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}); </script> </div> <div id="div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3053" class="publirAds"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot.getSlotElementId() == "div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3053") { googletag.display("div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3053"); } }); }); </script> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-offset-0 col-md-12" role="main"> <div class="mw-body" id="content"> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;" ></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading page-header" lang="en"><span dir="auto"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Federalism</span></span></h1> <!-- bodyContent --> <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Ballotpedia</div> <div id="contentSub" ></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p><br /> </p> <center><a href="/File:Federalism_Banner-Blue.png" class="image"><img alt="Federalism Banner-Blue.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/3/39/Federalism_Banner-Blue.png" decoding="async" width="2500" height="417" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="417" /></a></center> <div class="bp-dropdown-menu" id="tasp-menu"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Terms_related_to_federalism" title="Terms related to federalism">Terms and definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/Legislation_related_to_federalism" title="Legislation related to federalism">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_related_to_federalism" title="Court cases related to federalism">Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Major arguments</a></li> <li><a href="/State_responses_to_federal_mandates" title="State responses to federal mandates">State responses to federal mandates</a></li> <li><a href="/State_survey_of_the_federal_grant_review_process,_2021" title="State survey of the federal grant review process, 2021">State survey of the federal grant review process</a> <ul><li><a href="/State_responses_to_the_federal_grant_review_process_survey,_2021" title="State responses to the federal grant review process survey, 2021">State responses to the federal grant review process survey, 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/State_responses_by_question_to_the_federal_grant_review_process_survey,_2021" title="State responses by question to the federal grant review process survey, 2021">State responses by question to the federal grant review process survey, 2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers" title="Federalism by the numbers">Federalism by the numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers:_Federal_mandates" title="Federalism by the numbers: Federal mandates">Federalism by the numbers: Federal mandates</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers:_Federal_grants-in-aid" title="Federalism by the numbers: Federal grants-in-aid">Federalism by the numbers: Federal grants-in-aid</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers:_Federal_information_collection_requests" title="Federalism by the numbers: Federal information collection requests">Federalism by the numbers: Federal information collection requests</a></li> <li><a href="/Overview_of_federal_spending_during_the_coronavirus_(COVID-19)_pandemic" title="Overview of federal spending during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic">Overview of federal spending during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:20%; background:#F0F0F0; font-size:100%; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:3px; text-align: center; margin-left:1.5%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #364DA8; font-size:115%; color:white; height:30px">Federalism </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism"><img alt="Federalism Icon 200x200.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/d/d1/Federalism_Icon_200x200.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F0F0F0; font-size:100%;"><hr style="background-color:#407374" /> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F0F0F0; font-size:100%;"><small>•<b><a href="/Terms_related_to_federalism" title="Terms related to federalism">Key terms</a><br />• </b><a href="/Court_cases_related_to_federalism" title="Court cases related to federalism">Court cases</a><br />•<a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Major arguments</a><br />• <a href="/State_responses_to_federal_mandates" title="State responses to federal mandates">State responses to federal mandates</a><br />• <a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers" title="Federalism by the numbers">Federalism by the numbers</a><br />• <a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Index of articles about federalism</a> <small> </small></small></th></tr></tbody></table><div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Types_of_federalism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types of federalism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#State_responses_to_federal_mandates"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">State responses to federal mandates</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Recent_legislation_related_to_federalism"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Recent legislation related to federalism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Major_arguments_and_areas_of_inquiry_related_to_federalism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Major arguments and areas of inquiry related to federalism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Key_terms_related_to_federalism"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Key terms related to federalism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Key_legislation_related_to_federalism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Key legislation related to federalism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Key_court_cases_related_to_judicial_control_of_the_administrative_state"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Key court cases related to judicial control of the administrative state</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#State_survey_of_the_federal_grant_review_process,_2021"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">State survey of the federal grant review process, 2021</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Federalism_by_the_numbers"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Federalism by the numbers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Federalism_overviews"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Federalism overviews</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>See also: <i><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Index of articles about federalism</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><b>What is Federalism?</b> <br /> <b>Federalism</b> in the United States is a system of government in which power is shared and divided between the federal (national) government and state governments. This structure allows both levels of government to share authority and responsibilities, with certain powers granted to each by the U.S. Constitution. </p><p><b>Why does it matter?</b> <br /> Federalism generates conflict over the balance of power between state and federal governments and it has become the an effective method for <a href="/Multistate_lawsuits_against_the_federal_government_during_the_Biden_administration" title="Multistate lawsuits against the federal government during the Biden administration">states to challenge federal policies they oppose</a>. For example, there were 160 multistate lawsuits against the first Trump administration and 133 against the Biden administration.