CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Odyssey - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c7fc0e18-1790-4fec-9234-a944cf0800a4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Odyssey","wgTitle":"Odyssey","wgCurRevisionId":1281342415,"wgRevisionId":1281342415,"wgArticleId":22349,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2022","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from February 2025","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with LibriVox links","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Odyssey","8th-century BC books","8th-century BC poems","Ancient Greek religion","Epic Cycle","Nautical fiction","Poems adapted into films","Public domain books","Pigs in literature","Sequels","Trojan War literature"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Odyssey","wgRelevantArticleId":22349,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q35160","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg/1200px-Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1849"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg/800px-Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1232"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg/640px-Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="986"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Odyssey - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Odyssey rootpage-Odyssey skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Odyssey" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Odyssey" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Odyssey" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Odyssey" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Textual tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exposition_(Books_1–4)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposition_(Books_1–4)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exposition (Books 1–4)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposition_(Books_1–4)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_to_the_Phaeacians_(Books_5–8)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_to_the_Phaeacians_(Books_5–8)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Escape to the Phaeacians (Books 5–8)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escape_to_the_Phaeacians_(Books_5–8)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odysseus's_account_of_his_adventures_(Books_9–12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odysseus's_account_of_his_adventures_(Books_9–12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Odysseus's account of his adventures (Books 9–12)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odysseus's_account_of_his_adventures_(Books_9–12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Ithaca_(Books_13–20)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Ithaca_(Books_13–20)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Return to Ithaca (Books 13–20)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Ithaca_(Books_13–20)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slaying_of_the_suitors_(Books_21–24)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slaying_of_the_suitors_(Books_21–24)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Slaying of the suitors (Books 21–24)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slaying_of_the_suitors_(Books_21–24)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes_and_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_and_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Themes and patterns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes_and_patterns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes and patterns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes_and_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homecoming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homecoming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Homecoming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homecoming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wandering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wandering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wandering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wandering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guest-friendship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guest-friendship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Guest-friendship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guest-friendship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Omens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Opera and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Odyssey_in_ancient_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Odyssey_in_ancient_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>The <i>Odyssey</i> in ancient Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Odyssey_in_ancient_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Odyssey</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">124 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odussee" title="Odussee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Odussee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssee" title="Odyssee – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Odyssee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB" title="ኦዴሲያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦዴሲያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ओडेसी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ओडेसी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="أوديسة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوديسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Odisea" title="A Odisea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="A Odisea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ոդիսական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ոդիսական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%80" title="ওডিছী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওডিছী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisea" title="Odisea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Odisea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ओडेसी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ओडेसी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseya" title="Odisseya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Odisseya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87" title="اودیسه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اودیسه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="ওডিসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওডিসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odusseia" title="Odusseia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Odusseia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Одиссея – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Одиссея" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Адысея – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адысея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Адысэя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адысэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisea" title="Odisea – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Odisea" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Одисея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Одисея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssee" title="Odyssee – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Odyssee" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%84%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་ངྷི་སེའུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་ངྷི་སེའུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseja" title="Odiseja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Odiseja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseia" title="Odysseia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Odysseia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissea" title="Odissea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Odissea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseia" title="Odysseia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odysseia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udissea" title="Udissea – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Udissea" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyseia" title="Odyseia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Odyseia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseen" title="Odysseen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Odysseen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssee" title="Odyssee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odyssee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%BCsseia" title="Odüsseia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Odüsseia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B4%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Οδύσσεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οδύσσεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisea" title="Odisea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Odisea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseado" title="Odiseado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Odiseado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisea" title="Odisea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odisea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87" title="ادیسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادیسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyss%C3%A9e" title="Odyssée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odyssée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssee" title="Odyssee – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Odyssee" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissee" title="Odissee – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Odissee" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Odais%C3%A9" title="An Odaisé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Odaisé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisea" title="Odisea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Odisea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ओडिसी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ओडिसी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%94%94%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84" title="오디세이아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오디세이아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ոդիսական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոդիսական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ओदिसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओदिसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseja" title="Odiseja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odiseja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseo_(libro)" title="Odiseo (libro) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Odiseo (libro)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseia" title="Odisseia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Odisseia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssea" title="Odyssea – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Odyssea" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiss%C3%A9" title="Odissé – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Odissé" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93dysseifskvi%C3%B0a" title="Ódysseifskviða – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ódysseifskviða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissea" title="Odissea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odissea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="אודיסיאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודיסיאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಒಡಿಸ್ಸಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಡಿಸ್ಸಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ოდისეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოდისეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اوڈیسی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اوڈیسی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Одиссея – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Одиссея" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisei" title="Odisei – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Odisei" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odusseia" title="Odusseia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Odusseia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%AEseya" title="Odîseya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Odîseya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Одиссей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Одиссей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssea" title="Odyssea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Odyssea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseja" title="Odiseja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Odiseja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssee" title="Odyssee – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Odyssee" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odis%C4%97ja" title="Odisėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odisėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissea" title="Odissea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Odissea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisea" title="Odisea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Odisea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udissea" title="Udissea – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Udissea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%BCsszeia" title="Odüsszeia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Odüsszeia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Одисеја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Одисеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82)" title="ഒഡീസ്സി (ഇതിഹാസം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒഡീസ്സി (ഇതിഹാസം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissea" title="Odissea – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Odissea" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ओडिसी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओडिसी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="الاوديسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاوديسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87" title="اودیسه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اودیسه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%BDsseia" title="Odýsseia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Odýsseia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Одиссей – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Одиссей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE" title="အောဒဆီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အောဒဆီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssee" title="Odyssee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odyssee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ओदेसी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ओदेसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2" title="オデュッセイア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オデュッセイア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseen" title="Odysseen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Odysseen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseen" title="Odysseen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Odysseen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyss%C3%A8ye" title="Odyssèye – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Odyssèye" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiss%C3%A8a" title="Odissèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Odissèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Odyssey" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseya" title="Odisseya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odisseya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਓਡੇਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਡੇਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اوڈیسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوڈیسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adisi" title="Adisi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Adisi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Одиссея – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Одиссея" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseia" title="Odysseia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Odysseia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyseja" title="Odyseja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odyseja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseia" title="Odisseia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odisseia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseea" title="Odiseea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Odiseea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisya" title="Odisya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Odisya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Одиссея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одиссея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Odyssey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseja" title="Odiseja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Odiseja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissea" title="Odissea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Odissea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odyssey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysea_(Hom%C3%A9r)" title="Odysea (Homér) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odysea (Homér)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseja" title="Odiseja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odiseja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%95" title="ئۆدیسە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆدیسە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Одисеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Одисеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiseja" title="Odiseja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Odiseja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseia" title="Odysseia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Odysseia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyss%C3%A9en" title="Odysséen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Odysséen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisea" title="Odisea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Odisea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஒடிசி (இலக்கியம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒடிசி (இலக்கியம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Одиссея – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Одиссея" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="โอดิสซีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอดิสซีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Одиссея – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Одиссея" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisseia" title="Odisseia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odisseia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Одіссея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одіссея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Odyssey" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%BCsseia" title="Odüsseia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Odüsseia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiss%C3%AAye" title="Odissêye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Odissêye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisea" title="Odisea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Odisea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%B5%9B" title="奥德赛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥德赛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A2" title="אדיסעע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אדיסעע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%BE%B7%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%98" title="奧德修記 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧德修記" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odise" title="Odise – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Odise" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%B5%9B" title="奥德赛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥德赛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35160#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Odyssey" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Odyssey"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Odyssey"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Odyssey" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Odyssey" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&oldid=1281342415" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Odyssey&id=1281342415&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOdyssey"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOdyssey"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Odyssey&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Odyssey" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Odyssey" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35160" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Epic poem attributed to Homer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Homer's epic poem. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Odyssey (disambiguation)">Odyssey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Homer's Odyssey" redirects here. For <i>The Simpsons</i> episode, see <a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Odyssey_(The_Simpsons)" title="Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons)">Homer's Odyssey (<i>The Simpsons</i>)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-style: background: #ededed;"><span class="summary">Odyssey</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odyssey&rft.author=%5B%5BHomer%5D%5D"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;"><span class="summary">by <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg/220px-Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg/330px-Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg/440px-Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2414" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Oldest-known manuscript fragment of the <i>Odyssey</i>, produced in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> during the 3rd century BC and unearthed in Medinet Ghoram</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span lang="el">Ὀδύσσεια</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a> and others; see <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Written</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th century BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epic_(genre)" title="Epic (genre)">Epic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Form</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">Epic poem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">Rhyme scheme</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No rhyming</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published in English</th><td class="infobox-data">1614</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Manuscript</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lines</th><td class="infobox-data">12,109</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">The <i>Iliad</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">Metre</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;"><b>Full text</b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><i><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9F%CE%B4%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="s:el:Οδύσσεια">Odyssey</a></span></span></i> at Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Odyssey</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὀδύσσεια</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Odýsseia</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of two major <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. It is one of the oldest surviving works of literature and remains popular with modern audiences. Like the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, the <i>Odyssey</i> is divided into 24 <a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)#Book-like" title="Chapter (books)">books</a>. It follows the <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Greek hero</a> and king of <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, and his homecoming journey after the ten-year long <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. His journey from <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> to Ithaca lasts an additional ten years, during which time he encounters many perils and all of his crewmates are killed. In Odysseus' long absence, he is presumed dead, leaving his wife <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a> and son <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a> to contend with a <a href="/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope" title="Suitors of Penelope">group of unruly suitors</a> competing for Penelope's hand in marriage. </p><p>The <i>Odyssey</i> was first written down in <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> in around the 8th or 7th century BC and, by the mid-6th century BC, had become part of the Greek literary canon. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, Homer's authorship was taken as true, but contemporary scholarship <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">predominantly assumes</a> that the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> were composed independently, forming as part of long <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>. Given widespread illiteracy, the poem was performed for an audience by an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aoidos" title="Aoidos">aoidos</a></i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Rhapsode" title="Rhapsode">rhapsode</a>. </p><p>Key themes in the epic include the ideas of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Nostos" title="Nostos">nostos</a></i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νόστος</span></span>; 'return', homecoming), wandering, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">xenia</a></i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ξενία</span></span>; 'guest-friendship'), testing, and omens. Scholars still explore on the narrative significance of certain groups in the poem, such as women and slaves, who have larger roles than in other works of ancient literature. This focus is especially remarkable when contrasted with the <i>Iliad</i>, which centres the exploits of soldiers and kings during the Trojan War. </p><p>The <i>Odyssey</i> is regarded as one of the most significant works of the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">English translation</a> of the <i>Odyssey</i> was in the 16th century. Adaptations and re-imaginings continue to be produced across <a href="#Legacy">a wide variety of media</a>. In 2018, when <i>BBC Culture</i> polled experts around the world to find literature's most enduring narrative, the <i>Odyssey</i> topped the list.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3></div> <p>Many suggestions have been made for dating the <i>Odyssey</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> composition, but there is no consensus. The Greeks began adopting a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> to create their own language during the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201821_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201821-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Homeric poems may have been one of the earliest products of that literacy; if this is so, they would have been composed towards the late 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201823_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201823-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscribed on a <a href="/wiki/Nestor%27s_Cup_(Pithekoussai)" title="Nestor's Cup (Pithekoussai)">clay cup</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>, Italy, are the words "Nestor's cup, good to drink from".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Calvert Watkins</a>, have tied this cup to a description of King <a href="/wiki/Nestor%27s_Cup_(mythology)" title="Nestor's Cup (mythology)">Nestor's golden cup</a> in the <i>Iliad.