">Crane & Patterson 2000</a>, pp. 2–5</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCranePatterson2000">Crane & Patterson 2000</a>, pp. 2–3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShields2020">Shields 2020</a>, § 2. Hylomorphism in General</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 2–3, 5–6</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 5–8, 68–69</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcQueenMcQueen2010">McQueen & McQueen 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ho5KEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">135</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMorton2005">Morton 2005</a>, p. 603</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKindStoljar2023">Kind & Stoljar 2023</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VC_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19">§ Introduction</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 34–36</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, p. 608</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 13, 41–42</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMatheson2017">Matheson 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dM5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">12</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 5, 202–203</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, p. 44</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 5</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 44, 47–48</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAlston2018">Alston 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4JNlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">97</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGuyerHorstmann2023">Guyer & Horstmann 2023</a>, § 1. Introduction</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMarcum2008">Marcum 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1arGI9NZcAkC&pg=PA19">19</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFStoljar2010">Stoljar 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iqGLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 68</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStoljar2024">Stoljar 2024</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, p. 48</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKind2020">Kind 2020</a>, § 3. Physicalism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 71–72</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 75–76</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 72–73, 102–104</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 48–52</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRavenscroft2005">Ravenscroft 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1EAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">47</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFStoljar2024">Stoljar 2024</a>, § 2.2.1 Type Physicalism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 129–130</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBigajWüthrich2015">Bigaj & Wüthrich 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bW9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357">357</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLevin2023">Levin 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, p. 62</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLevin2023">Levin 2023</a>, § 1. What Is Functionalism?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 136–137</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGrünberg2007">Grünberg 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44YzwTjH2goC&pg=PA237">237</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayBv_ywapFEC&pg=PA124">124</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPriest2002">Priest 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaWJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">66</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWeisberg">Weisberg</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Stating the Problem</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBlackmore2013">Blackmore 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WycuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">33–35</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 39–40</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFOprisCasanovaLebedevPopescu2017">Opris et al. 2017</a>, pp. 69–70</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBarrett2009">Barrett 2009</a>, pp. 326–327</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPopescuOpris2017">Popescu & Opris 2017</a>, pp. 23–24</li><li><a href="#CITEREFScanlonSanders2018">Scanlon & Sanders 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXR0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">178</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFYukalovSornette2014">Yukalov & Sornette 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMslBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPal2021">Pal 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdBcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145">145</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAthreyaMouza2016">Athreya & Mouza 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc3BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">52–53</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSchoenbergMarshLerner2011">Schoenberg, Marsh & Lerner 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67SDJTaAIwIC&pg=PA60">60</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBenarroch2021">Benarroch 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekwwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437">437–438</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/brain">§ Brain</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSchoenbergMarshLerner2011">Schoenberg, Marsh & Lerner 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67SDJTaAIwIC&pg=PA66">66</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSandersonHuffman2019">Sanderson & Huffman 2019</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmfDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">59–61</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSaab2009">Saab 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFu-_qZiEN4C&pg=PA1">1–2</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFScanlonSanders2018">Scanlon & Sanders 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXR0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">178–180</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAthreyaMouza2016">Athreya & Mouza 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc3BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">52–53</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFOprisCasanovaLebedevPopescu2017">Opris et al. 2017</a>, p. 70</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSchoenbergMarshLerner2011">Schoenberg, Marsh & Lerner 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67SDJTaAIwIC&pg=PA69">69–72</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAthreyaMouza2016">Athreya & Mouza 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc3BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">52–53</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSchoenbergMarshLerner2011">Schoenberg, Marsh & Lerner 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67SDJTaAIwIC&pg=PA76">76–77</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBenarroch2021">Benarroch 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekwwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437">437–438</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, pp. 4–5</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRoth2013">Roth 2013</a>, pp. 3–4</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoth2013">Roth 2013</a>, pp. 265–266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRoth2013">Roth 2013</a>, pp. 265–266</li><li><a href="#CITEREFErulkarLentz2024">Erulkar & Lentz 2024</a>, § Evolution and Development of the Nervous System</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, pp. 6–7</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFErulkarLentz2024">Erulkar & Lentz 2024</a>, § Evolution and Development of the Nervous System</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, p. 13</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAboitizMontiel2007">Aboitiz & Montiel 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4HB0Sw-4u8C&pg=PA7">7</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAboitizMontiel2012">Aboitiz & Montiel 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ19UiDPosEC&pg=PA14">14–15</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFinlayInnocentiScheich2013">Finlay, Innocenti & Scheich 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BsGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFJerison2013">Jerison 2013</a>, pp. 7–8</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, pp. 6–8</li><li><a href="#CITEREFReyesSherwood2014">Reyes & Sherwood 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1kqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">12</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWragg-Sykes2016">Wragg-Sykes 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbbjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">183</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, p. 9</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWragg-Sykes2016">Wragg-Sykes 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbbjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">183</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFaganDurrani2021">Fagan & Durrani 2021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNFKEAAAQBAJ">3. 