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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px 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href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Timeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration%22">"Timeline of maritime migration and exploration"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Timeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Timeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Timeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Timeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Timeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This timeline is an incomplete list of <b>significant events of human migration and exploration by sea</b>. This timeline does not include migration and exploration over land, including migration across land that has subsequently submerged beneath the sea, such as the initial settlement of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maritime_migration_and_exploration">Maritime migration and exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Maritime migration and exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th width="110pt">Year </th> <th scope="col">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1 !">~128,000 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete#Prehistoric_Crete" title="History of Crete">Crete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="2 !">~53,000 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens#Anatomical_modernity" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Modern humans</a> from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia#Prehistory" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> migrate to <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Sahul</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sahul_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahul-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indonesia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indonesia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1074">: 1074 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jett2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jett2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="3 !">~36,000 BCE</span> </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Japan#Prehistoric_and_ancient_history" title="Japan">Honshu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujita2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujita2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nuria2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuria2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-axe_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shuji1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuji1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakagawa2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakagawa2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="4 !">~33,000 BCE</span> </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia#Prehistory" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Talaud_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaud Islands">Talaud Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palawan_(island)" title="Palawan (island)">Palawan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indonesia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indonesia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="5 !">~30,000 BCE</span> </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">eastern Siberia</a> may have migrated into the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiquihuite_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiquihuite-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="6 !">~20,500 BCE</span> </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">eastern Siberia</a> begin migrating to <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> between <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> by land and sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Beringia-1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beringia-1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beringia-2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beringia-2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="7 !">~18,000 BCE</span> </td> <td>People inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Corbeddu_Cave" title="Corbeddu Cave">Sardinia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="8 !">~14,000 BCE</span> </td> <td>Small groups of seafaring <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringians</a> begin migrating along the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Coast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beringia-2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beringia-2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beringia-1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beringia-1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="9 !">~13,000 BCE</span> </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido#History" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="10 !">~9000 BCE</span> </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Corsica" title="Prehistory of Corsica">Corsica</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="11 !">~8800 BCE</span> </td> <td>People inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="12 !">~8000 BCE</span> </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> inhabit <a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego#History" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="13 !">~6500 BCE</span> </td> <td>People inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete" title="History of Crete">Crete</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="14 !">~6000 BCE</span> </td> <td>People inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="15 !">~5900 BCE</span> </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="16 !">~4500 BCE</span> </td> <td>People from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> inhabit the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean#Before_European_contact" title="History of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="17 !">~4500 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Early_Paleo-Eskimo" title="Early Paleo-Eskimo">Early Paleo-Inuit</a> migrate from northeastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> across frozen seas to the island of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="18 !">~4500 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dapenkeng_culture" title="Dapenkeng culture">Pre-Austronesian</a> people (Dapenkeng culture) from southeastern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> migrate to the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. They will mix with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan#From_prehistory_until_the_16th_century" title="Taiwan">earlier inhabitants</a> who had arrived from China when a land bridge existed. They later become the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="19 !">~3,000-2,200 BCE</span> </td> <td>Seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes Archipelago</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They later inhabit the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, mixing with earlier inhabitants. This is the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a>, which at its furthest extent reached <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_1991_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood_1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hill&serjeanston1989_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill&serjeanston1989-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="20 !">~2300 BCE</span> </td> <td>Shallow-water coastal trade ships from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a> begin sailing to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g&s12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g&s12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="21 !">~2000-500 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Jade maritime trading network</a> is established between the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> settlements in <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwan</a> and the northern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. This later expanded to a much larger region encompassing the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (500 BC to 500 AD), encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and other areas in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and central