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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute&params=52_06_05_N_5_10_42_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°06′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°10′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.10139°N 5.17833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.10139; 5.17833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Research institute</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FS_IMG_8907_KNMI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/FS_IMG_8907_KNMI.jpg/250px-FS_IMG_8907_KNMI.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/FS_IMG_8907_KNMI.jpg/375px-FS_IMG_8907_KNMI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/FS_IMG_8907_KNMI.jpg/500px-FS_IMG_8907_KNMI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1235" /></a></span><br />KNMI headquarters in <a href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1854<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1854-01-31</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a>, Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Steven_van_Weyenberg" title="Steven van Weyenberg">Steven van Weyenberg</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent department</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_and_Water_Management" title="Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management">Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knmi.nl">www<wbr />.knmi<wbr />.nl</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈkoːnɪŋklək<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈneːdərlɑnts<span class="wrap"> </span>ˌmeːteːjoːroːˈloːɣis<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪnstiˈtyt]</a></span>; <b>KNMI</b>) is the Dutch national <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a> service, which has its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>, central Netherlands. </p><p>The primary tasks of KNMI are weather forecasting, monitoring of climate changes and monitoring seismic activity. KNMI is also the national research and information centre for <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christophorus_Henricus_Diedericus_Buys-Ballot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Christophorus_Henricus_Diedericus_Buys-Ballot.jpg/220px-Christophorus_Henricus_Diedericus_Buys-Ballot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Christophorus_Henricus_Diedericus_Buys-Ballot.jpg/330px-Christophorus_Henricus_Diedericus_Buys-Ballot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Christophorus_Henricus_Diedericus_Buys-Ballot.jpg/440px-Christophorus_Henricus_Diedericus_Buys-Ballot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C._H._D._Buys_Ballot" title="C. H. D. Buys Ballot">C. H. D. Buys Ballot</a>, 1st director (from 1854 to 1890)</figcaption></figure> <p>KNMI was established by royal decree of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">King William III</a> on 21 January 1854 under the title "Royal Meteorological Observatory". Professor <a href="/wiki/C._H._D._Buys_Ballot" title="C. H. D. Buys Ballot">C. H. D. Buys Ballot</a> was appointed as the first Director.<sup id="cite_ref-Van-Gough_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van-Gough-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year before Professor Ballot had moved the Utrecht University Observatory to the decommissioned fort at Sonnenborgh. It was only later, in 1897, that the headquarters of the KNMI moved to the Koelenberg estate in <a href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a>. </p><p>The "Royal Meteorological Observatory" originally had two divisions, the land branch under Dr. Frederik Wilhelm Christiaan Krecke and the marine branch under navy Lt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marin_H._Jansen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marin H. Jansen (page does not exist)">Marin H. Jansen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Van-Gough_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van-Gough-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a> who founded the <a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological Office">Meteorological Office</a> in Britain the same year, Ballot was disenchanted with the non-scientific weather reports found in European newspapers at the time. Like the Met Office, the KNMI also pioneered daily weather predictions, which he called by a new combination "weervoorspelling" (weather prognostication). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Applied research at KNMI is focused on three areas:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Research aimed at improving the quality, usefulness and accessibility of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanographical</a> data in support of operational weather forecasting and other applications of such data.</li> <li>Climate-related research on oceanography; <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary_layer" title="Planetary boundary layer">atmospheric boundary layer</a> processes, clouds and radiation; the chemical composition of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> (e.g. ozone); climate variability research; the analysis of climate, climate variability and climatic change; modelling support and policy support to the Dutch Government with respect to climate and climatic change.</li> <li>Seismological research as well as monitoring of seismic activity (<a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_atmospheric_dispersion_models">Development of atmospheric dispersion models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of atmospheric dispersion models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>KNMI's applied research also encompasses the development and operational use of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">atmospheric dispersion models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whenever a disaster occurs within <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> which causes the emission of <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> gases or <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive material</a> into the atmosphere, it is of utmost importance to quickly determine where the atmospheric plume of toxic material is being transported by the prevailing winds and other meteorological factors. At such times, KNMI activates a special calamity service. For this purpose, a group of seven meteorologists is constantly on call day and night. KNMI's role in supplying information during emergencies is included in municipal and provincial disaster management plans. Civil services, fire departments and the police can be provided with weather and other relevant information directly by the meteorologist on duty, through dedicated telephone connections. </p><p>KNMI has available two atmospheric dispersion models for use by their calamity service: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_dispersion_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution dispersion terminology">PUFF</a> - In cooperation with the <b><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_National_Institute_for_Public_Health_and_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment">Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</a></b> (Dutch: <i>Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene</i> or simply <i>RIVM</i>), KNMI has developed the dispersion model PUFF. It has been designed to calculate the dispersion of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> on European scales. The model was originally tested by using measurements of the dispersion of radioactivity caused by the accident in the nuclear power plant of <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a> in 1986. A few years later, in 1994, a dedicated dispersion experiment called ETEX (European Tracer EXperiment) was carried out, which also provided useful data for further testing of PUFF.