CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Science fiction - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"033a534f-f811-4cf4-92f9-40f7ede41bc0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Science_fiction","wgTitle":"Science fiction","wgCurRevisionId":1274799328,"wgRevisionId":1274799328,"wgArticleId":26787,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from December 2019","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1: unfit URL","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB", "Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from January 2025","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Science fiction","Speculative fiction"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Science_fiction","wgRelevantArticleId":26787,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q24925","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Imagination_cover_December_1952.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1754"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Imagination_cover_December_1952.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1170"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="936"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Science fiction - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Science_fiction rootpage-Science_fiction skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Science+fiction" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Science+fiction" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Science+fiction" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Science+fiction" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Definitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Alternative terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Social influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_protest_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_protest_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 As protest literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_protest_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sense_of_wonder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sense_of_wonder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sense of wonder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sense_of_wonder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_fiction_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_fiction_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Science fiction studies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_fiction_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Science fiction studies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Science_fiction_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_merit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_merit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Literary merit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_merit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Community </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Community subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Authors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Conventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fandom_and_fanzines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fandom_and_fanzines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Fandom and fanzines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fandom_and_fanzines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 International examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Subgenres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Related genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Science fiction</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" > 107 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenskapsfiksie" title="Wetenskapsfiksie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wetenskapsfiksie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-Fiction" title="Science-Fiction – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Science-Fiction" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="خيال علمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيال علمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencia ficción – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ciencia ficción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1-%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6_(science_fiction)" title="Գիտա-երեւակայութիւն (science fiction) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիտա-երեւակայութիւն (science fiction)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কল্পবিজ্ঞান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কল্পবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencia ficción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciencia ficción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_fantastika" title="Elmi fantastika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elmi fantastika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="বিজ্ঞান কল্পকাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিজ্ঞান কল্পকাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho-ha%CC%8Dk_si%C3%A1u-soat" title="Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Навуковая фантастыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навуковая фантастыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Навуковая фантастыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Навуковая фантастыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="साइंस फिक्शन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साइंस फिक्शन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Научна фантастика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Научна фантастика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C4%8Dna_fantastika" title="Naučna fantastika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Naučna fantastika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiant-faltazi" title="Skiant-faltazi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skiant-faltazi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncia-ficci%C3%B3" title="Ciència-ficció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciència-ficció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddonias" title="Gwyddonias – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddonias" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تعاويد عيلمي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تعاويد عيلمي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-Fiction" title="Science-Fiction – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Science-Fiction" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadusulme" title="Teadusulme – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teadusulme" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Επιστημονική φαντασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστημονική φαντασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencia ficción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia ficción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencfikcio" title="Sciencfikcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sciencfikcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zientzia-fikzio" title="Zientzia-fikzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zientzia-fikzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="علمی-تخیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علمی-تخیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-fiction" title="Science-fiction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Science-fiction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficsean_eola%C3%ADochta" title="Ficsean eolaíochta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ficsean eolaíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-skeealaght_heanse" title="Far-skeealaght heanse – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Far-skeealaght heanse" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficsean-saidheans" title="Ficsean-saidheans – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ficsean-saidheans" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencia ficción – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciencia ficción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_(%EC%9E%A5%EB%A5%B4)" title="SF (장르) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SF (장르)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գիտական ֆանտաստիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիտական ֆանտաստիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="विज्ञान कथा साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विज्ञान कथा साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstvena_fantastika" title="Znanstvena fantastika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanstvena fantastika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cienco_fiktiva" title="Cienco fiktiva – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cienco fiktiva" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiksi_ilmiah" title="Fiksi ilmiah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fiksi ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_fictive" title="Scientia fictive – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scientia fictive" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientic_fiction" title="Scientic fiction – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Scientic fiction" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsindask%C3%A1ldskapur" title="Vísindaskáldskapur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vísindaskáldskapur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantascienza" title="Fantascienza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fantascienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מדע בדיוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדע בדיוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiksi_sains" title="Fiksi sains – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fiksi sains" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სამეცნიერო ფანტასტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამეცნიერო ფანტასტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ғылыми фантастика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғылыми фантастика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugieth_Skiensel" title="Fugieth Skiensel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fugieth Skiensel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunilizi_ya_kisayansi" title="Bunilizi ya kisayansi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bunilizi ya kisayansi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honaka_zanist%C3%AE" title="Honaka zanistî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Honaka zanistî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Илимий фантастика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Илимий фантастика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictio_scientifica" title="Fictio scientifica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fictio scientifica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81tnisk%C4%81_fantastika" title="Zinātniskā fantastika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zinātniskā fantastika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-Fiction" title="Science-Fiction – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Science-Fiction" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokslin%C4%97_fantastika" title="Mokslinė fantastika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokslinė fantastika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naras_siensal" title="Naras siensal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Naras siensal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantascienza" title="Fantascienza – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fantascienza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-fi" title="Sci-fi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sci-fi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Научна фантастика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Научна фантастика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5" title="ശാസ്ത്രകഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശാസ്ത്രകഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="विज्ञानकथा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विज्ञानकथा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ომენცარე ფანტასტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ომენცარე ფანტასტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89" title="خيال علمى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خيال علمى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereka_sains" title="Cereka sains – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cereka sains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencefiction" title="Sciencefiction – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sciencefiction" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="サイエンス・フィクション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイエンス・フィクション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia-ficcion" title="Sciéncia-ficcion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sciéncia-ficcion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80" title="ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କାହାଣୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜ୍ଞାନ କାହାଣୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmiy_fantastika" title="Ilmiy fantastika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ilmiy fantastika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%90%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سائنس فِکشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سائنس فِکشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1" title="علمي تخیلي ژانر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="علمي تخیلي ژانر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastyka_naukowa" title="Fantastyka naukowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fantastyka naukowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Ficção científica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ficção científica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bifico-fantastic" title="Științifico-fantastic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Științifico-fantastic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Научная фантастика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Научная фантастика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Билимнээх ыра – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Билимнээх ыра" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasi%C3%A8ntzia" title="Fantasièntzia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fantasièntzia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wietenskupsdichtenge" title="Wietenskupsdichtenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wietenskupsdichtenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca_fiktive" title="Shkenca fiktive – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkenca fiktive" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0" title="විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%DA%AA%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سائنس فڪشن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سائنس فڪشن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedeck%C3%A1_fantastika" title="Vedecká fantastika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vedecká fantastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstvena_fantastika" title="Znanstvena fantastika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Znanstvena fantastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خەیاڵی زانستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەیاڵی زانستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Научна фантастика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Научна фантастика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C4%8Dna_fantastika" title="Naučna fantastika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naučna fantastika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Science fiction" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathang-isip_na_pang-agham" title="Kathang-isip na pang-agham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kathang-isip na pang-agham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="அறிவியல் புனைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிவியல் புனைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సైన్స్ ఫిక్షన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సైన్స్ ఫిక్షన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="บันเทิงคดีแนววิทยาศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บันเทิงคดีแนววิทยาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%A3-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Илмӣ-тахайюлӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Илмӣ-тахайюлӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilimkurgu" title="Bilimkurgu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilimkurgu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наукова фантастика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наукова фантастика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سائنس فکشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائنس فکشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_vi%E1%BB%85n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Khoa học viễn tưởng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học viễn tưởng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syince-ficcion" title="Syince-ficcion – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Syince-ficcion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB" title="科幻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科幻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB" title="科幻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科幻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%BB%E6%83%B3" title="科學幻想 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科學幻想" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24925#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Science_fiction" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Science_fiction" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Science_fiction" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&oldid=1274799328" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Science_fiction&id=1274799328&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FScience_fiction">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FScience_fiction">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Science_fiction&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Science_fiction" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Science-fiction_and_fantasy_tourism" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24925" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Literary genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Scifi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Science fiction (disambiguation)">Science fiction (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scifi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scifi (disambiguation)">Scifi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagination_cover_December_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Imagination_cover_December_1952.jpg/220px-Imagination_cover_December_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Imagination_cover_December_1952.jpg/330px-Imagination_cover_December_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Imagination_cover_December_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>December 1952 cover of <a href="/wiki/Imagination_(magazine)" title="Imagination (magazine)">Imagination</a>, an American science fiction and fantasy <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp magazine</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="vampire, face of little green man, feather pen (quill) and fire-breathing dragon – to the right of that are scripted words "Speculative (over) Fiction"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png/200px-Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png/300px-Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="270" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternate_history_fiction" title="List of alternate history fiction">List of alternate history fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternate_history_writers" title="Category:Alternate history writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantasy art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Early history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superheroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Science fiction anime and manga">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_artists" title="Category:Science fiction artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction#Science_fiction_awards" title="Outline of science fiction">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_editors" title="List of science fiction editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction#Genres_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_organizations" title="Category:Science fiction organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_podcast" title="Science fiction podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction authors">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Horror anime and manga">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction_awards" title="Category:Horror fiction awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_genres" title="Category:Horror genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">Fictional universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species" title="Lists of fictional species">Fictional species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">List of Japanese SF writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/15px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/23px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/31px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Template:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Template talk:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">Lacuna</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Science fiction (sometimes shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> which typically deals with <a href="/wiki/Imaginative" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaginative">imaginative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futuristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuristic">futuristic</a> concepts such as advanced <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel universes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">extraterrestrial life</a>. It can explore science and technology in different ways, such as human responses to theoretical new advancements, or the consequences thereof. Science fiction is related to <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">superhero fiction</a> and contains many <a href="#Subgenres">subgenres</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">exact definition</a> has long been disputed among authors, critics, scholars, and readers. Subgenres include <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>, which emphasizes scientific accuracy, and <a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">soft science fiction</a>, focusing on social sciences. Other notable subgenres are <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a>, which explores the interface between technology and society, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">climate fiction</a>, addressing environmental issues. Precedents for science fiction are argued to exist as far back as antiquity, but the modern genre primarily arose in the 19th and early 20th centuries when popular writers began looking to technological progress and speculation. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>, written in 1818, is often credited as the first true science fiction <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> and <a href="/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G. Wells">H.G. Wells</a> are pivotal figures in the genre's development. In the 20th century, expanded with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Space_operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Space operas">space operas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> literature, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp magazines">pulp magazines</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age of Science Fiction</a>. Science fiction has come to influence not just literature but film, TV, and culture at large. Besides providing <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>, it can also criticize present-day society and explore alternatives and inspire a "<a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a>". <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions of science fiction</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>."<a href="#cite_note-IANH-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> wrote that "A handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>."<a href="#cite_note-heinlein_def-2">[2]</a> American science fiction author and editor <a href="/wiki/Lester_del_Rey" title="Lester del Rey">Lester del Rey</a> wrote, "Even the devoted aficionado or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is," and the lack of a "full satisfactory definition" is because "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction."<a href="#cite_note-The_World_of_Science_Fiction_1926–1976-3">[3]</a> Another definition comes from The Literature Book by <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a> and is, "scenarios that are at the time of writing technologically impossible, extrapolating from present-day science...[,]...or that deal with some form of speculative science-based conceit, such as a society (on Earth or another planet) that has developed in wholly different ways from our own."<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> There is a tendency among science fiction enthusiasts as their own arbiter in deciding what exactly constitutes science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> David Seed says it may be more useful to talk about science fiction as the intersection of other more concrete subgenres.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight" title="Damon Knight">Damon Knight</a> summed up the difficulty, saying "Science fiction is what we point to when we say it."<a href="#cite_note-In_Search_of_Wonder:_Essays_on_Modern_Science_Fiction-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_terms">Alternative terms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alternative terms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Skiffy" title="Skiffy">Skiffy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Forrest_J_Ackerman" title="Forrest J Ackerman">Forrest J Ackerman</a> has been credited with first using the term "sci-fi" (analogous to the then-trendy "<a href="/wiki/Hi-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-fi">hi-fi</a>") in about 1954.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The first known use in print was a description of <a href="/wiki/Donovan%27s_Brain_(film)" title="Donovan's Brain (film)">Donovan's Brain</a> by movie critic Jesse Zunser in January 1954.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As science fiction entered <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, writers and fans active in the field came to associate the term with low-budget, low-tech "<a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B-movies</a>" and with low-quality <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp science fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By the 1970s, critics within the field, such as <a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight" title="Damon Knight">Damon Knight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Carr" title="Terry Carr">Terry Carr</a>, were using "sci fi" to distinguish hack-work from serious science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-wood_skiffy-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Peter Nicholls</a> writes that "SF" (or "sf") is "the preferred abbreviation within the community of sf writers and readers."<a href="#cite_note-nicholls_sf-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Heinlein" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Heinlein">Robert Heinlein</a> found even "science fiction" insufficient for certain types of works in this genre, and suggested the term <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> to be used instead for those that are more "serious" or "thoughtful".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History of science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline of science fiction</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacon_1628_New_Atlantis_title_page_wpreview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bacon_1628_New_Atlantis_title_page_wpreview.png/215px-Bacon_1628_New_Atlantis_title_page_wpreview.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bacon_1628_New_Atlantis_title_page_wpreview.png/323px-Bacon_1628_New_Atlantis_title_page_wpreview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bacon_1628_New_Atlantis_title_page_wpreview.png/431px-Bacon_1628_New_Atlantis_title_page_wpreview.png 2x" data-file-width="2793" data-file-height="4408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></figcaption></figure> Some scholars assert that science fiction had its beginnings in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient times">ancient times</a>, when the line between <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">fact</a> was blurred.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Written in the 2nd century CE by the <a href="/wiki/Satirist" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirist">satirist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_True_Story" title="A True Story">A True Story</a> contains many themes and tropes characteristic of modern science fiction, including travel to other worlds, <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial lifeforms</a>, interplanetary warfare, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial life form">artificial life</a>. Some consider it the first science fiction <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Some of the stories from <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">The Arabian Nights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Arabian_Nights:_A_Companion-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-19">[19]</a> along with the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Bamboo_Cutter" title="The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter">The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter</a><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-19">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a>'s 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus" title="Theologus Autodidactus">Theologus Autodidactus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Roubi-20">[20]</a> are also argued to contain elements of science fiction. Several books written during the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> are considered true works of <a href="/wiki/Science-fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fantasy">science-fantasy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a> (1627),<a href="#cite_note-The_Harmony_of_the_Worlds-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Somnium_(novel)" title="Somnium (novel)">Somnium</a> (1634), <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>'s Itinerarium extaticum (1656),<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac" title="Cyrano de Bergerac">Cyrano de Bergerac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Comical_History_of_the_States_and_Empires_of_the_Moon" title="Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon">Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon</a> (1657) and <a href="/wiki/The_States_and_Empires_of_the_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The States and Empires of the Sun">The States and Empires of the Sun</a> (1662), <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Margaret Cavendish</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Blazing_World" title="The Blazing World">The Blazing World</a>" (1666),<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a> (1726), <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Niels_Klim%27s_Underground_Travels" title="Niels Klim's Underground Travels">Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum</a> (1741) and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Microm%C3%A9gas" title="Micromégas">Micromégas</a> (1752).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> considered Johannes Kepler's <a href="/wiki/Somnium_(novel)" title="Somnium (novel)">Somnium</a> the first science fiction story; it depicts a journey to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and how the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s motion is seen from there.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Kepler has been called the "father of science fiction".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Following the 17th-century development of the <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary form</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> (1818) and <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_(Mary_Shelley_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)">The Last Man</a> (1826) helped define the form of the science fiction novel. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a> has argued that Frankenstein was the first work of science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> wrote several stories considered to be science fiction, including "<a href="/wiki/The_Unparalleled_Adventure_of_One_Hans_Pfaall" title="The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall">The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall</a>" (1835), which featured a trip to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-poe_moon-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> was noted for his attention to detail and scientific accuracy, especially in <a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Seas" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas</a> (1870).<a href="#cite_note-Roberts48-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-thomas196112-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1887, the novel <a href="/wiki/El_anacron%C3%B3pete" class="mw-redirect" title="El anacronópete">El anacronópete</a> by Spanish author <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gaspar_y_Rimbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau">Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau</a> introduced the first <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time machine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> An early French/Belgian science fiction writer was <a href="/wiki/J.-H._Rosny_a%C3%AEn%C3%A9" title="J.-H. Rosny aîné">J.-H. Rosny aîné</a> (1856–1940). Rosny's masterpiece is Les Navigateurs de l'Infini (The Navigators of Infinity) (1925) in which the word astronaut, "astronautique", was used for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa,_original_graphic_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_original_graphic_15.jpg/220px-The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_original_graphic_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_original_graphic_15.jpg/330px-The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_original_graphic_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_original_graphic_15.jpg/440px-The_War_of_the_Worlds_by_Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_original_graphic_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a> featured in <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>' 1897 novel <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a>, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Alvim_Corr%C3%AAa" title="Henrique Alvim Corrêa">Henrique Alvim Corrêa</a>.</figcaption></figure> Many critics consider H. G. Wells one of science fiction's most important authors,<a href="#cite_note-Roberts48-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> or even "the <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> of science fiction".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> His works include <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a> (1895), <a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_Doctor_Moreau" title="The Island of Doctor Moreau">The Island of Doctor Moreau</a> (1896), <a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man" title="The Invisible Man">The Invisible Man</a> (1897), and <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a> (1898). His science fiction imagined <a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">alien invasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">biological engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">invisibility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Futurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurologist">futurologist</a> works he predicted the advent of <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tank">military tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">space travel</a>, and something resembling the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Princess_of_Mars" title="A Princess of Mars">A Princess of Mars</a>, published in 1912, was the first of his three-<a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decade</a>-long <a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">planetary romance</a> series of <a href="/wiki/Barsoom" title="Barsoom">Barsoom novels</a>, which were set on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and featured <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_of_Mars" title="John Carter of Mars">John Carter</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> These novels were predecessors to <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">YA novels</a>, and drew inspiration from European science fiction and American <a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western novels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-48">[48]</a> In 1924, <a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a> by Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> novels, was published.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> It describes a world of harmony and conformity within a united <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian state</a>. It influenced the emergence of dystopia as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback" title="Hugo Gernsback">Hugo Gernsback</a> published the first <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">science fiction magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a>. In its first issue he wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">By 'scientifiction' I mean the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision... Not only do these amazing tales make tremendously interesting reading—they are always instructive. They supply knowledge... in a very palatable form... New adventures pictured for us in the scientifiction of today are not at all impossible of realization tomorrow... Many great science stories destined to be of historical interest are still to be written... Posterity will point to them as having blazed a new trail, not only in literature and fiction, but progress as well.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-stableford-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></blockquote> In 1928, <a href="/wiki/E._E._%22Doc%22_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="E. E. "Doc" Smith">E. E. "Doc" Smith</a>'s first published work, <a href="/wiki/The_Skylark_of_Space" title="The Skylark of Space">The Skylark of Space</a>, written in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hawkins_Garby" title="Lee Hawkins Garby">Lee Hawkins Garby</a>, appeared in <a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a>. It is often called the first great <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dozois-54">[54]</a> The same year, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Nowlan" title="Philip Francis Nowlan">Philip Francis Nowlan</a>'s original <a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers" title="Buck Rogers">Buck Rogers</a> story, <a href="/wiki/Armageddon_2419" class="mw-redirect" title="Armageddon 2419">Armageddon 2419</a>, also appeared in Amazing Stories. This was followed by a Buck Rogers <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a>, the first serious <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">science fiction comic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guide-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Last_and_First_Men:_A_Story_of_the_Near_and_Far_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future">Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future</a> is a "<a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">future history</a>" science fiction novel written in 1930 by the British author <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a>. A work of unprecedented scale in the genre, it describes the history of humanity from the present onwards across two billion years.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">John W. Campbell</a> became <a href="/wiki/Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Editor">editor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astounding_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Astounding Science Fiction">Astounding Science Fiction</a>, an event that is sometimes considered the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age of Science Fiction</a>, which was characterized by stories celebrating scientific achievement and <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sf_history_nvcc-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The "Golden Age" is often said to have ended in 1946, but sometimes the late 1940s and the 1950s are included.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> started his <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(book_series)" title="Foundation (book series)">Foundation series</a>, which chronicles the rise and fall of galactic empires and introduced <a href="/wiki/Psychohistory_(fictional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychohistory (fictional)">psychohistory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-From_Robots_to_Foundations-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The series was later awarded a one-time <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> for "Best All-Time Series".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/More_Than_Human" title="More Than Human">More Than Human</a> (1953) explored possible future <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Andromeda:_A_Space-Age_Tale" title="Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale">Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> writer and <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yefremov" title="Ivan Yefremov">Ivan Yefremov</a> presented a view of a future interstellar <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> civilization and is considered one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> science fiction novels.<a href="#cite_note-sps-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a> marked a departure from his earlier juvenile stories and novels.<a href="#cite_note-gale196010-69">[69]</a> It is one of the first and most influential examples of <a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">military science fiction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mcmilllan-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liptak-71">[71]</a> and introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Powered_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered armor">powered armor</a> <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Intersections-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> series <a href="/wiki/Perry_Rhodan" title="Perry Rhodan">Perry Rhodan</a>, written by various authors, started in 1961 with an account of the first <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and has since expanded in <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> to multiple <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universes</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> by billions of years.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> It has become the most popular science fiction <a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">book series</a> of all time.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave science fiction</a> was known for its embrace of a high degree of experimentation, both in form and in content, and a <a href="/wiki/Highbrow" title="Highbrow">highbrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">self-consciously</a> "<a href="/wiki/Literary" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary">literary</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a>" <a href="/wiki/Sensibility" title="Sensibility">sensibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(novel)" title="Solaris (novel)">Solaris</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a> was published in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The novel dealt with the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (arts)">theme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> limitations as its characters attempted to study a seemingly <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligent</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> on a newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Lem's work anticipated the creation of <a href="/wiki/Microrobotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Microrobotics">microrobots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micromachinery" title="Micromachinery">micromachinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartdust" title="Smartdust">smartdust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">swarm intelligence</a>), as well as developing the ideas of "necroevolution" and the creation of artificial worlds.