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMajkić2024">Majkić 2024</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dPrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">97–99</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSterelny2011">Sterelny 2011</a>, pp. 809, 811–812</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 171, 202, 342–343, 384</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 171–172, 184</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 131–132, 240</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFYeomansArnold2013">Yeomans & Arnold 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDL1eR1VrcIC&pg=PT31">31</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFOakley2004">Oakley 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSOCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 131–132</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCoallCallanDickinsChisholm2015">Coall et al. 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg3QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">57–58</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 345–346</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAbel2003">Abel 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j77OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231">231–232</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 342–344, 347–348, 384</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPacker2017">Packer 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5NBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7–8</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmitsmanCorbetta2011">Smitsman & Corbetta 2011</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WrqZaqtzgUC&pg=PA169">Action in Infancy – Perspectives, Concepts, and Challenges</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 131–132</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPacker2017">Packer 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5NBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7–8</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1975">Freeman 1975</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFjf4mUHqv4C&pg=PA114">114</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFDriscollEasterbrooks2007">Driscoll & Easterbrooks 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cOPNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256">256</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, p. 384</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 384–385</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 619–620, 625–626</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBermanWeemsStickle2006">Berman, Weems & Stickle 2006</a>, pp. 285–292</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 124–125, 131–132</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, p. 385</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 633–638, 664</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 124–125, 131–132</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, p. 471</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 485–486</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNoll2009">Noll 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA122">122</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSharmaBranscum2020">Sharma & Branscum 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rC7yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122">122</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 480–481</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 468–469</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, p. 766</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 472–473</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 472–473, 475–478</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 457–460</li><li><a href="#CITEREFChan2020">Chan 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szfpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">105–106</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 493, 495–496</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 508–509</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 789–790</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 508–509</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 502–503</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 784–785</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 499–500</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 505–506</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 525–527</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 487–490</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 774–779</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 1–3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 15–16</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDawson2022">Dawson 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGeEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161">161–162</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 4–6</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 11–14</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 10–13</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 313, 322–323</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018">American Psychological Association 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/psychometrics">§ Psychometrics</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHood2013">Hood 2013</a>, pp. 1314–1315</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA17">17, 48</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 16–17</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA17">17, 48</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 11–12</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 232–233</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA27">27–28</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 232–233, 294–295</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA29">29–30</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 220–221, 383–384</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA28">28</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScharff2008">Scharff 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqcvrd7rKc0C&pg=PA270">270–271</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 17–18</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHellier2014">Hellier 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR31">31–32</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMarcusJacobson2012">Marcus & Jacobson 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=II3lBwAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA3">3</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGetz2023">Getz 2023</a>, pp. 1–2, 7–8</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCowanHarterKandel2000">Cowan, Harter & Kandel 2000</a>, pp. 343–344</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 17–18</li><li><a href="#CITEREFEngelmannMulckhuyseTing2019">Engelmann, Mulckhuyse & Ting 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uC2jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159">159</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFScharff2008">Scharff 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqcvrd7rKc0C&pg=PA270">270–271</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHellier2014">Hellier 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR31">31–32</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFStichWarfield2008">Stich & Warfield 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEGK_ZStddkC&pg=PR9">ix–x</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMandik2014">Mandik 2014</a>, pp. 1–4, 14</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKind2018">Kind 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2010-IA3">Lead Section</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAdamsBeighley2015">Adams & Beighley 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlU6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">54</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimpe">Timpe</a>, § Lead Section, § 3. 