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Conflicts often over policy issues such as <a href="/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">ESG investing</a>, the <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">role of the administrative state</a>, work requirements for public assistance, among many others. <a href="/State_responses_to_federal_mandates" title="State responses to federal mandates">Click here</a> for more information on these state and federal government conflicts. </p><p><b>What are the key arguments?</b> <br /> Supporters of federalism argue that it promotes efficiency, innovation, and healthy competition between states. They believe it strengthens democracy by encouraging local decision-making and citizen participation, while also uniting a diverse nation and respecting state sovereignty. </p><p>Opponents argue that federalism can be undemocratic by giving smaller states disproportionate power. They claim it leads to inefficiencies, disparities between states, and weakens national unity. </p><p><b>What's the background?</b> <br /> The <a href="/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> (1781), the first U.S. constitution, created a weak central government unable to tax, regulate interstate commerce, or enforce laws. These shortcomings led to economic instability and prompted the drafting of a new Constitution in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-history_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The new <a href="/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> established a federal system dividing power between the national government and the states, following debates between <a href="/Federalists" title="Federalists">Federalists</a>, who supported a stronger central government, and <a href="/Anti-Federalist" title="Anti-Federalist">Anti-Federalists</a>, who sought to protect state authority. It granted enumerated powers to the federal government, such as regulating interstate commerce, taxing, and maintaining armed forces, while the <a href="/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Tenth Amendment</a> reserved powers not delegated to the federal government for the states or the people.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IHA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHA-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><b>Dive deeper</b> <br /> This article includes information about the following topics: </p><p><b><a href="/Federalism#Background" title="Federalism">Background</a></b>: The section explains the origins of federalism in the United States. </p><p><b><a href="/Federalism#Types_of_federalism" title="Federalism">Types of federalism</a></b>. Two of the most common types of federalism: </p> <ul><li><a href="/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Interlocking_(cooperative)_federalism" title="Interlocking (cooperative) federalism">Interlocking (cooperative) federalism</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="#State_responses_to_federal_mandates">State responses to federal mandates</a></b>: Recent legislative, regulatory, or legal actions by states to challenge obligations, known as federal mandates, placed on them by the national government. </p><p><b><a href="#Recent_legislation_related_to_federalism">Recent legislation related to federalism</a></b>: This section tracks recent legislation by states related to federalism. </p> <ul><li><a href="/Reform_proposals_related_to_environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance_(ESG)#Federal_mandate_opposition_approaches" title="Reform proposals related to environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)">Federal ESG mandate opposition legislation</a>: This legislative approach argues that state governments should oppose certain federal mandates allowing or requiring ESG considerations, especially as they relate to state investments.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ballotpedia has identified the following <b>three reform approaches opposing federal ESG mandates</b>: <ul><li><a href="#Reform:_Allow_state_financial_officers_and_other_executive_branch_officeholders_to_push_back_against_federal_regulations_that_promote_ESG_investing">Allow state financial officers and other executive branch officeholders to push back against federal regulations that promote ESG investing</a></li> <li><a href="#Reform:_Prohibit_federal_agencies_from_regulating_shareholder_proposals_and_proxy_meetings">Prohibit federal agencies from regulating shareholder proposals and proxy meetings</a></li> <li><a href="#Reform:_Prohibit_federal_agencies_from_requiring_businesses_to_disclose_non-material_business_information">Prohibit federal agencies from requiring businesses to disclose non-material business information</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/Federalism#Major_arguments_and_areas_of_inquiry_related_to_federalism" title="Federalism">Major arguments about federalism</a></b> Ballotpedia has identified: </p> <ul><li><b>Six</b> types of<a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#What_is_federalism_and_what_isn&#39;t_it?" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism"> arguments about what federalism is and is not.</a></li> <li><b>10</b> types of <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#If_federalism_is_wrong_or_unnecessary,_then_why?" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">arguments opposing federalism.</a></li> <li><b>Nine</b> types of <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#If_federalism_is_right_or_necessary,_then_why?" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">arguments supporting federalism.</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/Federalism#Terms_related_to_federalism" title="Federalism">Key terms related to federalism</a></b>. This section features a list of terms that are important for understanding federalism. </p><p><b><a href="/Federalism#Legislation_related_to_federalism" title="Federalism">Key legislation related to federalism</a></b>. This section features a list of significant legislation related to federalism. </p><p><b><a href="/Federalism#Court_cases_related_to_federalism" title="Federalism">Key court cases related to federalism</a></b>. This section features a list of important legislation related to federalism. </p><p><b><a href="/Federalism#State_survey_of_the_federal_grant_review_process,_2021" title="Federalism">State survey of the federal grant review process</a></b>. This section shows the methodology, findings, and state responses for the 50-state survey conducted by Ballotpedia examining the federal grant process in 2021. </p><p><b><a href="/Federalism#Federalism_by_the_numbers" title="Federalism">Federalism by the numbers</a></b>. This section links to relevant data on federalism, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers" title="Federalism by the numbers">Federalism by the numbers overview</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers:_Federal_grants-in-aid" title="Federalism by the numbers: Federal grants-in-aid">Federal grants-in-aid</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers:_Federal_information_collection_requests" title="Federalism by the numbers: Federal information collection requests">Federal information collection requests</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers:_Federal_mandates" title="Federalism by the numbers: Federal mandates">Federal mandates</a></li> <li><a href="/Overview_of_federal_spending_during_the_coronavirus_(COVID-19)_pandemic" title="Overview of federal spending during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic">Overview of federal spending during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd>See also: <i><a href="/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Prior to the ratification of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, the American government operated under the <a href="/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> from March 1781 to March 1789. The Articles created a national legislature with powers to declare war, negotiate treaties, maintain an army, and coin money. However, it lacked the authority to tax or regulate commerce, and state governments retained most of their sovereignty and independence.