and southern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsang_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsang-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lyn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="22 !">~1,500 BCE</span> </td> <td>Seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, most likely having departed from the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>. It is the first long-distance ocean-crossing in human history and the first migration into <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="23 !">~1,500 BCE</span> </td> <td>Seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> establish the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">Austronesian maritime trade network</a>, the first true maritime trade network in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. It established trade routes with <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>. It later became part of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Trade">Spice Trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bellina_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellina-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran1974_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="24 !">1500-300 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> sailed, traded, and settled around most of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> three millennia ago. Phoenicians sailed through the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>) and explored the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="25 !">~1,300 BCE</span> </td> <td>Seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Schouten_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Schouten Islands">Schouten Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, and the northern coastline of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. They establish the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> and mix with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuan</a> settlers who arrived by land bridges and short inter-island hops.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="26 !">~1,200 BCE</span> </td> <td>Seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> migrate to <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="27 !">~1,000 BCE</span> </td> <td>Seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> migrate to <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a> in western Micronesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="28 !">~900-800 BCE</span> </td> <td>Seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> settle <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, and nearby islands; later becoming the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="29 !">~600 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II</a> commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> ship that sailed from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> in three years, in a questionable legend reported by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Greek historian Herodotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="30 !">~500 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a> explores the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="31 !">~500 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Eskimo" title="Paleo-Eskimo">Paleo-Inuit</a> migrate across frozen seas to the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="32 !">~325 BCE</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas of Massalia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> explores the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="33 !">~200 BCE</span> </td> <td>Seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> migrate to eastern Micronesia (<a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Chuuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, etc.), meeting up with earlier migrations in western Micronesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="200 !">~200</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> envoys sail through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="420 !">~420</span> </td> <td>Seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> colonize the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, crossing the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dewar1993_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewar1993-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">674 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration#Indian_Ocean_and_beyond" title="Chinese exploration">Daxi Hongtong</a> reaches <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="700 !">~700</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian people">Polynesians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a>) colonize the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="750 !">~750</span> </td> <td>Monks from the islands of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> settle on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="750 !">~750</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> ships from <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> round the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and reach <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">793 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> raid the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Lindisfarne_Priory" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne Priory</a>, off the coast of the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">870 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a> settles on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="900 !">~900</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian people">Polynesians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a>) colonize the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Hawaiian Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelander</a> <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti Hólmsteinsson</a> sails to the island of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and unsuccessfully attempts to settle the island. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">982 </td> <td>Exiled from <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> for three years, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik Thorvaldsson</a> (Erik the Red) explores the island of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. Erik leads the Icelandic settlement of Greenland in 985. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1001 !">~1001</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenlander</a> <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a>, son of Erik Thorvaldsson, establishes a settlement at <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> and explores nearby lands in continental <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1010 !">~1010</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> abandon the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1000 !">~1000-1200</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian people">Polynesians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a>) settle <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Rapa Nui</a> (Easter Island).<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1100 !">~1100-1280</span> </td> <td>Earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> contact (possibly by the <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. It preceded the later <a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">trepanging</a> network in the 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1250 !">~1250</span> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1258 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> sailors land on the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/O%27ahu" class="mw-redirect" title="O'ahu">O'ahu</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1270 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> sailors carrying sugar cane land on the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1320 !">~1320</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Polynesians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a>) colonize <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">Aotearoa</a> (New Zealand), also establishing colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Rekohu</a> (Chatham Islands).