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins197628_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins197628-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the cup is an allusion to the <i>Iliad</i>, that poem's composition can be dated to at least 700–750 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201821_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201821-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dating is similarly complicated by the fact that the Homeric poems, or sections of them, were performed regularly by rhapsodes for several hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201821_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201821-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Odyssey</i> as it exists today is likely not significantly different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201823_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201823-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from minor differences, the Homeric poems gained a canonical place in the institutions of ancient Athens by the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison19557–8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison19557–8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 566 BC, <a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Peisistratos</a> instituted a civic and religious festival called the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaia</a>, which featured performances of Homeric poems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison19559–10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison19559–10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are significant because a "correct" version of the poems had to be performed, indicating that a particular version of the text had become canonised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018p._21,_"In_566_BCE,_Pisistratus,_the_tyrant_of_the_city_(which_was_not_yet_a_democracy),_instituted_a_civic_and_religious_festival,_the_Panathenaia,_which_included_a_poetic_competition,_featuring_performances_of_the_Homeric_poems._The_institution_is_particularly_significant_because_we_are_told_that_the_Homeric_poems_had_to_be_performed_"correctly",_which_implies_the_canonization_of_a_particular_written_text_of_The_Iliad_and_The_Odyssey_at_this_date."_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018p._21,_"In_566_BCE,_Pisistratus,_the_tyrant_of_the_city_(which_was_not_yet_a_democracy),_instituted_a_civic_and_religious_festival,_the_Panathenaia,_which_included_a_poetic_competition,_featuring_performances_of_the_Homeric_poems._The_institution_is_particularly_significant_because_we_are_told_that_the_Homeric_poems_had_to_be_performed_"correctly",_which_implies_the_canonization_of_a_particular_written_text_of_The_Iliad_and_The_Odyssey_at_this_date."-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_tradition">Textual tradition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demetrios_Chalkokondyles_-_Detail_of_Angel_Appearing_to_Zacharias_by_Domenico_Ghirlandaio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles_-_Detail_of_Angel_Appearing_to_Zacharias_by_Domenico_Ghirlandaio.jpg/170px-Demetrios_Chalkokondyles_-_Detail_of_Angel_Appearing_to_Zacharias_by_Domenico_Ghirlandaio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles_-_Detail_of_Angel_Appearing_to_Zacharias_by_Domenico_Ghirlandaio.jpg/255px-Demetrios_Chalkokondyles_-_Detail_of_Angel_Appearing_to_Zacharias_by_Domenico_Ghirlandaio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles_-_Detail_of_Angel_Appearing_to_Zacharias_by_Domenico_Ghirlandaio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by the Italian painter <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a> of the Greek Renaissance scholar <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles" title="Demetrios Chalkokondyles">Demetrios Chalkokondyles</a>, who produced the first printed edition of the <i>Odyssey</i> in 1488</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC, scholars affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a>—particularly <a href="/wiki/Zenodotus" title="Zenodotus">Zenodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samothrace" title="Aristarchus of Samothrace">Aristarchus of Samothrace</a>—edited the Homeric poems, wrote <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">commentaries</a> on them, and helped establish them as canonical texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Haslam2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haslam2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandrian scholar <a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus</a>'s commentary divided ancient editions of the Homeric texts into <i>city editions</i> or <i>individual editions</i>. City editions were likely created within the city (perhaps as "official" versions) while individual editions were independently prepared by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020112_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mentions individual versions owned by <a href="/wiki/Antimachus" title="Antimachus">Antimachus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_the_Peripatetic" title="Sosigenes the Peripatetic">Sosigenes</a>; there is a record of city editions existing in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Argos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020112_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many editions were stored in the Library of Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020114_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020114-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout antiquity, both <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> were widely copied and used as <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">school texts</a> in lands where the Greek language was spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were probably a core part of the ancient Greek education system, certainly for the elite of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020411,_417_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020411,_417-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their influence in non-Greek territories fluctuated. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> readily absorbed Homer into its own culture, spreading it east and west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020411_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020411-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subjects of both poems—<a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> and its participants—were already critical historical and mythological references for Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020417_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020417-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquests spread <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> cultural influence throughout the Eastern Mediterranean and it became read by every school child in the Greek world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020417_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020417-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> remained widely studied; as with Classical Athens, they were used as school texts within the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantine scholar and archbishop <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathios of Thessalonike</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1115</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1195/6 AD</span>) wrote exhaustive commentaries on both of the Homeric epics that were seen as authoritative by later generations;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his commentary on the <i>Odyssey</i> alone spans nearly 2,000 oversized pages in a twentieth-century edition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first printed edition of the <i>Odyssey</i>, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">editio princeps</a></i>, was <a href="/wiki/List_of_editiones_principes_in_Greek" title="List of editiones principes in Greek">produced in 1488</a> by the Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles" title="Demetrios Chalkokondyles">Demetrios Chalkokondyles</a>, who had been born in Athens and had studied in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His edition was printed in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> by a Greek printer named Antonios Damilas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 19th century, many papyri containing fragments of the <i>Odyssey</i> have been found in Egypt, some with content different from later medieval versions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Sports_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture and Sports (Greece)">Greek Cultural Ministry</a> revealed a clay tablet discovered near the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus</a> at Olympia, containing 13 verses from the <i>Odyssey</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> 14th book. While it was initially reported to date from the 3rd century AD, the date is unconfirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg/220px-Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg/330px-Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg/440px-Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta plaque of the Mesopotamian ogre <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a>, believed to be a possible inspiration for the figure of Polyphemus</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have seen strong influences from Near Eastern mythology and literature in the <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997403_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997403-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin West</a> notes substantial parallels between the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> and the <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997402–417_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997402–417-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Odysseus and <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> are known for traveling to the ends of the earth and on their journeys go to the land of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997405_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997405-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his voyage to the underworld, Odysseus follows instructions given to him by Circe, who is located at the edges of the world and is associated through imagery with the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997406_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997406-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Odysseus, Gilgamesh gets directions on how to reach the land of the dead from a divine helper: the goddess <a href="/wiki/Siduri" title="Siduri">Siduri</a>, who, like Circe, dwells by the sea at the ends of the earth, whose home is also associated with the sun. Gilgamesh reaches Siduri's house by passing through a tunnel underneath Mt. <a href="/wiki/Mashu" title="Mashu">Mashu</a>, the high mountain from which the sun comes into the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997410_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997410-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West argues that the similarity of Odysseus' and Gilgamesh's journeys to the edges of the earth are the result of the influence of the Gilgamesh epic upon the <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997417_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997417-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Othenio_Abel" title="Othenio Abel">Othenio Abel</a> surmised the origins of the Cyclops to be the result of ancient Greeks finding an elephant skull.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enormous nasal passage in the middle of the forehead could have looked like the eye socket of a giant, to those who had never seen a living elephant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical scholars, on the other hand, have long known that the story of the Cyclops was originally a <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">folk tale</a>, which existed independently of the <i>Odyssey</i> and which became part of it at a later date. Similar stories are found in cultures across Europe and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000127–131_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000127–131-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this explanation, the Cyclops was originally simply a giant or ogre, much like <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a> in the <i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000127–131_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000127–131-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graham Anderson suggests that the addition about it having only one eye was invented to explain how the creature was so easily blinded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000124–125_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000124–125-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Homer's Ithaca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey" title="Geography of the Odyssey">Geography of the Odyssey</a></div> <p>Scholars are divided on whether any of the places visited by Odysseus are real.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events in the main sequence of the <i>Odyssey</i> (excluding Odysseus's <a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">embedded narrative</a> of his wanderings) have been said to take place across the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many have attempted to map Odysseus's journey, but largely agree that the landscapes—especially those described in books 9 to 11—include too many mythical elements to be truly mappable.<sup id="cite_ref-Zazzera_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zazzera-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, there are challenges ascertaining whether Odysseus's homeland of Ithaca is the same island that is now called <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><i lang="grc">Ithakē</i></span> (modern Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ιθάκη</span></span>);<sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same is true of the route described by Odysseus to the Phaeacians and their island of <a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Scheria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2008_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British classicist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jones_(classicist)" title="Peter Jones (classicist)">Peter Jones</a> writes that the poem was likely updated many times by oral story-tellers across several centuries before it was written down, making it "virtually impossible" to say "in what sense [the poem] reflects a historical society or accurate geographical knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1996xi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1996xi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars tend to explore Odysseus's journey metaphorically rather than literally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020275_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020275-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposition_(Books_1–4)"><span id="Exposition_.28Books_1.E2.80.934.29"></span>Exposition (Books 1–4)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_001_Ulises.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_001_Ulises.jpg/220px-Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_001_Ulises.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_001_Ulises.jpg/330px-Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_001_Ulises.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_001_Ulises.jpg/440px-Villa_Romana_de_La_Olmeda_Mosaicos_romanos_001_Ulises.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, from the villa of <a href="/wiki/La_Olmeda" title="La Olmeda">La Olmeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedrosa_de_la_Vega" title="Pedrosa de la Vega">Pedrosa de la Vega</a>, Spain, late 4th–5th centuries AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Odyssey</i> begins after the end of the ten-year <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, also known by the Latin variant Ulysses, the king of <a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a>, has not returned home because he angered the sea god <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>. Odysseus's son, <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a>, is about 20 years old and shares his absent father's house on the island of Ithaca with his mother <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>. With Odysseus presumed dead, the <a href="/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope" title="Suitors of Penelope">suitors of Penelope</a>—a crowd of 108 boisterous young men—try to persuade Penelope for her hand in marriage while partying in the king's palace. </p><p>Odysseus's protectress <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> asks <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> to finally allow Odysseus to return home when Poseidon is absent from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>. Disguised as a chieftain named <a href="/wiki/Mentes_(King_of_the_Taphians)" title="Mentes (King of the Taphians)">Mentes</a>, Athena visits Telemachus to urge him to search for news of his father. He offers her hospitality, and they observe the suitors dining rowdily while <a href="/wiki/Phemius" title="Phemius">Phemius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bard</a>, performs a narrative poem for them. </p><p>That night, Athena, disguised as Telemachus, finds a ship and crew for the true prince. The next morning, Telemachus calls an assembly of citizens of Ithaca to discuss what should be done with the insolent suitors, who scoff at Telemachus. Accompanied by Athena (now disguised as <a href="/wiki/Mentor_(Odyssey)" title="Mentor (Odyssey)">Mentor</a>), the son of Odysseus departs for the household of <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> on the Greek mainland. Telemachus rides to <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Peisistratus_of_Pylos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratus of Pylos">Nestor's son</a>. There he finds a reconciled <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a>, who say they returned to Sparta after a long voyage by way of Egypt. There, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Pharos</a>, Menelaus encounters the old sea god <a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a>, who tells him that Odysseus was a captive of the nymph <a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a>. Telemachus learns the fate of Menelaus's brother, <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> and leader of the Greeks at Troy: he was murdered on his return home by his wife <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a> and her lover <a href="/wiki/Aegisthus" title="Aegisthus">Aegisthus</a>. The story briefly shifts to the suitors, who realise Telemachus is gone. Angry, they formulate a plan to ambush his ship and kill him as he sails home. Penelope overhears their plot and worries for her son's safety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escape_to_the_Phaeacians_(Books_5–8)"><span id="Escape_to_the_Phaeacians_.28Books_5.E2.80.938.29"></span>Escape to the Phaeacians (Books 5–8)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_And_Nausica%C3%A4_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Odysseus_And_Nausica%C3%A4_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13725.jpg/250px-Odysseus_And_Nausica%C3%A4_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13725.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Odysseus_And_Nausica%C3%A4_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13725.jpg/330px-Odysseus_And_Nausica%C3%A4_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Odysseus_And_Nausica%C3%A4_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13725.jpg/500px-Odysseus_And_Nausica%C3%A4_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gleyre" title="Charles Gleyre">Charles Gleyre</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nausicaa" title="Nausicaa">Nausicaä</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Odysseus spends seven years as a captive of Calypso on the island <a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a>. She has fallen deeply in love with him, but he spurns her offers of immortality as her husband. She is ordered to release him by the messenger god <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, sent by Zeus in response to Athena's plea. Odysseus builds a raft and is given clothing, food, and drink by Calypso. When Poseidon learns that Odysseus has escaped, he wrecks the raft. Helped by a veil provided by the sea nymph <a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a>, Odysseus swims ashore on <a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Scherie</a>, the island of the Phaeacians. Naked and exhausted, he hides in a pile of leaves and falls asleep. </p><p>The next morning, awakened by girls' laughter, he sees the young <a href="/wiki/Nausicaa" title="Nausicaa">Nausicaä</a>, who has gone to the seashore with her maids after Athena told her in a dream to do so. He appeals for help and she encourages him to seek the hospitality of her parents, <a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcinous" title="Alcinous">Alcinous</a>. Alcinous promises to provide him a ship to return him home without knowing the identity of Odysseus. He remains for several days. Odysseus asks the blind singer <a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(Odyssey_character)" title="Demodocus (Odyssey character)">Demodocus</a> to tell the story of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a>, a stratagem in which Odysseus had played a leading role. Unable to hide his emotion as he relives this episode, Odysseus at last reveals his identity. He then tells the story of his return from Troy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odysseus's_account_of_his_adventures_(Books_9–12)"><span id="Odysseus.27s_account_of_his_adventures_.28Books_9.E2.80.9312.29"></span>Odysseus's account of his adventures (Books 9–12)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg/220px-Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg/330px-Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg/440px-Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption><i>Odysseus Overcome by <a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(Odyssey_character)" title="Demodocus (Odyssey character)">Demodocus</a>' Song</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a>, 1813–15</figcaption></figure> <p>Odysseus recounts his story to the Phaeacians. After a failed raid against the <a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Cicones</a>, Odysseus and his twelve ships were driven off course by storms. Odysseus visited the <a href="/wiki/Lotus-eaters" title="Lotus-eaters">lotus-eaters</a> who gave his men their fruit which caused them to forget their homecoming. Odysseus had to drag them back to the ship by force. </p><p>Odysseus and his men landed on a lush, uninhabited island near the land of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a>. The men entered the cave of <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a>, where they found all the cheeses and meat they desired. Upon returning to his cave, Polyphemus sealed the entrance with a massive boulder and begins to eat Odysseus's men. Odysseus devised an escape plan in which he, identifying himself as "Nobody", plied Polyphemus with wine and blinded him with a wooden stake. Polyphemus cried for help but was left by his neighbours after Polyphemus claimed that "Nobody" had attacked him. Odysseus and his men finally escaped the cave by hiding on the underbellies of the Cyclops's sheep as they were let out of the cave. </p><p>As they escaped, Odysseus taunted Polyphemus and revealed himself. The Cyclops prayed to his father Poseidon, asking him to curse Odysseus to wander for ten years. After the escape, <a href="/wiki/Aeolus_(Odyssey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolus (Odyssey)">Aeolus</a> gave Odysseus a leather bag containing all the winds except the west wind, a gift that should have ensured a safe return home. Just as Ithaca came into sight, the sailors opened the bag while Odysseus slept, thinking it contained gold. The winds flew out, and the storm drove the ships back the way they had come. Aeolus, recognizing that Odysseus had drawn the ire of the gods, refused to further assist him. </p><p> After the cannibalistic <a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygonians</a> destroyed all of his ships except his own, Odysseus sailed on and reached the island of <a href="/wiki/Aeaea" title="Aeaea">Aeaea</a>, home of witch-goddess <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a>. She turned half of his men into swine with drugged cheese and wine. Hermes warned Odysseus about Circe and gave Odysseus an herb called <a href="/wiki/Moly_(herb)" title="Moly (herb)">moly</a>, making him resistant to Circe's magic. Odysseus forced Circe to change his men back to their human forms and was seduced by her. They remained with her for one year. Finally, guided by Circe's instructions, Odysseus and his crew crossed the ocean and reached a harbor at the western edge of the world, where Odysseus <a href="/wiki/Nekyia" title="Nekyia">sacrificed to the dead</a>. Odysseus summoned the spirit of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a> and was told that he may return home if he is able to stay himself and his crew from eating the sacred <a href="/wiki/Cattle_of_Helios" title="Cattle of Helios">livestock of Helios</a> on the island of Thrinacia and that failure to do so would result in the loss of his ship and his entire crew. He then meets his dead mother <a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticleia</a> and first learns of the suitors and what happened in Ithaca in his absence. Odysseus also converses with his dead comrades from Troy.