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and Balances Letter: October 2022">October 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2022">September 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2022">August 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2022">July 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2022">June 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2022">May 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2022">April 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2022">March 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2022">February 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2022">January 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2021">December 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2021">November 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2021">October 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2021">September 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2021">August 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2021">July 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2021">June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2021">May 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2021">April 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2021">March 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2021">February 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2021">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2020">December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2020">November 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2020">October 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2020">September 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2020">August 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2020">July 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2020">June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2020">May 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2020">April 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2020">March 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2020">February 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2020">January 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2019">December 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2019">November 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2019">October 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2019">September 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2019">August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2019">July 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2019">June 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2019">May 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2019">April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2019">March 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2019">February 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2019">January 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2018">December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2018">November 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2018">October 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2018">September 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2018">August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2018">July 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2018">June 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2018">May 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2018">April 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Bibliography">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">Scholarly work related to the administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title=""Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title=""Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title=""Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title=""Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title=""The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title=""Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">More scholary articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Quotes_about_the_administrative_state" title="Quotes about the administrative state">Quotes about the administrative state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">Tracking</a> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/Changes_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Changes to the Federal Register">Changes to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Historical_additions_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Historical additions to the Federal Register">Historical additions to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Completed_OIRA_review_of_federal_administrative_agency_rules" title="Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules">Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_agency_rules_repealed_under_the_Congressional_Review_Act" title="Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act">Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">Terms and definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a></li> <li><a href="#Deference">Deference</a> <ul><li><a href="/Judicial_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference">Chevron deference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a></li> <li>Ex parte communications</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a></li> <li><a href="/Due_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">More terms and definitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">Laws and statutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">More laws and statutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">Executive orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Carter_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Carter related to the administrative state">Jimmy Carter</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12044_(Jimmy_Carter,_1978)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)">Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Reagan_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Reagan related to the administrative state">Ronald Reagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12291_(Ronald_Reagan,_1981)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)">Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12498_(Ronald_Reagan,_1985)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)">Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Clinton_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Clinton related to the administrative state">Bill Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12866_(Bill_Clinton,_1993)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)">Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13132_(Bill_Clinton,_1999)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)">Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_George_W._Bush_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President George W. Bush related to the administrative state">George