<sup id="cite_ref-history_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PBS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IHA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHA-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Constitution, which replaced the Articles, established a stronger national government and a federal system that shared power between the national government and the individual states.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PBS_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IHA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHA-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> The Constitution grants specific powers to the federal government, such as regulating interstate commerce, taxing, and maintaining armed forces—these are known as enumerated powers. At the same time, the 10th Amendment ensures that powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people, maintaining state authority over matters not explicitly addressed by the national government. </p><p>To address conflicts between state and federal powers, the Constitution includes mechanisms such as the <a href="/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy Clause</a> in Article VI, which declares federal law to be the "supreme law of the land." This means federal law takes precedence when state laws conflict with it. The <a href="/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a> (Article I, Section 8) further empowers Congress to make laws necessary to carry out its enumerated powers. Together, these provisions establish a balance of power between the federal government and the states, ensuring both play vital roles in governance. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_federalism">Types of federalism</span></h2> <p>There are several types of federalism, each representing different ways in which power and responsibilities are shared and balanced between the federal government and state governments, often evolving over time in response to changing political, social, and economic circumstances. Here are two of the most important forms of federalism. </p> <ul><li><a href="/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a> (also known as <b>layer-cake federalism</b>) is a system of governance where the federal government and state governments each have clearly defined spheres of power. Under dual federalist political systems, the federal government cannot interfere with matters delegated to state authority, and states cannot interfere with matters of federal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-dual_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dual-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Interlocking_(cooperative)_federalism" title="Interlocking (cooperative) federalism">Interlocking (cooperative) federalism</a> (also known as <b>marble-cake federalism</b>) refers to a system of governance where federal and state governments share power and collaborate on certain issues. Under an interlocking federal system, the national government might work with state government programs to fund colleges, pay veterans, or build transportation infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-marble_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marble-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other types of federalism include <b>competitive federalism</b>, <b><a href="/Horizontal_federalism" title="Horizontal federalism">horizontal federalism</a></b>, <b><a href="/Market-preserving_federalism" title="Market-preserving federalism">market-preserving federalism</a></b>, and <b>picket-fence federalism</b>, among others. Each type offers a different framework for understanding the relationship between federal and state powers, reflecting varied approaches to governance and policy-making. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_responses_to_federal_mandates">State responses to federal mandates</span></h2> <p>State governments may pursue legislative, regulatory, or legal actions to challenge obligations placed on them by the national government. The term <b>federal mandate</b> refers to any regulation or court ruling that imposes a binding obligation on a state or local government, including conditions for federal funding or <a href="/Unfunded_mandates" title="Unfunded mandates">unfunded mandates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Ballotpedia has tracked a list of <b><a href="/State_responses_to_federal_mandates" title="State responses to federal mandates"> recent state responses to federal mandates</a></b>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_legislation_related_to_federalism">Recent legislation related to federalism</span></h2> <p>This section tracks recent legislation by states related to federalism. </p> <ul><li><b>Federal ESG mandate opposition legislation</b>: This legislative approach argues that state governments should oppose certain federal mandates allowing or requiring ESG considerations, especially as they relate to state investments.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ballotpedia has identified the following <b>three reform approaches opposing federal ESG mandates</b>: <ul><li><a href="#Reform:_Allow_state_financial_officers_and_other_executive_branch_officeholders_to_push_back_against_federal_regulations_that_promote_ESG_investing">Allow state financial officers and other executive branch officeholders to push back against federal regulations that promote ESG investing</a></li> <li><a href="#Reform:_Prohibit_federal_agencies_from_regulating_shareholder_proposals_and_proxy_meetings">Prohibit federal agencies from regulating shareholder proposals and proxy meetings</a></li> <li><a href="#Reform:_Prohibit_federal_agencies_from_requiring_businesses_to_disclose_non-material_business_information">Prohibit federal agencies from requiring businesses to disclose non-material business information</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Major_arguments_and_areas_of_inquiry_related_to_federalism">Major arguments and areas of inquiry related to federalism</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd>See also: <i><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Ballotpedia has tracked the following <a href="/Arguments_opposed_to_federalism" title="Arguments opposed to federalism">10 arguments opposing</a>, <a href="/Arguments_in_support_of_federalism" title="Arguments in support of federalism">nine arguments supporting</a>, and <a href="/Arguments_about_federalism" title="Arguments about federalism">six arguments related to the nature of federalism</a>: </p><p><b><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#What_is_federalism_and_what_isn&#39;t_it?" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">What is federalism?</a></b> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><small><i>Click the arrow (&#9660;) in the list below to see claims under each argument.