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What Is Phenomenology?, §6. 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, pp. 85, 129–130</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoenig2004">Koenig 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gi-PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274">274</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAvramides2023">Avramides 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1.4 Perceptual Knowledge of Other Minds</li><li><a href="#CITEREFOvergaard2010">Overgaard 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-2646-0_14">255–258</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLuhrmann2023">Luhrmann 2023</a>, Abstract, § Introduction, § Conceptions of the mind in early ethnographies, § Conclusion: The Understanding of Mind in the West Is Peculiar</li><li><a href="#CITEREFToren2010">Toren 2010</a>, pp. 577–580, 582</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBeatty2019">Beatty 2019</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranks2007">Franks 2007</a>, pp. 3055–3056</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMunroe2007">Munroe 2007</a>, § Abstract</li><li><a href="#CITEREFChandlerMunday2011">Chandler & Munday 2011</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKarunamuni2015">Karunamuni 2015</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCoseru2017">Coseru 2017</a>, Lead Section; § 2.3 The Five Aggregates</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLaine1998">Laine 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLaine1998">Laine 1998</a>, § Philosophy of Mind in the Upaniṣads</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRao2002">Rao 2002</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21206593/">315–316</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFClarkLintsSmith2004">Clark, Lints & Smith 2004</a>, pp. 52–53</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDuncanLoLordo2013">Duncan & LoLordo 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VDbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR16">xvi</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRassool2021">Rassool 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oobEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">74</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRothman2021">Rothman 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWbwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2010">2010</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWong2023">Wong 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHallAmes1998">Hall & Ames 1998</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSysling2022">Sysling 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIuFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA407">407</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFDixonShapiro2022">Dixon & Shapiro 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T81kEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT126">§ 5. 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2007">Bartlett & Burton 2007</a>, pp. 81–85</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMurphy2003">Murphy 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjqQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">5, 19–20</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFJacobsRenandya2019">Jacobs & Renandya 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5QaWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFStairs1998">Stairs 1998</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022">HarperCollins 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=parapsychology">§ Parapsychology</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFEvans2004">Evans 2004</a>, pp. 584–585</li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbel2003" class="citation book cs1">Abel, Ernest L. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">231–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-834-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-834-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fetal+Alcohol+Syndrome&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+Temperance+in+Modern+History%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-834-1&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Ernest+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj77OEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAboitizMontiel2007" class="citation book cs1">Aboitiz, F.; Montiel, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Language+of+Thought&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195396577-0151&rft.aulast=Aydede&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195396577%2Fobo-9780195396577-0151.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall2013" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Linden J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu3aMe6kRowC">"Thinking"</a>. In Pashler, Harold (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Mind</i>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199766567-0124">10.1093/OBO/9780199766567-0124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976656-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976656-7"><bdi>978-0-19-976656-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315100006/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0124.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Psychological+Anthropology&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199766567-0124&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976656-7&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199766567%2Fobo-9780199766567-0124.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenarroch2021" class="citation book cs1">Benarroch, Eduardo E. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekwwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437"><i>Neuroscience for Clinicians: Basic Processes, Circuits, Disease Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094891-7"><bdi>978-0-19-094891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience+for+Clinicians%3A+Basic+Processes%2C+Circuits%2C+Disease+Mechanisms%2C+and+Therapeutic+Implications&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-094891-7&rft.aulast=Benarroch&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekwwEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBermanWeemsStickle2006" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Steven L.; Weems, Carl F.; Stickle, Timothy R. (2006). "Existential Anxiety in Adolescents: Prevalence, Structure, Association with Psychological Symptoms and Identity Development". <i>Journal of Youth and Adolescence</i>. <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10964-006-9032-y">10.1007/s10964-006-9032-y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Youth+and+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Existential+Anxiety+in+Adolescents%3A+Prevalence%2C+Structure%2C+Association+with+Psychological+Symptoms+and+Identity+Development&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10964-006-9032-y&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Weems%2C+Carl+F.&rft.au=Stickle%2C+Timothy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBermúdez2014" class="citation book cs1">Bermúdez, José Luis (2014). <i>Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Science of the Mind</i> (2. ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05162-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05162-1"><bdi>978-1-107-05162-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Science%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Science+of+the+Mind&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05162-1&rft.aulast=Berm%C3%BAdez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinNash2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Douglas; Nash, Peggy W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Do-bFrt9tUC"><i>Essentials of Psychology</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-71312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-71312-7"><bdi>978-0-618-71312-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Psychology&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-71312-7&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Nash%2C+Peggy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Do-bFrt9tUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiever2023" class="citation journal cs1">Biever, Celeste (2023). "ChatGPT Broke the Turing Test — the Race Is on for New Ways to Assess AI". <i>Nature</i>. <b>619</b> (7971): <span class="nowrap">686–</span>689. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.619..686B">2023Natur.619..686B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-023-02361-7">10.1038/d41586-023-02361-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37491395">37491395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=ChatGPT+Broke+the+Turing+Test+%E2%80%94+the+Race+Is+on+for+New+Ways+to+Assess+AI&rft.volume=619&rft.issue=7971&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E686-%3C%2Fspan%3E689&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37491395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-023-02361-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.619..686B&rft.aulast=Biever&rft.aufirst=Celeste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBigajWüthrich2015" class="citation book cs1">Bigaj, Tomasz; Wüthrich, Christian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bW9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357"><i>Metaphysics in Contemporary Physics</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31082-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31082-7"><bdi>978-90-04-31082-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics+in+Contemporary+Physics&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31082-7&rft.aulast=Bigaj&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft.au=W%C3%BCthrich%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1bW9CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirchMalim2017" class="citation book cs1">Birch, Ann; Malim, Tony (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzRIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205"><i>Introductory Psychology</i></a>. Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14186-9"><bdi>978-1-349-14186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Psychology&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-349-14186-9&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Malim%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzRIEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackmore2013" class="citation book cs1">Blackmore, Susan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WycuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33"><i>Consciousness: An Introduction</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-2827-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-2827-7"><bdi>978-1-4441-2827-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consciousness%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-2827-7&rft.aulast=Blackmore&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWycuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBringsjordGovindarajulu2024" class="citation web cs1">Bringsjord, Selmer; Govindarajulu, Naveen Sundar (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artificial-intelligence/">"Artificial Intelligence"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513103532/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artificial-intelligence/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Bringsjord&rft.aufirst=Selmer&rft.au=Govindarajulu%2C+Naveen+Sundar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fartificial-intelligence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroome2021" class="citation book cs1">Broome, John (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-edited-volume/5525/chapter/4090443/Reasons-and-Rationality">"Reasons and Rationality"</a>. In Knauff, Markus; Spohn, Wolfgang (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Rationality</i>. MIT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-36185-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-36185-9"><bdi>978-0-262-36185-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reasons+and+Rationality&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Rationality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-262-36185-9&rft.aulast=Broome&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Foa-edited-volume%2F5525%2Fchapter%2F4090443%2FReasons-and-Rationality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownFehige2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, James Robert; Fehige, Yiftach (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/">"Thought Experiments"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-5012-3"><bdi>978-1-4831-5012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind%E2%80%93Body+Problem%3A+A+Psychobiological+Approach&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-5012-3&rft.aulast=Bunge&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnKoBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButz2021" class="citation journal cs1">Butz, Martin V. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13218-021-00705-x">"Towards Strong AI"</a>. <i>KI - Künstliche Intelligenz</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13218-021-00705-x">10.1007/s13218-021-00705-x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KI+-+K%C3%BCnstliche+Intelligenz&rft.atitle=Towards+Strong+AI&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13218-021-00705-x&rft.aulast=Butz&rft.aufirst=Martin+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs13218-021-00705-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellBarohn2019" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, William W.; Barohn, Richard J. 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Wolters Kluwer India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-89702-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-89702-13-2"><bdi>978-93-89702-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dejong%27s+The+Neurologic+Examinations&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+India&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-93-89702-13-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Barohn%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4vvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarel2006" class="citation book cs1">Carel, Havi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iUMevXETJ8C&pg=PA176"><i>Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger</i></a>. 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Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004201767.i-233.35">10.1163/ej.9789004201767.i-233.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20177-4"><bdi>978-90-04-20177-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260640180">260640180</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030152653/https://philpapers.org/rec/GOFOTV">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Very+Idea+of+a+Thought+Experiment&rft.btitle=Thought+Experiments+in+Methodological+and+Historical+Contexts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260640180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004201767.i-233.35&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20177-4&rft.aulast=Goffi&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Roux%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FGOFOTV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham2023" class="citation web cs1">Graham, George (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/">"Behaviorism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22712-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22712-2"><bdi>978-0-226-22712-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Minds%3A+Beyond+Cognition+to+Consciousness&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-22712-2&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2uXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroarke" class="citation web cs1">Groarke, Louis F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-logic/">"Aristotle: Logic"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313235336/https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-logic/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hodder Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5104-6846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5104-6846-7"><bdi>978-1-5104-6846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology%3A+The+Science+of+Mind+and+Behaviour&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5104-6846-7&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7TsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrünberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Grünberg, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44YzwTjH2goC&pg=PA237">"Husserl's Transcendental Phenomenology and the Mind-body Problem"</a>. 