W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13258_(George_W._Bush,_2002)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)">Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13422_(George_W._Bush,_2007)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)">Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Obama_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Obama related to the administrative state">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13497_(Barack_Obama,_2009)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)">Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13563_(Barack_Obama,_2011)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)">Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13610_(Barack_Obama,_2012)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)">Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Trump_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Trump related to the administrative state">Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13765_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13771_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13772_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13777_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13781_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13783_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13789_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13836_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13837_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13839_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13843_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Biden_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Biden related to the administrative state">Joseph Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13990_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13992_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14003_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14018_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14025_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">More executive orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Agencies_and_offices_of_the_administrative_state" title="Agencies and offices of the administrative state">Agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="#Executive_departments">Executive departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">Dept. of State</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Dept. of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">Dept. of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">Dept. of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">Dept. of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">Dept. of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Dept. of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">Dept. of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">Dept. of Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">Dept. of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">Dept. of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">Dept. of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">Dept. of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">Dept. of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">Dept. of Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Executive_agencies">Executive agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">U.S. Civil Service Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Independent_agencies">Independent agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Small_Business_Administration" title="U.S. Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">Court cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">More court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:200px; background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #407374; font-size:110%; color:white; height:30px"><big> Affirmative action </big> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/Civil_Liberties_Policy" title="Civil Liberties Policy"><img alt="Civil Liberties Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/00/Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/00/Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/00/Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a><hr style="background-color:#407374;" /> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%"><b><a href="/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%"><b><a href="/State_affirmative_action_information" title="State affirmative action information">Affirmative action by state</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%"><b><a href="/Federal_and_state_affirmative_action_and_anti-discrimination_laws" title="Federal and state affirmative action and anti-discrimination laws">Affirmative action and anti-discrimination laws</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%"><b><a href="/Affirmative_action_and_anti-discrimination_lawsuits" title="Affirmative action and anti-discrimination lawsuits">Affirmative action and anti-discrimination lawsuits</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%"><b><a href="/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%"><b><a href="/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%"><b><a href="/State_data_on_colleges_considering_race_in_admissions" title="State data on colleges considering race in admissions">Consideration of race in college admissions</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; padding-bottom:2px;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><hr style="background-color:#407374;" /><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy"><img alt="Public Policy Logo-one line.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/200px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="34" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/300px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/400px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="162" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ; max-width:200px;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Laws_enforced_by_the_EEOC"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Laws enforced by the EEOC</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Leadership"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Leadership</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Issues"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Issues</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sexual_orientation_discrimination"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sexual orientation discrimination</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Court_decisions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Court decisions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Phillips_v._Martin_Marietta_Corp."><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Espinoza_v._Farah_Manufacturing_Co."><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co."