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg/220px-Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg/330px-Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg/440px-Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Odysseus and the Sirens, eponymous vase of the <a href="/wiki/Siren_Painter" title="Siren Painter">Siren Painter</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480–470 BC</span> (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Returning to Aeaea, they buried <a href="/wiki/Elpenor" title="Elpenor">Elpenor</a> and were advised by Circe on the remaining stages of the journey. They skirted the land of the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a>. All of the sailors had their ears plugged up with beeswax, except for Odysseus, who was tied to the mast as he wanted to hear the song. He told his sailors not to untie him as it would only make him drown himself. They then passed between the six-headed monster <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> and the whirlpool <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a>. Scylla claimed six of his men. </p><p>Next, they landed on the island of Thrinacia, with the crew overriding Odysseus's wishes to remain away from the island. Zeus caused a storm that prevented them from leaving, causing them to deplete the food given to them by Circe. While Odysseus was away praying, his men ignored the warnings of Tiresias and Circe and hunted the sacred cattle. <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> insisted that Zeus punish the men for this sacrilege. They suffered a shipwreck, and all but Odysseus drowned as he clung to a fig tree. Washed ashore on <a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a>, he remained there as Calypso's lover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Ithaca_(Books_13–20)"><span id="Return_to_Ithaca_.28Books_13.E2.80.9320.29"></span>Return to Ithaca (Books 13–20)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg/250px-Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg/330px-Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg/500px-Penelope_and_the_Suitors_-_John_William_Waterhouse_-_ABDAG003035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Odysseus discovers Penelope has devised tricks to delay the suitors whilst he has been away: <i>Penelope and the Suitors</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Having listened to his story, the Phaeacians agree to provide Odysseus with more treasure than he would have received from the spoils of Troy. They deliver him at night, while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbour on Ithaca. Odysseus awakens and believes that he has been dropped on a distant land before Athena appears to him and reveals that he is indeed on Ithaca. She hides his treasure in a nearby cave and disguises him as an elderly beggar so he can see how things stand in his household. He finds his way to the hut of one of his own slaves, swineherd <a href="/wiki/Eumaeus" title="Eumaeus">Eumaeus</a>, who treats him hospitably and speaks favorably of Odysseus. After dinner, the disguised Odysseus tells the farm laborers a fictitious tale of himself. </p><p>Telemachus sails home from Sparta, evading an ambush set by the suitors. He disembarks on the coast of Ithaca and meets Odysseus. Odysseus identifies himself to Telemachus (but not to Eumaeus), and they decide that the suitors must be killed. Telemachus returns home first and Odysseus, accompanied by Eumaeus, returns home still posing as a beggar. Only his faithful dog, <a href="/wiki/Argos_(dog)" title="Argos (dog)">Argos</a>, recognises him. He is ridiculed by the suitors in his own home, especially <a href="/wiki/Antinous_of_Ithaca" title="Antinous of Ithaca">Antinous</a>. Odysseus meets Penelope and tests her intentions by saying he once met Odysseus in Crete. Closely questioned, he adds that he had recently been in <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a> and had learned something there of Odysseus's recent wanderings. </p><p>Odysseus's identity is discovered by the housekeeper <a href="/wiki/Eurycleia_of_Ithaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycleia of Ithaca">Eurycleia</a> when she sees an old scar as she is washing his feet. Eurycleia tries to tell Penelope about the beggar's true identity, but Athena makes sure that Penelope cannot hear her. Odysseus swears Eurycleia to secrecy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slaying_of_the_suitors_(Books_21–24)"><span id="Slaying_of_the_suitors_.28Books_21.E2.80.9324.29"></span>Slaying of the suitors (Books 21–24)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Degeorge_Ulysse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Thomas_Degeorge_Ulysse.jpg/220px-Thomas_Degeorge_Ulysse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Thomas_Degeorge_Ulysse.jpg/330px-Thomas_Degeorge_Ulysse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Thomas_Degeorge_Ulysse.jpg/440px-Thomas_Degeorge_Ulysse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption><i>Ulysses and Telemachus kill Penelope's Suitors</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Degeorge" title="Thomas Degeorge">Thomas Degeorge</a> (1812)</figcaption></figure> <p>The next day, at Athena's prompting, Penelope manoeuvres the suitors into competing for her hand with an archery competition using Odysseus's bow. The man who can string the bow and shoot an arrow through a dozen axe heads would win. Odysseus takes part in the competition, and he alone is strong enough to string the bow and shoot the arrow through the dozen axe heads, making him the winner. He then throws off his rags and kills Antinous with his next arrow. Odysseus kills the other suitors, first using the rest of the arrows and then, along with Telemachus, Eumaeus, and the cowherd Philoetius, with swords and spears. After the battle is won, Telemachus hangs twelve of their household slaves whom Eurycleia identifies as guilty of betraying Penelope by having sex with the suitors. Odysseus identifies himself to Penelope. Although hesitant at first, she embraces him after he mentions that he made their bed from an olive tree still rooted to the ground. They go to sleep. </p><p>The next day, Odysseus goes to his father <a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes</a>'s farm and reveals himself. Following them to the farm is a group of Ithacans, led by <a href="/wiki/Eupeithes" title="Eupeithes">Eupeithes</a>, father of Antinous, who are out for revenge for the murder of the suitors. A battle breaks out, but it is quickly stopped by Athena and Zeus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odyssey-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Odyssey-crop.jpg/220px-Odyssey-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Odyssey-crop.jpg/330px-Odyssey-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Odyssey-crop.jpg/440px-Odyssey-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>15th-century manuscript of Book I written by scribe <a href="/wiki/John_Rhosos" title="John Rhosos">John Rhosos</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Odyssey</i> has 12,109 lines composed in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>, also called Homeric hexameter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyrsiades20193_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrsiades20193-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaslam1976203_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaslam1976203-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It opens <i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">in medias res</a></i>, in the middle of the overall story, with prior events described through <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">flashbacks</a> and storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley200719_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley200719-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Odyssey</i> is divided into 24 books. While some scholars have posited that these correspond to the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet, recent scholarship rejects the connection as an ahistorical fiction created by earlier scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020140_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020140-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division was probably made long after the poem's composition but is generally accepted as part of the poem's modern structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELattimore195114_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELattimore195114-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, some books or were provided with their own titles. Books 1 to 4, which focus on the perspective of Telemachus, are called the <i><a href="/wiki/Telemachy" title="Telemachy">Telemachy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillcock200732_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillcock200732-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars suggest these were added in a revision of the poem, while others note that later parts would not make sense without them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199648_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199648-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books 9 to 12, wherein Odysseus provides an account of his adventures, are called the <i>Apologos</i> or <i>Apologoi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020275_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020275-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost198915–16_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost198915–16-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Book 22 was known as <i>Mnesterophonia</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><i lang="grc">Mnesteres</i></span>, 'suitors' + <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><i lang="grc"><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:φόνος">phónos</a></i></i></span>, 'slaughter').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2014231_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2014231-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Book 22 is generally said to conclude the Greek <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a>, but fragments remain of a lost sequel known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i>. The <i>Telegony</i> aside, the last 548 lines of the <i>Odyssey</i>, corresponding to Book 24, are believed by many scholars to have been added by a slightly later poet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarne-Ross1998ixi_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarne-Ross1998ixi-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes_and_patterns">Themes and patterns</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homecoming">Homecoming</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homerus_-_Odissea,_1794_-_3939651_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Homerus_-_Odissea%2C_1794_-_3939651_F.jpg/220px-Homerus_-_Odissea%2C_1794_-_3939651_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Homerus_-_Odissea%2C_1794_-_3939651_F.jpg/330px-Homerus_-_Odissea%2C_1794_-_3939651_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Homerus_-_Odissea%2C_1794_-_3939651_F.jpg/440px-Homerus_-_Odissea%2C_1794_-_3939651_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>Odyssey</i> (1794)</figcaption></figure> <p>Homecoming (Ancient Greek: <i>νόστος, nostos</i>) is a central theme of the <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonifazi2009481,_492_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonifazi2009481,_492-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anna Bonafazi of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> writes that, in Homer, <i><a href="/wiki/Nostos" title="Nostos">nostos</a></i> is "return home from Troy, by sea".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonifazi2009481_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonifazi2009481-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agatha Thornton examines <i>nostos</i> in the context of characters other than Odysseus, in order to provide an alternative for what might happen after the end of the <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, one example is that of Agamemnon's homecoming versus Odysseus'. Upon Agamemnon's return, his wife Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegisthus, kill Agamemnon. Agamemnon's son, <a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a>, out of vengeance for his father's death, kills Aegisthus. This parallel compares the death of the suitors to the death of Aegisthus and sets Orestes up as an example for Telemachus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, because Odysseus knows about Clytemnestra's betrayal, Odysseus returns home in disguise in order to test the loyalty of his own wife, Penelope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Agamemnon praises Penelope for not killing Odysseus. It is because of Penelope that Odysseus has fame and a successful homecoming. This successful homecoming is unlike <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, who has fame but is dead, and Agamemnon, who had an unsuccessful homecoming resulting in his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wandering">Wandering</h3></div> <p>Only two of Odysseus's adventures are described by the narrator. The rest of Odysseus' adventures are recounted by Odysseus himself. The two scenes described by the narrator are Odysseus on Calypso's island and Odysseus' encounter with the Phaeacians. These scenes are told by the poet to represent an important transition in Odysseus' journey: being concealed to returning home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calypso's name comes from the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><i lang="grc">kalúptō</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc"><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%84%CF%89#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:καλύπτω">καλύπτω</a></span></span></span>), meaning 'to cover' or 'conceal', which is apt, as this is exactly what she does with Odysseus.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calypso keeps Odysseus concealed from the world and unable to return home. After leaving Calypso's island, the poet describes Odysseus' encounters with the Phaeacians—those who "convoy without hurt to all men"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer19758.566_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer19758.566-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—which represents his transition from not returning home to returning home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, during Odysseus' journey, he encounters many beings that are close to the gods. These encounters are useful in understanding that Odysseus is in a world beyond man and that influences the fact he cannot return home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These beings that are close to the gods include the Phaeacians who lived near the Cyclopes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer19756.4–5_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer19756.4–5-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose king, Alcinous, is the great-grandson of the king of the giants, <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Eurymedon</a>, and the grandson of Poseidon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the other characters that Odysseus encounters are the cyclops <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a>, the son of Poseidon; Circe, a sorceress who turns men into animals; and the <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalistic</a> giants, the Laestrygonians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guest-friendship">Guest-friendship</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3115_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Allegory_of_the_Odyssey_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/3115_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Allegory_of_the_Odyssey_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/220px-3115_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Allegory_of_the_Odyssey_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/3115_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Allegory_of_the_Odyssey_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/330px-3115_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Allegory_of_the_Odyssey_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/3115_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Allegory_of_the_Odyssey_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/440px-3115_-_Athens_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_-_Allegory_of_the_Odyssey_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption>Statue representing the <i>Odyssey</i>, Museum of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_of_Athens" title="Ancient Agora of Athens">Ancient Agora of Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the course of the epic, Odysseus encounters several examples of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">xenia</a></i></span> ('guest-friendship'), which provide models of how hosts should and should not act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Phaeacians demonstrate exemplary guest-friendship by feeding Odysseus, giving him a place to sleep, and granting him many gifts and a safe voyage home, which are all things a good host should do. Polyphemus demonstrates poor guest-friendship. His only "gift" to Odysseus is that he will eat him last.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calypso also exemplifies poor guest-friendship because she does not allow Odysseus to leave her island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important factor to guest-friendship is that kingship implies generosity. It is assumed that a king has the means to be a generous host and is more generous with his own property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is best seen when Odysseus, disguised as a beggar, begs Antinous, one of the suitors, for food and Antinous denies his request. Odysseus essentially says that while Antinous may look like a king, he is far from a king since he is not generous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197517.415–444_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197517.415–444-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to J. B. Hainsworth, guest-friendship follows a very specific pattern:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHainsworth1972320–321_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHainsworth1972320–321-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The arrival and the reception of the guest.</li> <li>Bathing or providing fresh clothes to the guest.</li> <li>Providing food and drink to the guest.</li> <li>Questions may be asked of the guest and entertainment should be provided by the host.</li> <li>The guest should be given a place to sleep, and both the guest and host retire for the night.</li> <li>The guest and host exchange gifts, the guest is granted a safe journey home, and the guest departs.</li></ol> <p>Another important factor of guest-friendship is not keeping the guest longer than they wish and also promising their safety while they are a guest within the host's home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_und_Penelope_(Tischbein).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Odysseus_und_Penelope_%28Tischbein%29.jpg/250px-Odysseus_und_Penelope_%28Tischbein%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Odysseus_und_Penelope_%28Tischbein%29.jpg/330px-Odysseus_und_Penelope_%28Tischbein%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Odysseus_und_Penelope_%28Tischbein%29.jpg/500px-Odysseus_und_Penelope_%28Tischbein%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>Penelope questions Odysseus to prove his identity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another theme throughout the <i>Odyssey</i> is testing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs in two distinct ways. Odysseus tests the loyalty of others and others test Odysseus' identity. An example of Odysseus testing the loyalties of others is when he returns home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of immediately revealing his identity, he arrives disguised as a beggar and then proceeds to determine who in his house has remained loyal to him and who has helped the suitors. After Odysseus reveals his true identity, the characters test Odysseus' identity to see if he really is who he says he is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Penelope tests Odysseus' identity by saying that she will move the bed into the other room for him. This is a difficult task since it is made out of a living tree that would require being cut down, a fact that only the real Odysseus would know, thus proving his identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Testing also has a very specific <a href="/wiki/Type_scene" title="Type scene">type scene</a> that accompanies it. Throughout the epic, the testing of others follows a typical pattern. This pattern is:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Odysseus is hesitant to question the loyalties of others.</li> <li>Odysseus tests the loyalties of others by questioning them.</li> <li>The characters reply to Odysseus' questions.</li> <li>Odysseus proceeds to reveal his identity.</li> <li>The characters test Odysseus' identity.</li> <li>There is a rise of emotions associated with Odysseus' recognition, usually lament or joy.</li> <li>Finally, the reconciled characters work together.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omens">Omens</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_and_Euryclea_by_Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Odysseus_and_Euryclea_by_Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein.jpg/170px-Odysseus_and_Euryclea_by_Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Odysseus_and_Euryclea_by_Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein.jpg/255px-Odysseus_and_Euryclea_by_Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Odysseus_and_Euryclea_by_Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein.jpg/340px-Odysseus_and_Euryclea_by_Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption><i>Odysseus and Eurycleia</i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein" title="Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein">Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Omens occur frequently throughout the <i>Odyssey</i>. Within the epic poem, they frequently involve birds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Thornton, most crucial is who receives each omen and in what way it manifests. For instance, bird omens are shown to Telemachus, Penelope, Odysseus, and the suitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telemachus and Penelope receive their omens as well in the form of words, sneezes, and dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Odysseus is the only character who receives thunder or lightning as an omen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197520.103–104_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197520.103–104-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197521.414_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197521.414-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She highlights this as crucial because lightning, as a symbol of Zeus, represents the kingship of Odysseus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus is associated with Zeus throughout both the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKundmueller20137_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKundmueller20137-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omens are another example of a type scene in the <i>Odyssey.</i> Two important parts of an omen type scene are the <i>recognition</i> of the omen, followed by its <i>interpretation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Odyssey</i>, all of the bird omens—with the exception of the first—show large birds attacking smaller birds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accompanying each omen is a wish which can be either explicitly stated or only implied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Telemachus wishes for vengeance<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer19752.143–145_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer19752.143–145-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for Odysseus to be home,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197515.155–159_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197515.155–159-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penelope wishes for Odysseus' return,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197519.136_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197519.136-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the suitors wish for the death of Telemachus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197520.240–243_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197520.240–243-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_based_on_the_Odyssey" title="Category:Works based on the Odyssey">Category:Works based on the <i>Odyssey</i></a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JoyceUlysses2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/JoyceUlysses2.jpg/220px-JoyceUlysses2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/JoyceUlysses2.jpg/330px-JoyceUlysses2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/JoyceUlysses2.jpg/440px-JoyceUlysses2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The influence of the Homeric texts can be difficult to summarise because of how greatly they have affected the popular imagination and cultural values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenner197150_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenner197150-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Odyssey</i> and the <i>Iliad</i> formed the basis of education for members of ancient Mediterranean society. That curriculum was adopted by Western humanists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200825_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200825-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning the text was so much a part of the cultural fabric that it became irrelevant whether an individual had read it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuskin1868p._17,_"All_Greek_gentlemen_were_educated_under_Homer._All_Roman_gentlemen,_by_Greek_literature._All_Italian,_and_French,_and_English_gentlemen,_by_Roman_literature,_and_by_its_principles."_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuskin1868p._17,_"All_Greek_gentlemen_were_educated_under_Homer._All_Roman_gentlemen,_by_Greek_literature._All_Italian,_and_French,_and_English_gentlemen,_by_Roman_literature,_and_by_its_principles."-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the influence of the <i>Odyssey</i> has reverberated through over a millennium of writing. The poem topped a poll of experts by <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Culture</i> to find literature's most enduring narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widely regarded by western literary critics as a timeless classic,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it remains one of the oldest works of literature regularly read by Western audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a>, it is considered a distant forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> genre, and, says <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction scholar">science fiction scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Brian Stableford</a>, "there are more science-fictional transfigurations of the <i>Odyssey</i> than of any other literary text".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(George_Chapman_translation)" title="Odyssey (George Chapman translation)">Odyssey (George Chapman translation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Alexander_Pope_translation)" title="Odyssey (Alexander Pope translation)">Odyssey (Alexander Pope translation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Emily_Wilson_translation)" title="Odyssey (Emily Wilson translation)">Odyssey (Emily Wilson translation)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(George_Chapman_translation)" title="Odyssey (George Chapman translation)">English translations of the <i>Odyssey</i></a> and the <i>Iliad</i>, published together in 1616 but serialised earlier, were the first to enjoy widespread success. The texts had been published in translation before, with some translated not from the original Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay1952104_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1952104-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapman worked on these for a large part of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1581, Arthur Hall translated the first 10 books of the <i>Iliad</i> from a French version.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapman's translations persisted in popularity, and are often remembered today through <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>' sonnet "<a href="/wiki/On_First_Looking_into_Chapman%27s_Homer" title="On First Looking into Chapman's Homer">On First Looking into Chapman's Homer</a>" (1816).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years after completing his translation of the <i>Iliad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> began to translate the <i>Odyssey</i> because of his financial situation. His second translation was not received as favourably as the first.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_(classicist)" title="Emily Wilson (classicist)">Emily Wilson</a>, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, notes that as late as the first decade of the 21st century, almost all of the most prominent translators of Greek and Roman literature had been men.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2017_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2017-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She calls her experience of producing <a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(Emily_Wilson_translation)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey (Emily Wilson translation)">her translation</a> one of "intimate alienation".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2017_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2017-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson writes that this has affected the popular conception of characters and events of the <i>Odyssey,</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201886_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201886-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inflecting the story with connotations not present in the original text: "For instance, in the scene where Telemachus oversees the hanging of the slaves who have been sleeping with the suitors, most translations introduce derogatory language ('sluts' or 'whores')<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The original Greek does not label these slaves with derogatory language."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201886_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201886-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the original Greek, the word used is <i>hai</i>, the feminine article, equivalent to "those female people".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <p>In Canto XXVI of the <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> meets Odysseus in the <a href="/wiki/Malebolge" title="Malebolge">eighth circle of hell</a>, where Odysseus appends a new ending to the <i>Odyssey</i> in which he never returns to Ithaca and instead continues his restless adventuring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Hall" title="Edith Hall">Edith Hall</a> suggests that Dante's depiction of Odysseus became understood as a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">othering</a>, with the cyclops standing in for "accounts of monstrous races on the edge of the world", and his defeat as symbolising "the Roman domination of the western Mediterranean".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Ulysses's adventures reappear in the Arabic tales of <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sinbad the Sailor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish writer <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernist</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)"><i>Ulysses</i></a> (1922) was significantly influenced by the <i>Odyssey</i>. Joyce had encountered the figure of Odysseus in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lamb" title="Charles Lamb">Charles Lamb</a>'s <i>Adventures of Ulysses</i>, an adaptation of the epic poem for children, which seems to have established the Latin name in Joyce's mind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman193945_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman193945-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaurretche200529_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaurretche200529-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ulysses,</i> a re-telling of the <i>Odyssey</i> set in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, is divided into eighteen sections ("episodes") which can be mapped roughly onto the twenty-four books of the <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joyce claimed familiarity with the original Homeric Greek, but this has been disputed by some scholars, who cite his poor grasp of the language as evidence to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes2005p._17,_"First_of_all,_Joyce_did_own_and_read_Homer_in_the_original_Greek,_but_his_expertise_was_so_minimal_that_he_cannot_justly_be_said_to_have_known_Homer_in_the_original._Any_typical_young_classical_scholar_in_the_second_year_of_studying_Greek_would_already_possess_more_faculty_with_Homer_than_Joyce_ever_managed_to_achieve."