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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C" title="سازمان ملی پژوهش‌های جوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان ملی پژوهش‌های جوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Center for Atmospheric Research – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Center for Atmospheric Research" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Center for Atmospheric Research – 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lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ大気研究センター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Center for Atmospheric Research – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="National Center for Atmospheric Research" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Nacional_de_Pesquisas_Atmosf%C3%A9ricas" title="Centro Nacional de Pesquisas Atmosféricas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Centro Nacional de Pesquisas Atmosféricas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&params=39.97815_N_105.27492_W_source:placeopedia"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°58′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°16′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.97815°N 105.27492°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.97815; -105.27492</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US federally funded research and development center</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NCAR" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Centre_Against_Racism" title="Norwegian Centre Against Racism">Norwegian Centre Against Racism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">NCAR<br />National Center for Atmospheric Research</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NCAR_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/NCAR_logo.png/220px-NCAR_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/NCAR_logo.png/330px-NCAR_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/NCAR_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="151" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research_-_Boulder,_Colorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research_-_Boulder%2C_Colorado.jpg/220px-National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research_-_Boulder%2C_Colorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research_-_Boulder%2C_Colorado.jpg/330px-National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research_-_Boulder%2C_Colorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research_-_Boulder%2C_Colorado.jpg/440px-National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research_-_Boulder%2C_Colorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="1913" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">NCAR <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Laboratory" title="Mesa Laboratory">Mesa Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Everette Joseph<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nearly 1,400<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&params=39.97815_N_105.27492_W_source:placeopedia"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°58′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°16′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.97815°N 105.27492°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.97815; -105.27492</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncar.ucar.edu/">ncar<wbr />.ucar<wbr />.edu</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934589#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The US <b>National Center for Atmospheric Research</b> (<b>NCAR</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-quickfacts_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a US <a href="/wiki/Federally_funded_research_and_development_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally funded research and development center">federally funded research and development center</a> (FFRDC) managed by the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/University_Corporation_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="University Corporation for Atmospheric Research">University Corporation for Atmospheric Research</a> (UCAR) and funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF).<sup id="cite_ref-Director_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Director-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NCAR has multiple facilities, including the <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Laboratory" title="Mesa Laboratory">Mesa Laboratory</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>. Studies include <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate science">climate science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">atmospheric chemistry</a>, solar-terrestrial interactions, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impacts">environmental</a> and societal impacts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools_and_technologies">Tools and technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tools and technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_Earth_System_Research_Laboratory_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NOAA_Earth_System_Research_Laboratory_aircraft.jpg/220px-NOAA_Earth_System_Research_Laboratory_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NOAA_Earth_System_Research_Laboratory_aircraft.jpg/330px-NOAA_Earth_System_Research_Laboratory_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NOAA_Earth_System_Research_Laboratory_aircraft.jpg/440px-NOAA_Earth_System_Research_Laboratory_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft.</figcaption></figure> <p>NCAR was instrumental in developing <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a>, light radar, now a key archaeological tool, as well as providing a broad array of tools and technologies to the scientific community for studying <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, including,<sup id="cite_ref-research-resources_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research-resources-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Specialized instruments to measure atmospheric processes</li> <li>Research aircraft</li> <li>High-performance computing and cyberinfrastructure, including <a href="/wiki/Supercomputers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercomputers">supercomputers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Solar_Observatory" title="Mauna Loa Solar Observatory">Mauna Loa Solar Observatory</a></li> <li>Cooperative field campaigns</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_model" title="Atmospheric model">Atmospheric models</a> of weather, chemical, solar, and climate processes, including cooperatively developed models such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model" title="Community Earth System Model">Community Earth System Model</a> (CESM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Research_and_Forecasting_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather Research and Forecasting model">Weather Research and Forecasting model</a> (WRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Atmospheric_Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Atmospheric Models">Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model</a> (WACCM)</li></ul></li> <li>Technology transfer to support societal needs</li> <li>Data sets, data services, and other resources</li> <li>NCAR Command Language (NCL), a programming language designed for use with climate and model data<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Staffing_areas_and_notable_past_and_present_scientists">Staffing areas and notable past and present scientists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Staffing areas and notable past and present scientists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The center is staffed by scientists, engineers, technicians, and support personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Director_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Director-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key research areas include:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climate</a> (Earth's past, present, and future climate; the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, and climate change; El Niño, La Niña, and other large-scale atmospheric