</i></small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b><b>1.</b></b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_The_intentions_of_the_Framers_related_to_federalism_have_been_misunderstood" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: The intentions of the Framers related to federalism have been misunderstood</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_A_broad_reading_of_the_commerce_clause_centralizes_too_much_power_in_Congress" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: A broad reading of the commerce clause centralizes too much power in Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_The_necessary_and_proper_clause_does_not_grant_Congress_unlimited_power" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: The necessary and proper clause does not grant Congress unlimited power</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_was_a_political_compromise,_not_an_idealistic_aspiration" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism was a political compromise, not an idealistic aspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Citizens_are_granted_sovereignty_under_the_Constitution" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Citizens are granted sovereignty under the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_America’s_government_deviates_from_the_Framers’_vision" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: America’s government deviates from the Framers’ vision</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b><b>2.</b></b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_is_not_the_same_as_decentralization" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism is not the same as decentralization</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Decentralization_is_neither_superior_nor_a_substitute_for_federalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Decentralization is neither superior nor a substitute for federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Decentralization,_not_federalism,_is_better_at_securing_citizen_participation,_state_competition,_and_responsive_governance" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Decentralization, not federalism, is better at securing citizen participation, state competition, and responsive governance</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Decentralization_is_different_from_federalism_and_can_occur_without_federalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Decentralization is different from federalism and can occur without federalism</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>3. </b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_is_the_middle-ground_between_disunity_and_centralization" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism is the middle-ground between disunity and centralization</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_cannot_exist_when_government_is_too_centralized_or_overly_decentralized" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism cannot exist when government is too centralized or overly decentralized</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Decentralization_can_go_too_far" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Decentralization can go too far</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Centralization_can_go_too_far" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Centralization can go too far</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>4.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_is_difficult_to_maintain" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism is difficult to maintain</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Only_federal_courts_can_preserve_federalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Only federal courts can preserve federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federal_courts_no_longer_favor_federalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federal courts no longer favor federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_There’s_no_significant_historical_court_precedent_for_upholding_federalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: There’s no significant historical court precedent for upholding federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Central_control_is_growing_stronger,_local_power_is_growing_weaker,_and_the_shift_will_likely_continue" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Central control is growing stronger, local power is growing weaker, and the shift will likely continue</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Globalization_contributes_to_centralization" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Globalization contributes to centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_States_contribute_to_centralization" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: States contribute to centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Corporations_prefer_centralization" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Corporations prefer centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_The_federal_government’s_spending_power_and_mechanisms_contribute_to_centralization" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: The federal government’s spending power and mechanisms contribute to centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Both_Democrats_and_Republicans_in_Congress_have_interests_in_furthering_centralization" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Both Democrats and Republicans in Congress have interests in furthering centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_The_media_is_a_force_for_greater_centralization" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: The media is a force for greater centralization</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>5.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_There_is_no_final,_perfect_division_of_powers_between_federal,_state,_and_local_governments_(and_that_is_a_good_thing)" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: There is no final, perfect division of powers between federal, state, and local governments (and that is a good thing)</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Uncertainty_over_division_of_powers_establishes_opportunities_for_citizen_engagement" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Uncertainty over division of powers establishes opportunities for citizen engagement</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>6.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_is_in_conflict_with_the_ideas_of_individual_state_sovereignty_and_federal_supremacy" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism is in conflict with the ideas of individual state sovereignty and federal supremacy</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#If_federalism_is_wrong_or_unnecessary,_then_why?" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">If federalism is wrong or unnecessary, then why?</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p><br /> <b><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#If_federalism_is_wrong_or_unnecessary,_then_why?" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">If federalism is wrong or unnecessary, then why?</a></b> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><small><i>Click the arrow (&#9660;) in the list below to see claims under each argument.</i></small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b><b>1.