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)">Dune</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a> featured a much more complex and detailed imagined future society than had previously in most science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 1967 <a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Anne McCaffrey</a> began her <a href="/wiki/Dragonriders_of_Pern" title="Dragonriders of Pern">Dragonriders of Pern</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">science fantasy</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Two of the novellas included in the first novel, <a href="/wiki/Dragonflight_(novel)" title="Dragonflight (novel)">Dragonflight</a>, made McCaffrey the first woman to win a <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-first-89">[89]</a> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a> was published. It is the literary source of the <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_(franchise)" title="Blade Runner (franchise)">Blade Runner</a> <a href="/wiki/Movie_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie franchise">movie franchise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sammon-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> was set on a planet in which the inhabitants have no fixed <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>. It is one of the most influential examples of <a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">social science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">feminist science fiction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">anthropological science fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_World" title="Science Fiction World">Science Fiction World</a> began publication in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> It dominates the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">science fiction magazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market</a>, at one time claiming a circulation of 300,000 copies per issue and an estimated 3–5 readers per copy (giving it a total estimated readership of at least 1 million), making it the world's most popular science fiction <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 1984, <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>'s first novel, <a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a>, helped popularize <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> and the word "<a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>", a term he originally <a href="/wiki/Coined_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Coined term">coined</a> in his 1982 <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> <a href="/wiki/Burning_Chrome" title="Burning Chrome">Burning Chrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-gibson_cyber-99">[99]</a> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia Butler</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/Speech_Sounds" title="Speech Sounds">Speech Sounds</a>" won the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> for Short Story. She went on to explore in her work of racial injustice, global warming, women's rights, and political conflict.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1995, she became the first science-fiction author to receive a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Shards_of_Honor" title="Shards of Honor">Shards of Honor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> began her <a href="/wiki/Vorkosigan_Saga" title="Vorkosigan Saga">Vorkosigan Saga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tor_Shards-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelso-103">[103]</a> 1992's <a href="/wiki/Snow_Crash" title="Snow Crash">Snow Crash</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a> <a href="/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">predicted</a> immense social upheaval due to the <a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">information revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cixin" title="Liu Cixin">Liu Cixin</a>'s novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Three-Body_Problem_(novel)" title="The Three-Body Problem (novel)">The Three-Body Problem</a>, was published in China. It was translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Liu" title="Ken Liu">Ken Liu</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor Books</a> in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and won the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Hugo Award for Best Novel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> making Liu the first Asian writer to win the award.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Emerging themes in late 20th and early 21st century science fiction include <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">environmental issues</a>, the implications of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the expanding information universe, questions about <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity" title="Post-scarcity">post-scarcity</a> <a href="/wiki/Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Societies">societies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Recent trends and <a href="/wiki/Subgenres" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenres">subgenres</a> include <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">biopunk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pulver_1998-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">mundane science fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-dwalter-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Lists of science fiction films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_from_the_film_Metropolis,_on_display_at_the_Robot_Hall_of_Fame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Maria_from_the_film_Metropolis%2C_on_display_at_the_Robot_Hall_of_Fame.jpg/170px-Maria_from_the_film_Metropolis%2C_on_display_at_the_Robot_Hall_of_Fame.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Maria_from_the_film_Metropolis%2C_on_display_at_the_Robot_Hall_of_Fame.jpg/255px-Maria_from_the_film_Metropolis%2C_on_display_at_the_Robot_Hall_of_Fame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Maria_from_the_film_Metropolis%2C_on_display_at_the_Robot_Hall_of_Fame.jpg/340px-Maria_from_the_film_Metropolis%2C_on_display_at_the_Robot_Hall_of_Fame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maschinenmensch" title="Maschinenmensch">Maschinenmensch</a> from <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></figcaption></figure> The first, or at least one of the first, recorded science fiction <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> is 1902's <a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon">A Trip to the Moon</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Filmmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmmaker">filmmaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dixon12-115">[115]</a> It was influential on later <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmakers</a>, bringing a different kind of <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Méliès's innovative <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">editing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a> techniques were widely imitated and became important elements of the cinematic <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">medium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1001Movies-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> 1927's <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>, is the first <a href="/wiki/Feature-length" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature-length">feature-length</a> science fiction film.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Though not well received in its time,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> it is now considered a great and influential film.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-bfi-124">[124]</a> In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">Godzilla</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Ishir%C5%8D_Honda" title="Ishirō Honda">Ishirō Honda</a>, began the <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a> <a href="/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a> of science fiction film, which feature large creatures of any form, usually attacking a <a href="/wiki/Major_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Major city">major city</a> or engaging other <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> 1968's <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> and based on the work of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, rose above the mostly <a href="/wiki/B-movie" class="mw-redirect" title="B-movie">B-movie</a> offerings up to that time both in scope and quality, and influenced later science fiction films.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)" title="Planet of the Apes (1968 film)">Planet of the Apes</a> (the original), directed by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner" title="Franklin J. Schaffner">Franklin J. Schaffner</a> and based on the 1963 <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> <a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(novel)" title="Planet of the Apes (novel)">La Planète des Singes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulle" title="Pierre Boulle">Pierre Boulle</a>, was released to popular and critical acclaim, its vivid depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">post-apocalyptic world</a> in which intelligent <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a> dominate <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In 1977, <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars film series</a> with the film now identified as "<a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope</a>."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The series, often called a <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> went on to become a worldwide <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Star_Wars" title="Cultural impact of Star Wars">phenomenon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_franchises_and_film_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing franchises and film series">third-highest-grossing film series</a> of all time.<a href="#cite_note-boxofficemojo.com-136">[136]</a> Since the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction films</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> films, have dominated <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood's</a> big-budget productions.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-boxofficemojo.com-136">[136]</a> Science fiction films often "<a href="/wiki/Cross-genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-genre">cross-over</a>" with other genres, including <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a> - 1982), <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">family film</a> (<a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a> - 1983), <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enemy_Mine_(film)" title="Enemy Mine (film)">Enemy Mine</a> - 1985), <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spaceballs" title="Spaceballs">Spaceballs</a> - 1987, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Quest" title="Galaxy Quest">Galaxy Quest</a> - 1999), <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/WALL-E" title="WALL-E">WALL-E</a> – 2008, <a href="/wiki/Big_Hero_6_(film)" title="Big Hero 6 (film)">Big Hero 6</a> – 2014), <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serenity_(2005_film)" title="Serenity (2005 film)">Serenity</a> – 2005), <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Tomorrow" title="Edge of Tomorrow">Edge of Tomorrow</a> – 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a> – 1999), <a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">adventure</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ascending" title="Jupiter Ascending">Jupiter Ascending</a> – 2015, <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)">Interstellar</a> – 2014), <a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">mystery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a> – 2002), <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thriller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ex_Machina_(film)" title="Ex Machina (film)">Ex Machina</a> – 2014), <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melancholia_(2011_film)" title="Melancholia (2011 film)">Melancholia</a> – 2011, <a href="/wiki/Predestination_(film)" title="Predestination (film)">Predestination</a> – 2014), and <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eternal_Sunshine_of_the_Spotless_Mind" title="Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind">Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind</a> – 2004, <a href="/wiki/Her_(2013_film)" title="Her (2013 film)">Her</a> – 2013).<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonSFF-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Science fiction on television</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of science fiction television programs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Hodge_Don_Hastings_Captain_Video.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Al_Hodge_Don_Hastings_Captain_Video.JPG/170px-Al_Hodge_Don_Hastings_Captain_Video.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Al_Hodge_Don_Hastings_Captain_Video.JPG/255px-Al_Hodge_Don_Hastings_Captain_Video.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Al_Hodge_Don_Hastings_Captain_Video.JPG/340px-Al_Hodge_Don_Hastings_Captain_Video.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Don Hastings (left) and Al Hodge in <a href="/wiki/Captain_Video_and_His_Video_Rangers" title="Captain Video and His Video Rangers">Captain Video and His Video Rangers</a></figcaption></figure> Science fiction and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> have consistently been in a close relationship. Television or television-like <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a> frequently appeared in science fiction long before television itself became widely available in the late 1940s and early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Telotte-139">[139]</a> The first known science fiction television program was a thirty-five-minute <a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">adapted</a> excerpt of the play <a href="/wiki/R.U.R._(Rossum%27s_Universal_Robots)" class="mw-redirect" title="R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)">RUR</a>, written by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech (people)">Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a> <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live</a> from the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a> studios on 11 February 1938.<a href="#cite_note-r.u.r.-140">[140]</a> The first popular science fiction program on <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">American television</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">children's</a> adventure <a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">serial</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_Video_and_His_Video_Rangers" title="Captain Video and His Video Rangers">Captain Video and His Video Rangers</a>, which ran from June 1949 to April 1955.<a href="#cite_note-cpt_video-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a> (the original series), produced and narrated by <a href="/wiki/Rod_Serling" title="Rod Serling">Rod Serling</a>, who also wrote or co-wrote most of the episodes, ran from 1959 to 1964. It featured <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspense_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspense (genre)">suspense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a> as well as science fiction, with each episode being a complete story.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Critic" title="Critic">Critics</a> have ranked it as one of the best <a href="/wiki/TV_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="TV programs">TV programs</a> of any <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> series <a href="/wiki/The_Jetsons" title="The Jetsons">The Jetsons</a>, while intended as <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a> and only running for one <a href="/wiki/Season_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Season (television)">season</a> (1962–1963), <a href="/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">predicted</a> many inventions now in common use: <a href="/wiki/Flat_panel_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat panel display">flat-screen</a> <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">screen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video chat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanning bed">tanning beds</a>, home <a href="/wiki/Treadmill" title="Treadmill">treadmills</a>, and more.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 1963, the time travel-themed <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> premiered on BBC Television.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The original series ran until 1989 and was revived in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> It has been extremely <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular</a> worldwide and has greatly influenced later TV science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moran-151">[151]</a> Other programs in the 1960s included <a href="/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1963_TV_series)" title="The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)">The Outer Limits</a> (1963–1965),<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Space" title="Lost in Space">Lost in Space</a> (1965–1968), and <a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner" title="The Prisoner">The Prisoner</a> (1967).<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a> (the original series), created by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a>, premiered in 1966 on <a href="/wiki/NBC_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Television">NBC Television</a> and ran for three seasons.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> It combined elements of <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Only mildly successful at first, the series gained <a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">popularity</a> through <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">syndication</a> and extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Star_Trek#Fandom" title="Cultural influence of Star Trek">fan interest</a>. It became a very popular and influential <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Trek franchise">franchise</a> with many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_films" title="List of Star Trek films">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_television_series" title="List of Star Trek television series">television shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_novels" title="List of Star Trek novels">novels</a>, and other works and products.<a href="#cite_note-STPitch1-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a> (1987–1994) led to six additional live action <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> shows: <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">Deep Space Nine</a> (1993–1999), <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Voyager</a> (1995–2001), <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise" title="Star Trek: Enterprise">Enterprise</a> (2001–2005), <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery">Discovery</a> (2017–2024), <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Picard" title="Star Trek: Picard">Picard</a> (2020–2023), and <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Strange_New_Worlds" title="Star Trek: Strange New Worlds">Strange New Worlds</a> (2022–present), with more in some form of development.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> <a href="/wiki/V_(1983_miniseries)" title="V (1983 miniseries)">V</a> premiered in 1983 on NBC.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> It depicted an attempted takeover of Earth by <a href="/wiki/Reptilian_aliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilian aliens">reptilian aliens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EW_2005-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Dwarf" title="Red Dwarf">Red Dwarf</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Comic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic science fiction">comic science fiction</a> series aired on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> between 1988 and 1999, and on <a href="/wiki/Dave_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave (TV channel)">Dave</a> since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a>, which featured <a href="/wiki/UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO">UFOs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>, was created by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Carter_(screenwriter)" title="Chris Carter (screenwriter)">Chris Carter</a> and broadcast by <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox Broadcasting Company</a> from 1993 to 2002,<a href="#cite_note-BehindTheXFiles-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and again from 2016 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stargate_(film)" title="Stargate (film)">Stargate</a>, a film about <a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">ancient astronauts</a> and interstellar <a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">teleportation</a>, was released in 1994. <a href="/wiki/Stargate_SG-1" title="Stargate SG-1">Stargate SG-1</a> premiered in 1997 and ran for 10 seasons (1997–2007). Spin-off series included <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Infinity" title="Stargate Infinity">Stargate Infinity</a> (2002–2003), <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis" title="Stargate Atlantis">Stargate Atlantis</a> (2004–2009), and <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Universe" title="Stargate Universe">Stargate Universe</a> (2009–2011).<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Other 1990s series included <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Leap_(1989_TV_series)" title="Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)">Quantum Leap</a> (1989–1993) and <a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a> (1994–1999).<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syfy" title="Syfy">Syfy</a>, launched in 1992 as The Sci-Fi Channel,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> specializes in science fiction, <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural horror">supernatural horror</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The space-Western series <a href="/wiki/Firefly_(TV_series)" title="Firefly (TV series)">Firefly</a> premiered in 2002 on Fox. It is set in the year 2517, after the arrival of humans in a new star system, and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of <a href="/wiki/Serenity_(fictional_spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serenity (fictional spacecraft)">Serenity</a>, a "Firefly-class" spaceship.