><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Corning_Glass_Works_v._Brennan"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Corning Glass Works v. Brennan</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Noteworthy_events"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Noteworthy events</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#EEOC_releases_data_on_impact_of_#MeToo_on_workplace_harassment_allegations_(2018)"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">EEOC releases data on impact of #MeToo on workplace harassment allegations (2018)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p>The <b>U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</b> (EEOC) is a federal agency that enforces the numerous anti-discrimination laws throughout the country. The EEOC was created in 1965, shortly after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The commission was created to enforce the Civil Rights Act, with special consideration for Title VII of the act.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>The commission defines the following groups as protected under federal law from discrimination:<sup id="cite_ref-eeocabout_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeocabout-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <ul><li>Race,</li> <li>Color,</li> <li>Religion,</li> <li>Sex (including pregnancy),</li> <li>National origin,</li> <li>Age (40 or older),</li> <li>Disability or genetic information.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>According to the <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/">EEOC website</a>, most employers with 15 or more employees are subject to nondiscrimination laws. In cases of age discrimination, the business must have 20 or more employees. If an organization is reported to violate any of the federal nondiscrimination laws, the commission has the authority to investigate the issue and attempt to correct any discrimination found. Alternatively, the EEOC may elect to pursue legal action in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-eeocabout_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeocabout-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; width:200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #364DA8; color:white"><big>Administrative State <big> </big></big></th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state"><img alt="Administrative State Icon Gold.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a/a3/Administrative_State_Icon_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></div><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Read more about the <a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">administrative state</a> on Ballotpedia. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Franklin D. Roosevelt took the first significant step towards modern nondiscrimination laws when he issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941. This order made it illegal for government contractors to discriminate in employment practices based on race, color or national origin. This order was followed by Harry Truman’s Executive Order 9981 (1948), which was intended to desegregate the army. After <i><a href="/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> and several years of the Civil Rights Movement, the United States Senate passed the <a href="/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. This act, in part, established the EEOC as the government body that would enforce this new law nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>The EEOC began work immediately. One of its first major actions was to fight against “<a href="/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">disparate impact</a> practices,” or practices (usually in hiring or college enrollment) that were promoted as race-neutral but were, in reality, discriminatory towards minority groups. This included aptitude tests during the hiring process and other unfair selection devices that some employers were accustomed to using. The EEOC has targeted practices such as these since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Laws_enforced_by_the_EEOC">Laws enforced by the EEOC</span></h2> <p>The primary purpose of the EEOC is to uphold civil rights laws like the <a href="/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and its Title VII section. This includes ensuring equal employment opportunity for all groups of people in the country. It intervenes where there are complaints of discrimination based on race, color, sex or any other qualification from the above list. However, in order to prevent that discrimination in the first place, the commission publishes research reports on demographics in workplaces throughout the country. This data is then used to identify inequalities, so that the commission can begin to resolve them. For instance, just days after the September 11th attacks, the EEOC contacted employers throughout the country, urging them to promote religious tolerance in the workplace. The commission also began crafting programs to promote equality and prevent discrimination specifically dealing with religion or perceived religion based on race.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> The EEOC is also responsible for enforcing the following federal laws:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Title VII of the <a href="/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> <ul><li>The Pregnancy Discrimination Act</li></ul></li> <li>The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA)</li> <li>The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA)</li> <li>Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)</li> <li>Sections 102 and 103 of the Civil Rights Act of 1991</li> <li>Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973</li> <li>The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA)</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Leadership">Leadership</span></h2> <p>The EEOC is a bipartisan commission made up of a chair, vice chair, and three commissioners. The current commission members are:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Charlotte A. Burrow, Chair</li> <li>Jocelyn Samuels, Vice Chair</li> <li>Keith E. Sonderling, Commissioner</li> <li>Andrea R. Lucas, Commissioner</li> <li>Kalpana Kotagal, Commissioner</li></ul> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="background:none; text-align:center; width:50%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" style="background-color:#444; color: white;"><b>Past Chairs of the EEOC</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>EEOC Chair</b></td> <td><b>Years in office</b></td> <td><b>Appointed by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr.</td> <td>1965-1966</td> <td>Lyndon B. Johnson </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stephen N. Shulman</td> <td>1966-1967</td> <td>Lyndon B. Johnson </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clifford L. Alexander, Jr.</td> <td>1967-1969</td> <td>Lyndon B. Johnson </td></tr> <tr> <td>William H. Brown, III</td> <td>1969-1973</td> <td>Lyndon B. Johnson </td></tr> <tr> <td>John H. Powell, Jr.</td> <td>1973-1974</td> <td>Richard Nixon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowell W. Perry</td> <td>1975-1976</td> <td>Gerald Ford </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Eleanor Holmes Norton</a></td> <td>1977-1981</td> <td><a href="/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></td> <td>1982-1990</td> <td><a href="/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Evan J. Kemp, Jr.