</b></b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_The_Framers_were_wrong_to_establish_a_federal_system_of_government" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: The Framers were wrong to establish a federal system of government</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_in_the_United_States_is_outdated" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism in the United States is outdated</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b><b>2.</b></b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_is_undemocratic" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism is undemocratic</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Courts_participate_in_judicial_activism_when_they_aim_to_support_federalist_principles_by_blocking_democratic_laws" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Courts participate in judicial activism when they aim to support federalist principles by blocking democratic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_undermines_the_ability_of_the_people_to_check_the_power_of_large_corporations" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism undermines the ability of the people to check the power of large corporations</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>3. </b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_allows_for_and_promotes_competition_between_states_(and_this_is_bad)" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism allows for and promotes competition between states (and this is bad)</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Competition_between_states_creates_a_“race_to_the_bottom”_in_corporate_law_where_states_try_to_attract_businesses_to_increase_tax_revenue_and_please_interest_groups_at_the_expense_of_everyone_else" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Competition between states creates a “race to the bottom” in corporate law where states try to attract businesses to increase tax revenue and please interest groups at the expense of everyone else</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_State_competition_can_work_against_the_adoption_of_other_desirable_policies,_including_welfare" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: State competition can work against the adoption of other desirable policies, including welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_National_rules_are_necessary_to_prevent_undesirable_effects_of_state_competition" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: National rules are necessary to prevent undesirable effects of state competition</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>4.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_detracts_from_our_identity_as_a_national_community" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism detracts from our identity as a national community</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_The_United_States_has_one_political_community,_which_is_a_national_community" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: The United States has one political community, which is a national community</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_dispels_the_unity_of_public_opinion" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism dispels the unity of public opinion</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>5.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_is_an_impediment_to_implementing_the_national_will" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism is an impediment to implementing the national will</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_constrains_the_implementation_of_national_policy" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism constrains the implementation of national policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_States_are_not_capable_of_handling_issues_with_a_national_scope" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: States are not capable of handling issues with a national scope</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>6.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_fosters_corruption" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism fosters corruption</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Large_corporations_can_more_easily_control_state_and_local_governments" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Large corporations can more easily control state and local governments</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>7.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_only_works_for_developing_nations" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism only works for developing nations</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_The_stage_of_economic_development_in_the_United_States_is_not_suitable_for_federalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: The stage of economic development in the United States is not suitable for federalism</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>8.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_A_strong_centralized_government_and_a_unified_national_will_is_necessary_to_check_the_powers_of_big_businesses" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: A strong centralized government and a unified national will is necessary to check the powers of big businesses</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_A_unified_national_will_protects_against_exploitation_by_big_businesses" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: A unified national will protects against exploitation by big businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Small_units_of_government_are_at_risk_of_being_exploited_by_capitalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Small units of government are at risk of being exploited by capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_A_centralized_government_protects_state_governments_from_being_controlled_by_capitalism" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: A centralized government protects state governments from being controlled by capitalism</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>9.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_The_supposed_benefits_associated_with_federalism_can_be_secured_through_administrative_decentralization" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: The supposed benefits associated with federalism can be secured through administrative decentralization</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>10.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_is_wasteful" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism is wasteful</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p><br /> <b><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#If_federalism_is_right_or_necessary,_then_why?" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">If federalism is right or necessary, then why?</a></b> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><small><i>Click the arrow (&#9660;) in the list below to see claims under each argument.</i></small></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b><b>1.</b></b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_allows_states_to_act_as_laboratories_of_democracy" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism allows states to act as laboratories of democracy</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_A_decentralized_system_allows_for_new_programs_and_policies_to_be_tested_on_a_smaller_scale" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: A decentralized system allows for new programs and policies to be tested on a smaller scale</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_makes_it_possible_for_policies_to_account_for_local_needs_and_conditions" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism makes it possible for policies to account for local needs and conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_incentivizes_local_governments_to_be_innovative" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism incentivizes local governments to be innovative</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b><b>2.