<a href="#cite_note-torontosun-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orphan_Black" title="Orphan Black">Orphan Black</a> began its five-season run in 2013, about a woman who assumes the identity of one of her several genetically identical human clones. In late 2015, Syfy premiered <a href="/wiki/The_Expanse_(TV_series)" title="The Expanse (TV series)">The Expanse</a> to great critical acclaim, an American TV series about humanity's colonization of the Solar System. Its later seasons would then be aired through <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_influence">Social influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagination_195808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Imagination_195808.jpg/170px-Imagination_195808.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Imagination_195808.jpg/255px-Imagination_195808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Imagination_195808.jpg/340px-Imagination_195808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a> was predicted in August 1958 by the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">science fiction magazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Imagination_(magazine)" title="Imagination (magazine)">Imagination</a>.</figcaption></figure> Science fiction's rapid rise in popularity during the first half of the 20th century was closely tied to the popular respect paid to science at that time, as well as the rapid pace of <a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation" title="Technological innovation">technological innovation</a> and new <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">inventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AWonder-179">[179]</a> Science fiction has often <a href="/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">predicted</a> scientific and technological <a href="/wiki/Progress_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress (history)">progress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Some works predict that new inventions and progress will tend to improve life and society, for instance the stories of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H.G. Wells's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a>, warn about possible negative consequences.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In 2001 the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> conducted a <a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">survey</a> on "<a href="/wiki/Public" title="Public">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">Attitudes</a> and Public Understanding: Science Fiction and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NSF-185">[185]</a> It found that people who read or prefer science fiction may think about or relate to science differently than other people. They also tend to support the <a href="/wiki/Space_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Space program">space program</a> and the idea of contacting <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial civilizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSF-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> wrote: "Many scientists deeply involved in the exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">solar system</a> (myself among them) were first turned in that direction by science fiction."<a href="#cite_note-growing-187">[187]</a> Science fiction <a href="/wiki/List_of_existing_technologies_predicted_in_science_fiction" title="List of existing technologies predicted in science fiction">has predicted several existing inventions</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Robots">robots</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borazon" title="Borazon">borazon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In the 2020 series <a href="/wiki/Away_(TV_series)" title="Away (TV series)">Away</a> astronauts use a Mars rover called <a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> to listen intently for a landing on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. In 2022 scientists used InSight to listen for the landing of a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Science fiction can act as a vehicle to analyze and recognize a society's past, present, and potential future <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relationships</a> with <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">the other</a>. Science fiction offers a medium and representation of <a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">alterity</a> and differences in <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">social identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a> described science fiction as "cultural wallpaper".<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> This widespread influence can be found in trends for writers to employ science fiction as a tool for advocacy and generating cultural insights, as well as for educators when teaching across a range of academic disciplines not limited to the natural sciences.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Scholar and science fiction critic <a href="/wiki/George_Edgar_Slusser" title="George Edgar Slusser">George Edgar Slusser</a> said that science fiction "is the one real international <a href="/wiki/Literary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary form">literary form</a> we have today, and as such has branched out to <a href="/wiki/Visual_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual media">visual media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interactive_media" title="Interactive media">interactive media</a> and on to whatever new media the world will invent in the 21st century. Crossover issues between the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> are crucial for the <a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">century</a> to come."<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_protest_literature">As protest literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As protest literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_novel" title="Social novel">Social novel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feliz_1984.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Feliz_1984.JPG/170px-Feliz_1984.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Feliz_1984.JPG/255px-Feliz_1984.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Feliz_1984.JPG/340px-Feliz_1984.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>"Happy 1984" in Spanish or Portuguese, referencing <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>, on a standing piece of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> (sometime after 1998)</figcaption></figure> Science fiction has sometimes been used as a means of <a href="/wiki/Social_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Social protest">social protest</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> (1949) is an important work of <a href="/wiki/Dystopian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian fiction">dystopian science fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BenetReader-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaron-197">[197]</a> It is often invoked in protests against governments and leaders who are seen as <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s 2009 film <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a> was intended as a protest against <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, and specifically the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr-200">[200]</a> Science fiction in Latin America and Spain explore the concept of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Robots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial humans</a>, human <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">clones</a>, intelligent <a href="/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">computers</a>, and their possible conflicts with human society have all been major themes of science fiction since, at least, the publication of Shelly's <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>. Some critics have seen this as reflecting authors' concerns over the <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">social alienation</a> seen in modern society.<a href="#cite_note-Schelde1994-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist science fiction</a> poses questions about social issues such as how society constructs <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>, the role <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> plays in defining <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, and the inequitable political or personal power of one gender over others. Some works have illustrated these themes using <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopias</a> to explore a society in which gender differences or gender power imbalances do not exist, or <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopias</a> to explore worlds in which <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequalities</a> are intensified, thus asserting a need for feminist work to continue.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia3-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a>, or "cli-fi", deals with issues concerning <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-DanBloom-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <a href="/wiki/Course_(education)" title="Course (education)">courses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issue">environmental issues</a> may include climate change fiction in their <a href="/wiki/Syllabus" title="Syllabus">syllabi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> and it is often discussed by other <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">science fiction fandom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a> focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> implied by <a href="/wiki/Right_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Right libertarian">right libertarian</a> philosophies with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, and in some cases <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-statism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond-209">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> is one of the most popular authors of this subgenre, including <a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction comedy</a> often <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirizes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">criticizes</a> present-day <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, and sometimes makes fun of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">conventions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">clichés</a> of more serious science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-Fantasy,_Bruce_Shaw_2010,_page_19-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comedy_Science_Fiction-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sense_of_wonder">Sense of wonder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sense of wonder">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder (emotion)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Strang_spider_battle_in_1894_True_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Strang_spider_battle_in_1894_True_History.jpg/170px-William_Strang_spider_battle_in_1894_True_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Strang_spider_battle_in_1894_True_History.jpg/255px-William_Strang_spider_battle_in_1894_True_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Strang_spider_battle_in_1894_True_History.jpg/340px-William_Strang_spider_battle_in_1894_True_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="2394" /></a><figcaption>1894 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_True_Story" title="A True Story">A True Story</a> </figcaption></figure> Science fiction is often said to inspire a "<a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a>". Science fiction editor, publisher and critic <a href="/wiki/David_Hartwell" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hartwell">David Hartwell</a> wrote:<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Science fiction's appeal lies in combination of the rational, the believable, with the miraculous. It is an appeal to the sense of wonder.</blockquote> Carl Sagan said:<a href="#cite_note-growing-187">[187]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One of the great benefits of science fiction is that it can convey bits and pieces, hints, and phrases, of knowledge unknown or inaccessible to the reader . . . works you ponder over as the water is running out of the bathtub or as you walk through the woods in an early winter snowfall.</blockquote> In 1967, Isaac Asimov commented on the changes then occurring in the science fiction community:<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And because today's real life so resembles day-before-yesterday's fantasy, the old-time fans are restless. Deep within, whether they admit it or not, is a feeling of disappointment and even outrage that the outer world has invaded their private domain. They feel the loss of a 'sense of wonder' because what was once truly confined to 'wonder' has now become prosaic and mundane.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_fiction_studies">Science fiction studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Science fiction studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Science fiction studies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Building,_University_of_Liverpool_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Victoria_Building%2C_University_of_Liverpool_2019.jpg/220px-Victoria_Building%2C_University_of_Liverpool_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Victoria_Building%2C_University_of_Liverpool_2019.jpg/330px-Victoria_Building%2C_University_of_Liverpool_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Victoria_Building%2C_University_of_Liverpool_2019.jpg/440px-Victoria_Building%2C_University_of_Liverpool_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="3246" /></a><figcaption>The centrepiece of the university estate, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Building,_University_of_Liverpool" title="Victoria Building, University of Liverpool">Victoria Building, University of Liverpool</a>, as a science fiction <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degree</a>-granting program.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">science fiction studies</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">critical</a> assessment <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">interpretation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">discussion</a> of science fiction <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="TV shows">TV shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Science fiction <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> study science fiction to better understand it and its relationship to science, technology, politics, other genres, and culture-at-large.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Science fiction studies began around the turn of the 20th century, but it was not until later that science fiction studies solidified as a discipline with the publication of the academic journals <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation_(journal)" title="Extrapolation (journal)">Extrapolation</a> (1959), <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_International_Review_of_Science_Fiction" class="extiw" title="foundation:The International Review of Science Fiction">Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction</a> (1972), and <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Studies" title="Science Fiction Studies">Science Fiction Studies</a> (1973),<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> and the establishment of the oldest organizations devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">study</a> of science fiction in 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Research_Association" title="Science Fiction Research Association">Science Fiction Research Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Foundation" title="Science Fiction Foundation">Science Fiction Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The field has grown considerably since the 1970s with the establishment of more <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">conferences</a>, as well as science fiction <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degree</a>-granting programs such as those offered by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft science fiction</a></div> Science fiction has historically been sub-divided between <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">soft science fiction</a>, with the division centering on the feasibility of the science.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> However, this distinction has come under increasing scrutiny in the 21st century. Some <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">authors</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tade_Thompson" title="Tade Thompson">Tade Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_VanderMeer" title="Jeff VanderMeer">Jeff VanderMeer</a>, have pointed out that stories that focus explicitly on <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> tend to be considered "hard" science fiction, while stories that focus on <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> tend to be categorized as "soft", regardless of the relative <a href="/wiki/Rigour" title="Rigour">rigor</a> of the science.<a href="#cite_note-tor.com-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Gladstone" title="Max Gladstone">Max Gladstone</a> defined "hard" science fiction as stories "where the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">math</a> works", but pointed out that this ends up with stories that often seem "weirdly dated", as scientific <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigms</a> shift over time.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanwick" title="Michael Swanwick">Michael Swanwick</a> dismissed the traditional definition of "hard" SF altogether, instead saying that it was defined by characters striving to solve problems "in the right way–with <a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">determination</a>, a touch of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">stoicism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> is not on his or her side."<a href="#cite_note-tor.com-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> also criticized the more traditional view on the difference between "hard" and "soft" SF: "The 'hard' science fiction writers dismiss everything except, well, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, and maybe <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>—that's not <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> to them, that's soft stuff. They're not that interested in what <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human beings</a> do, really. But I am. I draw on the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> a great deal."<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_merit">Literary merit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literary merit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">Literary fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving showing a naked man awaking on the floor and another man fleeing in horror. A skull and a book are next to the naked man and a window, with the moon shining through it, is in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/170px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/255px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/340px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="3636" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Holst" title="Theodor von Holst">Theodor von Holst</a> for 1831 edition of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s Frankenstein<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></figcaption></figure> Many critics remain skeptical of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary value">literary value</a> of science fiction and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre fiction</a>, though some accepted authors have written works argued by opponents to constitute science fiction. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> wrote a number of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">scientific romance</a> novels in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic literature">Gothic literature</a> tradition, including <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a> (1818).<a href="#cite_note-introduction-227">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a> was a highly respected American author whose works have been argued by some to contain science fiction premises or themes.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Other science fiction authors whose works are widely considered to be "serious" literature include <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> (including, especially, <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a> (1953) and <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles" title="The Martian Chronicles">The Martian Chronicles</a> (1951)),<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20120606-230">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> (especially for <a href="/wiki/Childhood%27s_End" title="Childhood's End">Childhood's End</a>),<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> and Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger, writing under the name <a href="/wiki/Cordwainer_Smith" title="Cordwainer Smith">Cordwainer Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a>, who was later awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, wrote a series of five SF <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canopus_in_Argos" title="Canopus in Argos">Canopus in Argos: Archives</a> (1979–1983), which depict the efforts of more advanced species and civilizations to influence those less advanced, including humans on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Hazelton-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galin-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donoghue-237">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Barnett_(writer)" title="David Barnett (writer)">David Barnett</a> has pointed out that there are books such as <a href="/wiki/The_Road" title="The Road">The Road</a> (2006) by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Atlas_(novel)" title="Cloud Atlas (novel)">Cloud Atlas</a> (2004) by <a href="/wiki/David_Mitchell_(author)" title="David Mitchell (author)">David Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gone-Away_World" title="The Gone-Away World">The Gone-Away World</a> (2008) by <a href="/wiki/Nick_Harkaway" title="Nick Harkaway">Nick Harkaway</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Gods_(novel)" title="The Stone Gods (novel)">The Stone Gods</a> (2007) by <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Winterson" title="Jeanette Winterson">Jeanette Winterson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oryx_and_Crake" title="Oryx and Crake">Oryx and Crake</a> (2003) by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>, which use recognizable science fiction <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a>, but which are not classified by their authors and publishers as science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-guardian4-238">[238]</a> Atwood in particular argued against the categorization of works like <a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">the Handmaid's Tale</a> as science fiction, labeling it, Oryx, and <a href="/wiki/The_Testaments" title="The Testaments">the Testaments</a> as <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilderness-239">[239]</a> and deriding science fiction as "talking squids in outer space."