patterns; drought, wildfires)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a> (short-term forecasts; weather forecasting and predictability; weather's effect on climate; hurricanes, tornadoes, and other severe storms; physical processes)</li> <li>Environmental and societal impacts (impacts of climate change on the natural and managed environment; interactions of weather, climate, and society; weather hazard systems for aviation and ground transportation; national security)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">air chemistry</a> (air pollution on local, regional, and global scales; air chemistry and climate; chemical evolution and transport in the atmosphere)</li> <li>The Sun and <a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">space weather</a> (the structure of the Sun, from its interior to sunspots to the solar corona; the solar cycle; the Sun's effect on Earth's weather and climate; space weather)</li> <li>Other components of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a> (the effects on weather and climate of interactions with: the oceans and other components of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, including sea ice, glaciers, and the rest of the cryosphere; forests, agriculture, urbanization and other types of land use)</li></ul> <p>Notable scientists on the current staff at the center include <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wigley" title="Tom Wigley">Tom Wigley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Trenberth" title="Kevin Trenberth">Kevin Trenberth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Deser" title="Clara Deser">Clara Deser</a>, and Caspar Ammann,<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2014)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in past have included <a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Crutzen">Paul Crutzen</a> (Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1995); <a href="/wiki/Paul_Julian_(meteorologist)" title="Paul Julian (meteorologist)">Paul Julian</a>, who with colleague <a href="/wiki/Roland_Madden" title="Roland Madden">Roland Madden</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Madden%E2%80%93Julian_oscillation" title="Madden–Julian oscillation">Madden–Julian oscillation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schneider_(scientist)" title="Stephen Schneider (scientist)">Stephen Schneider</a> . Greg Holland initiated the multiscale modeling project "Predicting the Earth System Across Scales".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_of_research—laboratories_and_programs"><span id="Organization_of_research.E2.80.94laboratories_and_programs"></span>Organization of research—laboratories and programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization of research—laboratories and programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NCAR is currently organized into seven laboratories and two programs:<sup id="cite_ref-orgchart_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orgchart-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Laboratories</b> </p> <ul><li>Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling laboratory (ACOM)</li> <li>Climate and Global Dynamics laboratory (CGD)</li> <li>Computational & Information Systems Laboratory (CISL)—CISL was formerly known as the Scientific Computing Division (SCD). CISL manages and operates NCAR's supercomputers, mass storage system, networking, and other computing and cyberinfrastructure services. The Institute for Mathematics Applied to Geosciences (IMAGe) is a research division within CISL.<sup id="cite_ref-orgchart_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orgchart-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL)—EOL was formerly known as the Atmospheric Technology Division (ATD). EOL manages and operates NCAR's lower atmosphere observing systems, including ground-based instrumentation and two research aircraft, on behalf of the NSF.</li> <li>High Altitude Observatory (HAO)—The oldest part of NCAR, HAO is NCAR's solar-terrestrial physics laboratory. Research foci are the Sun and the Earth's upper atmosphere. HAO operates the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO).</li> <li>Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology laboratory (MMM)</li> <li>Research Applications Laboratory (RAL)</li></ul> <p><b>Programs</b> </p> <ul><li>Advanced Study Program (ASP)</li> <li>Integrated Science Program (ISP)</li></ul> <p>NCAR's service to the universities and larger geosciences community is reinforced by the offerings of UCAR's <a href="/wiki/University_Corporation_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="University Corporation for Atmospheric Research">community programs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-highlights_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highlights-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding_and_management">Funding and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Funding and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NCAR is managed by the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/University_Corporation_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="University Corporation for Atmospheric Research">UCAR</a> and is one of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Federally_Funded_Research_and_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally Funded Research and Development Center">Federally Funded Research and Development Centers</a>, with approximately 95% of its funding coming from the federal government. However, it is not a federal agency and its employees are not part of the federal personnel system.<sup id="cite_ref-quickfacts_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NCAR employs about 761 staff. Its annual expenditures in fiscal year 2015 were $167.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-quickfacts_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NCAR_directors">NCAR directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: NCAR directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founding director of NCAR was <a href="/wiki/Walter_Orr_Roberts" title="Walter Orr Roberts">Walter Orr Roberts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Directors_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directors-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current director is Everette Joseph.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Director_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Director-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>NCAR Director</th> <th>Dates in office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Orr_Roberts" title="Walter Orr Roberts">Walter Orr Roberts</a></td> <td>1960–1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_W._Firor" title="John W. Firor">John W. Firor</a></td> <td>1968–1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Patton_Bretherton" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Patton Bretherton">Francis P. Bretherton</a></td> <td>1974–1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilmot_N._Hess" title="Wilmot N. Hess">Wilmot N. Hess</a></td> <td>1980–1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Anthes" title="Richard A. Anthes">Richard A. Anthes</a></td> <td>1986–1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Robert Serafin</td> <td>1989–2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Killeen" title="Timothy L. Killeen">Timothy L. Killeen</a></td> <td>2000–2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_J._Barron" title="Eric J. Barron">Eric J. Barron</a></td> <td>2008–2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_M._Wakimoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger M. Wakimoto">Roger M. Wakimoto</a></td> <td>2010–2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maura_Hagan" title="Maura Hagan">Maura Hagan</a></td> <td>2013 (interim director) </td></tr> <tr> <td>James W. Hurrell</td> <td>2013–2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Everette_Joseph" title="Everette Joseph">Everette Joseph</a></td> <td>2019–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visiting">Visiting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Visiting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_visitors">Scientific visitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific visitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NCAR has many opportunities for scientific visits to the facilities for workshops, colloquia, and