</b></b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_enhances_democracy" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism enhances democracy</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Decision-making_at_a_lower_level_of_government_allows_elected_officials_to_directly_respond_to_the_needs_of_citizens" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Decision-making at a lower level of government allows elected officials to directly respond to the needs of citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_protects_liberty_by_allowing_people_to_live_under_government_that_is_tailored_to_their_backgrounds" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism protects liberty by allowing people to live under government that is tailored to their backgrounds</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Smaller_units_of_government_allow_communities_to_implement_policies_that_may_not_appeal_to_the_national_majority" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Smaller units of government allow communities to implement policies that may not appeal to the national majority</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Local_politics_are_less_contentious_than_national_politics_due_to_greater_homogeneity" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Local politics are less contentious than national politics due to greater homogeneity</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>3. </b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_allows_for_and_promotes_competition_between_states_(and_this_is_good)" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism allows for and promotes competition between states (and this is good)</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_allows_people_and_businesses_to_vote_with_their_feet" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism allows people and businesses to vote with their feet</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_The_right_to_exit_encourages_states_to_compete_in_their_policy_offerings_to_attract_citizens_and_businesses" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: The right to exit encourages states to compete in their policy offerings to attract citizens and businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_incentivizes_a_“race_to_the_top”" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism incentivizes a “race to the top”</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>4.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_prevents_waste" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism prevents waste</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_allows_states_to_innovate_solutions_based_on_local_circumstances,_which_prevents_waste_that_federal_regulations_often_create" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism allows states to innovate solutions based on local circumstances, which prevents waste that federal regulations often create</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>5.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_protects_individual_rights" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism protects individual rights</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_protects_individual_liberties_of_trade,_investment,_and_migration" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism protects individual liberties of trade, investment, and migration</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_allows_states_to_create_laws_based_on_local_conditions" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism allows states to create laws based on local conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_limits_the_power_of_the_federal_government_to_regulate_individuals’_lives" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism limits the power of the federal government to regulate individuals’ lives</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>6.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_supports_stronger_communities" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism supports stronger communities</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_is_good_because_it_encourages_social_reciprocity" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism is good because it encourages social reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_allows_states_to_create_laws_that_benefit_communities_and_specific_local_conditions" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism allows states to create laws that benefit communities and specific local conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_promotes_citizen_participation_in_the_political_process" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism promotes citizen participation in the political process</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>7.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_reduces_corruption" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism reduces corruption</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_matches_economic_and_political_jurisdictions" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism matches economic and political jurisdictions</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>8.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_allows_people_to_be_more_active_in_and_closer_to_the_governing_process" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism allows people to be more active in and closer to the governing process</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_creates_more_opportunities_for_non-white_people_to_be_civically_active" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism creates more opportunities for non-white people to be civically active</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_allows_smaller_organizations_to_have_influence_over_powerful_political_groups" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism allows smaller organizations to have influence over powerful political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_offers_more_opportunities_for_individuals_to_actively_participate_in_politics" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism offers more opportunities for individuals to actively participate in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_Federalism_promotes_social_capital_more_readily_than_a_nationalist_form_of_government" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: Federalism promotes social capital more readily than a nationalist form of government</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p> <span class="sbm-collapsible-section arrows closed"><b>9.