<a href="#cite_note-langford-240">[240]</a> In his book "The Western Canon", literary critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(novel)" title="Solaris (novel)">Solaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_Cradle" title="Cat's Cradle">Cat's Cradle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a> as culturally and aesthetically significant works of western literature, though Lem actively spurned the Western label of "science fiction".<a href="#cite_note-SFWA-241">[241]</a> In her 1976 essay "Science Fiction and Mrs Brown", <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> was asked: "Can a science fiction writer write a novel?" She answered: "I believe that all novels ... deal with <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">character</a>... The great novelists have brought us to see whatever they wish us to see through some character. Otherwise, they would not be novelists, but poets, historians, or pamphleteers."<a href="#cite_note-harpercollins-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a>, best known for his 1985 science fiction novel <a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Game" title="Ender's Game">Ender's Game</a>, has postulated that in science fiction the message and intellectual significance of the work are contained within the story itself and, therefore, does not require accepted literary devices and techniques he instead characterized as <a href="/wiki/Gimmick" title="Gimmick">gimmicks</a> or literary games.<a href="#cite_note-google-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Lethem" title="Jonathan Lethem">Jonathan Lethem</a>, in a 1998 <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Village_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Voice">Village Voice</a> entitled "Close Encounters: The Squandered Promise of Science Fiction", suggested that the point in 1973 when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Award</a> and was passed over in favor of Clarke's <a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_with_Rama" title="Rendezvous with Rama">Rendezvous with Rama</a>, stands as "a hidden tombstone marking the death of the hope that SF was about to merge with the mainstream."<a href="#cite_note-encounters-245">[245]</a> In the same year science fiction author and physicist <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a> wrote: "SF is perhaps the defining genre of the twentieth century, although its conquering armies are still camped outside the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> of the literary citadels."<a href="#cite_note-september-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Community">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors">Authors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Authors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction authors">List of science fiction authors</a></div> Science fiction has been written by <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">diverse</a> authors from around the world. According to 2013 statistics by the science fiction publisher <a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor Books</a>, men outnumber women by 78% to 22% among submissions to the publisher.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/2015_Hugo_Awards_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Hugo Awards controversy">A controversy about voting slates</a> in the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Awards</a> highlighted tensions in the science fiction community between a trend of increasingly diverse works and authors being honored by awards, and reaction by groups of authors and fans who preferred what they considered more "traditional" science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-The_A.V._Club_6_April_2015-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction awards">List of science fiction awards</a></div> Among the most significant and well-known awards for science fiction are the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, presented by the <a href="/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="World Science Fiction Society">World Science Fiction Society</a> at <a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a>, and voted on by fans;<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Award</a> for literature, presented by the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a>, and voted on by the community of authors;<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> the <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel</a>, presented by a jury of writers;<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short fiction</a>, presented by a jury.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> One notable award for science fiction films and TV programs is the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Award">Saturn Award</a>, which is presented annually by <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Science_Fiction,_Fantasy_and_Horror_Films" title="Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films">The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> There are other national awards, like Canada's <a href="/wiki/Prix_Aurora_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prix Aurora Awards">Prix Aurora Awards</a>,<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> regional awards, like the <a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavour Award</a> presented at <a href="/wiki/OryCon" title="OryCon">Orycon</a> for works from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">U.S. Pacific Northwest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and special interest or <a href="/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a> awards such as the <a href="/wiki/Chesley_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesley Award">Chesley Award</a> for art, presented by the Association of Science Fiction & Fantasy Artists,<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy Award</a> for fantasy.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Magazines may organize reader polls, notably the <a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventions">Conventions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conventions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg/280px-Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg/420px-Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg/560px-Sfcon-reading-ddb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Writer <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Dean" title="Pamela Dean">Pamela Dean</a> reading at the Minneapolis convention known as <a href="/wiki/Minicon" title="Minicon">Minicon</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Science fiction convention</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">Conventions</a> (in fandom, often shortened as "cons", such as "<a href="/wiki/Comic-con" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic-con">comic-con</a>") are held in <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> around the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>, catering to a local, regional, national, or international membership.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">General-interest</a> conventions cover all aspects of science fiction, while others focus on a particular interest like <a href="/wiki/Media_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media fandom">media fandom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filking" class="mw-redirect" title="Filking">filking</a>, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">science fiction conventions</a> are organized by <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit groups</a>, though most media-oriented events are organized by <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">commercial</a> promoters.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fandom_and_fanzines">Fandom and fanzines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fandom and fanzines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Science fiction fandom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Science-fiction fanzine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Science fiction fandom</a> emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Comic_book_letter_column" title="Comic book letter column">letters column</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a> <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a>. Soon fans began writing <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letters</a> to each other, and then grouping their comments together in informal <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">publications</a> that became known as fanzines.<a href="#cite_note-fanzine_history-264">[264]</a> Once in regular contact, fans wanted to meet each other and organized local clubs.<a href="#cite_note-fanzine_history-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-fancyclopedia_con-265">[265]</a> In the 1930s, the first <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction conventions">science fiction conventions</a> gathered fans from a wider area.<a href="#cite_note-fancyclopedia_con-265">[265]</a> The earliest organized online <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a> was the SF Lovers Community, originally a <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing list</a> in the late 1970s with a text <a href="/wiki/File_archiver" title="File archiver">archive file</a> that was updated regularly.<a href="#cite_note-sf-lovers_hist-266">[266]</a> In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> groups greatly expanded the circle of fans <a href="/wiki/Online_and_offline" title="Online and offline">online</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> In the 1990s, the development of the <a href="/wiki/World-Wide_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="World-Wide Web">World-Wide Web</a> increased the <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> of online fandom by of <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> devoted to science fiction and related <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> for all media.<a href="#cite_note-fan_clubhouse-268">[268]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The first <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">science fiction fanzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Comet_(fanzine)" title="The Comet (fanzine)">The Comet</a>, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago, Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-first_fanzine-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> One of the best known fanzines today is <a href="/wiki/Ansible_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansible (magazine)">Ansible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">edited</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">David Langford</a>, winner of numerous <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Other notable fanzines to win one or more Hugo awards include <a href="/wiki/File_770" title="File 770">File 770</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimosa_(magazine)" title="Mimosa (magazine)">Mimosa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plokta" title="Plokta">Plokta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hugo_Awards-2007-273">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artists</a> working for fanzines have frequently risen to prominence in the field, including <a href="/wiki/Brad_W._Foster" title="Brad W. Foster">Brad W. Foster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Harvia" title="Teddy Harvia">Teddy Harvia</a>, and Joe Mayhew; the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugos</a> include a category for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fan_Artist" title="Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist">Best Fan Artists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hugo_Awards-2007-273">[273]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Elements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Future_Birthplace_of_Captain_James_T_Kirk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Future_Birthplace_of_Captain_James_T_Kirk.jpg/240px-Future_Birthplace_of_Captain_James_T_Kirk.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Future_Birthplace_of_Captain_James_T_Kirk.jpg/360px-Future_Birthplace_of_Captain_James_T_Kirk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Future_Birthplace_of_Captain_James_T_Kirk.jpg/480px-Future_Birthplace_of_Captain_James_T_Kirk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_Iowa" title="Riverside, Iowa">Riverside, Iowa</a>, to honor the "future birth" of <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/James_T._Kirk" title="James T. Kirk">James T. Kirk</a></figcaption></figure> Science fiction elements can include, among others: <ul><li>Temporal settings in the future, or in <a href="/wiki/Alternative_histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative histories">alternative histories</a>;<a href="#cite_note-counterfact-274">[274]</a></li> <li>Predicted or speculative technology such as <a href="/wiki/Brain-computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-computer interface">brain-computer interface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bio-engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-engineering">bio-engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superintelligent" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintelligent">superintelligent</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ray_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray guns">ray guns</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">advanced weapons</a>;<a href="#cite_note-GW-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Write_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy-276">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a>, settings in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, on other worlds, in <a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">subterranean earth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DK-2015-277">[277]</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)#Science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel universe (fiction)">parallel universes</a>;<a href="#cite_note-britannica-278">[278]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Fictional concepts in biology</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">aliens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">mutants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced human">enhanced humans</a>;<a href="#cite_note-GW-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-279">[279]</a></li> <li>Undiscovered scientific possibilities such as <a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">teleportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">faster-than-light</a> travel or <a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">communication</a>;<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li>New and different political and social systems and situations, including <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DK-2015-277">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-apocalyptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-apocalyptic">post-apocalyptic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity" title="Post-scarcity">post-scarcity</a>;<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speculative_evolution" title="Speculative evolution">speculative evolution</a> of humans on Earth or on other planets;<a href="#cite_note-Ashley-282">[282]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a> abilities such as <a href="/wiki/Mind_control_in_popular_culture" title="Mind control in popular culture">mind control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">telekinesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_examples">International examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International examples">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech science fiction and fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction in Poland">Science fiction in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian science fiction and fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav science fiction</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Subgenres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a topical guide, see <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline of science fiction</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic science fiction">Comic science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying Earth (subgenre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_future_in_fiction" title="Far future in fiction">Far future in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Futurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Futurism">Indigenous Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_genres">Related genres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Related genres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_horror" title="Space horror">Space horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">Spy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy-fi_(subgenre)" title="Spy-fi (subgenre)">Spy-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian fiction</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Sf-userbox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/28px-Sf-userbox.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/42px-Sf-userbox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/56px-Sf-userbox.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Science fiction">Science fiction portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline of science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History of science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline of science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional worlds">Fictional worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of comic science fiction">List of comic science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_artists" title="List of science fiction and fantasy artists">List of science fiction and fantasy artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction authors">List of science fiction authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction films">List of science fiction films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">List of science fiction novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of science fiction television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">List of science fiction themes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_universes" title="List of science fiction universes">List of science fiction universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">List of fictional robots and androids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Science fiction comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Science fiction libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_science_fiction" title="Science in science fiction">Science in science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IANH-1"><a href="#cite_ref-IANH_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1975" class="citation journal cs1">Asimov, Isaac (April 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalhistory84newy/page/n379/mode/1up?view=theater">"How Easy to See the Future!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)" title="Natural History (magazine)">Natural History</a>. 84 (4). New York: <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>: 92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0712">0028-0712</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+History&rft.atitle=How+Easy+to+See+the+Future%21&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1975-04&rft.issn=0028-0712&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturalhistory84newy%2Fpage%2Fn379%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heinlein_def-2"><a href="#cite_ref-heinlein_def_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinleinCyril_KornbluthAlfred_BesterRobert_Bloch1959" class="citation conference cs1">Heinlein, Robert A.; Cyril Kornbluth; Alfred Bester; Robert Bloch (1959). The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism. University of Chicago: Advent Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Science+Fiction+Novel%3A+Imagination+and+Social+Criticism&rft.place=University+of+Chicago&rft.pub=Advent+Publishers&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Cyril+Kornbluth&rft.au=Alfred+Bester&rft.au=Robert+Bloch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_World_of_Science_Fiction_1926–1976-3"><a href="#cite_ref-The_World_of_Science_Fiction_1926–1976_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Rey1980" class="citation book cs1">Del Rey, Lester (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofsciencefi00delr">The World of Science Fiction 1926–1976</a>. Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-25452-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-25452-8"><bdi>978-0-345-25452-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Science+Fiction+1926%E2%80%931976&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-345-25452-8&rft.aulast=Del+Rey&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofsciencefi00delr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantonClearyKramerLaxby2016" class="citation book cs1">Canton, James; Cleary, Helen; Kramer, Ann; Laxby, Robin; Loxley, Diana; Ripley, Esther; Todd, Megan; Shaghar, Hila; Valente, Alex (2016). The Literature Book. New York: <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a>. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-2988-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-2988-9"><bdi>978-1-4654-2988-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+Book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-2988-9&rft.aulast=Canton&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Cleary%2C+Helen&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Ann&rft.au=Laxby%2C+Robin&rft.au=Loxley%2C+Diana&rft.au=Ripley%2C+Esther&rft.au=Todd%2C+Megan&rft.au=Shaghar%2C+Hila&rft.au=Valente%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenadueGiselssonGuez2020" class="citation journal cs1">Menadue, Christopher Benjamin; Giselsson, Kristi; Guez, David (1 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244020963057">"An Empirical Revision of the Definition of Science Fiction: It Is All in the Techne . . "</a>. SAGE Open. 10 (4): 2158244020963057. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244020963057">10.1177/2158244020963057</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-2440">2158-2440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226192105">226192105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=An+Empirical+Revision+of+the+Definition+of+Science+Fiction%3A+It+Is+All+in+the+Techne+.+.+.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2158244020963057&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226192105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2158-2440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244020963057&rft.aulast=Menadue&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Benjamin&rft.au=Giselsson%2C+Kristi&rft.au=Guez%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2158244020963057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeed2011" class="citation book cs1">Seed, David (23 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUOFPjeUcF8C&q=hard+soft+science+fiction&pg=PP1">Science Fiction: A Very Short Introduction</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955745-5"><bdi>978-0-19-955745-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955745-5&rft.aulast=Seed&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUOFPjeUcF8C%26q%3Dhard%2Bsoft%2Bscience%2Bfiction%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-In_Search_of_Wonder:_Essays_on_Modern_Science_Fiction-7"><a href="#cite_ref-In_Search_of_Wonder:_Essays_on_Modern_Science_Fiction_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1967" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Damon Francis (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofwonder00knig">In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction</a>. Advent Publishing. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911682-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911682-31-1"><bdi>978-0-911682-31-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Wonder%3A+Essays+on+Modern+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Advent+Publishing&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-911682-31-1&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Damon+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofwonder00knig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/06/AR2008120602021.html">"Forrest J Ackerman, 92; Coined the Term 'Sci-Fi'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 7 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022130847/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/06/AR2008120602021.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Forrest+J+Ackerman%2C+92%3B+Coined+the+Term+%27Sci-Fi%27&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F06%2FAR2008120602021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfdictionary.com/view/210/sci-fi">"sci-fi n."</a> Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=sci-fi+n.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfdictionary.com%2Fview%2F210%2Fsci-fi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittier1987" class="citation book cs1">Whittier, Terry (1987). Neo-Fan's Guidebook.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Fan%27s+Guidebook&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Whittier&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalzi2005" class="citation book cs1">Scalzi, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scalzi.com/whatever/003672.html">The Rough Guide to Sci-Fi Movies</a>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-520-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-520-1"><bdi>978-1-84353-520-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402140935/http://scalzi.com/whatever/003672.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Sci-Fi+Movies&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-520-1&rft.aulast=Scalzi&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scalzi.com%2Fwhatever%2F003672.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllison1998" class="citation web cs1">Ellison, Harlan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harlanellison.com/text/parcon.txt">"Harlan Ellison's responses to online fan questions at ParCon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522223829/http://harlanellison.com/text/parcon.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harlan+Ellison%27s+responses+to+online+fan+questions+at+ParCon&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Harlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharlanellison.com%2Ftext%2Fparcon.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood_skiffy-13"><a href="#cite_ref-wood_skiffy_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClute1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clute, John (1993). ""Sci fi" (article by Peter Nicholls)". In Nicholls, Peter (ed.). Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Sci+fi%22+%28article+by+Peter+Nicholls%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Orbit%2FTime+Warner+Book+Group+UK&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicholls_sf-14"><a href="#cite_ref-nicholls_sf_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClute1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clute, John (1993). ""SF" (article by Peter Nicholls)". In Nicholls, Peter (ed.). Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22SF%22+%28article+by+Peter+Nicholls%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Orbit%2FTime+Warner+Book+Group+UK&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openculture.com/2016/09/sci-fi-icon-robert-heinlein-lists-5-essential-rules-for-making-a-living-as-a-writer.html">"Sci-Fi Icon Robert Heinlein Lists 5 Essential Rules for Making a Living as a Writer"</a>. Open Culture. 29 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330082035/http://www.openculture.com/2016/09/sci-fi-icon-robert-heinlein-lists-5-essential-rules-for-making-a-living-as-a-writer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Culture&rft.atitle=Sci-Fi+Icon+Robert+Heinlein+Lists+5+Essential+Rules+for+Making+a+Living+as+a+Writer&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fsci-fi-icon-robert-heinlein-lists-5-essential-rules-for-making-a-living-as-a-writer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.gatech.edu/features/out-world">"Out of This World"</a>. www.news.gatech.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404030543/https://www.news.gatech.edu/features/out-world">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.news.gatech.edu&rft.atitle=Out+of+This+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.gatech.edu%2Ffeatures%2Fout-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/fredericks8art.htm">"S.C. Fredericks- Lucian's True History as SF"</a>. www.depauw.edu. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.depauw.edu&rft.atitle=S.C.+Fredericks-+Lucian%27s+True+History+as+SF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Fbackissues%2F8%2Ffredericks8art.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Arabian_Nights:_A_Companion-18"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Arabian_Nights:_A_Companion_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2003" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Robert (2003). The Arabian Nights: A Companion. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">Tauris Parke Paperbacks</a>. pp. 209–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-983-7"><bdi>978-1-86064-983-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Nights%3A+A+Companion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-983-7&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2001" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Matthew (2001). The Halstead Treasury of Ancient Science Fiction. Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales: Halstead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875684-64-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-875684-64-9"><bdi>978-1-875684-64-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Halstead+Treasury+of+Ancient+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Rushcutters+Bay%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Halstead+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-875684-64-9&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emcit.com/emcit085.shtml#Once">"Once Upon a Time"</a>. Emerald City (85). September 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095946/http://www.emcit.com/emcit085.shtml#Once">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerald+City&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time&rft.issue=85&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcit.com%2Femcit085.shtml%23Once&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-Roubi-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Roubi_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html">"Islamset-Muslim Scientists-Ibn Al Nafis as a Philosopher"</a>. 6 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamset-Muslim+Scientists-Ibn+Al+Nafis+as+a+Philosopher&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamset.com%2Fisc%2Fnafis%2Fdrroubi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Harmony_of_the_Worlds-21"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Harmony_of_the_Worlds_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Creator and presenter: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> (12 October 1980). "<a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage#Episodes" title="Cosmos: A Personal Voyage">The Harmony of the Worlds</a>". <a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage" title="Cosmos: A Personal Voyage">Cosmos: A Personal Voyage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosmos%3A+A+Personal+Voyage&rft.date=1980-10-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_Glomski2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jacqueline Glomski (2013). Stefan Walser; Isabella Tilg (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdP6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">"Science Fiction in the Seventeenth Century: The Neo-Latin Somnium and its Relationship with the Vernacular"</a>. Der Neulateinische Roman Als Medium Seiner Zeit. BoD: 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-6792-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-6792-5"><bdi>978-3-8233-6792-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415223242/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdP6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Neulateinische+Roman+Als+Medium+Seiner+Zeit&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+The+Neo-Latin+Somnium+and+its+Relationship+with+the+Vernacular&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-8233-6792-5&rft.au=Jacqueline+Glomski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdP6AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2009" class="citation journal cs1">White, William (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/intersect/article/view/53">"Science, Factions, and the Persistent Specter of War: Margaret Cavendish's Blazing World"</a>. Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology and Society. 2 (1): 40–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227215240/http://ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/intersect/article/view/53">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intersect%3A+The+Stanford+Journal+of+Science%2C+Technology+and+Society&rft.atitle=Science%2C+Factions%2C+and+the+Persistent+Specter+of+War%3A+Margaret+Cavendish%27s+Blazing+World&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs.stanford.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fintersect%2Farticle%2Fview%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2011" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLDFLYFi8LYC">A Description of the Blazing World</a>. Broadview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-035-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-035-3"><bdi>978-1-77048-035-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506051153/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLDFLYFi8LYC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+the+Blazing+World&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-77048-035-3&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLDFLYFi8LYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skullsinthestars.com/2011/01/02/margaret-cavendishs-the-blazing-world-1666/">"Margaret Cavendish's The Blazing World (1666)"</a>. Skulls in the Stars. 2 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212132331/http://skullsinthestars.com/2011/01/02/margaret-cavendishs-the-blazing-world-1666/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Cavendish%27s+The+Blazing+World+%281666%29&rft.pub=Skulls+in+the+Stars&rft.date=2011-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskullsinthestars.com%2F2011%2F01%2F02%2Fmargaret-cavendishs-the-blazing-world-1666%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Anne_Reid2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Anne_Reid" title="Robin Anne Reid">Robin Anne Reid</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jKr0jWY8FLkC&pg=RA1-PA59">Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy: Overviews</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33591-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33591-4"><bdi>978-0-313-33591-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Overviews&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33591-4&rft.au=Robin+Anne+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjKr0jWY8FLkC%26pg%3DRA1-PA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Cullen_Khanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Cullen Khanna (page does not exist)">Khanna, Lee Cullen</a>. "The Subject of Utopia: Margaret Cavendish and Her Blazing-World". Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: World of Difference. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1994. 15–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAVeTFin0mU">"Carl Sagan on Johannes Kepler's persecution"</a>. YouTube. 21 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111129015805/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAVeTFin0mU&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+Sagan+on+Johannes+Kepler%27s+persecution&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlAVeTFin0mU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1977" class="citation book cs1">Asimov, Isaac (1977). The Beginning and the End. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-13088-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-13088-2"><bdi>978-0-385-13088-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginning+and+the+End&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-385-13088-2&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/leading-figures/kepler-the-father-of-science-fiction/">"Kepler, the Father of Science Fiction"</a>. bbvaopenmind.com. 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbvaopenmind.com&rft.atitle=Kepler%2C+the+Father+of+Science+Fiction&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbvaopenmind.com%2Fen%2Fscience%2Fleading-figures%2Fkepler-the-father-of-science-fiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopova2019" class="citation web cs1">Popova, Maria (27 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themarginalian.org/2019/12/26/katharina-kepler-witchcraft-dream/">"How Kepler Invented Science Fiction and Defended His Mother in a Witchcraft Trial While Revolutionizing Our Understanding of the Universe"</a>. themarginalian.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=themarginalian.org&rft.atitle=How+Kepler+Invented+Science+Fiction+and+Defended+His+Mother+in+a+Witchcraft+Trial+While+Revolutionizing+Our+Understanding+of+the+Universe&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themarginalian.org%2F2019%2F12%2F26%2Fkatharina-kepler-witchcraft-dream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCluteNicholls1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clute, John & Nicholls, Peter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62">"Mary W. Shelley"</a>. Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116075255/http://www.sfhomeworld.org/exhibits/homeworld/scifi_hof.asp?articleID=62">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+W.+Shelley&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Orbit%2FTime+Warner+Book+Group+UK&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfhomeworld.org%2Fexhibits%2Fhomeworld%2Fscifi_hof.asp%3FarticleID%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingrove2001" class="citation book cs1">Wingrove, Aldriss (2001). Billion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction (1973) Revised and expanded as <a href="/wiki/Trillion_Year_Spree" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion Year Spree">Trillion Year Spree</a> (with David Wingrove)(1986). New York: House of Stratus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7551-0068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7551-0068-2"><bdi>978-0-7551-0068-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billion+Year+Spree%3A+The+History+of+Science+Fiction+%281973%29+Revised+and+expanded+as+Trillion+Year+Spree+%28with+David+Wingrove%29%281986%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=House+of+Stratus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7551-0068-2&rft.aulast=Wingrove&rft.aufirst=Aldriss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Tresch, John (2002). "Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction". In Hayes, Kevin J. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1">978-0-521-79326-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-poe_moon-35"><a href="#cite_ref-poe_moon_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoe" class="citation book cs1">Poe, Edgar Allan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060627190020/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/horror/TheWorksofEdgarAllenPoeVolume1/chap3.html">The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, Volume 1, "The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/horror/TheWorksofEdgarAllenPoeVolume1/chap3.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Edgar+Allan+Poe%2C+Volume+1%2C+%22The+Unparalleled+Adventures+of+One+Hans+Pfaal%22&rft.aulast=Poe&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwideschool.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2Flit%2Fhorror%2FTheWorksofEdgarAllenPoeVolume1%2Fchap3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts48-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts48_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts48_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2000" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Adam (2000), Science Fiction, London: Routledge, p. 48, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19205-7"><bdi>978-0-415-19205-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19205-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenard1994" class="citation cs2">Renard, Maurice (November 1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/documents/renard.htm">"On the Scientific-Marvelous Novel and Its Influence on the Understanding of Progress"</a>, Science Fiction Studies, 21 (64), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033252/https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/documents/renard.htm">archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020, retrieved 25 January 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=On+the+Scientific-Marvelous+Novel+and+Its+Influence+on+the+Understanding+of+Progress&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=64&rft.date=1994-11&rft.aulast=Renard&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Fdocuments%2Frenard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas196112-38"><a href="#cite_ref-thomas196112_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1961" class="citation magazine cs1">Thomas, Theodore L. (December 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v20n02_1961-12_modified#page/n42/mode/1up">"The Watery Wonders of Captain Nemo"</a>. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 168–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=The+Watery+Wonders+of+Captain+Nemo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1961-12&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Theodore+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v20n02_1961-12_modified%23page%2Fn42%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Drabble2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Drabble" title="Margaret Drabble">Margaret Drabble</a> (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/2014/04/submarine-dreams">"Submarine dreams: Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas"</a>. New Statesman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140511122753/http://www.newstatesman.com/2014/04/submarine-dreams">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Submarine+dreams%3A+Jules+Verne%27s+Twenty+Thousand+Leagues+Under+the+Seas&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.au=Margaret+Drabble&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fsubmarine-dreams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> La obra narrativa de Enrique Gaspar: El Anacronópete (1887), María de los Ángeles Ayala, Universidad de Alicante. Del Romanticismo al Realismo : Actas del I Coloquio de la S. L. E. S. XIX, Barcelona, 24–26 October 1996 / edited by Luis F. Díaz Larios, Enrique Miralles. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> El anacronópete, English translation (2014), www.storypilot.com, Michael Main, accessed 13 April 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuffolk2012" class="citation web cs1">Suffolk, Alex (28 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highlandernews.org/2016/professor-explores-the-work-of-a-science-fiction-pioneer/">"Professor explores the work of a science fiction pioneer"</a>. Highlander. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Highlander&rft.atitle=Professor+explores+the+work+of+a+science+fiction+pioneer&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft.aulast=Suffolk&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highlandernews.org%2F2016%2Fprofessor-explores-the-work-of-a-science-fiction-pioneer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Arthur B. Evans (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.depauw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=mlang_facpubs">Science Fiction vs. Scientific Fiction in France: From Jules Verne to J.-H. Rosny Aîné (La science-fiction contre la fiction scientifique en France; De Jules Verne à J.-H. Rosny aìné)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228155211/https://scholarship.depauw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=mlang_facpubs">Archived</a> 28 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: Science fiction studies, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 1-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1988" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Mark Richard (1988). Hugo Gernsback, Father of Modern Science Fiction: With Essays on Frank Herbert and Bram Stoker. Borgo Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89370-174-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89370-174-1"><bdi>978-0-89370-174-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Gernsback%2C+Father+of+Modern+Science+Fiction%3A+With+Essays+on+Frank+Herbert+and+Bram+Stoker&rft.pub=Borgo+Pr&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89370-174-1&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Mark+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagar2004" class="citation book cs1">Wagar, W. Warren (2004). H.G. Wells: Traversing Time. Wesleyan University Press. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.G.+Wells%3A+Traversing+Time&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wagar&rft.aufirst=W.+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/hg-wells-a-visionary-who-should-be-remembered-for-his-social-predictions-not-just-his-scientific-a7320486.html">"HG Wells: A visionary who should be remembered for his social predictions, not just his scientific ones"</a>. The Independent. 8 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318183227/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/hg-wells-a-visionary-who-should-be-remembered-for-his-social-predictions-not-just-his-scientific-a7320486.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=HG+Wells%3A+A+visionary+who+should+be+remembered+for+his+social+predictions%2C+not+just+his+scientific+ones&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fhg-wells-a-visionary-who-should-be-remembered-for-his-social-predictions-not-just-his-scientific-a7320486.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Porges, Irwin (1975). Edgar Rice Burroughs. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8425-0079-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8425-0079-0">0-8425-0079-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/science-fiction">"Science fiction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 24 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+fiction&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fscience-fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#Translations">Brown</a>, p. xi, citing Shane, gives 1921. Russell, p. 3, dates the first draft to 1919. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1946" class="citation journal cs1">Orwell, George (4 January 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwell.ru/library/reviews/zamyatin/english/">"Review of WE by E. I. Zamyatin"</a>. Tribune. London – via Orwell.ru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribune&rft.atitle=Review+of+WE+by+E.+I.+Zamyatin&rft.date=1946-01-04&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwell.ru%2Flibrary%2Freviews%2Fzamyatin%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Originally published in the April 1926 issue of <a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-stableford-52"><a href="#cite_ref-stableford_52-0">^</a> Quoted in [1993] in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStablefordClute,_JohnNicholls,_Peter1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a> (1993). "Definitions of SF". In Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.). Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. London: <a href="/wiki/Orbit_Books" title="Orbit Books">Orbit</a>/<a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. pp. 311–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85723-124-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85723-124-3"><bdi>978-1-85723-124-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+SF&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.pub=Orbit%2FLittle%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85723-124-3&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Clute%2C+John&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Edwards, Malcolm J.; Nicholls, Peter (1995). "SF Magazines". In John Clute and Peter Nicholls. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (Updated ed.). New York: St Martin's Griffin. p. 1066. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6">0-312-09618-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dozois-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Dozois_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozoisStrahan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Dozois" title="Gardner Dozois">Dozois, Gardner</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Strahan" title="Jonathan Strahan">Strahan, Jonathan</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Space_Opera" title="The New Space Opera">The New Space Opera</a> (1st ed.). New York: Eos. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newspaceopera2al00gard/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-084675-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-084675-6"><bdi>978-0-06-084675-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Space+Opera&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Eos&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-084675-6&rft.aulast=Dozois&rft.aufirst=Gardner&rft.au=Strahan%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide-55"><a href="#cite_ref-guide_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Garyn_G.2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Roberts, Garyn G. (2001). "Buck Rogers". In Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat (eds.). The Guide To United States Popular Culture. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-821-2"><bdi>978-0-87972-821-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buck+Rogers&rft.btitle=The+Guide+To+United+States+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Bowling+Green%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+State+University+Popular+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-821-2&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Garyn+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/books/last-and-first-man-of-vision/161949.article">"Last and first man of vision"</a>. Times Higher Education. 23 January 1995. Retrieved 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+and+first+man+of+vision&rft.pub=Times+Higher+Education&rft.date=1995-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Flast-and-first-man-of-vision%2F161949.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sf_history_nvcc-57"><a href="#cite_ref-sf_history_nvcc_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaormina2005" class="citation web cs1">Taormina, Agatha (19 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040326191128/http://nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/">"A History of Science Fiction"</a>. Northern Virginia Community College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvcc.edu/home/ataormina/scifi/history/">the original</a> on 26 March 2004. Retrieved 16 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Northern+Virginia+Community+College&rft.date=2005-01-19&rft.aulast=Taormina&rft.aufirst=Agatha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvcc.edu%2Fhome%2Fataormina%2Fscifi%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholsAshley2021" class="citation web cs1">Nichols, Peter; Ashley, Mike (23 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/golden_age_of_sf">"Golden Age of SF"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 17 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Age+of+SF&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Ashley%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fgolden_age_of_sf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Nicholls, Peter (1981) The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, Granada, p. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Robots_to_Foundations-60"><a href="#cite_ref-From_Robots_to_Foundations_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodex2014" class="citation book cs1">Codex, Regius (2014). From Robots to Foundations. Wiesbaden/Ljubljana: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4995-6982-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4995-6982-7"><bdi>978-1-4995-6982-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Robots+to+Foundations&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2FLjubljana&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4995-6982-7&rft.aulast=Codex&rft.aufirst=Regius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1980" class="citation book cs1">Asimov, Isaac (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/injoystillfelt00isaa/page/">In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978</a>. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/injoystillfelt00isaa/page/">chapter 24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-15544-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-15544-1"><bdi>978-0-385-15544-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Joy+Still+Felt%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Isaac+Asimov%2C+1954%E2%80%931978&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=chapter+24&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-385-15544-1&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finjoystillfelt00isaa%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards/">"1966 Hugo Awards"</a>. thehugoawards.org. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a>. 26 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507072919/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thehugoawards.org&rft.atitle=1966+Hugo+Awards&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1966-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1966.html">"The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1966"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_England_Science_Fiction_Association" title="New England Science Fiction Association">New England Science Fiction Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403182439/http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1966.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Long+List+of+Hugo+Awards%2C+1966&rft.pub=New+England+Science+Fiction+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesfa.org%2Fdata%2FLL%2FHugos%2Fhugos1966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> "Time and Space", Hartford Courant, 7 February 1954, p.SM19 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/birs/bir7.htm">"Reviews: November 1975"</a>. www.depauw.edu. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.depauw.edu&rft.atitle=Reviews%3A+November+1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Fbirs%2Fbir7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Aldiss & Wingrove, <a href="/wiki/Trillion_Year_Spree" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion Year Spree">Trillion Year Spree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a>, 1986, p.237 </li> <li id="cite_note-sps-67"><a href="#cite_ref-sps_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030429172915/http://www.astro.spbu.ru/staff/serg/interests/literature/efremov/list.html">"Ivan Efremov's works"</a>. Serg's Home Page. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.spbu.ru/staff/serg/interests/literature/efremov/list.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2003. Retrieved 8 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Serg%27s+Home+Page&rft.atitle=Ivan+Efremov%27s+works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.spbu.ru%2Fstaff%2Fserg%2Finterests%2Fliterature%2Fefremov%2Flist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rusf.ru/abs/int0099.htm">"OFF-LINE интервью с Борисом Стругацким"</a> [OFF-LINE interview with Boris Strugatsky] (in Russian). Russian Science Fiction & Fantasy. December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032338/http://www.rusf.ru/abs/int0099.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OFF-LINE+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D1%81+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC&rft.pub=Russian+Science+Fiction+%26+Fantasy&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frusf.ru%2Fabs%2Fint0099.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gale196010-69"><a href="#cite_ref-gale196010_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale1960" class="citation magazine cs1">Gale, Floyd C. (October 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v19n01_1960-10#page/n71/mode/1up">"Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf"</a>. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 142–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Galaxy%27s+5+Star+Shelf&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1960-10&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=Floyd+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v19n01_1960-10%23page%2Fn71%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcmilllan-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Mcmilllan_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan2016" class="citation news cs1">McMillan, Graeme (3 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/starship-troopers-may-be-controversial-adapt-faithfully-944083">"Why 'Starship Troopers' May Be Too Controversial to Adapt Faithfully"</a>. Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151832/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/starship-troopers-may-be-controversial-adapt-faithfully-944083">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Why+%27Starship+Troopers%27+May+Be+Too+Controversial+to+Adapt+Faithfully&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Fstarship-troopers-may-be-controversial-adapt-faithfully-944083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liptak-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Liptak_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2016" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Andrew (3 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/3/13511716/starship-troopers-reboot-things-we-want-to-see">"Four things that we want to see in the Starship Troopers reboot"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213929/https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/3/13511716/starship-troopers-reboot-things-we-want-to-see">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Four+things+that+we+want+to+see+in+the+Starship+Troopers+reboot&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2016%2F11%2F3%2F13511716%2Fstarship-troopers-reboot-things-we-want-to-see&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intersections-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Intersections_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlusser1987" class="citation book cs1">Slusser, George E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zao2IFNhvQkC">Intersections: Fantasy and Science Fiction Alternatives</a>. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 210–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1374-7"><bdi>978-0-8093-1374-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322195108/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zao2IFNhvQkC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intersections%3A+Fantasy+and+Science+Fiction+Alternatives&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-1374-7&rft.aulast=Slusser&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZao2IFNhvQkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikołajewskaMikołajewski2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mikołajewska, Emilia; Mikołajewski, Dariusz (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229012056">"Exoskeletons in Neurological Diseases – Current and Potential Future Applications"</a>. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 20 (2): 228 Fig. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403142703/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229012056_Exoskeletons_in_Neurological_Diseases-Current_and_Potential_Future_Applications">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Clinical+and+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Exoskeletons+in+Neurological+Diseases+%E2%80%93+Current+and+Potential+Future+Applications&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228+Fig.+2&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Miko%C5%82ajewska&rft.aufirst=Emilia&rft.au=Miko%C5%82ajewski%2C+Dariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229012056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss" class="citation web cs1">Weiss, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116201552/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20010630/bob8.asp">"Dances with Robots"</a>. Science News Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20010630/bob8.asp">the original</a> on 16 January 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dances+with+Robots&rft.pub=Science+News+Online&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticles%2F20010630%2Fbob8.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perrypedia.proc.org/wiki/Unternehmen_Stardust">"Unternehmen Stardust – Perrypedia"</a>. www.perrypedia.proc.org (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330062254/https://www.perrypedia.proc.org/wiki/Unternehmen_Stardust">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perrypedia.proc.org&rft.atitle=Unternehmen+Stardust+%E2%80%93+Perrypedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perrypedia.proc.org%2Fwiki%2FUnternehmen_Stardust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perrypedia.proc.org/wiki/Der_Unsterbliche">"Der Unsterbliche – Perrypedia"</a>. www.perrypedia.proc.org (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330062247/https://www.perrypedia.proc.org/wiki/Der_Unsterbliche">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perrypedia.proc.org&rft.atitle=Der+Unsterbliche+%E2%80%93+Perrypedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perrypedia.proc.org%2Fwiki%2FDer_Unsterbliche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Mike Ashley (14 May 2007). Gateways to Forever: The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1970–1980. Liverpool University Press. p. 218. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-003-4">978-1-84631-003-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McGuirk-78"><a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuirk1992" class="citation book cs1">McGuirk, Carol (1992). "The 'New' Romancers". In Slusser, George Edgar; Shippey, T. A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109">Fiction 2000</a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109">109–125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1449-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1449-5"><bdi>978-0-8203-1449-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27New%27+Romancers&rft.btitle=Fiction+2000&rft.pages=109-125&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1449-5&rft.aulast=McGuirk&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiction2000cyber0000unse%2Fpage%2F109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroti2011" class="citation book cs1">Caroti, Simone (2011). The Generation Starship in Science Fiction. McFarland. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8576-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-8576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generation+Starship+in+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8576-5&rft.aulast=Caroti&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Peter Swirski (ed), The Art and Science of Stanislaw Lem, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-3047-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-3047-9">0-7735-3047-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Stanislaw Lem, <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Futurology" title="Science Fiction and Futurology">Fantastyka i Futuriologia</a>, Wedawnictwo Literackie, 1989, vol. 2, p. 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Benét's Reader's Encyclopedia, fourth edition (1996), p. 590. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiałkowski" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fiałkowski, Tomasz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solaris.lem.pl/o-lemie/artykuly/60-artykuly/232-artykul-fialkowski">"Stanisław Lem czyli życie spełnione"</a>. solaris.lem.pl (in Polish). Lem.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429165334/http://solaris.lem.pl/o-lemie/artykuly/60-artykuly/232-artykul-fialkowski">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=solaris.lem.pl&rft.atitle=Stanis%C5%82aw+Lem+czyli+%C5%BCycie+spe%C5%82nione&rft.aulast=Fia%C5%82kowski&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolaris.lem.pl%2Fo-lemie%2Fartykuly%2F60-artykuly%2F232-artykul-fialkowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOramus2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Oramus" title="Marek Oramus">Oramus, Marek</a> (2006). Bogowie Lema. Przeźmierowo: Wydawnictwo Kurpisz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788389738929" title="Special:BookSources/9788389738929"><bdi>9788389738929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bogowie+Lema&rft.place=Prze%C5%BAmierowo&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Kurpisz&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788389738929&rft.aulast=Oramus&rft.aufirst=Marek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarzębski" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jarzębski, Jerzy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solaris.lem.pl/ksiazki/beletrystyka/niezwyciezony/96-poslowie-niezwyciezony">"Cały ten złom"</a>. solaris.lem.pl (in Polish). Lem.pl. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=solaris.lem.pl&rft.atitle=Ca%C5%82y+ten+z%C5%82om&rft.aulast=Jarz%C4%99bski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolaris.lem.pl%2Fksiazki%2Fbeletrystyka%2Fniezwyciezony%2F96-poslowie-niezwyciezony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzewczyk2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szewczyk, Olaf (29 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/1655752,1,fantomowe-wszechswiaty-lema-staja-sie-rzeczywistoscia.read">"Fantomowe wszechświaty Lema stają się rzeczywistością"</a>. polityka.pl (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Polityka" title="Polityka">Polityka</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polityka.pl&rft.atitle=Fantomowe+wszech%C5%9Bwiaty+Lema+staj%C4%85+si%C4%99+rzeczywisto%C5%9Bci%C4%85&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.aulast=Szewczyk&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polityka.pl%2Ftygodnikpolityka%2Fkultura%2F1655752%2C1%2Cfantomowe-wszechswiaty-lema-staja-sie-rzeczywistoscia.read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2000" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Adam (2000). Science Fiction. New York: Routledge. pp. 85–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19204-0"><bdi>978-0-415-19204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19204-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#isfdb-dop">Dragonriders of Pern, ISFDB</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-first-89"><a href="#cite_ref-first_89-0">^</a> Publishers Weekly review of Robin Roberts, Anne McCaffrey: A Life with Dragons (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/157806998X">Quoted by Amazon.