</li> <li>CALM - CALM is a CALamity Model designed for the calculation of air pollution dispersion on small spatial scales, within the Netherlands. The <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">parameters</a> contained in the CALM model are practically identical to that of the PUFF model. However, the meteorological input can only be supplied manually in CALM. The user provides both observed and predicted values for wind velocity at the 10 meter height level, the <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_dispersion_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution dispersion terminology">atmospheric stability classification</a> and the mixing height. After the model calculations have been performed, a map is created and displayed with the derived trajectories of the pollution plume and an indication of how and where the cloud will disperse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storm_naming">Storm naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Storm naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019 KNMI decided to join the <a href="/wiki/Winter_storm_naming_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter storm naming in the United Kingdom and Ireland">western storm naming group</a> to help awareness of the danger of storms, the first named storm was <a href="/wiki/Storm_Ciara" title="Storm Ciara">Storm Ciara</a> on 9 February 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurits_Snellen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Maurits_Snellen.jpg/220px-Maurits_Snellen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Maurits_Snellen.jpg/330px-Maurits_Snellen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Maurits_Snellen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurits_Snellen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurits Snellen (page does not exist)">Maurits Snellen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurits_Snellen" class="extiw" title="nl:Maurits Snellen">nl</a>]</span>, 2nd director<br />(from 1890 to 1902)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_atmospheric_dispersion_models" title="List of atmospheric dispersion models">List of atmospheric dispersion models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Center for Atmospheric Research">National Center for Atmospheric Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Research_Institute_of_Denmark" title="National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark">NERI, the National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILU" class="mw-redirect" title="NILU">NILU, the Norwegian Institute for Air Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modeling" title="Roadway air dispersion modeling">Roadway air dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Institute" title="Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute">Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA_Luft" title="TA Luft">TA Luft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Atmospheric_Dispersion_Modelling_Liaison_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee">UK Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Dispersion_Modelling_Bureau" title="UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau">UK Dispersion Modelling Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Corporation_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="University Corporation for Atmospheric Research">University Corporation for Atmospheric Research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Van-Gough-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van-Gough_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van-Gough_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaury1858" class="citation book cs1">Maury, Matthew Fontaine (1858). "Account of Lt. Van Gough". <i>Explanations and sailing directions to accompany the Wind and current charts</i>. Washington D.C.: United States Naval Observatory. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbFXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&lpg=PA376">376–377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Account+of+Lt.+Van+Gough&rft.btitle=Explanations+and+sailing+directions+to+accompany+the+Wind+and+current+charts&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=376-377&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Observatory&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Maury&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Fontaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Netherlands+Meteorological+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knmi.nl/onderzk/climate/research_programme.doc">KNMI Research Programme, 2003-2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928052313/http://www.knmi.nl/onderzk/climate/research_programme.doc">Archived</a> 2006-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_D.B.1994" class="citation book cs1">Turner, D.B. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workbookofatmosp0000turn"><i>Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56670-023-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56670-023-X"><bdi>1-56670-023-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Workbook+of+atmospheric+dispersion+estimates%3A+an+introduction+to+dispersion+modeling&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56670-023-X&rft.au=Turner%2C+D.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkbookofatmosp0000turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Netherlands+Meteorological+Institute" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=L1023&parent_id=&pc=">www.crcpress.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105075907/http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=L1023&parent_id=&pc=">Archived</a> 2007-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeychok,_Milton_R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Beychok, Milton R. (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_Of_Stack_Gas_Dispersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion">Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion</a></i> (4th ed.). author-published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9644588-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9644588-0-2"><bdi>0-9644588-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+Of+Stack+Gas+Dispersion&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=author-published&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9644588-0-2&rft.au=Beychok%2C+Milton+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Netherlands+Meteorological+Institute" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.air-dispersion.com">www.air-dispersion.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knmi.nl/kennis-en-datacentrum/uitleg/naamgeving-van-stormen">"Naamgeving van stormen"</a>. knmi<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Servizio Meteorologico">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Environment,_Geology_and_Meteorology_Centre" title="Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Hydrometeorological_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Institute_of_Montenegro" title="Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Meteorological_Institute" title="Norwegian Meteorological Institute">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Portugu%C3%AAs_do_Mar_e_da_Atmosfera" title="Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administra%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Meteorologie" title="Administrația Națională de Meteorologie">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Hydrometeorology_and_Environmental_Monitoring_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Hydrometeorological_Institute_of_Serbia" title="Republic Hydrometeorological Institute of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Environment_Agency" title="Slovenian Environment Agency">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Meteorological_Agency" title="State Meteorological Agency">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Institute" title="Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeteoSwiss" title="MeteoSwiss">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Hydrometeorological_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Meteorological_Service" title="Fiji Meteorological Service">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetService" title="MetService">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_Meteorological_Service" title="Tonga Meteorological Service">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Meteorological_Service" title="Tuvalu Meteorological Service">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Regional: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Institute_for_Meteorology_and_Hydrology" title="Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology">Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Severe_Storms_Laboratory" title="European Severe Storms Laboratory">European Severe Storms Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Global: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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