</b></span> <a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Argument:_Federalism_creates_the_greatest_opportunity_for_the_maximization_of_human_potential" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Argument: Federalism creates the greatest opportunity for the maximization of human potential</a> </p><div class="section_wikicode"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul><li><a href="/Areas_of_inquiry_and_disagreement_related_to_federalism#Claim:_A_federalist_legal_order_is_necessary_for_the_greatest_possible_realization_of_human_capacities" title="Areas of inquiry and disagreement related to federalism">Claim: A federalist legal order is necessary for the greatest possible realization of human capacities</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Key_terms_related_to_federalism">Key terms related to federalism</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Terms_related_to_federalism" title="Terms related to federalism">Terms related to federalism</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>This section features a list of significant terms related to federalism. </p> <ul><li><a href="/Block_grant" title="Block grant">Block grant</a>: A type of federal grant given to states or local governments for a broad purpose, allowing for more flexibility in how the funds are spent. Block grants are a key tool in cooperative federalism, giving states more autonomy while still receiving federal funding.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a>: Located in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, this clause grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, which has been a key source of federal authority in shaping national policies.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a>: The power of the courts to review and potentially invalidate laws and actions by the executive or legislative branches that are deemed unconstitutional. Judicial review plays a crucial role in interpreting the limits of federal and state powers.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a>: Also known as the Elastic Clause, this provision in Article I, Section 8 allows Congress to pass laws that are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers, thus enabling the federal government to expand its authority.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Nullification" title="Nullification">Nullification</a>: The idea that states have the right to invalidate federal laws they believe to be unconstitutional, a theory most famously advanced during the Nullification Crisis of the 1830s, which raised tensions between state and federal authority.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy Clause</a>: Found in Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, it declares that federal law is the "supreme law of the land," meaning that when state laws conflict with federal laws, federal laws take precedence.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>: This amendment reinforces the principle of federalism by stating that any powers not delegated to the federal government nor prohibited to the states are reserved for the states or the people, emphasizing state sovereignty.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Key_legislation_related_to_federalism">Key legislation related to federalism</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Legislation_related_to_federalism" title="Legislation related to federalism">Legislation related to federalism</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>This section features a list of significant legislation related to federalism. </p> <ul><li><a href="/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act_of_1938" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938">Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938</a>: This act was a key part of the New Deal and aimed to stabilize agricultural prices by reducing surpluses. It represented a shift in federal involvement in regulating agriculture and marked the beginning of extensive federal intervention in the economy.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a>: Enacted in 1938, this law established minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor protections. It expanded the role of the federal government in regulating working conditions across the country.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a>: Also known as the Wagner Act (1935), it established the right of workers to organize and bargain collectively. It significantly altered the relationship between the federal government, businesses, and labor unions.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Social_Security_Act_of_1935" title="Social Security Act of 1935">Social Security Act of 1935</a>: A cornerstone of the New Deal, this act created the Social Security system, providing retirement, disability, and unemployment benefits. It greatly expanded the federal government's role in providing a safety net for citizens.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>: This sweeping reform of the U.S. healthcare system aimed to increase healthcare access and reduce costs. It significantly expanded the role of the federal government in healthcare, impacting state decisions through mandates and funding.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>: Enacted in 1890, it was the first federal legislation aimed at curbing monopolies and promoting competition. It laid the foundation for federal regulation of business practices and is a key component of U.S. economic policy.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Key_court_cases_related_to_judicial_control_of_the_administrative_state">Key court cases related to judicial control of the administrative state</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Court_cases_related_to_federalism" title="Court cases related to federalism">Court cases related to federalism</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Here are some of the most important court cases related to federalism, as they have had a significant impact on the balance of power between federal and state governments: </p> <ul><li><a href="/Gibbons_v._Ogden" title="Gibbons v. Ogden">Gibbons v. Ogden</a>: This landmark 1824 case established that the federal government has the authority to regulate interstate commerce, marking a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause and strengthening federal power over the states.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/McCulloch_v._Maryland" title="McCulloch v. Maryland">McCulloch v. Maryland</a>: A critical 1819 case in which the Supreme Court upheld the federal government's right to establish a national bank and ruled that states could not tax federal institutions, reinforcing the principle of federal supremacy and broadening the interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/South_Dakota_v._Dole" title="South Dakota v. Dole">South Dakota v. Dole</a>: In 1987, the Supreme Court upheld Congress’ use of federal highway funds to encourage states to raise their legal drinking age, interpreting the General Welfare Clause as giving the federal government the power to influence state behavior through conditional funding.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a>: This 1995 case marked a limit to the scope of the Commerce Clause. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress exceeded its powers under the Commerce Clause by passing a law banning firearms in school zones, asserting that some activities were beyond the federal government's reach.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a>: In 1942, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could regulate even local economic activities (such as a farmer growing wheat for personal use) if they had a substantial effect on interstate commerce, expanding the scope of the Commerce Clause.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_(NFIB)_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius</a>: This 2012 case upheld the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate but limited Congress' ability to withhold Medicaid funds from states that did not comply with the expansion of the program, marking a significant decision regarding federal power and state sovereignty.