_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes2005p._17,_"First_of_all,_Joyce_did_own_and_read_Homer_in_the_original_Greek,_but_his_expertise_was_so_minimal_that_he_cannot_justly_be_said_to_have_known_Homer_in_the_original._Any_typical_young_classical_scholar_in_the_second_year_of_studying_Greek_would_already_possess_more_faculty_with_Homer_than_Joyce_ever_managed_to_achieve."-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book, and especially its <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">stream of consciousness</a> prose, is widely considered foundational to the modernist genre.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern writers have revisited the <i>Odyssey</i> to highlight the poem's female characters. Canadian writer <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> adapted parts of the <i>Odyssey</i> for her novella <i><a href="/wiki/The_Penelopiad" title="The Penelopiad">The Penelopiad</a></i> (2005). The novella focuses on Penelope and the twelve female slaves hanged by Odysseus at the poem's ending,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an image which haunted Atwood.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atwood's novella comments on the original text, wherein Odysseus' successful return to Ithaca symbolises the restoration of a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Madeline_Miller" title="Madeline Miller">Madeline Miller</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Circe_(novel)" title="Circe (novel)">Circe</a></i> (2018) revisits the relationship between Odysseus and Circe on Aeaea.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reader, Miller was frustrated by Circe's lack of motivation in the original poem and sought to explain her capriciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel recontextualises the sorceress' transformations of sailors into pigs from an act of malice into one of self-defence, given that she has no superhuman strength with which to repel attackers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Odissea_(1911_film)" title="L'Odissea (1911 film)">L'Odissea</a></i> (1911) is an Italian silent film by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_de_Liguoro" title="Giuseppe de Liguoro">Giuseppe de Liguoro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(1954_film)" title="Ulysses (1954 film)">Ulysses</a></i> (1954) is an Italian film adaptation starring <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> as Ulysses, <a href="/wiki/Silvana_Mangano" title="Silvana Mangano">Silvana Mangano</a> as Penelope and Circe, and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a> as Antinous.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(1968_miniseries)" title="The Odyssey (1968 miniseries)">L'Odissea</a></i> (1968) is an Italian-French-German-Yugoslavian television miniseries praised for its faithful rendering of the original epic.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_31" title="Ulysses 31">Ulysses 31</a></i> (1981–1982) is a French-Japanese television animated series set in the futuristic 31st century.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostos:_The_Return" title="Nostos: The Return">Nostos: The Return</a></i> (1989) is an Italian film about Odysseus' homecoming. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Franco_Piavoli" title="Franco Piavoli">Franco Piavoli</a>, it relies on visual storytelling and has a strong focus on nature.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses%27_Gaze" title="Ulysses' Gaze">Ulysses' Gaze</a></i> (1995), directed by Theo Angelopoulos, has many of the elements of the <i>Odyssey</i> set against the backdrop of the most recent and previous <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Classical_Tradition_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Classical_Tradition-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(1997_miniseries)" title="The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)">The Odyssey</a></i> (1997) is a television miniseries directed by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Konchalovsky" title="Andrei Konchalovsky">Andrei Konchalovsky</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Armand_Assante" title="Armand Assante">Armand Assante</a> as Odysseus and <a href="/wiki/Greta_Scacchi" title="Greta Scacchi">Greta Scacchi</a> as Penelope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoman2005267_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman2005267-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a></i> (2000) is a <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime</a> <a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">comedy drama</a> film written, produced, co-edited and directed by the <a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Coen brothers</a> and is very loosely based on Homer's poem.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_(2024_film)" title="The Return (2024 film)">The Return</a></i> (2024) is a film based on Books 13-24, directed by <a href="/wiki/Uberto_Pasolini" title="Uberto Pasolini">Uberto Pasolini</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a> as Odysseus and <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Binoche" title="Juliette Binoche">Juliette Binoche</a> as Penelope.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(2026_film)" title="The Odyssey (2026 film)">The Odyssey</a></i> (2026), written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>, will be based on the books and is slated to be released in 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera_and_music">Opera and music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Operas_based_on_the_Odyssey" title="Category:Operas based on the Odyssey">Category:Operas based on the Odyssey</a></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_ritorno_d%27Ulisse_in_patria" title="Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria">Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria</a></i>, first performed in 1640, is an opera by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> based on the second half of Homer's <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Riehm" title="Rolf Riehm">Rolf Riehm</a> composed an opera based on the myth, <i><a href="/wiki/Sirenen" title="Sirenen">Sirenen – Bilder des Begehrens und des Vernichtens</a></i> (<i>Sirens – Images of Desire and Destruction</i>), which premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt" title="Oper Frankfurt">Oper Frankfurt</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffel_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffel-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Smith_(musician)" title="Robert W. Smith (musician)">Robert W. Smith</a>'s second symphony for concert band, <i>The Odyssey</i>, tells four of the main highlights of the story in the piece's four movements: "The Iliad", "The Winds of Poseidon", "The Isle of Calypso", and "Ithaca".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jean-Claude Gallota's ballet <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysse_(ballet)" title="Ulysse (ballet)">Ulysse</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-LeMoal_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMoal-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the <i>Odyssey</i>, but also on the work by <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RomaEuropa_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaEuropa-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jorge Rivera-Herrans' <a href="/wiki/Sung-through" title="Sung-through">sung-through</a> work <i><a href="/wiki/Epic:_The_Musical" title="Epic: The Musical">Epic: The Musical</a></i> tells the story of the <i>Odyssey</i> over the course of nine "sagas", beginning with the end of the Trojan War and carrying through to Odysseus' homecoming to Ithaca.<sup id="cite_ref-Troy_Saga_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troy_Saga-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Music_Review_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music_Review-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sciences">Sciences</h3></div> <ul><li>Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Shay" title="Jonathan Shay">Jonathan Shay</a> wrote two books, <i>Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character </i> (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-Achilles_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achilles-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming</i> (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-Odysseus_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odysseus-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which relate the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i> to <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_injury" title="Moral injury">moral injury</a> as seen in the rehabilitation histories of combat veteran patients.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/odyssey">Odyssey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216231120/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/odyssey">Archived</a> 16 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*)odu/sseia"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀδύσσεια</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=odyssey">"odyssey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=odyssey&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dodyssey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Haynes" title="Natalie Haynes">Haynes, Natalie</a> (22 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180521-the-greatest-tale-ever-told">"The Greatest Tale Ever Told?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Culture">BBC Culture</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619135051/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180521-the-greatest-tale-ever-told">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Tale+Ever+Told%3F&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20180521-the-greatest-tale-ever-told&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201821-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201821_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201821_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201821_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201823-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201823_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201823_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Higgins" title="Charlotte Higgins">Higgins, Charlotte</a> (13 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/nov/13/carnage-camp-beauty-contest-endless-allure-troy-british-museum">"From Carnage to a Camp Beauty Contest: The Endless Allure of Troy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109174814/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/nov/13/carnage-camp-beauty-contest-endless-allure-troy-british-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+Carnage+to+a+Camp+Beauty+Contest%3A+The+Endless+Allure+of+Troy&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2019%2Fnov%2F13%2Fcarnage-camp-beauty-contest-endless-allure-troy-british-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins197628-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins197628_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkins1976">Watkins 1976</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison19557–8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison19557–8_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1955">Davison 1955</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison19559–10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison19559–10_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1955">Davison 1955</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018p._21,_"In_566_BCE,_Pisistratus,_the_tyrant_of_the_city_(which_was_not_yet_a_democracy),_instituted_a_civic_and_religious_festival,_the_Panathenaia,_which_included_a_poetic_competition,_featuring_performances_of_the_Homeric_poems._The_institution_is_particularly_significant_because_we_are_told_that_the_Homeric_poems_had_to_be_performed_"correctly",_which_implies_the_canonization_of_a_particular_written_text_of_The_Iliad_and_The_Odyssey_at_this_date."-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018p._21,_"In_566_BCE,_Pisistratus,_the_tyrant_of_the_city_(which_was_not_yet_a_democracy),_instituted_a_civic_and_religious_festival,_the_Panathenaia,_which_included_a_poetic_competition,_featuring_performances_of_the_Homeric_poems._The_institution_is_particularly_significant_because_we_are_told_that_the_Homeric_poems_had_to_be_performed_"correctly",_which_implies_the_canonization_of_a_particular_written_text_of_The_Iliad_and_The_Odyssey_at_this_date."_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, p. 21, "In 566 BCE, Pisistratus, the tyrant of the city (which was not yet a democracy), instituted a civic and religious festival, the Panathenaia, which included a poetic competition, featuring performances of the Homeric poems. The institution is particularly significant because we are told that the Homeric poems had to be performed "correctly", which implies the canonization of a particular written text of The Iliad and The Odyssey at this date.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haslam2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haslam2012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaslam2012" class="citation book cs1">Haslam, Michael (2012). "Text and Transmission". <i>The Homer Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1413">10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1413</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7768-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-7768-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Text+and+Transmission&rft.btitle=The+Homer+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444350302.wbhe1413&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7768-9&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020112-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020112_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020112_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020">Pache et al. 2020</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020114-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020114_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020">Pache et al. 2020</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberton2010449–452_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamberton2010">Lamberton 2010</a>, pp. 449–452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1992134–148_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1992">Browning 1992</a>, pp. 134–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020411,_417-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020411,_417_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020">Pache et al. 2020</a>, pp. 411, 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020411-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020411_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020">Pache et al. 2020</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020417-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020417_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020417_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020">Pache et al. 2020</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaley2018" class="citation news cs1">Daley, Jason (11 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-greek-fragment-homer-discovered-clay-tablet-180969602/">"Oldest Greek Fragment of Homer Discovered on Clay Tablet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223253/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-greek-fragment-homer-discovered-clay-tablet-180969602/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Oldest+Greek+Fragment+of+Homer+Discovered+on+Clay+Tablet&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Foldest-greek-fragment-homer-discovered-clay-tablet-180969602%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTagaris2018" class="citation news cs1">Tagaris, Karolina (10 July 2018). Heavens, Andrew (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-archaeology-odyssey/oldest-known-extract-of-homers-odyssey-discovered-in-greece-idUSKBN1K01QM">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Oldest known extract' of Homer's Odyssey discovered in Greece"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125157/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-archaeology-odyssey/oldest-known-extract-of-homers-odyssey-discovered-in-greece-idUSKBN1K01QM">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=%27Oldest+known+extract%27+of+Homer%27s+Odyssey+discovered+in+Greece&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Tagaris&rft.aufirst=Karolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-greece-archaeology-odyssey%2Foldest-known-extract-of-homers-odyssey-discovered-in-greece-idUSKBN1K01QM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44779492">"Homer Odyssey: Oldest extract discovered on clay tablet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 10 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901203416/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44779492">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Homer+Odyssey%3A+Oldest+extract+discovered+on+clay+tablet&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-44779492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997403-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997403_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest1997">West 1997</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997402–417-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997402–417_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest1997">West 1997</a>, pp. 402–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997405-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997405_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest1997">West 1997</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997406-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997406_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest1997">West 1997</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997410-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997410_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest1997">West 1997</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1997417-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1997417_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest1997">West 1997</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayor2000">Mayor 2000</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000127–131-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000127–131_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000127–131_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, pp. 127–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000124–125-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000124–125_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2008-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2008_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2008_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2008">Fox 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i>, 1.2.15, cited in <a href="#CITEREFFinley1976">Finley 1976</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zazzera-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zazzera_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZazzera2019" class="citation web cs1">Zazzera, Elizabeth Della (27 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/geography-odyssey">"The Geography of the Odyssey"</a>. <i>Lapham's Quarterly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008231344/https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/geography-odyssey">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lapham%27s+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+the+Odyssey&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.aulast=Zazzera&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Della&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laphamsquarterly.org%2Froundtable%2Fgeography-odyssey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1996xi-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1996xi_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1996">Jones 1996</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020275-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020275_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020275_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020">Pache et al. 2020</a>, pp. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrsiades20193-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyrsiades20193_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyrsiades2019">Myrsiades 2019</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaslam1976203-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaslam1976203_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaslam1976">Haslam 1976</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley200719-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley200719_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoley2007">Foley 2007</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020140-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020140_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020">Pache et al. 2020</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELattimore195114-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELattimore195114_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLattimore1951">Lattimore 1951</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillcock200732-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillcock200732_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillcock2007">Willcock 2007</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199648-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199648_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1996">Jones 1996</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost198915–16-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost198915–16_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMost1989">Most 1989</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2014231-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2014231_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairns2014">Cairns 2014</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarne-Ross1998ixi-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarne-Ross1998ixi_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarne-Ross1998">Carne-Ross 1998</a>, p. ixi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonifazi2009481,_492-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonifazi2009481,_492_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonifazi2009">Bonifazi 2009</a>, pp. 481, 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonifazi2009481-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonifazi2009481_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonifazi2009">Bonifazi 2009</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton19701–15_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornton1970">Thornton 1970</a>, pp. 1–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197016–37_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornton1970">Thornton 1970</a>, pp. 16–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502235701/http://www.greekmyths-greekmythology.com/calypso-odysseus-greek-myth">"Greek Myths & Greek Mythology"</a>. <i>greekmyths-greekmythology.com</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greekmyths-greekmythology.com/calypso-odysseus-greek-myth/">the original</a> on 2 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greekmyths-greekmythology.com&rft.atitle=Greek+Myths+%26+Greek+Mythology&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greekmyths-greekmythology.com%2Fcalypso-odysseus-greek-myth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer19758.566-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer19758.566_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomer1975">Homer 1975</a>, 8.566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer19756.4–5-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer19756.4–5_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomer1975">Homer 1975</a>, 6.4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReece1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReece1993">Reece 1993</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197038–46_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornton1970">Thornton 1970</a>, pp. 38–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197517.415–444-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197517.415–444_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomer1975">Homer 1975</a>, 17.415–444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHainsworth1972320–321-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHainsworth1972320–321_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHainsworth1972">Hainsworth 1972</a>, pp. 320–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992284–330_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1992">Edwards 1992</a>, pp. 284–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197047–51_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornton1970">Thornton 1970</a>, pp. 47–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton197052–57_60-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornton1970">Thornton 1970</a>, pp. 52–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197520.103–104-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197520.103–104_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomer1975">Homer 1975</a>, 20.103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197521.414-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197521.414_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomer1975">Homer 1975</a>, 21.414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKundmueller20137-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKundmueller20137_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKundmueller2013">Kundmueller 2013</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer19752.143–145-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer19752.143–145_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomer1975">Homer 1975</a>, 2.143–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197515.155–159-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197515.155–159_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomer1975">Homer 1975</a>, 15.155–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197519.136-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197519.136_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomer1975">Homer 1975</a>, 19.136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomer197520.240–243-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomer197520.240–243_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomer1975">Homer 1975</a>, 20.240–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenner197150-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenner197150_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenner1971">Kenner 1971</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200825-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200825_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2008">Hall 2008</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuskin1868p._17,_"All_Greek_gentlemen_were_educated_under_Homer._All_Roman_gentlemen,_by_Greek_literature._All_Italian,_and_French,_and_English_gentlemen,_by_Roman_literature,_and_by_its_principles."-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuskin1868p._17,_"All_Greek_gentlemen_were_educated_under_Homer._All_Roman_gentlemen,_by_Greek_literature._All_Italian,_and_French,_and_English_gentlemen,_by_Roman_literature,_and_by_its_principles."_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuskin1868">Ruskin 1868</a>, p. 17, "All Greek gentlemen were educated under Homer. All Roman gentlemen, by Greek literature. All Italian, and French, and English gentlemen, by Roman literature, and by its principles.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2017" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark (15 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.org/Odyssey/">"Odyssey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704162738/http://www.ancient.eu/Odyssey/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odyssey&rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FOdyssey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorth2017" class="citation news cs1">North, Anna (20 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/11/20/16651634/odyssey-emily-wilson-translation-first-woman-english">"Historically, men translated the Odyssey. Here's what happened when a woman took the job"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627123124/https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/11/20/16651634/odyssey-emily-wilson-translation-first-woman-english">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Historically%2C+men+translated+the+Odyssey.