</td> <td>1990-1993</td> <td><a href="/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gilbert F. Casellas</td> <td>1994-1997</td> <td><a href="/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ida L. Castro</td> <td>1998-2001</td> <td><a href="/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cari M. Dominguez</td> <td>2001-2006</td> <td><a href="/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Naomi C. Earp</td> <td>2006-2009</td> <td><a href="/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jacqueline A. Berrien</td> <td>2010-2014</td> <td><a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jenny R. Yang</td> <td>2014-2018</td> <td><a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Janet Dhillon</td> <td>2019-2021</td> <td><a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charlotte A. Burrows</td> <td>2021-Present</td> <td><a href="/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1610395138232-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1610395138232-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Issues">Issues</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sexual_orientation_discrimination">Sexual orientation discrimination</span></h3> <p>On July 16, 2015, the EEOC released an administrative decision stating that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is an actionable charge under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>Explaining its decision, the EEOC wrote, "Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is premised on sex-based preferences, assumptions, expectations, stereotypes, or norms. 'Sexual orientation' as a concept cannot be defined or understood without reference to sex."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p><p>Although the commission's ruling directly applies only to federal employees, it may also be used as persuasive authority when private employees file suit in federal court.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Court_decisions">Court decisions</span></h2> <p>The following are a few of the Supreme Court decisions that have influenced, or been influenced by, the EEOC. For a more complete list of important Supreme Court decisions affecting employment laws enforced by the EEOC, click <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/supreme_court.html">here</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Phillips_v._Martin_Marietta_Corp.">Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.</span></h3> <p>This decision by the Supreme Court held that employers cannot discriminate based on sex, as well as other factors such as having children. This case in particular reinforced one of EEOC’s policies prohibiting the use of separate hiring policies for men with school-aged children and women with school-aged children.<sup id="cite_ref-cases_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cases-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Espinoza_v._Farah_Manufacturing_Co.">Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.</span></h3> <p>This decision by the Supreme Court held that a citizenship requirement for employment is illegal if that requirement is proven to have the effect of discriminating based on national origin.<sup id="cite_ref-cases_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cases-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co.">Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.</span></h3> <p>In this case, the Supreme Court decided that a collective bargaining agreement cannot supercede an employee’s right to sue an employer under Title VII and other anti-discrimination laws.<sup id="cite_ref-cases_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cases-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Corning_Glass_Works_v._Brennan">Corning Glass Works v. Brennan</span></h3> <p>This Supreme Court Decision held that under the Equal Pay Act, the plaintiff must provide proof that the employer is paying groups of people differently for substantially equal work.<sup id="cite_ref-cases_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cases-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Noteworthy_events"><a href="/Noteworthy_events" title="Noteworthy events">Noteworthy events</a></span></h2> <h3><span id="EEOC_releases_data_on_impact_of_.23MeToo_on_workplace_harassment_allegations_.282018.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="EEOC_releases_data_on_impact_of_#MeToo_on_workplace_harassment_allegations_(2018)">EEOC releases data on impact of #MeToo on workplace harassment allegations (2018)</span></h3> <p>The EEOC released a report on October 4, 2018, detailing the agency’s actions to address workplace harassment during fiscal year 2018. The agency released the report on the one-year anniversary of the disclosure of sexual misconduct allegations against Harvey Weinstein and the corresponding birth of the #MeToo movement.<sup id="cite_ref-eeoc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeoc-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>The EEOC filed a total of 66 harassment lawsuits, 41 of which included sexual harassment allegations. The lawsuits demonstrated a 50 percent increase in workplace sexual harassment lawsuits filed by the EEOC over FY 2017. Charges of alleged sexual harassment filed with the EEOC increased by more than 12 percent over the same period. The agency’s enforcement efforts recovered nearly $70 million for victims of workplace sexual harassment in FY 2018—an increase from the $47.5 million recovered in FY 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-eeoc_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeoc-13">[13]</a></sup> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=U.S.+Equal+Employment+Opportunity+Commission">Search Google News for this topic</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/">U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission website</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/index.cfm">Laws and statutes enforced by the EEOC</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/milestones/index.html"><i>Milestones in the History of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</i></a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hist_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hist_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/milestones/1964.html">‘’Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’’, “Milestones in the History of the EOCC - 1964,” accessed March 4, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eeocabout-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eeocabout_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eeocabout_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/">‘’Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’’, “About the EEOC,” accessed March 4, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/milestones/1966.html">‘’Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’’, “Milestones in the History of the EOCC - 1966,” accessed March 5 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/50th/index.cfm">‘’Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’’, “Celebrating our 50th anniversary,” accessed March 5, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-race.html">‘’Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’’, “Fact about race/color discrimination,” accessed March 6, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/index.cfm"><i>Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</i>, “Laws and statutes,” accessed March 5, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.eeoc.gov/commission"><i>Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</i>, "The Commission and the General Counsel," accessed February 27, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2015/07/16/sexual_orientation_discrimination_at_work_eeoc_says_it_s_illegal_under_federal.html"><i>Slate</i>, "EEOC Rules Workplace Sexual Orientation Discrimination Already Illegal Under Federal Law," July 16, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2167512/complainantvfoxx.pdf"><i>Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</i>, "Appeal No. 0120133080," accessed July 20, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bna.com/eeoc-sexual-orientation-n17179933661/"><i>Bloomberg BNA</i>, "EEOC Sexual Orientation Ruling Brings Strong Reactions," July 20, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cases-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cases_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cases_12-1">12.