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Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">237–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5182-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-5182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Husserl%27s+Transcendental+Phenomenology+and+the+Mind-body+Problem&rft.btitle=Phenomenology+of+Life+-+From+the+Animal+Soul+to+the+Human+Mind%3A+Book+II.+The+Human+Soul+in+the+Creative+Transformation+of+the+Mind&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5182-1&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D44YzwTjH2goC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuyerHorstmann2023" class="citation web cs1">Guyer, Paul; Horstmann, Rolf-Peter (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/idealism/">"Idealism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-G021-1">10.4324/9780415249126-G021-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508021312/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/xin-heart-and-mind/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xin+%28Heart-and-mind%29&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-G021-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Ames%2C+Roger+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fxin-heart-and-mind%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarman2013" class="citation book cs1">Harman, Gilbert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee181">"Rationality"</a>. 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Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">273–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45635-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45635-1"><bdi>978-1-135-45635-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modularity%3A+Neuroscience&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Cognitive+Science%3A+Neuroscience%2C+Psychology%2C+Artificial+Intelligence%2C+Linguistics%2C+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45635-1&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgi-PAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKriegel2014" class="citation book cs1">Kriegel, Uriah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICf-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">"Intentionality"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Open+Encyclopedia+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Mind&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Luhrmann&rft.aufirst=Tanya+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthroencyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fmind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLurz" class="citation web cs1">Lurz, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/animal-mind/">"Minds, Animal"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240506082341/https://iep.utm.edu/animal-mind/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105744-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105744-1"><bdi>978-0-19-105744-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind%2C+Brain%2C+and+Free+Will&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-105744-1&rft.aulast=Swinburne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxCSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSysling2022" class="citation book cs1">Sysling, Fenneke (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIuFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA407">"Human Sciences and Technologies of the Self Since the Nineteenth Century"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Mind+%28Heart-Mind%29+in+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fchinese-mind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWragg-Sykes2016" class="citation book cs1">Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbbjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">"Humans Evolve"</a>. <i>Big History: Our Incredible Journey, from Big Bang to Now</i>. Dorling Kindersley. pp. <span class="nowrap">180–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-22590-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-22590-5"><bdi>978-0-241-22590-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humans+Evolve&rft.btitle=Big+History%3A+Our+Incredible+Journey%2C+from+Big+Bang+to+Now&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-241-22590-5&rft.aulast=Wragg-Sykes&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbbjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeomansArnold2013" class="citation book cs1">Yeomans, Jane; Arnold, Christopher (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDL1eR1VrcIC&pg=PT31">"Child Development"</a>. <i>Teaching, Learning and Psychology</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-05633-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-05633-9"><bdi>978-1-135-05633-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Child+Development&rft.btitle=Teaching%2C+Learning+and+Psychology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-05633-9&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmDL1eR1VrcIC%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYukalovSornette2014" class="citation book cs1">Yukalov, V. I.; Sornette, D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMslBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">"How Brains Make Decisions"</a>. In Freund, Friedemann; Langhoff, Stephanie (eds.). <i>Universe of Scales: From Nanotechnology to Cosmology: Symposium in Honor of Minoru M. Freund</i>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02207-9"><bdi>978-3-319-02207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Brains+Make+Decisions&rft.btitle=Universe+of+Scales%3A+From+Nanotechnology+to+Cosmology%3A+Symposium+in+Honor+of+Minoru+M.+Freund&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-319-02207-9&rft.aulast=Yukalov&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rft.au=Sornette%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMslBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Consciousness_studies" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Consciousness studies">Consciousness studies</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Mind</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mind">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mind" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mind">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Mind">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mind" class="extiw" title="q:Mind">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mind">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mind">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mind">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/20px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/40px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></div> <div 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title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs" title="Maslow's hierarchy of needs">Maslow's hierarchy of needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental state</a></li> <li>Mind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology" title="Category:Psychology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_mind296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template talk:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_mind296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Burge" title="Tyler Burge">Tyler Burge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Clark" title="Andy Clark">Andy Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Fodor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Cameron Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis (philosopher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_No%C3%AB" title="Alva Noë">Alva Noë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" title="Stephen Yablo">Stephen Yablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">Occasionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Representational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_thought_hypothesis" title="Language of thought hypothesis">Language of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_event" title="Mental event">Mental event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Mental image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes">Mental process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">Propositional attitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">information</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophy of mind">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Mind" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind">Task Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuroscience515" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuroscience" title="Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuroscience" title="Template talk:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuroscience515" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience" title="Outline of neuroscience">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuroscience" title="History of neuroscience">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">Brain mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_neuroscience" title="Cellular neuroscience">Cellular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectomics" title="Connectomics">Connectomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_neuroscience" title="Integrative neuroscience">Integrative neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_neuroscience" title="Molecular neuroscience">Molecular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_decoding" title="Neural decoding">Neural decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenetics" title="Neurogenetics">Neurogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurometrics" title="Neurometrics">Neurometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphology" title="Neuromorphology">Neuromorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray739.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/130px-Gray739.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/195px-Gray739.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/260px-Gray739.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neurology" title="Behavioral neurology">Behavioral neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptology" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptology">Epileptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocardiology" title="Neurocardiology">Neurocardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepidemiology" title="Neuroepidemiology">Neuroepidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system#Function" title="Enteric nervous system">Neurogastroenterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmunology" title="Neuroimmunology">Neuroimmunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurointensive_care" title="Neurointensive care">Neurointensive care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-oncology" title="Neuro-oncology">Neuro-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-ophthalmology" title="Neuro-ophthalmology">Neuro-ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">Neuropathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorehabilitation" title="Neurorehabilitation">Neurorehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotology" title="Neurotology">Neurotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurovirology" title="Neurovirology">Neurovirology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience" title="Nutritional neuroscience">Nutritional neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cellular_cognition" title="Molecular cellular cognition">Molecular cellular cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience" title="Sensory neuroscience">Sensory neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social cognitive neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience" title="Consumer neuroscience">Consumer neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Educational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_neurosurgery" title="Global neurosurgery">Global neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology">Neuroanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurobiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocriminology" title="Neurocriminology">Neurocriminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroeconomics" title="Neuroeconomics">Neuroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepistemology" title="Neuroepistemology">Neuroepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohistory" title="Neurohistory">Neurohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolaw" title="Neurolaw">Neurolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromarketing" title="Neuromarketing">Neuromarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> <li><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-dd5c8cc7b-f86ct","wgBackendResponseTime":359,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.204","walltime":"3.524","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28536,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":780160,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7251,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":806380,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3014.929 1 -total"," 32.96% 993.591 187 Template:Cite_book"," 32.79% 988.537 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.25% 881.819 169 Template:Multiref"," 23.76% 716.358 169 Template:Tfm/dated"," 16.90% 509.619 497 Template:Harvnb"," 5.97% 179.945 41 Template:Cite_web"," 4.91% 148.151 3 Template:Navbox"," 4.41% 133.098 1 Template:Psychology"," 4.16% 125.531 10 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.197","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16103025,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAboitizMontiel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAboitizMontiel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamsBeighley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlston2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonPiccinini2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAthreyaMouza2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAudi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAudi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvramides2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAydede2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBansal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlettBurton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayne2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeatty2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenarroch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermanWeemsStickle2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermúdez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernsteinNash2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiever2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBigajWüthrich2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirchMalim2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmore2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBringsjordGovindarajulu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroome2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownFehige2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellBarohn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarruthers2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarruthers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandlerMunday2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhary2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkLintsSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoallCallanDickinsChisholm2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoseru2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostallLeuda2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowanHarterKandel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowart\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCranePatterson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCresswell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDashVillemarette-Pitman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixonShapiro2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriscollEasterbrooks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumont2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunbar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncanLoLordo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmaliana2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelmannMulckhuyseTing2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErulkarLentz2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaganDurrani2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlayInnocentiScheich2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFjelland2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlanagan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankishKasmirli2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalandí2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGennaro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiannopulu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillett1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoffiRoux2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreif2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroarke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrünberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuyerHorstmann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallAmes1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperCollins2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperCollins2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelms2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggsCooperLee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodges2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoff2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHood2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowittCramer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHufendiekWild2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsRenandya2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaworski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerison2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarunamuni2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatoon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhuranaKhurana2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhushbooKumarSharma2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKihlstromTobias1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKind2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKind2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKind2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKind2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindStoljar2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiversteinFarinaClark2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnauffSpohn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoenig2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKriegel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKriegel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaine1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindeman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuhrmann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLurz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillanLena2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajkić2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandalaywalaFleenerMaestripieri2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandik2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcusJacobson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshMelvillMorganNorris2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaruyama2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatheson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClelland2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLear\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPeek2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQueenMcQueen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelisMonsó2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerMeyerFarrarBiezonski2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMijoia2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunroe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphyDonovanSmart2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNairne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolfi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOakley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOprisCasanovaLebedevPopescu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvergaard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’Madagain\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaivio2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPashler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennHolyoakPovinelli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopescuOpris2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriest2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRassool2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavenscroft2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisyan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRescorla2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRescorla2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyesSherwood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowlands2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRysiew2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaab2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandersonHuffman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayers2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScanlonSanders2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenbergMarshLerner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweizer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwitzgebel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaffer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiroSpaulding2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaBranscum2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaSharma1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithies2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmitsmanCorbetta2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpradlinPorterfield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpruit2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStairs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg_Gould2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterelny2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStichWarfield2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoljar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoljar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinburne1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinburne2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSysling2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanney2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTappolet2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThagard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorntonGliga2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimpe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToren2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsien2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTulving2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkingtonMitchell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUttal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUttal2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderwolf2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeekley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiskopfAdams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestphal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkelman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWragg-Sykes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomansArnold2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYukalovSornette2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 187,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 497,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 169,\n [\"Neuroscience\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of mind\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Psychology\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","13.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","10.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","8.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.0"],["(for generator)","120","5.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.3"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","80","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.6"],["[others]","720","30.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-2xrkc","timestamp":"20250318154915","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mind","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mind","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q450","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q450","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-20T21:35:37Z","dateModified":"2025-03-05T09:36:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9d\/Mental_capacities.svg","headline":"combination of cognitive faculties that provides consciousness, thinking, reasoning, perception, and judgement in humans and potentially other life forms"}</script> </body> </html>