+Here%27s+what+happened+when+a+woman+took+the+job&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fidentities%2F2017%2F11%2F20%2F16651634%2Fodyssey-emily-wilson-translation-first-woman-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStableford2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2004) [1976]. "The Emergence of Science Fiction, 1516–1914". In <a href="/wiki/Neil_Barron" title="Neil Barron">Barron, Neil</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Wonder" title="Anatomy of Wonder">Anatomy of Wonder</a>: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction</i> (5th ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Libraries unlimited. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-171-0"><bdi>978-1-59158-171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Science+Fiction%2C+1516%E2%80%931914&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Wonder%3A+A+Critical+Guide+to+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Libraries+unlimited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59158-171-0&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1952104-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay1952104_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1952">Fay 1952</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyrsiadesPinsker1976" class="citation journal cs1">Myrsiades, Kostas; Pinsker, Sanford (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25111144">"A Bibliographical Guide to Teaching the Homeric Epics in College Courses"</a>. <i>College Literature</i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-3139">0093-3139</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25111144">25111144</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231005736/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25111144">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Literature&rft.atitle=A+Bibliographical+Guide+to+Teaching+the+Homeric+Epics+in+College+Courses&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25111144%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0093-3139&rft.aulast=Myrsiades&rft.aufirst=Kostas&rft.au=Pinsker%2C+Sanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25111144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrammall2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brammall, Sheldon (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/tal.2018.0339">"George Chapman: Homer's Iliad, edited by Robert S. Miola; Homer's Odyssey, edited by Gordon Kendal"</a>. <i>Translation and Literature</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Ftal.2018.0339">10.3366/tal.2018.0339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-1361">0968-1361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165293864">165293864</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231123237/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/tal.2018.0339">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Translation+and+Literature&rft.atitle=George+Chapman%3A+Homer%27s+Iliad%2C+edited+by+Robert+S.+Miola%3B+Homer%27s+Odyssey%2C+edited+by+Gordon+Kendal&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165293864%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0968-1361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Ftal.2018.0339&rft.aulast=Brammall&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euppublishing.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3366%2Ftal.2018.0339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarlborough.)1814" class="citation book cs1">Marlborough.), George Spencer Churchill (Duke of (1814). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIO3q3xx7n8C&dq=Arthur+Hall+odyssey&pg=RA3-PA11"><i>Bibliotheca Blandfordiensis. [A Catalogue.] 9 Fasc. (Catalogus Librorum Qui Bibliothecae Blandfordiensis Nuper Additi Sunt. 1814.)</i></a>. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813013148/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIO3q3xx7n8C&dq=Arthur+Hall+odyssey&pg=RA3-PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Blandfordiensis.+%5BA+Catalogue.%5D+9+Fasc.+%28Catalogus+Librorum+Qui+Bibliothecae+Blandfordiensis+Nuper+Additi+Sunt.+1814.%29.&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1814&rft.aulast=Marlborough.%29&rft.aufirst=George+Spencer+Churchill+%28Duke+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZIO3q3xx7n8C%26dq%3DArthur%2BHall%2Bodyssey%26pg%3DRA3-PA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraftonMostSettis2010" class="citation book cs1">Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (25 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC"><i>The Classical Tradition</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Most%2C+Glenn+W.&rft.au=Settis%2C+Salvatore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbqF8z2bq3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaines2000" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48139753"><i>The Complete Critical Guide to Alexander Pope</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-16993-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-16993-X"><bdi>0-203-16993-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48139753">48139753</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524071911/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48139753">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Critical+Guide+to+Alexander+Pope&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48139753&rft.isbn=0-203-16993-X&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F48139753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2017-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2017_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2017_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2017" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Emily (7 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/07/women-classics-translation-female-scholars-translators">"Found in Translation: How Women are Making the Classics Their Own"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729234906/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/07/women-classics-translation-female-scholars-translators">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Found+in+Translation%3A+How+Women+are+Making+the+Classics+Their+Own&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2017%2Fjul%2F07%2Fwomen-classics-translation-female-scholars-translators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201886-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201886_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201886_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Wilson, Emily (8 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-translators-reckoning-with-the-women-of-the-odyssey">"A Translator's Reckoning With the Women of The Odyssey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806144049/https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-translators-reckoning-with-the-women-of-the-odyssey">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=A+Translator%27s+Reckoning+With+the+Women+of+The+Odyssey&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Fpage-turner%2Fa-translators-reckoning-with-the-women-of-the-odyssey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sindbad-the-Sailor">"Sinbad the Sailor"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Brittanica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Brittanica&rft.atitle=Sinbad+the+Sailor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSindbad-the-Sailor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton1885" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Richard (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia801607.us.archive.org/34/items/arabiantranslat06burtuoft/arabiantranslat06burtuoft.pdf"><i>The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night Volume VI</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Burton Club; Oxford. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Thousand+Nights+and+a+Night+Volume+VI&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=The+Burton+Club%3B+Oxford&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia801607.us.archive.org%2F34%2Fitems%2Farabiantranslat06burtuoft%2Farabiantranslat06burtuoft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman193945-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman193945_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaurretche200529-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaurretche200529_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaurretche2005">Jaurretche 2005</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrabble1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1995). "Ulysses". <i>The Oxford Companion to English Literature</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 1023. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866221-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866221-1"><bdi>978-0-19-866221-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ulysses&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+English+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1023&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866221-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes2005p._17,_"First_of_all,_Joyce_did_own_and_read_Homer_in_the_original_Greek,_but_his_expertise_was_so_minimal_that_he_cannot_justly_be_said_to_have_known_Homer_in_the_original._Any_typical_young_classical_scholar_in_the_second_year_of_studying_Greek_would_already_possess_more_faculty_with_Homer_than_Joyce_ever_managed_to_achieve."-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes2005p._17,_"First_of_all,_Joyce_did_own_and_read_Homer_in_the_original_Greek,_but_his_expertise_was_so_minimal_that_he_cannot_justly_be_said_to_have_known_Homer_in_the_original._Any_typical_young_classical_scholar_in_the_second_year_of_studying_Greek_would_already_possess_more_faculty_with_Homer_than_Joyce_ever_managed_to_achieve."_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes2005">Ames 2005</a>, p. 17, "First of all, Joyce did own and read Homer in the original Greek, but his expertise was so minimal that he cannot justly be said to have known Homer in the original. Any typical young classical scholar in the second year of studying Greek would already possess more faculty with Homer than Joyce ever managed to achieve.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1992" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Linda R., ed. (1992). <i>The Bloomsbury Guides to English Literature: The Twentieth Century</i>. London: Bloomsbury. pp. <span class="nowrap">108–</span>109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Guides+to+English+Literature%3A+The+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeard2005" class="citation news cs1">Beard, Mary (28 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/29/highereducation.classics">"Review: Helen of Troy | Weight | The Penelopiad | Songs on Bronze"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326055559/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/29/highereducation.classics">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Helen+of+Troy+%7C+Weight+%7C+The+Penelopiad+%7C+Songs+on+Bronze&rft.date=2005-10-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2005%2Foct%2F29%2Fhighereducation.classics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/margaret-atwood-a-personal-odyssey-and-how-she-rewrote-homer-322675.html">"Margaret Atwood: A personal odyssey and how she rewrote Homer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 28 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707112443/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/margaret-atwood-a-personal-odyssey-and-how-she-rewrote-homer-322675.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Margaret+Atwood%3A+A+personal+odyssey+and+how+she+rewrote+Homer&rft.date=2005-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Ffeatures%2Fmargaret-atwood-a-personal-odyssey-and-how-she-rewrote-homer-322675.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/21/circe-by-madeline-miller-review">"Circe by Madeline Miller review – myth, magic and single motherhood"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 21 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614111203/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/21/circe-by-madeline-miller-review">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Circe+by+Madeline+Miller+review+%E2%80%93+myth%2C+magic+and+single+motherhood&rft.date=2018-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Fapr%2F21%2Fcirce-by-madeline-miller-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/04/15/602605359/circe-gets-a-new-motivation">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Circe' Gets A New Motivation"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425180413/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/15/602605359/circe-gets-a-new-motivation">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27Circe%27+Gets+A+New+Motivation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F04%2F15%2F602605359%2Fcirce-gets-a-new-motivation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMessud2018" class="citation news cs1">Messud, Claire (28 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/28/books/review/circe-madeline-miller.html">"December's Book Club Pick: Turning Circe Into a Good Witch (Published 2018)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906104718/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/28/books/review/circe-madeline-miller.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=December%27s+Book+Club+Pick%3A+Turning+Circe+Into+a+Good+Witch+%28Published+2018%29&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Messud&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F28%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fcirce-madeline-miller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuzzi2020" class="citation book cs1">Luzzi, Joseph (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EKPODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Italian Cinema from the Silent Screen to the Digital Image</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441195616" title="Special:BookSources/9781441195616"><bdi>9781441195616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Cinema+from+the+Silent+Screen+to+the+Digital+Image&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781441195616&rft.aulast=Luzzi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKPODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonHerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Wendy S.; Herman, Gerald H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wR1ru604KPYC&pg=PA3"><i>World History On The Screen: Film And Video Resources:grade 10–12</i></a>. Walch Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8251-4615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8251-4615-2"><bdi>978-0-8251-4615-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105061127/https://books.google.com/books?id=wR1ru604KPYC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+On+The+Screen%3A+Film+And+Video+Resources%3Agrade+10%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Walch+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8251-4615-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Wendy+S.&rft.au=Herman%2C+Gerald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwR1ru604KPYC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarcia_MorcilloHanesworthLapeña_Marchena2015" class="citation book cs1">Garcia Morcillo, Marta; Hanesworth, Pauline; Lapeña Marchena, Óscar (11 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DaugBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA139"><i>Imagining Ancient Cities in Film: From Babylon to Cinecittà</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-01317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-01317-2"><bdi>978-1-135-01317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Ancient+Cities+in+Film%3A+From+Babylon+to+Cinecitt%C3%A0&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.isbn=978-1-135-01317-2&rft.aulast=Garcia+Morcillo&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Hanesworth%2C+Pauline&rft.au=Lape%C3%B1a+Marchena%2C+%C3%93scar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDaugBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omc.obta.al.uw.edu.pl/myth-survey/item/343">"Ulysses 31 [Ulysse 31]"</a>. <i>Our Mythical Childhood Survey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Mythical+Childhood+Survey&rft.atitle=Ulysses+31+%5BUlysse+31%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fomc.obta.al.uw.edu.pl%2Fmyth-survey%2Fitem%2F343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLapeña_Marchena2018" class="citation book cs1">Lapeña Marchena, Óscar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N78-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">"Ulysses in the Cinema: The Example of <i>Nostos, il ritorno</i> (Franco Piavoli, Italy, 1990)"</a>. In Rovira Guardiola, Rosario (ed.). <i>The Ancient Mediterranean Sea in Modern Visual and Performing Arts: Sailing in Troubled Waters</i>. Imagines – Classical Receptions in the Visual and Performing Arts. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-9859-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-9859-9"><bdi>978-1-4742-9859-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ulysses+in+the+Cinema%3A+The+Example+of+Nostos%2C+il+ritorno+%28Franco+Piavoli%2C+Italy%2C+1990%29&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Mediterranean+Sea+in+Modern+Visual+and+Performing+Arts%3A+Sailing+in+Troubled+Waters&rft.place=London&rft.series=Imagines+%E2%80%93+Classical+Receptions+in+the+Visual+and+Performing+Arts&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-9859-9&rft.aulast=Lape%C3%B1a+Marchena&rft.aufirst=%C3%93scar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN78-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Classical_Tradition-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Classical_Tradition_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraftonMostSettis2010" class="citation book cs1">Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (2010). <i>The Classical Tradition</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 653. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=653&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Most%2C+Glenn+W.&rft.au=Settis%2C+Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman2005267-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoman2005267_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoman2005">Roman 2005</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Siegel, Janice (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/247584">"The Coens' O Brother, Where Art Thou? and Homer's Odyssey"</a>. <i>Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmou.0.0029">10.1353/mou.0.0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1913-5416">1913-5416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163006295">163006295</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806081425/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/247584">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mouseion%3A+Journal+of+the+Classical+Association+of+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Coens%27+O+Brother%2C+Where+Art+Thou%3F+and+Homer%27s+Odyssey&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163006295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1913-5416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmou.0.0029&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F247584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRavindran2023" class="citation web cs1">Ravindran, Manori (28 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2022/film/global/juliette-binoche-ralph-fiennes-the-return-pasolini-1235243530">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'English Patient' Stars Juliette Binoche, Ralph Fiennes Will Reunite in 'The Return,' a Gritty Take on 'The Odyssey'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216174050/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/juliette-binoche-ralph-fiennes-the-return-pasolini-1235243530/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27English+Patient%27+Stars+Juliette+Binoche%2C+Ralph+Fiennes+Will+Reunite+in+%27The+Return%2C%27+a+Gritty+Take+on+%27The+Odyssey%27&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft.aulast=Ravindran&rft.aufirst=Manori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2022%2Ffilm%2Fglobal%2Fjuliette-binoche-ralph-fiennes-the-return-pasolini-1235243530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrobar2024" class="citation web cs1">Grobar, Matt (23 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2024/12/christopher-nolan-the-odyssey-confirmed-directors-new-film-universal-1236241340/">"Christopher Nolan's Next Film Is An Adaptation Of Homer's 'The Odyssey,' Universal Reveals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241223222535/https://deadline.com/2024/12/christopher-nolan-the-odyssey-confirmed-directors-new-film-universal-1236241340/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Christopher+Nolan%27s+Next+Film+Is+An+Adaptation+Of+Homer%27s+%27The+Odyssey%2C%27+Universal+Reveals&rft.date=2024-12-23&rft.aulast=Grobar&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2024%2F12%2Fchristopher-nolan-the-odyssey-confirmed-directors-new-film-universal-1236241340%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2007/03/23/9078832/monteverdis-the-return-of-ulysses">"Monteverdi's 'The Return of Ulysses'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. 23 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131808/http://www.npr.org/2007/03/23/9078832/monteverdis-the-return-of-ulysses">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Monteverdi%27s+%27The+Return+of+Ulysses%27&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2007%2F03%2F23%2F9078832%2Fmonteverdis-the-return-of-ulysses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffel-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffel_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffel2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ross_Griffel" title="Margaret Ross Griffel">Griffel, Margaret Ross</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA448">"Sirenen"</a>. <i>Operas in German: A Dictionary</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4797-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4797-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-4797-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813013154/https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA448">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sirenen&rft.btitle=Operas+in+German%3A+A+Dictionary&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4797-0&rft.aulast=Griffel&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-xEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alfred.com/the-iliad-from-the-odyssey-symphony-no-2/p/00-BDM00052/">"The Iliad (from The Odyssey (Symphony No. 2))"</a>. <i>www.alfred.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808130104/https://www.alfred.com/the-iliad-from-the-odyssey-symphony-no-2/p/00-BDM00052/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alfred.com&rft.atitle=The+Iliad+%28from+The+Odyssey+%28Symphony+No.+2%29%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfred.com%2Fthe-iliad-from-the-odyssey-symphony-no-2%2Fp%2F00-BDM00052%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeMoal-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeMoal_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12005041/f629">Entrée <i>Ulysse</i></a>, Philippe Le Moal, <i>Dictionnaire de la danse</i> (in French), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Larousse" title="Éditions Larousse">éditions Larousse</a>, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2035113180" title="Special:BookSources/2035113180">2035113180</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RomaEuropa-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RomaEuropa_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romaeuropa.net/archivio/eventi/ulysse/stile.html"><i>Esiste uno stile Gallotta ?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070401213110/http://www.romaeuropa.net/archivio/eventi/ulysse/stile.html">Archived</a> 1 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Marinella Guatterini in 1994 on Romaeuropa's website (in Italian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troy_Saga-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Troy_Saga_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitz" class="citation web cs1">Rabinowitz, Chloe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/EPIC-THE-TROY-SAGA-Passes-3-Million-Streams-in-First-Week-of-Release-20230104">"Epic: The Troy Saga Passes 3 Million Streams in First Week of Release"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BroadwayWorld" title="BroadwayWorld">BroadwayWorld</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241113012848/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/EPIC-THE-TROY-SAGA-Passes-3-Million-Streams-in-First-Week-of-Release-20230104">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BroadwayWorld&rft.atitle=Epic%3A+The+Troy+Saga+Passes+3+Million+Streams+in+First+Week+of+Release&rft.aulast=Rabinowitz&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Farticle%2FEPIC-THE-TROY-SAGA-Passes-3-Million-Streams-in-First-Week-of-Release-20230104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Music_Review-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Music_Review_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon" class="citation web cs1">McKinnon, Madeline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndsuspectrum.com/music-review-epic-the-musical/">"Music Review: 'Epic: The Musical'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Spectrum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241109021335/https://ndsuspectrum.com/music-review-epic-the-musical/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Music+Review%3A+%27Epic%3A+The+Musical%27&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndsuspectrum.com%2Fmusic-review-epic-the-musical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Achilles-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Achilles_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shay, Jonathan. <i>Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character.</i> Scribner, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81321-9">978-0-684-81321-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odysseus-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Odysseus_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shay, Jonathan. <i>Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming.</i> New York: Scribner, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1157-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1157-4">978-0-7432-1157-4</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmes2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ames, Keri Elizabeth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44871207">"Joyce's Aesthetic of the Double Negative and His Encounters with Homer's "Odyssey"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>European Joyce Studies</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0923-9855">0923-9855</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44871207">44871207</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331013718/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44871207">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Joyce+Studies&rft.atitle=Joyce%27s+Aesthetic+of+the+Double+Negative+and+His+Encounters+with+Homer%27s+%22Odyssey%22&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44871207%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0923-9855&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Keri+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44871207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Graham (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2DAAlUrbBIC"><i>Fairytale in the Ancient World</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23702-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23702-4"><bdi>978-0-415-23702-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairytale+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23702-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2DAAlUrbBIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonifazi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bonifazi, Anna (Winter 2009). "Inquiring into Nostos and Its Cognates". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Philology" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of Philology">The American Journal of Philology</a></i>. <b>130</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">481–</span>510. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20616206">20616206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Inquiring+into+Nostos+and+Its+Cognates&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E510&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20616206%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft.aulast=Bonifazi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning_(Byzantinist)" title="Robert Browning (Byzantinist)">Browning, Robert</a> (1992). "The Byzantines and Homer". In Lamberton, Robert; Keaney, John J. (eds.). <i>Homer's Ancient Readers: The Hermeneutics of Greek Epic's Earliest Exegetes</i>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6916-5627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6916-5627-4"><bdi>978-0-6916-5627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Byzantines+and+Homer&rft.btitle=Homer%27s+Ancient+Readers%3A+The+Hermeneutics+of+Greek+Epic%27s+Earliest+Exegetes&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-6916-5627-4&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCairns2014" class="citation book cs1">Cairns, Douglas (2014). <i>Defining Greek Narrative</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8010-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8010-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-8010-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Greek+Narrative&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8010-8&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarne-Ross1998" class="citation book cs1">Carne-Ross, D. S. (1998). "The Poem of Odysseus". <i>The Odyssey</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald" title="Robert Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald, Robert</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52574-3"><bdi>978-0-374-52574-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Poem+of+Odysseus&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-374-52574-3&rft.aulast=Carne-Ross&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavison1955" class="citation journal cs1">Davison, J. A. (1955). "Peisistratus and Homer". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>86</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283605">10.2307/283605</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9711">0065-9711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283605">283605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Peisistratus+and+Homer&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0065-9711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283605%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283605&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1992" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Mark W. (1992). "Homer and the Oral Tradition". <i><a href="/wiki/Oral_Tradition_(journal)" title="Oral Tradition (journal)">Oral Tradition</a></i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">284–</span>330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+Tradition&rft.atitle=Homer+and+the+Oral+Tradition&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFay1952" class="citation journal cs1">Fay, H. C. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/640882">"George Chapman's Translation of Homer's 'iliad'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Greece & Rome</i>. <b>21</b> (63): <span class="nowrap">104–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500011578">10.1017/S0017383500011578</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-3835">0017-3835</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/640882">640882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161366016">161366016</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231005736/https://www.jstor.org/stable/640882">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=George+Chapman%27s+Translation+of+Homer%27s+%27iliad%27&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=63&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=1952&rft.issn=0017-3835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161366016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F640882%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500011578&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F640882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinley1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Finley, Moses</a> (1976). <i>The World of Odysseus</i> (revised ed.). New York: Viking Compass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Odysseus&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Viking+Compass&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, John Miles (Spring 2007). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Reading" Homer through Oral Tradition". <i>College Literature</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-3139">0093-3139</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25115419">25115419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Literature&rft.atitle=%22Reading%22+Homer+through+Oral+Tradition&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25115419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0093-3139&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=John+Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Fox, Robin Lane</a> (2008). "Finding Neverland". <i>Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Finding+Neverland&rft.btitle=Travelling+Heroes+in+the+Epic+Age+of+Homer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGorman1939" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Herbert Sherman (1939). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/"><i>James Joyce</i></a></span>. Rinehart. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035888158">1035888158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce&rft.pub=Rinehart&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035888158&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyce00gorm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHainsworth1972" class="citation journal cs1">Hainsworth, J. B. (December 1972). "The Odyssey – Agathe Thornton: People and Themes in Homer's Odyssey. Pp. xv+163. London: Methuen, 1970. Cloth, £2·40". <i>The Classical Review</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009840x00996720">10.1017/s0009840x00996720</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-840X">0009-840X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163047986">163047986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Odyssey+%E2%80%93+Agathe+Thornton%3A+People+and+Themes+in+Homer%27s+Odyssey.+Pp.+xv%2B163.+London%3A+Methuen%2C+1970.+Cloth%2C+%C2%A32%C2%B740.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=1972-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163047986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-840X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009840x00996720&rft.aulast=Hainsworth&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2008" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Edith (2008). <i>The Return of Ulysses: A Cultural History of Homer's Odyssey</i>. New York: I. B. Tauris & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-575-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-575-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-575-3</bdi></a>. <q>The two Homeric epics formed the basis of the education of every- one in ancient Mediterranean society from at least the seventh century BCE; that curriculum was in turn adopted by Western humanists</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Ulysses%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Homer%27s+Odyssey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-575-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Edith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaslam1976" class="citation journal cs1">Haslam, M. W. (1976). "Homeric Words and Homeric Metre: Two Doublets Examined (λείβω/εϊβω, γαΐα/αία)". <i>Glotta</i>. <b>54</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-1298">0017-1298</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40266365">40266365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glotta&rft.atitle=Homeric+Words+and+Homeric+Metre%3A+Two+Doublets+Examined+%28%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B2%CF%89%2F%CE%B5%CF%8A%CE%B2%CF%89%2C+%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%90%CE%B1%2F%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%29&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40266365%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0017-1298&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomer1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> (1975) [8th century BCE]. <i>The Odyssey of Homer</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Lattimore" title="Richmond Lattimore">Lattimore, Richmond</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Row</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey+of+Homer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaurretche2005" class="citation book cs1">Jaurretche, Colleen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__8cwVnwFEoC&pg=PA29"><i>Beckett, Joyce and the art of the negative</i></a>. European Joyce studies. Vol. 16. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1617-0"><bdi>978-90-420-1617-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beckett%2C+Joyce+and+the+art+of+the+negative&rft.series=European+Joyce+studies&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-420-1617-0&rft.aulast=Jaurretche&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__8cwVnwFEoC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1996" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Peter V. (1996). <i>Homer's Odyssey: A Companion to the English Translation of Richmond Lattimore</i>. Classical studies series (Repr ed.). Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85399-038-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85399-038-0"><bdi>978-1-85399-038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%27s+Odyssey%3A+A+Companion+to+the+English+Translation+of+Richmond+Lattimore&rft.place=Bristol&rft.series=Classical+studies+series&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85399-038-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Peter+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenner1971" class="citation book cs1">Kenner, Hugh (1971). <i>The Pound Era</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pound+Era&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Kenner&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKundmueller2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kundmueller, Michelle (2013). "Following Odysseus Home: an Exploration of the Politics of Honor and Family in the Iliad, Odyssey, and Plato's Republic". <i>American Political Science</i>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2301247">2301247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Following+Odysseus+Home%3A+an+Exploration+of+the+Politics+of+Honor+and+Family+in+the+Iliad%2C+Odyssey%2C+and+Plato%27s+Republic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2301247%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Kundmueller&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamberton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Lamberton" title="Robert D. Lamberton">Lamberton, Robert</a> (2010). "Homer". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, Glenn W.</a>; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). <i>The Classical Tradition</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homer&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Lamberton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLattimore1951" class="citation book cs1">Lattimore, Richmond (1951). <i>The Iliad of Homer</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad+of+Homer&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=Richmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayor2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Mayor, Adrienne</a> (2000). <i>The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times</i>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Fossil+Hunters%3A+Paleontology+in+Greek+and+Roman+Times&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMost1989" class="citation journal cs1">Most, Glenn W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/284257">"The Structure and Function of Odysseus' Apologoi"</a>. <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>119</b>: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F284257">10.2307/284257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5949">0360-5949</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/284257">284257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Structure+and+Function+of+Odysseus%27+Apologoi&rft.volume=119&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0360-5949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F284257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F284257&rft.aulast=Most&rft.aufirst=Glenn+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F284257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyrsiades2019" class="citation book cs1">Myrsiades, Kostas (2019). <i>Reading Homer's Odyssey</i>. New Brunswick: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68448-136-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68448-136-1"><bdi>978-1-68448-136-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Homer%27s+Odyssey&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-68448-136-1&rft.aulast=Myrsiades&rft.aufirst=Kostas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020" class="citation book cs1">Pache, Corinne Ondine; Dué, Casey; Lupack, Susan; Lamberton, Robert, eds. (5 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139225649/type/book"><i>The Cambridge Guide to Homer</i></a> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139225649">10.1017/9781139225649</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-22564-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-22564-9"><bdi>978-1-139-22564-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Homer&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139225649&rft.isbn=978-1-139-22564-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781139225649%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReece1993" class="citation book cs1">Reece, Steve (1993). <i>The Stranger's Welcome: Oral Theory and the Aesthetics of the Homeric Hospitality Scene</i>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stranger%27s+Welcome%3A+Oral+Theory+and+the+Aesthetics+of+the+Homeric+Hospitality+Scene&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoman2005" class="citation book cs1">Roman, James W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8AqrjoCueUC&pg=PA267"><i>From Daytime to Primetime: The History of American Television Programs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31972-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31972-3"><bdi>978-0-313-31972-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Daytime+to+Primetime%3A+The+History+of+American+Television+Programs&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31972-3&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8AqrjoCueUC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuskin1868" class="citation book cs1">Ruskin, John (1868). <i>The Mystery of Life and its Arts</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+Life+and+its+Arts&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Ruskin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThornton1970" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Agathe (1970). <i>People and Themes in Homer's Odyssey</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Themes+in+Homer%27s+Odyssey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Agathe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1976" class="citation journal cs1">Watkins, Calvert (1976). "Observations on the "Nestor's Cup" Inscription". <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>. <b>80</b>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F311231">10.2307/311231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0073-0688">0073-0688</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311231">311231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+%22Nestor%27s+Cup%22+Inscription&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0073-0688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F311231&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin</a> (1997). <i>The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+Face+of+Helicon%3A+West+Asiatic+Elements+in+Greek+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillcock2007" class="citation book cs1">Willcock, Malcolm L. (2007) [1976]. <i>A Companion to The Iliad: Based on the Translation by Richard Lattimore</i>. New York: Phoenix Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89855-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89855-1"><bdi>978-0-226-89855-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+The+Iliad%3A+Based+on+the+Translation+by+Richard+Lattimore&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Phoenix+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-89855-1&rft.aulast=Willcock&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2018" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Emily (2018). "Introduction: When Was The Odyssey Composed?". <i>The Odyssey</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08905-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08905-9"><bdi>978-0-393-08905-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+When+Was+The+Odyssey+Composed%3F&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08905-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdyssey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/49324">The Authoress of the Odyssey by Samuel Butler</a></li> <li>Austin, N. 1975. <i>Archery at the Dark of the Moon: Poetic Problems in Homer's Odyssey.</i> Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</li> <li>Clayton, B. 2004. <i>A Penelopean Poetics: Reweaving the Feminine in Homer's Odyssey.</i> Lanham: <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>.</li> <li>— 2011. "Polyphemus and Odysseus in the Nursery: Mother's Milk in the Cyclopeia." <i><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(journal)" title="Arethusa (journal)">Arethusa</a></i> 44(3):255–77.</li> <li>Bakker, E. J. 2013. <i>The Meaning of Meat and the Structure of the Odyssey.</i> Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li> <li>Barnouw, J. 2004. <i>Odysseus, Hero of Practical Intelligence. Deliberation and Signs in Homer's Odyssey.</i> Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>.</li> <li>Dougherty, C. 2001. <i>The Raft of Odysseus: The Ethnographic Imagination of Homer's Odyssey.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li>Fenik, B. 1974. <i>Studies in the Odyssey.</i> <i>Hermes: Einzelschriften</i> 30. Wiesbaden, West Germany: F. Steiner.</li> <li>Griffin, J. 1987. <i>Homer: The Odyssey. Landmarks in World Literature</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Louden, B. 2011. <i>Homer's Odyssey and the Near East.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>— 1999. <i>The Odyssey: Structure, Narration and Meaning.</i> Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>.</li> <li>Müller, W. G. 2015. "From Homer's Odyssey to Joyce's Ulysses: Theory and Practice of an Ethical Narratology." <i><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(magazine)" title="Arcadia (magazine)">Arcadia</a></i> 50(1):9–36.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAria_Perpiny%C3%A0" title="Núria Perpinyà">Perpinyà, Núria</a>. 2008. <i>Las criptas de la crítica. Veinte lecturas de la Odisea</i> [The Crypts of Criticism: Twenty Interpretations of the 'Odyssey']. Madrid: Gredos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcultural.com/Las-criptas-de-la-critica-20-interpretaciones-de-la-Odisea">Lay summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618222558/https://elcultural.com/Las-criptas-de-la-critica-20-interpretaciones-de-la-Odisea">Archived</a> 18 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> via El Cultural (in Spanish).</li> <li>Reece, Steve. 2011. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30640650/Toward_an_Ethnopoetically_Grounded_Edition_of_Homers_Odyssey">Toward an Ethnopoetically Grounded Edition of Homer's Odyssey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101220802/https://www.academia.edu/30640650/Toward_an_Ethnopoetically_Grounded_Edition_of_Homers_Odyssey">Archived</a> 1 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Oral_Tradition_(journal)" title="Oral Tradition (journal)">Oral Tradition</a></i> 26:299–326.</li> <li>Saïd, S. 2011 [1998].. <i>Homer and the Odyssey</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Thurman" title="Judith Thurman">Thurman, Judith</a>, "Mother Tongue: Emily Wilson makes Homer modern", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, 18 September 2023, pp. 46–53. A biography, and presentation of the <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> theories and practices, of <a href="/wiki/Emily_Wilson_(classicist)" title="Emily Wilson (classicist)">Emily Wilson</a>. "'As a translator, I was determined to make the whole human experience of the poems accessible,' Wilson said." (p. 47.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>The <i>Odyssey</i></b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Odyssey&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Odyssey">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Odyssey&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Odyssey_in_ancient_Greek">The <i>Odyssey</i> in ancient Greek</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135:book=1:card=1">The Odyssey</a></i> (in Ancient Greek) on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitbucket.org/ben-crowell/ransom/src/master/README.md"><i>Odyssey</i></a>: the Greek text presented with the translation by Butler and vocabulary, notes, and analysis of difficult grammatical forms</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations_2">English translations</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/homer/the-odyssey/william-cullen-bryant"><i>The Odyssey</i>, translated by William Cullen Bryant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/48895">The Odysseys of Homer, together with the shorter poems by Homer</a></i>, trans. by <a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/3160">The Odyssey</a></i>, trans. by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24269">The Odyssey</a></i>, trans. by <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/1728">The Odyssey</a></i>, trans. by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butcher_(classicist)" title="Samuel Butcher (classicist)">Samuel H. Butcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/1727">The Odyssey</a></i>, trans. by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)" title="Samuel Butler (novelist)">Samuel Butler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136:book=1:card=1">The Odyssey</a></i>, trans. by A. T. Murray (1919) on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnstoniatexts.x10host.com/homer/odysseytofc.html">Odyssey</a></i>, trans. by Ian Johnston (2002; released into the public domain January 2024)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_resources">Other resources</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Odyssey&author=HOMER&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Odyssey</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y297">BBC audio file</a> — <i>In our time</i> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> [discussion programme, 45 mins]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greekmythcomix.com/odyssey-comix/"><i>The Odyssey Comix</i></a> — A detailed retelling and explanation of Homer's <i>Odyssey</i> in comic-strip format by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greekmythcomix.com/">Greek Myth Comix</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.owleyes.org/text/odyssey">The Odyssey</a></i> — Annotated text and analyses aligned to <a href="/wiki/Common_Core_State_Standards_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Core State Standards Initiative">Common Core Standards</a></li> <li>"<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26275" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:26275">Homer's <i>Odyssey</i>: A Commentary</a>" by Denton Jaques Snider on <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/21px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/42px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Odyssey</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Odyssey" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Odyssey">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Odyssey" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Odyssey">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Odyssey" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Odyssey">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="extiw" title="s:The Odyssey">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="extiw" title="v:The Odyssey">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Homer&#039;s_Odyssey344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odyssey" title="Template:Odyssey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odyssey" title="Template talk:Odyssey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odyssey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odyssey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Homer&#039;s_Odyssey344" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odyssey</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Homeric_characters" title="List of Homeric characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctimene" title="Ctimene">Ctimene</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurycleia_of_Ithaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycleia of Ithaca">Eurycleia</a> (chief servant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentor_(Odyssey)" title="Mentor (Odyssey)">Mentor</a> (advisor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phemius" title="Phemius">Phemius</a> (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumaeus" title="Eumaeus">Eumaeus</a> (swineherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoetius" title="Philoetius">Philoetius</a> (cowherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthius_(Odyssey)" title="Melanthius (Odyssey)">Melanthius</a> (goatherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melantho_(Odyssey)" title="Melantho (Odyssey)">Melantho</a> (maid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a> (herald)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argos_(dog)" title="Argos (dog)">Argos</a> (pet dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other monarchs<br />and royals</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous" title="Alcinous">Alcinous</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Phaeacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretus" title="Aretus">Aretus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)"> Arete</a> of Phaeacia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Deucalion of Crete">Deucalion of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echetus" title="Echetus">Echetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echephron" title="Echephron">Echephron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(son_of_Nestor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus (son of Nestor)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratichus" title="Stratichus">Stratichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peisistratus_(Odyssey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratus (Odyssey)">Peisistratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a></li> <li>Princess <a href="/wiki/Nausicaa" title="Nausicaa">Nausicaa</a> of Phaeacia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodamas" title="Laodamas">Laodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentes_(King_of_the_Taphians)" title="Mentes (King of the Taphians)">Mentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymedes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasymedes (mythology)">Thrasymedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_the_Sea" title="Old Man of the Sea">Old Man of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope" title="Suitors of Penelope">Suitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agelaus" title="Agelaus">Agelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphimedon" title="Amphimedon">Amphimedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphinomus" title="Amphinomus">Amphinomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinous_of_Ithaca" title="Antinous of Ithaca">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesippus" title="Ctesippus">Ctesippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoptolemus" title="Demoptolemus">Demoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurymachus" title="Eurymachus">Eurymachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodes" title="Leodes">Leodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimedes" title="Perimedes">Perimedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlus" title="Anticlus">Anticlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphus" title="Antiphus">Antiphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(Odyssey_character)" title="Demodocus (Odyssey character)">Demodocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolius" title="Dolius">Dolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpenor" title="Elpenor">Elpenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupeithes" title="Eupeithes">Eupeithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryalus" title="Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurylochus" title="Eurylochus">Eurylochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halitherses" title="Halitherses">Halitherses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles#Hero_or_god" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaeus" title="Arnaeus">Irus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Kikonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaulius" title="Mesaulius">Mesaulius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(friend_of_Odysseus)" title="Polites (friend of Odysseus)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydamna" title="Polydamna">Polydamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey" title="Geography of the Odyssey">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeaea" title="Aeaea">Aeaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolia_(mythical_island)" title="Aeolia (mythical island)">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismarus_(Thrace)" title="Ismarus (Thrace)">Ismarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Scheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepylos" title="Telepylos">Telepylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrinacia">Thrinacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_scholarship" title="Homeric scholarship">Homeric scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Laughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Laughter">Homeric Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homeric Question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorizontes" title="Chorizontes">Chorizontes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgensen%27s_law" title="Jørgensen's law">Jørgensen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">Historicity of the Iliad</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_Unbound" title="Odysseus Unbound">Odysseus Unbound</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Homer's Ithaca</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cave_of_the_Nymphs_in_the_Odyssey" title="On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey">On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rediscovering_Homer" title="Rediscovering Homer">Rediscovering Homer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermoniakos%27_Iliad" title="Hermoniakos' Iliad">Hermoniakos' Iliad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer" title="Epithets in Homer">Epithets in Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Homer" title="On Translating Homer">On Translating Homer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(George_Chapman_translation)" title="Odyssey (George Chapman translation)">Chapman</a> (1614–1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Alexander_Pope_translation)" title="Odyssey (Alexander Pope translation)">Pope</a> (1725–1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Richmond_Lattimore_translation)" title="Odyssey (Richmond Lattimore translation)">Lattimore</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Emily_Wilson_translation)" title="Odyssey (Emily Wilson translation)">Wilson</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_Scylla_and_Charybdis" title="Between Scylla and Charybdis">Between Scylla and Charybdis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Odissea_(1911_film)" title="L'Odissea (1911 film)">L'Odissea</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(1954_film)" title="Ulysses (1954 film)">Ulysses</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Ringo" title="The Return of Ringo">The Return of Ringo</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostos:_The_Return" title="Nostos: The Return">Nostos: The Return</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses%27_Gaze" title="Ulysses' Gaze">Ulysses' Gaze</a></i> (1995 Greek)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sans_plomb_(film)" title="Sans plomb (film)">Sans plomb</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_(film)" title="Keyhole (film)">Keyhole</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_(2024_film)" title="The Return (2024 film)">The Return</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(2026_film)" title="The Odyssey (2026 film)">The Odyssey</a></i> (2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(1968_miniseries)" title="The Odyssey (1968 miniseries)">The Odyssey</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_31" title="Ulysses 31">Ulysses 31</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(1997_miniseries)" title="The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)">The Odyssey</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_Odyssey" title="Mission Odyssey">Mission Odyssey</a></i> (2002–2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_and_the_Isle_of_the_Mists" title="Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists">Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Odyssey" title="Star Trek: Odyssey">Star Trek: Odyssey</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prose fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_True_Story" title="A True Story">A True Story</a></i> (2nd century AD)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Aventures_de_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9maque" title="Les Aventures de Télémaque">Les Aventures de Télémaque</a></i> (1699)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Desire" title="The World's Desire">The World's Desire</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Comedy_(novel)" title="The Human Comedy (novel)">The Human Comedy</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Ithaca_(novel)" title="Return to Ithaca (novel)">Return to Ithaca</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Daughter" title="Homer's Daughter">Homer's Daughter</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Fish:_A_Novel_of_Mythic_Proportions" title="Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions">Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Penelopiad" title="The Penelopiad">The Penelopiad</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Books_of_the_Odyssey" title="The Lost Books of the Odyssey">The Lost Books of the Odyssey</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circe_(novel)" title="Circe (novel)">Circe</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/On_First_Looking_into_Chapman%27s_Homer" title="On First Looking into Chapman's Homer">On First Looking into Chapman's Homer</a>" (1816)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(poem)" title="Ulysses (poem)">Ulysses</a>" (1842)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(poem)" title="Ithaca (poem)">Ithaca</a>" (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey:_A_Modern_Sequel" title="The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel">The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cantos" title="The Cantos">The Cantos</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Operetta" title="Pagan Operetta">Pagan Operetta</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Current_Nobody" title="Current Nobody">Current Nobody</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ithaka_(play)" title="Ithaka (play)">Ithaka</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_ritorno_d%27Ulisse_in_patria" title="Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria">Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria</a></i> (opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Apple_(musical)" title="The Golden Apple (musical)">The Golden Apple</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glam_Slam_Ulysses" title="Glam Slam Ulysses">Glam Slam Ulysses</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Home_Sweet_Homer_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Sweet Homer (musical)">Home Sweet Homer</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus,_Verbrecher" title="Odysseus, Verbrecher">Odysseus, Verbrecher</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penelope_(Enda_Walsh_play)" title="Penelope (Enda Walsh play)">Penelope</a></i> (play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic:_The_Musical" title="Epic: The Musical">Epic: The Musical</a></i> (album series)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Brave_Ulysses" title="Tales of Brave Ulysses">Tales of Brave Ulysses</a>" (song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(album)" title="The Odyssey (album)">The Odyssey</a></i> (album)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jar_(pelike)_with_Odysseus_and_Elpenor" title="Jar (pelike) with Odysseus and Elpenor">Jar with Odysseus and Elpenor</a> (c. 440 B.C.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_on_the_Island_of_the_Phaecians" title="Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians">Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians</a></i> (c. 1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemachus_and_the_Nymphs_of_Calypso" title="Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso">Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso</a></i> (1782)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_of_Telemachus" title="The Sorrow of Telemachus">The Sorrow of Telemachus</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_at_the_Court_of_Alcinous" title="Odysseus at the Court of Alcinous">Odysseus at the Court of Alcinous</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Homer_(Ingres)" title="The Apotheosis of Homer (Ingres)">The Apotheosis of Homer</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Deriding_Polyphemus" title="Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus">Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sirens_and_Ulysses" title="The Sirens and Ulysses">The Sirens and Ulysses</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Ulysses" title="Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses">Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_and_the_Sirens_(Waterhouse)" title="Ulysses and the Sirens (Waterhouse)">Ulysses and the Sirens</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_and_Polyphemus_(B%C3%B6cklin)" title="Odysseus and Polyphemus (Böcklin)">Odysseus and Polyphemus</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_and_the_Sirens_(Draper)" title="Ulysses and the Sirens (Draper)">Ulysses and the Sirens</a></i> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey:_The_Search_for_Ulysses" title="Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses">Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_and_the_Amazing_Odyssey" title="Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey">Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Homer" title="Apotheosis of Homer">Apotheosis of Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekyia" title="Nekyia">Nekyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostos" title="Nostos">Nostos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outis" title="Outis">Outis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returns_from_Troy" title="Returns from Troy">Returns from Troy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemachy" title="Telemachy">Telemachy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Odyssey" title="Category:Odyssey">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_related_to_Homer_in_antiquity69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homer" title="Template:Homer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homer" title="Template talk:Homer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_related_to_Homer_in_antiquity69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works related to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> in antiquity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributed to Homer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batrachomyomachia" title="Batrachomyomachia">Batrachomyomachia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cercopes_(epic_poem)" title="Cercopes (epic poem)">Cercopes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Homer)" title="Epigrams (Homer)">Epigrams</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Kiln_(poem)" title="Kiln (poem)">Kiln</a>")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margites" title="Margites">Margites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oechalia" title="Capture of Oechalia">Capture of Oechalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phocais" title="Phocais">Phocais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/72px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/108px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/144px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About Homer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">Ancient accounts of Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contest_of_Homer_and_Hesiod" title="Contest of Homer and Hesiod">Contest of Homer and Hesiod</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Homer_(Pseudo-Herodotus)" title="Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)">Life of Homer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_epic_poems61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_epic_poems" title="Template:National epic poems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_epic_poems" title="Template talk:National epic poems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_epic_poems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National epic poems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_epic_poems61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epic poems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fierro" title="Martín Fierro">Martín Fierro</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/La_Araucana" title="La Araucana"><i>La Araucana</i>/<i>The Araucaniad</i></a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/O_Uraguai" title="O Uraguai">O Uraguai</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Caramuru_(epic_poem)" title="Caramuru (epic poem)">Caramuru</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_(poem)" title="Tabaré (poem)">Tabaré (poem)</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Sasna Dzrer</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Trai_Bhet" title="Trai Bhet">Trai Bhet</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Vepkhistkaosani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vepkhistkaosani">Vepkhistkaosani</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Epic of Manas</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Phra_Lak_Phra_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Lak Phra Lam">Phra Lak Phra Lam</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Hang_Tuah" title="Hikayat Hang Tuah">Hikayat Hang Tuah</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Sejarah Melayu</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">La Chanson de Roland</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odyssey</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Sziget" title="The Siege of Sziget">The Siege of Sziget</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis" title="Lāčplēsis">Lāčplēsis</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">The Tale of Igor's Campaign</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Sundiata" title="Epic of Sundiata">Sundiata</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epic_Cycle14" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epic_Cycle" title="Template:Epic Cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epic_Cycle" title="Template talk:Epic Cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epic_Cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epic Cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epic_Cycle14" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Stasinus" title="Stasinus">Stasinus</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arctinus_of_Miletus" title="Arctinus of Miletus">Arctinus of Miletus</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lesches" title="Lesches">Lesches</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Iliupersis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arctinus_of_Miletus" title="Arctinus of Miletus">Arctinus of Miletus</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Agias" title="Agias">Agias</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eumelus_of_Corinth" title="Eumelus of Corinth">Eumelus of Corinth</a>)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odyssey</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eugammon_of_Cyrene" title="Eugammon of Cyrene">Eugammon of Cyrene</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_religion_and_mythology60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_religion" title="Template:Greek religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_religion" title="Template talk:Greek religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_religion_and_mythology60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><div id="Religion_and_religious_practice158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a> and religious practice</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Main beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_accounts_of_Homer" title="Ancient accounts of Homer">Ancient accounts of Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">Apotheosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">Golden mean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Greek words for love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demigod#Classical" title="Demigod">Hemitheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katabasis" title="Katabasis">Katabasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleos" title="Kleos">Kleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Metamorphoses in Greek mythology">Metamorphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxography" title="Paradoxography">Paradoxography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-state_patron_gods" title="Greek city-state patron gods">Patron gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome:_theia_mania" title="Divine madness">Theia mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Texts / <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">odes</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Iliupersis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Theban Cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedipodea" title="Oedipodea">Oedipodea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thebaid_(Greek_poem)" title="Thebaid (Greek poem)">Thebaid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigoni_(epic)" title="Epigoni (epic)">Epigoni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcmeonis" title="Alcmeonis">Alcmeonis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretalogy" title="Aretalogy">Aretalogy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyranides" title="Cyranides">Cyranides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derveni_papyrus" title="Derveni papyrus">Derveni papyrus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Verses" title="Golden Verses"><i>Golden Verses</i> of Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Homerica">Homerica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_Dreams_(Antiphon)" title="Interpretation of Dreams (Antiphon)">Interpretation of Dreams</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneirocritica" title="Oneirocritica">Oneirocritica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Astrampsychi" title="Sortes Astrampsychi">Sortes Astrampsychi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">List of Mycenaean deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expressions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism#Classical_antiquity" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism#Hellenistic_religion" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism#Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Ancient_Greece" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Relationship with Greek philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism#Late_Antiquity" title="Western esotericism">Esoteric</a> systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy#Hellenistic_Egypt" title="Alchemy">Early alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretic</a> religions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend#Deified_Alexander" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Alexander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">Ptolemaic cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)#Religious_issues" title="Julian (emperor)">Religious views of emperor Julian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mystery religions<br />and sacred mysteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(region)" title="Arcadia (region)">Arcadian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbrian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries#Samothracian_Mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Samothracian Mysteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feraferia" title="Feraferia">Feraferia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship <br />/ rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotoi_Hieroi" title="Arotoi Hieroi">Arotoi Hieroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalomancy" title="Astragalomancy">Astragalomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptes" title="Baptes">Baptes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Artemis_at_Brauron" title="Cult of Artemis at Brauron">Cult of Artemis at Brauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daduchos" title="Daduchos">Daduchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Greco-Roman mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hero%C3%B6n" title="Heroön">Heroön</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">Hierophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">Hieros gamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hymns_in_ancient_Greek" title="Category:Hymns in ancient Greek">Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubation_(ritual)" title="Incubation (ritual)">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komos" title="Komos">Komos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekyia" title="Nekyia">Nekyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophagia" title="Omophagia">Omophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgia" title="Orgia">Orgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panegyris" title="Panegyris">Panegyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Ancient_Greece" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecatomb" title="Hecatomb">Hecatomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)#Greek_sacrifice" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Greece" title="Libation">Libation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakos" title="Pharmakos">Pharmakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_league" title="Amphictyonic league">Amphictyonic league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_basileus" title="Archon basileus">Archon basileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinna" title="Basilinna">Basilinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerarai" title="Gerarai">Gerarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiereia" title="Hiereia">Hiereia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophant" title="Hierophant">Hierophant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierophylakes" title="Hierophylakes">Hierophylakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatromantis" title="Iatromantis">Iatromantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanephoros" title="Kanephoros">Kanephoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystagogue" title="Mystagogue">Mystagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">Baetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture#Cult_images" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Cult image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">Chryselephantine sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">Xoanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_terracotta_figurines" title="Greek terracotta figurines">Greek terracotta figurines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernos" title="Kernos">Kernos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kykeon" title="Kykeon">Kykeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">Omphalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">Sacrificial tripod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceptre#Greco-Roman_world" title="Sceptre">Sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Magic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">Curse tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_divination" title="Greek divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy#Antiquity" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Greco-Roman_magic)" title="Philia (Greco-Roman magic)">Philia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals <br />/ feasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonia" title="Adonia">Adonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrionia" title="Agrionia">Agrionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apellai" title="Apellai">Apellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apaturia" title="Apaturia">Apaturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisia" title="Aphrodisia">Aphrodisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhephoria" title="Arrhephoria">Arrhephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascolia" title="Ascolia">Ascolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendidia" title="Bendidia">Bendidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boedromia" title="Boedromia">Boedromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brauron" title="Brauron">Brauronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphonia" title="Buphonia">Buphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Chalceia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meilichios" title="Meilichios">Diasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_(festival)" title="Delia (festival)">Delia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinia" title="Delphinia">Delphinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdysia" title="Ecdysia">Ecdysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphebolia" title="Elaphebolia">Elaphebolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelia" title="Gamelia">Gamelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halieia" title="Halieia">Halieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleia_(festival)" title="Heracleia (festival)">Heracleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaea_(festival)" title="Hermaea (festival)">Hermaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieromenia" title="Hieromenia">Hieromenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Leucophryna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykaia" title="Lykaia">Lykaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metageitnia" title="Metageitnia">Metageitnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichia_(festival)" title="Munichia (festival)">Munichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oschophoria" title="Oschophoria">Oschophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamboeotia" title="Pamboeotia">Pamboeotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(festival)" title="Pandia (festival)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plynteria" title="Plynteria">Plynteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaieia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaieia">Ptolemaieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyanopsia" title="Pyanopsia">Pyanopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skira" title="Skira">Skira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoikia" title="Synoikia">Synoikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(festival)" title="Soteria (festival)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauropolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauropolia">Tauropolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thargelia" title="Thargelia">Thargelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseia" title="Theseia">Theseia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">Agon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhieia" title="Rhieia">Rhieia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actia" title="Actia">Actia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuaries">sanctuaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepieion" title="Asclepieion">Asclepieion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinion" title="Delphinion">Delphinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithraeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panionium" title="Panionium">Panionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesterion" title="Telesterion">Telesterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis, Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oracles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphiareion_of_Oropos" title="Amphiareion of Oropos">Amphiareion of Oropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Oracle of Apollo Thyrxeus at Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptoion" title="Ptoion">Oracle of Apollo at Ptoion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island)" title="Ikaros (Failaka Island)">Oracle of Artemis at Ikaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Oracle of Menestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_the_Great_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of the Great Gods">Sanctuary of the Great Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegyra" title="Tegyra">Tegyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretea" title="Cretea">Cretea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida (Crete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lykaion" title="Mount Lykaion">Mount Lykaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus,_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Cave of Zeus, Aydın">Cave of Zeus, Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Pan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cave of Pan (disambiguation)">Caves of Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychro_Cave" title="Psychro Cave">Psychro Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vari_Cave" title="Vari