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cases_12-2">12.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cases_12-3">12.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/supreme_court.html">‘’Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’’, “Selected Supreme Court decisions,” accessed March 6, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eeoc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eeoc_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eeoc_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/10-4-18.cfm"><i>U.S. Equal Opportunity Employment Commission</i>, "EEOC Releases Preliminary FY 2018 Sexual Harassment Data," October 4, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/bill-murphy-jr/metoo-us-eeoc-equal-employment-opportunity-commission-sexual-harassment-lawsuit.html"><i>Inc.</i>, "In an 'Unusual' Move, the U.S. Government Just Made a Surprising Announcement About What Happened After the #MeToo Movement," accessed October 11, 2018</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; 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line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/Abbott_Laboratories_v._Gardner" title="Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner">Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner</a></i> • <i><a href="/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States" title="A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States">A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Association_of_Data_Processing_Service_Organizations_v._Camp" title="Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp">Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp</a></i> • <i><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></i> • <i><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></i> • <i><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_(FTC)_v._Standard_Oil_Company_of_California" title="Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California">Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California</a></i> • <i><a href="/Field_v._Clark" title="Field v. Clark">Field v. Clark</a></i> • <i><a href="/Food_and_Drug_Administration_v._Brown_and_Williamson_Tobacco_Corporation" title="Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation">Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_(INS)_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha</a></i> • <i><a href="/J.W._Hampton_Jr._%26_Company_v._United_States" title="J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States">J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i> • <i><a href="/Marshall_v._Barlow%27s" title="Marshall v. Barlow's">Marshall v. Barlow's</a></i> • <i><a href="/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> • <i><a href="/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_(NFIB)_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning_Company" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co." title="National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.">National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan" title="Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan">Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan</a></i> • <i><a href="/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_v._Chenery_Corporation" title="Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation">Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Western_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.">United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Universal_Camera_Corporation_v._National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board">Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> • <i><a href="/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wayman_v._Southard" title="Wayman v. Southard">Wayman v. Southard</a></i> • <i><a href="/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> • <i><a href="/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Associations" title="Whitman v. American Trucking Associations">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wiener_v._United_States" title="Wiener v. United States">Wiener v. United States</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Terms</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adjudication_(administrative_state)" title="Adjudication (administrative state)">Adjudication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Administrative_judge" title="Administrative judge">Administrative judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Arbitrary-or-capricious_test" title="Arbitrary-or-capricious test">Arbitrary-or-capricious test</a> • <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer 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(administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Deference_(administrative_state)" title="Deference (administrative state)">Deference (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Direct_and_indirect_costs_(administrative_state)" title="Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)">Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Enabling_statute" title="Enabling statute">Enabling statute</a> • <a href="/Ex_parte_communication_(administrative_state)" title="Ex parte communication (administrative state)">Ex parte communication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a> • <a href="/Federal_law" title="Federal law">Federal law</a> • <a href="/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> • <a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> • <a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a> • <a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Formalism_(law)" title="Formalism (law)">Formalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Functionalism_(law)" title="Functionalism (law)">Functionalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Incorporation_by_reference" title="Incorporation by reference">Incorporation by reference</a> • <a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a> • <a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Joint_resolution_of_disapproval_(administrative_state)" title="Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)">Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Major_rule" title="Major rule">Major rule</a> • <a href="/Negotiated_rulemaking" title="Negotiated