collaboration by colleagues in academia, government labs, and the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-opportunities_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opportunities-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many NCAR staff also visit colleagues at universities and labs and serve as adjunct or visiting faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-highlights_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highlights-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opportunities_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opportunities-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_tours">Public tours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public tours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Visitor Center at the <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Laboratory" title="Mesa Laboratory">Mesa Laboratory</a> is open to the public daily at no charge. Guided tours and self-guided tablet tours include video and audio on one of the first supercomputers built by <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a> as well as NCAR's modern supercomputer fleet, many hands-on educational exhibits demonstrating weather phenomena and the changes in Earth's climate brought on by global warming, and a scenic outdoor weather trail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucar.edu/who-we-are/leadership">"Leadership | University Corporation for Atmospheric Research"</a>. <i>www.ucar.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucar.edu&rft.atitle=Leadership+%7C+University+Corporation+for+Atmospheric+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucar.edu%2Fwho-we-are%2Fleadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucar.edu/who-we-are/staff">"Staff | University Corporation for Atmospheric Research"</a>. <i>www.ucar.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucar.edu&rft.atitle=Staff+%7C+University+Corporation+for+Atmospheric+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucar.edu%2Fwho-we-are%2Fstaff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quickfacts-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ucar.edu/about-us/quick-facts">Quick Facts about NCAR & UCAR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Director-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Director_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Director_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Director_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/07/new-director-u.s.-national-center-atmospheric-research-rose-through-ranks">"New Director of the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research Rose Through the Ranks"</a>. July 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Director+of+the+U.S.+National+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research+Rose+Through+the+Ranks&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2F2013%2F07%2Fnew-director-u.s.-national-center-atmospheric-research-rose-through-ranks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-research-resources-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-research-resources_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ucar.edu/research-resources">NCAR Research & Resources</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=12809&org=AGS&more=Y#more">National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncl.ucar.edu/">"CISL's NCAR Command Language (NCL)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_Corporation_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="University Corporation for Atmospheric Research">UCAR</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCAR&rft.atitle=CISL%27s+NCAR+Command+Language+%28NCL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncl.ucar.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncar.ucar.edu/research/">Atmospheric & Earth System Research: NCAR research topics</a>, 2008, accessed 2010-06-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725205515/http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/research/">Archived</a> 2010-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearce-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearce_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Pearce" title="Fred Pearce">Pearce, Fred</a>, <i>The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth about Global Warming</i>, (2010) <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian Books">Guardian Books</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85265-229-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85265-229-9">978-0-85265-229-9</a>, p. XVIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Gad-el-Hak <i>Large Scale Disasters Prediction Control and Mitigation</i> 2008 "was initiated by Greg Holland"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orgchart-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orgchart_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orgchart_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110035451/http://ncar.ucar.edu/org-chart">"NCAR's Clickable Organization Chart"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncar.ucar.edu/org-chart">the original</a> on 2015-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NCAR%27s+Clickable+Organization+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncar.ucar.edu%2Forg-chart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208032815/https://www.ucp.ucar.edu/">"UCAR Community Programs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucp.ucar.edu/">the original</a> on 2014-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCAR+Community+Programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucp.ucar.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-highlights-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-highlights_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-highlights_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ucar.edu/highlights">UCAR Highlights</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncar.ucar.edu/budget-and-planning/public">NCAR Annual Report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Directors-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Directors_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ucar.edu/about-us/ncar-directors">NCAR Directors</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosansky2018" class="citation web cs1">Hosansky, David (December 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ucar.edu/132641/everette-joseph-named-ncar-director">"Everette Joseph is named NCAR director"</a>. <i>NCAR & UCAR News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCAR+%26+UCAR+News&rft.atitle=Everette+Joseph+is+named+NCAR+director&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.aulast=Hosansky&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ucar.edu%2F132641%2Feverette-joseph-named-ncar-director&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opportunities-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opportunities_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opportunities_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ucar.edu/opportunities">Visitor Programs – Opportunities for Scientific Visitors & Students</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncar.ucar.edu/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934589#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheric,_Oceanographic_and_Climate_Models" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheric, Oceanographic and Climate Models"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atmospheric,_oceanographic,_cryospheric,_and_climate_models" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Atmospheric, oceanographic, cryospheric, and climate models</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Model_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Model types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_model" title="Atmospheric model">Atmospheric model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_general_circulation_model" title="Ocean general circulation model">Oceanographic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryospheric model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">Numerical weather prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_forecast_model" title="Tropical cyclone forecast model">Tropical cyclone forecast