<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1350 !">~1350</span> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1403 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> (Zhu Di) orders <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Grand Director Ma He</a> to construct a <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Foreign Expeditionary Armada</a> to explore lands of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Western Ocean</a> (Indian Ocean) and exert <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Chinese</a> hegemony. The emperor honors Ma He with the name <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1405 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> with 27,800 men on 255 ships for a <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages#First_voyage" title="Ming treasure voyages">voyage</a> of two years. The fleet visits <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency" title="Aru Islands Regency">Aru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Semudera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamuri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamuri Kingdom">Lambri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1407 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> with 247 ships for a <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages#Second_voyage" title="Ming treasure voyages">second voyage</a> of two years. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1409 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> with 27,000 men for a <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages#Third_voyage" title="Ming treasure voyages">third voyage</a> of two years. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1413 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages#Fourth_voyage" title="Ming treasure voyages">fourth voyage</a> of two years. The fleet ventures as far west as the island of <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1417 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages#Fifth_voyage" title="Ming treasure voyages">fifth voyage</a> of two years. The fleet ventures as far west as <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1421 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages#Sixth_voyage" title="Ming treasure voyages">sixth voyage</a> of 18 months. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1431 </td> <td>At the direction of the new <a href="/wiki/Xuande_Emperor" title="Xuande Emperor">Xuande Emperor</a> (Zhu Zhanji), <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages#Seventh_voyage" title="Ming treasure voyages">seventh voyage</a> of two years. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1434 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Gil_Eanes" title="Gil Eanes">Gil Eanes</a> sailing for <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Prince Henry the Navigator</a> (Infante Don Henrique of Portugal) rounds <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bojador" title="Cape Bojador">Cape Bojador</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>. This voyage marks the start of the Portuguese exploration and exploitation of Africa. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1436 </td> <td>The new <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming" title="Emperor Yingzong of Ming">Zhengtong Emperor</a> (Zhu Qizhen) bans the construction of sea-going imperial vessels. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1450 !">~1450</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> abandon <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1460 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> navigators <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noli" title="António de Noli">António de Noli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Gomes" title="Diogo Gomes">Diogo Gomes</a>, sailing for <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Prince Henry the Navigator</a>, discover the islands of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cabo Verde</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1473 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/Lopes_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Lopes Gonçalves">Lopes Gonçalves</a> becomes the first European to sail across the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> and reaches <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Cape Saint Catherine in Gabon</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1482 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II of Portugal</a> orders navigator <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a> to explore the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Cão sails up the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> to Shark Point and then sails south to Cape Santa Maria in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1485 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II of Portugal</a> orders navigator <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a> to return to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Cão sails up the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Matadi" title="Matadi">Matadi</a> and then sails south to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cross" title="Cape Cross">Cape Cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1488 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II of Portugal</a> orders navigator <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> to search for a possible route to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Dias rounds the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1492 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> (<i>Cristoffa Corombo</i>) leads an expedition of three ships for <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Queen Isabella I of Castile</a>, seeking a short westward sea route to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Columbus sails west across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and lands on the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_Island" title="San Salvador Island">San Salvador</a> on 12 October 1492. Columbus explores the Caribbean in the belief that China lies a short distance west. Columbus establishes a fort at <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Columbus will make three more voyages to the Caribbean in an effort to reach <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1493 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Queen Isabella I of Castile</a> directs <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> to lead a <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus#Second_voyage_(1493–1496)" title="Christopher Columbus">second expedition</a> of 17 ships and 1200 men to colonize the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Columbus finds <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a> destroyed and establishes a new settlement at <a href="/wiki/La_Isabela" title="La Isabela">La Isabela</a> farther east on <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. The colonists will enslave native <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> people. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1497.1 !">1497</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">King Henry VII of England</a> commissions <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> (<i>Giovanni Caboto</i>) to search for a route to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Cabot lands on the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> to explore the island since the departure of the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> four centuries earlier. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1497.2 !">1497</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II of Portugal</a> orders navigator <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> to lead an expedition of four ships and 170 men to seek a sea route to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Da Gama rounds the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and sails across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, landing at <a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappadu</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> on 20 May 1498. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1498 </td> <td>On his <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus#Third_voyage_(1498–1500)" title="Christopher Columbus">third voyage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> lands on the <a href="/wiki/Paria_Peninsula" title="Paria Peninsula">Paria Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, thus becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> to reach <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, which he thinks may be the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1499 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florentine</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> sailing for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a> reaches the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I of Portugal</a> dispatches Major-Captain <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> to lead an expedition of 13 ships and 1500 men to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Cabral sails to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cabo Verde</a> and then south to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, which he claims for his king. Cabral sails south along the coast of Brazil and then east around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1501 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I of Portugal</a> dispatches <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florentine</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> to explore the extent of newly claimed <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Ojeda follows the Brazilian coast south to <a href="/wiki/Guanabara_Bay" title="Guanabara Bay">Guanabara Bay</a>. The voyage convinces Vespucci that the land could not be the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> but rather a new continent. In 1507 German cartographer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Waldseem%C3%BCller" title="Martin Waldseemüller">Martin Waldseemüller</a> will name the new continent <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> in Vespucci's honor. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1502 </td> <td>On his <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus#Fourth_voyage_(1502–1504)" title="Christopher Columbus">fourth voyage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> lands at <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Castilla,_Honduras" title="Puerto Castilla, Honduras">Puerto Castilla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, thus becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> to reach <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1501 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I of Portugal</a> dispatches cousins <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso and Francisco de Albuquerque</a> to lead an expedition of six ships to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. They battle the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> and ally with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">King of Cochin</a> who grants them the right to build <a href="/wiki/Fort_Emmanuel" title="Fort Emmanuel">fort Immanuel</a> in 1503, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1505 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese-born</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a>, the elder son of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, brings <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. This marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1508.1 !">1508</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon, Regent of Castile</a> commissions <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> to settle the island of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">San Juan Bautista</a> (Puerto Rico). Ponce de León founds <a href="/wiki/Guaynabo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guaynabo, Puerto Rico">Caparra</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement on the island. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1508.2 !">1508</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">King Henry VII of England</a> commissions <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a> (<i>Sebastiano Caboto</i>), the son of <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>, to search for the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Cabot explores the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ungava_Bay" title="Ungava Bay">Ungava Bay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1509 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I of Portugal</a> dispatches <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo">fidalgo</a> <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a> to the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Sultanate of Malacca</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Malay Peninsula</a>. Portuguese general <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> will seize Malacca in 1511. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1510 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> conquistador <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> establishes <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Antigua_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Santa María la Antigua del Darién">Santa María la Antigua del Darién</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement in the continental <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1511 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a> directs <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> conquistador <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a> to settle the island of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. Cuéllar establishes <a href="/wiki/Baracoa" title="Baracoa">Baracoa</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement on the island. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1513.3 !">1513</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> governor of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">San Juan Bautista</a> (Puerto Rico), explores <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> which he assumes is another island. He becomes the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> to explore continental <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> since the departure of the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> four centuries earlier. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1513.4 !">1513</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares" title="Jorge Álvares">Jorge Álvares</a> becomes the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> to reach <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> by sea. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1513.7 !">1513</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> governor of <a href="/wiki/Veragua" title="Veragua">Veragua</a> (Panama), crosses the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> to the shore of a sea he names the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">South Sea</a> (Pacific Ocean). Balboa claims all lands draining into the sea for <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1515 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan friars</a> establish a mission at <a href="/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1" title="Cumaná">Cumaná</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1516 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese-born</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Juan_D%C3%ADaz_de_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Juan Díaz de Solís">Juan Díaz de Solís</a> reaches <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> between <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1518 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> conquistador <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a> explores the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1519.5 !">1519</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain General">Captain-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> establishes the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> at <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz</a> on 18 May 1519. Cortés then marches to the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1519.8 !">1519</span> </td> <td>On 15 August 1519, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedro Arias Dávila</a> establishes <i><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panamá</a></i> (Panama City) in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1520 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">King Charles I of Spain</a> directs <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> (<i>Fernão de Magalhães</i>) to lead an expedition of five ships and 270 men to seek a westward sea route to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. Magellan discovers the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> and encounters a sea he names the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Peaceful Sea</a> (Pacific Ocean). Magellan becomes the first explorer to cross the Pacific Ocean, which proves far vaster than he imagined and requires an arduous four-month voyage. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1521 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> reaches <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. He is killed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Mactan" title="Mactan">Mactan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, but the expedition's two remaining ships attempt to return to Spain. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1522 </td> <td>On 6 September 1522, the <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(ship)" title="Victoria (ship)">Victoria</a></i> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> with the 18 survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Magellan%27s_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan's circumnavigation">Magellan Expedition</a>, having <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigated</a> the Earth. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1526.1 !">1526</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> traders bring <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. This marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Portuguese slave trade</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1526.1 !">1526</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a> sails with six ships from <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> to establish a colony north of the <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahama Islands</a>. Ayllón selects the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Sapelo_River" title="Sapelo River">Sapelo River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and establishes the colony of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape" title="San Miguel de Gualdape">San Miguel de Gualdape</a> on 29 September 1526. The colony fails in a few months and the survivors return to Hispaniola. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1527 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain General">Captain-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a> sailing for the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> builds the <a href="/wiki/Sancti_Spiritu_(Argentina)" title="Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)">Sancti Spiritu</a> fort on the <a href="/wiki/Carcara%C3%B1%C3%A1_River" title="Carcarañá River">Carcarañá River</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1532 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo">fidalgo</a> <a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a> establishes <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Vicente, São Paulo">Porto dos Escravos</a> in Brazil, the first Portuguese settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1533 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca">Marquesado</a> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Don Hernán Cortés</a> orders <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Becerra" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego de Becerra">Diego de Becerra</a> to sail from <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in search of the mythical <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Ani%C3%A1n" title="Strait of Anián">Strait of Anián</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_California" title="Island of California">Islands of California</a>. Mutineers murder Becerra and land at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_La_Paz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of La Paz">Bay of La Paz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1539 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca">Marquesado</a> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Don Hernán Cortés</a> orders <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a> to lead an expedition of three ships to search for the mythical <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Ani%C3%A1n" title="Strait of Anián">Strait of Anián</a>. Ulloa sails from <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> north along the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Coast</a> of Mexico. Ulloa circumnavigates and names the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Sea of Cortez</a> (Gulf of California) and sails around the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cedros_Island" title="Cedros Island">Isla de Cedros</a>, proving that the Sea of Cortez is a gulf, not a strait, and that Baja California is a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>. (Spanish nautical secrecy allows the notion of an <a href="/wiki/Island_of_California" title="Island of California">Island of Cali Fornia</a> to persist for more than two centuries.) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1542 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain#Viceroys_of_New_Spain_(1535–1821)" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">Viceroy of New Spain</a>, directs <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> to lead explorations of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> from <a href="/wiki/Barra_de_Navidad" title="Barra de Navidad">Barra de Navidad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>. <p>On 27 June 1542, Cabrillo sails northwest with three ships to explore the Pacific Coast of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">the Californias</a>. Cabrillo reaches the <a href="/wiki/Russian_River_(California)" title="Russian River (California)">Russian River</a> before turning back. Cabrillo dies in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands</a> on the return voyage. </p><p>On 1 November 1542, López de Villalobos sails west with six <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleons</a> and 400 men across the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. The expedition explores the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine Islands</a> and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Islands of Indonesia</a>, but is captured by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> authorities in 1544. López de Villalobos dies on 4 April 1544, in a Portuguese prison cell on the <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Island of Amboyna</a>. The Portuguese send the 117 survivors of the expedition to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1559 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a> sails with 11 ships from <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ulua" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan de Ulua">San Juan de Ulua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> to establishes the colony of <a href="/wiki/Pensacola#Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Santa Maria de Ochuse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Bay" title="Pensacola Bay">Pensacola Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. The colony was largely destroyed by a hurricane after only six weeks, although the survivors are not rescued until 1561. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1560 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip II of Spain</a> orders <a href="/wiki/Captain_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain General">Captain-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a>, to lead the first <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Armada de la Carrera</a> (Treasure Fleet) from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> back to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1562 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trader</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a> brings <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. This marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1564.1 !">1564</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goulaine_de_Laudonni%C3%A8re" title="René Goulaine de Laudonnière">René Goulaine de Laudonnière</a> leads an expedition of three ships to found the colony of <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort de la Caroline</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/St._Johns_River" title="St. Johns River">May River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="1564.2 !">1564</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> leads an expedition of five ships and 500 soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Barra_de_Navidad" title="Barra de Navidad">Barra de Navidad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. López de Legazpi lands in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> and proceeds to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. In 1565, López de Legazpi founds the colony of <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City#Spanish_period" title="Cebu City">Villa del Santisimo Nombre de Jesús</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cebu#Cebu_Island" title="Cebu">Island of Cebu</a>, the first Spanish settlement in the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1565 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip II of Spain</a> orders <a href="/wiki/Captain_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain General">Captain-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a>, to drive the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Aviles sails for Florida and on 8 September 1564 establishes the settlement of <i><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">San Agustín</a></i> (St. Augustine) on the <a href="/wiki/Matanzas_River" title="Matanzas River">Matanzas River</a>. The city persists today. Avilés then attacks <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort de la Caroline</a></i> and murders most of its inhabitants. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1605 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons</a> establishes a colony on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_Island,_Maine" title="Saint Croix Island, Maine">Saint Croix Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. The following year, the colony moves to <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> to become the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> since the departure of the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> five centuries earlier. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1606 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Willem_Janszoon" title="Willem Janszoon">Willem Janszoon</a> sails around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. He then sails to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> to explore those lands. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1607 </td> <td>In 1606, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I of England</a> charters the <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">Virginia Company of London</a> to establish colonies in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The following year the company establishes <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1616 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Willem_Schouten" title="Willem Schouten">Willem Cornelisz Schouten</a> sails around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> and west across the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, visiting numerous islands before reaching the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1619 </td> <td>In late August 1619, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> privateer ship <i><a href="/wiki/White_Lion_(privateer)" title="White Lion (privateer)">The White Lion</a></i> arrives at <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort" title="Old Point Comfort">Point Comfort, Virginia</a> with 20 <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ndongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndongo">Ndongo</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. The Africans are sold to <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Yeardley" title="George Yeardley">George Yeardley</a> and the Cape Merchant of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>. <i>The White Lion</i> and the <i>Treasurer</i> had captured the Africans from the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> slave ship <i>São João Bautista</i> bound for <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>. <i>The White Lion</i> and the <i>Treasurer</i> were commissioned by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> nobleman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rich,_2nd_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick">Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick</a>. This marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1624 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> brings African <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> to settle <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">Guiana</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. This marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1642 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> explores <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji Islands</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1648 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev</a> rounds <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Dezhnev">Cape Dezhnev</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1671 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Danish_West_India_Company" title="Danish West India Company">Danish West India Company</a> enters the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1675 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> merchant <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Anthony de la Roché</a> is blown off course and seeks refuge in a bay of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic</a> island of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1690 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> captain <a href="/wiki/John_Strong_(mariner)" title="John Strong (mariner)">John Strong</a> lands in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1722 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Roggeveen" title="Jacob Roggeveen">Jacob Roggeveen</a> lands on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Rapa Nui</a> (Easter Island). </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1732 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gvozdev" title="Mikhail Gvozdev">Mikhail Spiridonovich Gvozdev</a> sails from <a href="/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Dezhnev">Cape Dezhnev</a>, the easternmost point of continental <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, thence east across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Prince_of_Wales" title="Cape Prince of Wales">Cape Prince of Wales</a>, the westernmost point of the continental <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Gvozdev proceeds to chart the northwest coast of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1767 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wallis" title="Samuel Wallis">Samuel Wallis</a> lands on <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1770 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> explores and <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigates</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">islands of New Zealand</a>. Cook lands at <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and explores the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Coast</a> of the continent. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1775 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> explores the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic</a> island of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia</a> and claims it for the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1778 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> explores the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Hawaiian Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/James_Cook#North_America" title="James Cook">Northwestern Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1820 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> ships first sight <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1869 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> opens. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1880 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish-born</a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld</a> sails through the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a> and completes the first circumnavigation of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> by way of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Vega_(1872)" title="SS Vega (1872)">SS Vega</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> becomes the first to sail through the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1914 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> opens. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1956 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> opens <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">Naval Air Facility McMurdo</a> on <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1957 </td> <td>American explorer <a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">Finn Ronne</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Navy Reserve</a>, discovers <a href="/wiki/Berkner_Island" title="Berkner Island">Berkner Island</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1958 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></i> becomes the first ship to reach the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and the first ship to cross the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> oceanographer <a href="/wiki/Don_Walsh" title="Don Walsh">Don Walsh</a> descend to the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_Deep" title="Challenger Deep">Challenger Deep</a> (-10,911 meters) in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">bathyscaphe</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Trieste_(bathyscaphe)" title="Trieste (bathyscaphe)">Trieste</a></i> on 23 January 1960. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Indian maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_explorations_after_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Major explorations after the Age of Discovery">Major explorations after the Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline" title="Maritime timeline">Maritime timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_maritime_exploration" title="Portuguese maritime exploration">Portuguese maritime exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_exploration" title="Timeline of European exploration">Timeline of European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline of prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Timeline of the Ming treasure voyages">Timeline of the Ming treasure voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">Voyages of Christopher Columbus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>References are included in the linked articles. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527223416/http://www.providence.edu/About+PC/College+News/Press+Releases/Crete+Findings.htm">Team Led by PC Faculty Member Finds Evidence of Earliest Seafaring by Human Ancestors, Providence College.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/pdf/uploads/StoneAgeSeafaringintheMedHesp79_2_145-190.pdf">Strasser F. Thomas et al. (2010) Stone Age seafaring in the Mediterranean, <i>Hesperia (The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens),</i> vol. 79, pp. 145–190.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/science/16archeo.html">Wilford, J.N., On Crete, New Evidence of Very Ancient Mariners</a> The New York Times, 15 Feb 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/01/ancient-seafarers/">Bruce Bower, Hominids Went Out of Africa on Rafts</a> Wired Science, January 8, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahul-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sahul_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHiscock2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hiscock" title="Peter Hiscock">Hiscock, Peter</a> (2015). 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University of Alabama Press. pp. 168–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817319397" title="Special:BookSources/9780817319397"><bdi>9780817319397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ocean+Crossings%3A+Reconsidering+the+Case+for+Contacts+with+the+Pre-Columbian+Americas&rft.pages=168-171&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780817319397&rft.aulast=Jett&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgOUDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fujita2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fujita2016_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujita2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fujita, Masaki (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5056111">"Advanced maritime adaptation in the western Pacific coastal region extends back to 35,000–30,000 years before present"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>113</b> (40): 11184–11189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..11311184F">2016PNAS..11311184F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1607857113">10.1073/pnas.1607857113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5056111">5056111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27638208">27638208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Advanced+maritime+adaptation+in+the+western+Pacific+coastal+region+extends+back+to+35%2C000%E2%80%9330%2C000+years+before+present&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=11184-11189&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5056111%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27638208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1607857113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..11311184F&rft.aulast=Fujita&rft.aufirst=Masaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5056111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuria2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nuria2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanz, 157–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-axe-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-axe_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsutsumi_Takashi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tsutsumi Takashi (January 18, 2012). 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(2011)". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>86</b> (333): 898–910. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00047992">10.1017/S0003598X00047992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161735451">161735451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Austronesian+sailing+to+the+northern+Marianas%2C+a+comment+on+Hung+et+al.+%282011%29&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=333&rft.pages=898-910&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00047992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161735451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft.au=Clark%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Atholl&rft.au=Lindahl%2C+Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manguin2016-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manguin2016_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManguin2016" class="citation book cs1">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"</a>. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). <i>Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319338224" title="Special:BookSources/9783319338224"><bdi>9783319338224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Shipping+in+the+Indian+Ocean%3A+From+Outrigger+Boats+to+Trading+Ships&rft.btitle=Early+Exchange+between+Africa+and+the+Wider+Indian+Ocean+World&rft.pages=51-76&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319338224&rft.aulast=Manguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsvDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellina-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bellina_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellina2014" class="citation book cs1">Bellina, Bérénice (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263007720">"Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road"</a>. In Guy, John (ed.). <i>Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588395245" title="Special:BookSources/9781588395245"><bdi>9781588395245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asia+and+the+Early+Maritime+Silk+Road&rft.btitle=Lost+Kingdoms+of+Early+Southeast+Asia%3A+Hindu-Buddhist+Sculpture+5th+to+8th+century&rft.pages=22-25&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781588395245&rft.aulast=Bellina&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263007720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran1974-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doran1974_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran1974" class="citation journal cs1">Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1">"Outrigger Ages"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>83</b> (2): 130–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Outrigger+Ages&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=130-140&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%2FVolume_83_1974%2FVolume_83%252C_No._2%2FOutrigger_ages%252C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%252C_p_130-140%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahdi1999-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi1999" class="citation book cs1">Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). <i>Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts</i>. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 144–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415100540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415100540"><bdi>978-0415100540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dispersal+of+Austronesian+boat+forms+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+III%3A+Artefacts+languages%2C+and+texts&rft.series=One+World+Archaeology&rft.pages=144-179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415100540&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=Waruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Necho II#Phoenician expedition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewar1993-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dewar1993_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewarWright1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 417–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00997802">10.1007/BF00997802</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F45256">2027.42/45256</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21753825">21753825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+culture+history+of+Madagascar&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-466&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F45256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21753825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00997802&rft.aulast=Dewar&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Wright%2C+Henry+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick-Read2005" class="citation book cs1">Dick-Read, Robert (2005). <i>The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times</i>. Thurlton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+Voyagers%3A+Evidence+of+Indonesian+Settlement+in+Africa+in+Ancient+Times&rft.pub=Thurlton&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dick-Read&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkMay2013" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Marshall; May, Sally K. (2013). "Understanding Macassans: A regional approach". In Clark, Marshall; May, Sally K. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/33537"><i>Macassan History and Heritage: Journeys, Encounters and Influences</i></a>. Canberra: ANU Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F33537">20.500.12657/33537</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922144973" title="Special:BookSources/9781922144973"><bdi>9781922144973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+Macassans%3A+A+regional+approach&rft.btitle=Macassan+History+and+Heritage%3A+Journeys%2C+Encounters+and+Influences&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F33537&rft.isbn=9781922144973&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=May%2C+Sally+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F33537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+maritime+migration+and+exploration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="extiw" title="c:Category:Human migration">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/human_migration" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/human migration">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/human_migration" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/human migration">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/human_migration" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/human migration">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1250146164"><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>exploration</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/exploration" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/exploration">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/exploration" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/exploration">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/exploration" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/exploration">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/exploration" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/exploration">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/exploration" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/exploration">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/exploration" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/exploration">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/exploration" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/exploration">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploration" title="Template:Exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exploration" title="Template talk:Exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration by<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_research" title="Canopy research">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Cave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_exploration" title="Desert exploration">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration by<br />region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Chronology of European exploration of Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">History of European exploration in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_maritime_exploration_of_Australia" title="European maritime exploration of Australia">European maritime exploration of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European land exploration of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Exploration of the Americas">Exploration of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">Settlement of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Pacific" title="Exploration of the Pacific">Exploration of the Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">Chinese exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_exploration" title="Timeline of European exploration">Timeline of European exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_explorations_after_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Major explorations after the Age of Discovery">Major explorations after the Age of Discovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Chronology of European exploration of Asia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline of maritime migration and exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration" title="Timeline of space exploration">Timeline of space exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Great_Barrier_Reef_expedition" title="1928 Great Barrier Reef expedition">1928 Great Barrier Reef expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_expedition_to_Brazil" title="Austrian expedition to Brazil">Austrian expedition to Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_expeditions" title="Dana expeditions">Dana expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Scientific_Expedition_to_Tristan_Da_Cunha_1937-1938" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan Da Cunha 1937-1938">Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan Da Cunha 1937-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunshine_(USS_Nautilus)" title="Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)">Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_South_Sea_Expedition" title="Whitney South Sea Expedition">Whitney South Sea Expedition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_explorers" title="List of explorers">Lists of<br />explorers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country of origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_explorers" title="List of French explorers">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_explorers" title="List of Italian explorers">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_people#Navigators,_explorers_and_pioneers" title="List of Portuguese people">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors" title="List of conquistadors">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_explorers" title="List of Romanian explorers">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_explorers" title="List of Russian explorers">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" title="List of circumnavigations">Circumnavigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbers_and_mountaineers" title="List of climbers and mountaineers">Climbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers" title="List of polar explorers">Polar explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_explorers" title="List of underwater explorers">Underwater explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_explorers" title="List of maritime explorers">Seafarers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_nationality" title="List of space travelers by nationality">Space travelers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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