Cave">Vari Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)" title="Snake Island (Ukraine)">Island of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Diomedes" title="Islands of Diomedes">Islands of Diomedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Springs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Spring" title="Castalian Spring">Castalian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrene" title="Hippocrene">Hippocrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierian_Spring" title="Pierian Spring">Pierian Spring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_sacred_ships" title="Athenian sacred ships">Athenian sacred ships</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralus_(ship)" title="Paralus (ship)">Paralus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salaminia" title="Salaminia">Salaminia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanathos" title="Kanathos">Kanathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Way" title="Sacred Way">Sacred Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0;"><div id="Myths_and_mythology245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Myths and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Greek_gods" title="Family tree of the Greek gods">Family tree</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(son_of_Crius)" title="Perses (son of Crius)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">River gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Love deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Erotes10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Himeros" title="Erotes">Himeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)"> Hymen/Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrestia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrestia">Adrestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecothoenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecothoenas">Gynaecothoenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_(goddess)" title="Ma (goddess)">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chthonic_deities" title="Chthonic deities">Chthonic deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Psychopomps15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_(mythology)" title="Angelos (mythology)">Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampad" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampad">Lampad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrhon" title="Darrhon">Darrhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sleep deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empusa" title="Empusa">Empusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiales" title="Epiales">Epiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Messenger deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trickster deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magic deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Other major deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas" title="Boreas">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azone" title="Azone">Azone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysaor" title="Chrysaor">Chrysaor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> (Furies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Heroes / <br />heroines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderus" title="Abderus">Abderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academus" title="Academus">Akademos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzyges" title="Bouzyges">Bouzyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus_of_Elis" title="Chrysippus of Elis">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamites" title="Cyamites">Cyamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Dioscuri</a> (Castor and Polydeuces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echetlus" title="Echetlus">Echetlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis_(mythology)" title="Eleusis (mythology)">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheus" title="Erechtheus">Erechtheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus_(hero)" title="Eunostus (hero)">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager" title="Meleager">Meleager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrera" title="Otrera">Otrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandion_(hero)" title="Pandion (hero)">Pandion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt#The_hunters" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigoni" title="Epigoni">Epigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_against_Thebes" title="Seven against Thebes">Seven against Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracles</a> <br />/ seers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesacus" title="Aesacus">Aesacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleuas" title="Aleuas">Aleuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphilochus_I_of_Argos" title="Amphilochus I of Argos">Amphilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyx" title="Ampyx">Ampyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anius" title="Anius">Anius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbolus" title="Asbolus">Asbolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakis" title="Bakis">Bakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchus" title="Branchus">Branchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnus" title="Carnus">Carnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia" title="Carya of Laconia">Carya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatus" title="Elatus">Elatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennomus" title="Ennomus">Ennomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halitherses" title="Halitherses">Halitherses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamus" title="Iamus">Iamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idmon" title="Idmon">Idmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_(mythology)" title="Manto (mythology)">Manto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampus" title="Melampus">Melampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsus" title="Mopsus">Mopsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichus" title="Munichus">Munichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyidus">Polyeidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypheides" title="Polypheides">Polypheides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Sibyl" title="Cimmerian Sibyl">Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Sibyl" title="Delphic Sibyl">Delphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl" title="Erythraean Sibyl">Erythraean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Sibyl" title="Hellespontine Sibyl">Hellespontine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sibyl" title="Libyan Sibyl">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sibyl" title="Persian Sibyl">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Sibyl" title="Phrygian Sibyl">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samian_Sibyl" title="Samian Sibyl">Samian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemus" title="Telemus">Telemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theiodamas" title="Theiodamas">Theiodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Other <br /> mortals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegeus" title="Aegeus">Aegeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegisthus" title="Aegisthus">Aegisthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeas" title="Augeas">Augeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(mother_of_Andromeda)" title="Cassiopeia (mother of Andromeda)">Cassiopeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creon_(king_of_Thebes)" title="Creon (king of Thebes)">Creon of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysothemis" title="Chrysothemis">Chrysothemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_(daughter_of_Lycomedes)" title="Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)">Deidamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra" title="Electra">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordias" title="Gordias">Gordias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Heracleidae" title="Heracleidae">Heracleidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)" title="Hermione (mythology)">Hermione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyta" title="Hippolyta">Hippolyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismene" title="Ismene">Ismene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocasta" title="Jocasta">Jocasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius" title="Laius">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapian shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Myrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Agenor)" title="Phoenix (son of Agenor)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybus_of_Corinth" title="Polybus of Corinth">Polybus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynices" title="Polynices">Polynices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylades" title="Pylades">Pylades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(mythology)" title="Pyrrha (mythology)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrances to <br /> the underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridanos_(river_of_Hades)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eridanos (river of Hades)">Eridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegethon" title="Phlegethon">Phlegethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes/swamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acherusia" title="Acherusia">Acherusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Avernus Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Matapan" title="Cape Matapan">Cape Matapan</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li>Cave at <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charoniums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li>Charonium at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion" title="Ploutonion">Ploutonion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li> <li>Ploutonion at <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploutonion_at_Hierapolis" title="Ploutonion at Hierapolis">Ploutonion at Hierapolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necromanteion (necromancy temple)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodel_Meadows" title="Asphodel Meadows">Fields of Asphodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Isles of the Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld#Mourning_Fields" title="Greek underworld">Mourning Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campe" title="Campe">Campe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AFdes" title="Danaïdes">Danaïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixion" title="Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocnus" title="Ocnus">Ocnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmoneus" title="Salmoneus">Salmoneus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Shades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titans (mythology)">Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityos" title="Tityos">Tityos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katabasis#Trip_into_the_underworld" title="Katabasis">Visitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirithous" title="Pirithous">Pirithous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols/objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bident" title="Bident">Bident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_invisibility" title="Cap of invisibility">Cap of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon%27s_obol" title="Charon's obol">Charon's obol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals, daemons, <br />and spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Acheron)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuthonymus" title="Ceuthonymus">Ceuthonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynomos_(daemon)" title="Eurynomos (daemon)">Eurynomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Mythical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="Lists of Greek mythological figures">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_creatures" title="List of Greek mythological creatures">Mythological creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mortals_in_Greek_mythology" title="List of mortals in Greek mythology">Mortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of minor Greek mythological figures">Minor figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trojan_War_characters" title="List of Trojan War characters">Trojan War characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (classical mythology)">Daemon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">Agathodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodemon" title="Cacodemon">Cacodaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaemon_(mythology)" title="Eudaemon (mythology)">Eudaemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts /<br /> creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaurides" title="Centaurides">Centaurides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyocentaur" title="Ichthyocentaur">Ichthyocentaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclops">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakaina_(mythology)" title="Drakaina (mythology)">Drakaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecatonchires" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecatonchires">Hecatonchires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrois">Horses of Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captured <br />/ slain by <br /> <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Calydonian boar">Calydonian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerynian_Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerynian Hind">Cerynian Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Bull" title="Cretan Bull">Cretan Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crommyonian_Sow" title="Crommyonian Sow">Crommyonian Sow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymanthian_boar" title="Erymanthian boar">Erymanthian boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkotauroi" title="Khalkotauroi">Khalkotauroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_of_Diomedes" title="Mares of Diomedes">Mares of Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthrus" title="Orthrus">Orthrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stymphalian_birds" title="Stymphalian birds">Stymphalian birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophage" title="Anthropophage">Anthropophagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebryces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Cicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curetes_(tribe)" title="Curetes (tribe)">Curetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (mythology)">Dactyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargareans" title="Gargareans">Gargareans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halizones" title="Halizones">Halizones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Korybantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapiths" title="Lapiths">Lapiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus-eaters" title="Lotus-eaters">Lotus-eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pygmy (Greek mythology)">Pygmies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telchines" title="Telchines">Telchines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places <br />/ Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(constellation)#History" title="Ara (constellation)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis#In_mythology" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erytheia" title="Erytheia">Erytheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismarus_(Thrace)" title="Ismarus (Thrace)">Ismarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya (mythology)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_(mythology)" title="Nysa (mythology)">Nysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaia_(island)" title="Panchaia (island)">Panchaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegra_(mythology)" title="Phlegra (mythology)">Phlegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Scheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplegades" title="Symplegades">Symplegades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrinacia">Thrinacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphne" title="Apollo and Daphne">Apollo and Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian boar hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Eros and Psyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" title="Labours of Hercules">Labours of Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_and_Eurydice" title="Orpheus and Eurydice">Orpheus and Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returns_from_Troy" title="Returns from Troy">Returns from Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">Amazonomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_War" title="Attic War">Attic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theomachy" title="Theomachy">Theomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamant" title="Adamant">Adamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">Aegis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_of_Discord" title="Apple of Discord">Apple of Discord</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(mythology)" title="Dragon's teeth (mythology)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diipetes" title="Diipetes">Diipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidolon" title="Eidolon">Eidolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdle_of_Aphrodite" title="Girdle of Aphrodite">Girdle of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">Golden apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordian knot">Gordian knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpe" title="Harpe">Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichor" title="Ichor">Ichor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth#Cretan_labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_tree" title="Lotus tree">Lotus tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moly_(herb)" title="Moly (herb)">Moly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace_of_Harmonia" title="Necklace of Harmonia">Necklace of Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum">Orichalcum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)" title="Panacea (medicine)">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_box" title="Pandora's box">Pandora's box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winged_helmet" title="Winged helmet">Winged helmet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria#The_Phaeacian_ships" title="Scheria">Phaeacian ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Achilles" title="Shield of Achilles">Shield of Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt_of_Nessus" title="Shirt of Nessus">Shirt of Nessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocles" title="Damocles">Sword of Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaria" title="Talaria">Talaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">Thyrsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_of_Poseidon" title="Trident of Poseidon">Trident of Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnowing_Oar" title="Winnowing Oar">Winnowing Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_fire" title="Wheel of fire">Wheel of fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">Kantharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic egg">Orphic egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">Owl of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">Swan song</a></li> <li>Wind <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_wind" title="East wind">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_wind" title="West wind">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_wind" title="North wind">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_wind" title="South wind">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;;width:1%">Modern<br />treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology_in_western_art_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical mythology in western art and literature">Classical mythology in western art and literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Greek mythology in popular culture">Greek mythology in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_understanding_of_Greek_mythology" title="Modern understanding of Greek mythology">Modern understanding of Greek mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35160#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2782" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35160#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2782" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35160#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/214278437">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316744766">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3634159478141327990008">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/440159478066127990006">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1571145424569486830999">5</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1356149/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4193022-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80008528">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120084354">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120084354">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="オデュッセイア"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00627042">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35204273">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2006372309&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2023655">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000318498&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=177640">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrv304z5hxf162">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810624559205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/10911">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007524335805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614377606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027271714">IdRef</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028201175">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/79ee2e07-0aa6-4755-ac20-64236ba7f7e1">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&oldid=1281342415">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&oldid=1281342415</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Odyssey" title="Category:Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_BC_books" title="Category:8th-century BC books">8th-century BC books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_BC_poems" title="Category:8th-century BC poems">8th-century BC poems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epic_Cycle" title="Category:Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nautical_fiction" title="Category:Nautical fiction">Nautical fiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_adapted_into_films" title="Category:Poems adapted into films">Poems adapted into films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_domain_books" title="Category:Public domain books">Public domain books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pigs_in_literature" title="Category:Pigs in literature">Pigs in literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sequels" title="Category:Sequels">Sequels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trojan_War_literature" title="Category:Trojan War literature">Trojan War literature</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2025">Use dmy dates from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_link_to_foreign-language_Wikisources" title="Category:Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources">Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 March 2025, at 20:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odyssey&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><i>Odyssey</i></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>124 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5c544ccb5b-ltxbx","wgBackendResponseTime":346,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.281","walltime":"2.793","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16118,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":670641,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":107831,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":358318,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2282.028 1 -total"," 22.42% 511.678 107 Template:Sfn"," 18.62% 424.927 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.60% 310.294 26 Template:Navbox"," 10.47% 238.949 1 Template:Infobox_poem"," 10.24% 233.725 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.01% 205.644 37 Template:Cite_book"," 7.72% 176.064 5 Template:Lang"," 7.39% 168.554 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 6.16% 140.472 14 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.384","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20541219,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAmes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaines2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonifazi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrammall2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCairns2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarne-Ross1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrabble1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFay1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia_MorcilloHanesworthLapeña_Marchena2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorman1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraftonMostSettis2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGriffel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrobar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHainsworth1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaslam1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaslam2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomer1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaurretche2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenner1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKundmueller2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamberton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapeña_Marchena2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattimore1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuzzi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarlborough.)1814\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayor2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessud2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMost1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyrsiades2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyrsiadesPinsker1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacheDuéLupackLamberton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinowitz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavindran2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReece1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuskin1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStableford2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagaris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillcock2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonHerman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZazzera2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"'s\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Epic Cycle\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Greek religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg book\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Homer\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox poem\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"National epic poems\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Odyssey navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"P.\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-protect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 107,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Translit\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","20.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","15.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","120","7.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.6"],["type","40","2.6"],["[others]","320","20.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5c544ccb5b-n4vtx","timestamp":"20250319201000","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Odyssey","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Odyssey","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35160","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35160","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-11T04:22:07Z","dateModified":"2025-03-19T20:09:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ea\/Fragment_Odyssee_2245_2.jpg","headline":"epic poem attributed to Homer"}</script> </body> </html>