model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_transport_model" title="Chemical transport model">Chemical transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper-atmospheric_models" title="Upper-atmospheric models">Upper-atmospheric models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_forecasting" title="Ensemble forecasting">Ensemble forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_output_statistics" title="Model output statistics">Model output statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_reanalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological reanalysis">Meteorological reanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametrization_(atmospheric_modeling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parametrization (atmospheric modeling)">Parametrization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Specific_models" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Specific models</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Climate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_General_Circulation_Model" title="Intermediate General Circulation Model">IGCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HadCM3" title="HadCM3">HadCM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HadGEM1" title="HadGEM1">HadGEM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFDL_CM2.X" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL CM2.X">GFDL CM2.X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGCM" class="mw-redirect" title="CGCM">CGCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Climate_System_Model" title="Community Climate System Model">CCSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model" title="Community Earth System Model">CESM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Forecast_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Forecast System">CFSv2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHAM" title="ECHAM">ECHAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global weather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Forecast_System" title="Integrated Forecast System">IFS (ECMWF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow-following,_finite-volume_Icosahedral_Model" title="Flow-following, finite-volume Icosahedral Model">FIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Environmental_Multiscale_Model" title="Global Environmental Multiscale Model">GEM / GDPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forecast_System" title="Global Forecast System">GFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_for_Prediction_Across_Scales" title="Model for Prediction Across Scales">MPAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Ensemble_Forecast_System" title="North American Ensemble Forecast System">NAEFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Global_Environmental_Model" title="Navy Global Environmental Model">NAVGEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Model" title="Unified Model">UM</a></li> <li>JMA-GSM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GME_of_Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="GME of Deutscher Wetterdienst">GME / ICON</a></li> <li>ARPEGE</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and mesoscale atmospheric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Mesoscale_Model" title="North American Mesoscale Model">NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Refresh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Refresh">RR / RAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Atmospheric_Modeling_System" title="Regional Atmospheric Modeling System">RAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Research_and_Forecasting_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather Research and Forecasting model">WRF</a></li> <li>RAQMS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIRLAM" title="HIRLAM">HIRLAM</a></li> <li>LAPS</li> <li>RPM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HWRF" class="mw-redirect" title="HWRF">HWRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Environmental_Multiscale_Model" title="Global Environmental Multiscale Model">RGEM</a></li> <li>HRDPS</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and mesoscale oceanographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>HyCOM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Ocean_Modeling_System" title="Regional Ocean Modeling System">ROMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_ocean_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton ocean model">POM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_ocean_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Modular ocean model">MOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_Volume_Community_Ocean_Model" title="Finite Volume Community Ocean Model">FVCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_General_Circulation_Model" title="MIT General Circulation Model">MITgcm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FESOM" title="FESOM">FESOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCIRC" title="ADCIRC">ADCIRC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric dispersion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADMS_3" title="ADMS 3">ADMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AERMOD" title="AERMOD">AERMOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATSTEP" title="ATSTEP">ATSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSTAL2000" title="AUSTAL2000">AUSTAL2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALPUFF" title="CALPUFF">CALPUFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DISPERSION21" title="DISPERSION21">DISPERSION21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC3" title="ISC3">ISC3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEMO_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="MEMO Model">MEMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCURE" title="MERCURE">MERCURE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAME_(dispersion_model)" title="NAME (dispersion model)">NAME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Street_Pollution_Model" title="Operational Street Pollution Model">OSPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUFF-PLUME" title="PUFF-PLUME">PUFF-PLUME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIMPUFF" title="RIMPUFF">RIMPUFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAFE_AIR" title="SAFE AIR">SAFE AIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILAM" title="SILAM">SILAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLaMS" title="CLaMS">CLaMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOZART_(model)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOZART (model)">MOZART</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GEOS-Chem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GEOS-Chem (page does not exist)">GEOS-Chem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CHIMERE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CHIMERE (page does not exist)">CHIMERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land surface parametrization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JULES" title="JULES">JULES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Land_Surface_Scheme" title="Canadian Land Surface Scheme">CLASS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaction_Soil-Biosphere-Atmosphere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaction Soil-Biosphere-Atmosphere (page does not exist)">ISBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cryospheric models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CICE_(sea_ice_model)" title="CICE (sea ice model)">CICE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eta</li> <li>LFM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MM5_(weather_model)" title="MM5 (weather model)">MM5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_Grid_Model" title="Nested Grid Model">NGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Operational_Global_Atmospheric_Prediction_System" title="Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System">NOGAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Update_Cycle" title="Rapid Update Cycle">RUC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">Mathematical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">Computer simulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934589#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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