</li></ul> <p>These cases illustrate key moments in the development of federalism, where the balance of power between state and federal governments was tested and defined through judicial interpretation. </p> <h2><span id="State_survey_of_the_federal_grant_review_process.2C_2021"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="State_survey_of_the_federal_grant_review_process,_2021">State survey of the federal grant review process, 2021</span></h2> <p>States employ a variety of processes to apply for and administer federal grants. The links below provide information about the general processes applied by the 50 states in order to seek and distribute federal funds. </p><p>To see the <b>2021 state survey of the federal grant review process</b>, <a href="/State_survey_of_the_federal_grant_review_process,_2021" title="State survey of the federal grant review process, 2021">click here</a>. </p> <ul><li>To see the <b>responses by state</b>, <a href="/State_responses_to_the_federal_grant_review_process_survey,_2021" title="State responses to the federal grant review process survey, 2021">click here</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>To see the <b>responses by question</b>, <a href="/State_responses_by_question_to_the_federal_grant_review_process_survey,_2021" title="State responses by question to the federal grant review process survey, 2021">click here</a>.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Federalism_by_the_numbers">Federalism by the numbers</span></h2> <p>This section links to relevant data on federalism, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers" title="Federalism by the numbers">Federalism by the numbers</a>. This page provides an overview of data about federal government mandates, grant-in-aid programs, and information collection requests.</li> <li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers:_Federal_grants-in-aid" title="Federalism by the numbers: Federal grants-in-aid">Federalism by the numbers: Federal grants-in-aid</a>. Federal grants-in-aid refer to spending provided by the federal government to state and local governments, U.S. territories, and tribal governments to fund programs.</li> <li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers:_Federal_information_collection_requests" title="Federalism by the numbers: Federal information collection requests">Federalism by the numbers: Federal information collection requests</a>. Information collection refers to a request to agencies for information that can include forms, reports, surveys, recordkeeping requirements, or public disclosures.</li> <li><a href="/Federalism_by_the_numbers:_Federal_mandates" title="Federalism by the numbers: Federal mandates">Federalism by the numbers: Federal mandates</a>. The term federal mandate refers to any regulation or court ruling that imposes a binding obligation on a state or local government, including conditions for federal funding or unfunded mandates.</li> <li><a href="/Overview_of_federal_spending_during_the_coronavirus_(COVID-19)_pandemic" title="Overview of federal spending during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic">Overview of federal spending during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic</a>. This page features an overview of federal spending in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including pandemic response legislation and the major spending categories funds have been allocated to.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Federalism_overviews">Federalism overviews</span></h2> <p>This section provides overviews of key federalism topics, each separated by specific subject areas. </p> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-mode="10" data-ct-options="{&quot;mode&quot;:10,&quot;hideprefix&quot;:20,&quot;showcount&quot;:true,&quot;namespaces&quot;:[0],&quot;notranslations&quot;:false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Federalism_overviews" data-ct-loaded="1" data-ct-state="expanded"></span> </span> <a href="/Category:Federalism_overviews" title="Category:Federalism overviews">Federalism overviews</a>‎ <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 7 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(7 P)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <a href="/Court_cases_related_to_federalism" title="Court cases related to federalism">Court cases related to federalism</a></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Index of articles about federalism</a></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <a href="/Legislation_related_to_federalism" title="Legislation related to federalism">Legislation related to federalism</a></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <a href="/Overview_of_federal_spending_during_the_coronavirus_(COVID-19)_pandemic" title="Overview of federal spending during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic">Overview of federal spending during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic</a></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <a href="/State_responses_to_federal_mandates" title="State responses to federal mandates">State responses to federal mandates</a></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <a href="/Terms_related_to_federalism" title="Terms related to federalism">Terms related to federalism</a></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=Federalism">Search Google News for this topic</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://attorneysgeneral.org/list-of-lawsuits-1980-present/"><i>Attorneysgeneral.org,</i> "Searchable List of Multistate Lawsuits," accessed January 28, 2025</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-history_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-history_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/articles-of-confederation"><i>History.com</i>, "Articles of Confederation," accessed September 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/tpt/constitution-usa-peter-sagal/federalism/"><i>PBS</i>, "Federalism," accessed September 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IHA_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IHA_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IHA_4-2">4.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/gov/3.asp"><i>USHistory.org</i>, "Federalism," accessed September 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cornell_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code>&lt;ref&gt;</code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>cornell</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-dual-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dual_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.federalism.org/index.php?title=Dual_Federalism"><i>Center for the Study of Federalism</i>, "Dual Federalism," accessed July 29, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marble-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-marble_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.federalism.org/index.php/Cooperative_Federalism">Center for the Study of Federalism, "Cooperative Federalism," accessed July 29, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title2-section1555&amp;num=0&amp;edition=prelim"><i>United State Code,</i> "§1555. 'Federal mandate' defined,” accessed June 12, 2024</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Federalism_hnt" title="Template:Federalism hnt"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Federalism_hnt&amp;action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. 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