rulemaking">Negotiated rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a href="/OIRA_prompt_letter" title="OIRA prompt letter">OIRA prompt letter</a> • <a href="/Organic_statute" title="Organic statute">Organic statute</a> • <a href="/Pragmatism_(law)" title="Pragmatism (law)">Pragmatism (law)</a> • <a href="/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a> • <a href="/Promulgate" title="Promulgate">Promulgate</a> • <a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a> • <a href="/Publication_rulemaking" title="Publication rulemaking">Publication rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_budget" title="Regulatory budget">Regulatory budget</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_dark_matter" title="Regulatory dark matter">Regulatory dark matter</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_impact_analysis" title="Regulatory impact analysis">Regulatory impact analysis</a> • <a 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authority">Statutory authority</a> • <a href="/Substantive_law_and_procedural_law" title="Substantive law and procedural law">Substantive law and procedural law</a> • <a href="/Sue_and_settle" title="Sue and settle">Sue and settle</a> • <a href="/Sunset_provision" title="Sunset provision">Sunset provision</a> • <a href="/Unified_Agenda_of_Federal_Regulatory_and_Deregulatory_Actions" title="Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions">Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions</a> • <a href="/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> • <a href="/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">United States Statutes at Large</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Bibliography</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small> <ul><li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title=""Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title=""Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title=""Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22From_Administrative_State_to_Constitutional_Government%22_by_Joseph_Postell_(2012)" title=""From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)">"From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Interring_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Eric_A._Posner_and_Adrian_Vermeule_(2002)" title=""Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)">"Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title=""Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Checks_%26_Balances_of_the_Regulatory_State%22_by_Paul_R._Verkuil_(2016)" title=""The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)">"The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Myth_of_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Keith_E._Whittington_and_Jason_Iuliano_(2017)" title=""The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)">"The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Progressive_Origins_of_the_Administrative_State:_Wilson,_Goodnow,_and_Landis%22_by_Ronald_J._Pestritto_(2007)" title=""The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)">"The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Rise_and_Rise_of_the_Administrative_State%22_by_Gary_Lawson_(1994)" title=""The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)">"The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title=""The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Threat_to_Liberty%22_by_Steven_F._Hayward_(2017)" title=""The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)">"The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title=""Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li></ul> </small></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Agencies</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a> • <a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a> • <a href="/U.S._Government_Accountability_Office" title="U.S. Government Accountability Office">U.S. Government Accountability Office</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">U.S. Office of Management and Budget</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact 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title="Ballotpedia:Carley Allensworth">Carley Allensworth</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abigail_Campbell" title="Ballotpedia:Abigail Campbell">Abigail Campbell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Sarah_Groat" title="Ballotpedia:Sarah Groat">Sarah Groat</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathaniel_Harwood" title="Ballotpedia:Nathaniel Harwood">Nathaniel Harwood</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Dillon_Redmond" title="Ballotpedia:Dillon Redmond">Dillon Redmond</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Erica_Shumaker" title="Ballotpedia:Erica Shumaker">Erica Shumaker</a><br /> <b>External Relations: </b><a href="/Ballotpedia:Ashley_Fleming" title="Ballotpedia:Ashley Fleming">Ashley Fleming</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Hannah_Nelson" title="Ballotpedia:Hannah Nelson">Hannah Nelson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Katy_Noble" title="Ballotpedia:Katy Noble">Katy Noble</a><br /> <b>Operations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Meghann_Olshefski" title="Ballotpedia:Meghann Olshefski">Meghann Olshefski</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Amanda_Herbert" title="Ballotpedia:Amanda Herbert">Amanda Herbert</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Morris" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Morris">Mandy Morris</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Caroline_Presnell" title="Ballotpedia:Caroline Presnell">Caroline Presnell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Rindfleisch" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Rindfleisch">Kelly Rindfleisch</a><br /> <b>Policy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jimmy_McAllister" title="Ballotpedia:Jimmy McAllister">Jimmy McAllister</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jon_Dunn" title="Ballotpedia:Jon Dunn">Jon Dunn</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Amy_Handlin" title="Ballotpedia:Amy Handlin">Amy Handlin</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Annelise_Reinwald" title="Ballotpedia:Annelise Reinwald">Annelise Reinwald</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Soukup" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Soukup">Emma Soukup</a><br /> <b>Content Strategy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Josh_Altic" title="Ballotpedia:Josh Altic">Josh Altic</a> <br /> <b>Tech:</b> <a 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Rasmussen">Scott Rasmussen</a> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b>Editorial Content</b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Geoff_Pallay" title="Ballotpedia:Geoff Pallay">Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ken_Carbullido" title="Ballotpedia:Ken Carbullido">Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Norm_Leahy" title="Ballotpedia:Norm Leahy">Norm Leahy, Senior Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Daniel_Anderson" title="Ballotpedia:Daniel Anderson">Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Byrne">Ryan Byrne, Managing 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