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601043508/https://www.amazon.com/dp/157806998X">Archived</a> 1 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 16 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sammon-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Sammon_90-0">^</a> Sammon, Paul M. (1996). Future Noir: the Making of Blade Runner. London: Orion Media. p. 49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-105314-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-105314-7">0-06-105314-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2017" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe, Gary K. (23 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-books-blade-runner-2049-philip-k-dick-20171019-story.html">"'Blade Runner 2049': How does Philip K. Dick's vision hold up?"</a>. chicagotribune.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330062247/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-books-blade-runner-2049-philip-k-dick-20171019-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=%27Blade+Runner+2049%27%3A+How+does+Philip+K.+Dick%27s+vision+hold+up%3F&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Gary+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Flifestyles%2Fbooks%2Fct-books-blade-runner-2049-philip-k-dick-20171019-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Stover, Leon E. "Anthropology and Science Fiction" Current Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct. 1973) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Reid, Suzanne Elizabeth (1997). Presenting Ursula Le Guin. New York, New York, USA: Twayne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-4609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-4609-9">978-0-8057-4609-9</a>, pp=9, 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Spivack, Charlotte (1984). Ursula K. Le Guin (1st ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Twayne Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7393-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7393-4">978-0-8057-7393-4</a>., pp=44–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/40079.htm">"Brave New World of Chinese Science Fiction"</a>. www.china.org.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621155325/http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/40079.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.china.org.cn&rft.atitle=Brave+New+World+of+Chinese+Science+Fiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fculture%2F40079.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concatenation.org/articles/sf~china.html">"Science Fiction, Globalization, and the People's Republic of China"</a>. www.concatenation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427005238/http://www.concatenation.org/articles/sf~china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.concatenation.org&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction%2C+Globalization%2C+and+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concatenation.org%2Farticles%2Fsf~china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Fitting, Peter (July 1991). "The Lessons of Cyberpunk". In Penley, C.; Ross, A. Technoculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 295–315 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchactman2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Schactman, Noah (23 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/05/pentagon-define.html">"26 Years After Gibson, Pentagon Defines 'Cyberspace'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914151043/http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/05/pentagon-define.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=26+Years+After+Gibson%2C+Pentagon+Defines+%27Cyberspace%27&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft.aulast=Schactman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.wired.com%2Fdefense%2F2008%2F05%2Fpentagon-define.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibson_cyber-99"><a href="#cite_ref-gibson_cyber_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward1993" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Philip (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Cyberspace/HaywardSituatingCyberspace.html">Future Visions: New Technologies of the Screen</a>. British Film Institute. pp. 180–204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221203216/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Cyberspace/HaywardSituatingCyberspace.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Visions%3A+New+Technologies+of+the+Screen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fclass%2Fhistory34q%2Freadings%2FCyberspace%2FHaywardSituatingCyberspace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Pfeiffer, John R. "Butler, Octavia Estelle (b. 1947)." in Richard Bleiler (ed.), Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day, 2nd edn. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999. 147–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-1995/octavia-butler">"Octavia Butler"</a>. www.macfound.org. Retrieved 6 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macfound.org&rft.atitle=Octavia+Butler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macfound.org%2Ffellows%2Fclass-of-1995%2Foctavia-butler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tor_Shards-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Tor_Shards_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Walton, Jo</a> (31 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tor.com/blogs/2009/03/weeping-for-her-enemies-lois-mcmaster-bujolds-shards-of-honor">"Weeping for her enemies: Lois McMaster Bujold's Shards of Honor"</a>. Tor.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001835/http://www.tor.com/blogs/2009/03/weeping-for-her-enemies-lois-mcmaster-bujolds-shards-of-honor">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor.com&rft.atitle=Weeping+for+her+enemies%3A+Lois+McMaster+Bujold%27s+Shards+of+Honor&rft.date=2009-03-31&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2Fblogs%2F2009%2F03%2Fweeping-for-her-enemies-lois-mcmaster-bujolds-shards-of-honor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelso-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelso_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dendarii.com/reviews/kelso.html">"Loud Achievements: Lois McMaster Bujold's Science Fiction"</a>. www.dendarii.com. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dendarii.com&rft.atitle=Loud+Achievements%3A+Lois+McMaster+Bujold%27s+Science+Fiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dendarii.com%2Freviews%2Fkelso.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustich2008" class="citation web cs1">Mustich, James (13 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barnesandnoble.com/review/neal-stephenson-anathem/">"Interviews – Neal Stephenson: Anathem – A Conversation with James Mustich, Editor-in-Chief of the Barnes & Noble Review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">barnesandnoble.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811203104/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/review/neal-stephenson-anathem/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014. <q>I'd had a similar reaction to yours when I'd first read The Origin of Consciousness and the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, and that, combined with the desire to use IT, were two elements from which Snow Crash grew.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interviews+%E2%80%93+Neal+Stephenson%3A+Anathem+%E2%80%93+A+Conversation+with+James+Mustich%2C+Editor-in-Chief+of+the+Barnes+%26+Noble+Review&rft.pub=barnesandnoble.com&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft.aulast=Mustich&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Freview%2Fneal-stephenson-anathem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kenliu.name/translations/three-body/">"Three Body"</a>. Ken Liu, Writer. 23 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330064637/https://kenliu.name/translations/three-body/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ken+Liu%2C+Writer&rft.atitle=Three+Body&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkenliu.name%2Ftranslations%2Fthree-body%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2015" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Ed (31 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2015-hugo-awards/">"2015 Hugo Awards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509050008/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2015-hugo-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+Hugo+Awards&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F2015-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/1851952/out-world-chinese-sci-fi-author-liu-cixin-asias-first-writer-win">"Out of this world: Chinese sci-fi author Liu Cixin is Asia's first writer to win Hugo award for best novel"</a>. South China Morning Post. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Out+of+this+world%3A+Chinese+sci-fi+author+Liu+Cixin+is+Asia%27s+first+writer+to+win+Hugo+award+for+best+novel&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2F1851952%2Fout-world-chinese-sci-fi-author-liu-cixin-asias-first-writer-win&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnders2012" class="citation web cs1">Anders, Charlie Jane (27 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/10-recent-science-fiction-books-that-are-about-big-idea-5929436">"10 Recent Science Fiction Books That Are About Big Ideas"</a>. io9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330064638/https://io9.gizmodo.com/10-recent-science-fiction-books-that-are-about-big-idea-5929436">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=10+Recent+Science+Fiction+Books+That+Are+About+Big+Ideas&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=Charlie+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fio9.gizmodo.com%2F10-recent-science-fiction-books-that-are-about-big-idea-5929436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studienet.dk/science-fiction/21st-century">"Science fiction in the 21st century"</a>. www.studienet.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330064635/https://www.studienet.dk/science-fiction/21st-century">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.studienet.dk&rft.atitle=Science+fiction+in+the+21st+century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studienet.dk%2Fscience-fiction%2F21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBebergal2007" class="citation news cs1">Bebergal, Peter (26 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/26/the_age_of_steampunk/?page=full">"The age of steampunk:Nostalgia meets the future, joined carefully with brass screws"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071134/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/26/the_age_of_steampunk/?page=full">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+age+of+steampunk%3ANostalgia+meets+the+future%2C+joined+carefully+with+brass+screws&rft.date=2007-08-26&rft.aulast=Bebergal&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fideas%2Farticles%2F2007%2F08%2F26%2Fthe_age_of_steampunk%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulver_1998-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Pulver_1998_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulver,_David_L.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Pulver" title="David L. Pulver">Pulver, David L.</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/GURPS_Bio-Tech" title="GURPS Bio-Tech">GURPS Bio-Tech</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jackson_Games" title="Steve Jackson Games">Steve Jackson Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55634-336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55634-336-0"><bdi>978-1-55634-336-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GURPS+Bio-Tech&rft.pub=Steve+Jackson+Games&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55634-336-0&rft.au=Pulver%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Taylor2000" class="citation journal cs1">Paul Taylor (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0006/biopunk.php">"Fleshing Out the Maelstrom: Biopunk and the Violence of Information"</a>. M/C Journal. 3 (3). Journal of Media and Culture. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5204%2Fmcj.1853">10.5204/mcj.1853</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1441-2616">1441-2616</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050617065150/http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0006/biopunk.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%2FC+Journal&rft.atitle=Fleshing+Out+the+Maelstrom%3A+Biopunk+and+the+Violence+of+Information&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5204%2Fmcj.1853&rft.issn=1441-2616&rft.au=Paul+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.media-culture.org.au%2F0006%2Fbiopunk.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/7948058.stm">"How sci-fi moves with the times"</a>. BBC News. 18 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228164140/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/7948058.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+sci-fi+moves+with+the+times&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7948058.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwalter-114"><a href="#cite_ref-dwalter_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2008" class="citation news cs1">Walter, Damien (2 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/may/02/thereallyexcitingsciencefi">"The really exciting science fiction is boring"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143301/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/may/02/thereallyexcitingsciencefi">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+really+exciting+science+fiction+is+boring&rft.date=2008-05-02&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2008%2Fmay%2F02%2Fthereallyexcitingsciencefi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon12-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon12_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonFoster2008" class="citation cs2">Dixon, Wheeler Winston; Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FP9w48VwwVUC&pg=PA12">A Short History of Film</a>, Rutgers University Press, p. 12, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4475-5"><bdi>978-0-8135-4475-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322195116/https://books.google.com/books?id=FP9w48VwwVUC&pg=PA12">archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019, retrieved 19 December 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Film&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4475-5&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Wheeler+Winston&rft.au=Foster%2C+Gwendolyn+Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFP9w48VwwVUC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2015" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Fritzi (29 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moviessilently.com/2015/03/29/a-trip-to-the-moon-1902-a-silent-film-review/">"A Trip to the Moon (1902) A Silent Film Review"</a>. Movies Silently. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070347/http://moviessilently.com/2015/03/29/a-trip-to-the-moon-1902-a-silent-film-review/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Movies+Silently&rft.atitle=A+Trip+to+the+Moon+%281902%29+A+Silent+Film+Review&rft.date=2015-03-29&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Fritzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoviessilently.com%2F2015%2F03%2F29%2Fa-trip-to-the-moon-1902-a-silent-film-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagan" class="citation web cs1">Eagan, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-trip-to-the-moon-as-youve-never-seen-it-before-68360402/">"A Trip to the Moon as You've Never Seen it Before"</a>. Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070344/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-trip-to-the-moon-as-youve-never-seen-it-before-68360402/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=A+Trip+to+the+Moon+as+You%27ve+Never+Seen+it+Before&rft.aulast=Eagan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fa-trip-to-the-moon-as-youve-never-seen-it-before-68360402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1001Movies-118"><a href="#cite_ref-1001Movies_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2012" class="citation cs2">Schneider, Steven Jay (1 October 2012), 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die 2012, Octopus Publishing Group, p. 20, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-733-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-733-9"><bdi>978-1-84403-733-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Movies+You+Must+See+Before+You+Die+2012&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Octopus+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84403-733-9&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Steven+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonFoster2008" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Wheeler Winston; Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey (1 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FP9w48VwwVUC&pg=PA13">A Short History of Film</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4475-5"><bdi>978-0-8135-4475-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415235100/https://books.google.com/books?id=FP9w48VwwVUC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Film&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4475-5&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Wheeler+Winston&rft.au=Foster%2C+Gwendolyn+Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFP9w48VwwVUC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scififilmhistory.com/index.php?pageID=metro">SciFi Film History – Metropolis (1927)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074916/http://www.scififilmhistory.com/index.php?pageID=metro">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Though most agree that the first science fiction film was Georges Méliès' A Trip to the Moon (1902), Metropolis (1926) is the first feature length outing of the genre. (scififilmhistory.com, retrieved 15 May 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/25817%7C0/Metropolis.html">"Metropolis"</a>. Turner Classic Movies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140316012144/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/25817%7C0/Metropolis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=Metropolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Fthis-month%2Farticle%2F25817%257C0%2FMetropolis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123004145/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/">"The 100 Best Films of World Cinema"</a>. empireonline.com. 11 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/">the original</a> on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+100+Best+Films+of+World+Cinema&rft.pub=empireonline.com&rft.date=2010-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.empireonline.com%2Fmovies%2Ffeatures%2F100-greatest-world-cinema-films%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000823024001/http://www.silentera.com/info/top100.html">"The Top 100 Silent Era Films"</a>. silentera.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silentera.com/info/top100.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2000. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Top+100+Silent+Era+Films&rft.pub=silentera.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silentera.com%2Finfo%2Ftop100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bfi-124"><a href="#cite_ref-bfi_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301135739/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time">"The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">Sight & Sound</a> September 2012 issue. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. 1 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time">the original</a> on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sight+%26+Sound+September+2012+issue&rft.atitle=The+Top+50+Greatest+Films+of+All+Time&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Fnews%2F50-greatest-films-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E6%80%AA%E7%8D%A3">"Introduction to Kaiju [in Japanese]"</a>. dic-pixiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218180925/http://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E6%80%AA%E7%8D%A3">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Kaiju+%5Bin+Japanese%5D&rft.pub=dic-pixiv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdic.pixiv.net%2Fa%2F%25E6%2580%25AA%25E7%258D%25A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF中根2009" class="citation journal cs1">中根, 研一 (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007480367">"A Study of Chinese monster culture – Mysterious animals that proliferates in present age media [in Japanese]"</a>. 北海学園大学学園論集. 141. Hokkai-Gakuen University: 91–121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312035449/http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007480367">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Chinese+monster+culture+%E2%80%93+Mysterious+animals+that+proliferates+in+present+age+media+%5Bin+Japanese%5D&rft.volume=141&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=%E4%B8%AD%E6%A0%B9&rft.aufirst=%E7%A0%94%E4%B8%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110007480367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazan2009" class="citation web cs1">Kazan, Casey (10 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321121445/http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html">"Ridley Scott: "After 2001 -A Space Odyssey, Science Fiction is Dead""</a>. Dailygalaxy.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/07/ridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ridley+Scott%3A+%22After+2001+-A+Space+Odyssey%2C+Science+Fiction+is+Dead%22&rft.pub=Dailygalaxy.com&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft.aulast=Kazan&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailygalaxy.com%2Fmy_weblog%2F2009%2F07%2Fridley-scott-science-fiction-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> In Focus on the Science Fiction Film, edited by William Johnson. Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMet" class="citation web cs1">DeMet, George D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palantir.net/2001/meanings/essay09.html">"2001: A Space Odyssey Internet Resource Archive: The Search for Meaning in 2001"</a>. Palantir.net (originally an undergrad honors thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426050647/http://www.palantir.net/2001/meanings/essay09.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palantir.net+%28originally+an+undergrad+honors+thesis%29&rft.atitle=2001%3A+A+Space+Odyssey+Internet+Resource+Archive%3A+The+Search+for+Meaning+in+2001&rft.aulast=DeMet&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palantir.net%2F2001%2Fmeanings%2Fessay09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCass2009" class="citation web cs1">Cass, Stephen (2 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/sciencenotfiction/2009/04/02/this-day-in-science-fiction-history-2001-a-space-odyssey/">"This Day in Science Fiction History – 2001: A Space Odyssey"</a>. Discover Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328142257/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/sciencenotfiction/2009/04/02/this-day-in-science-fiction-history-2001-a-space-odyssey/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+Science+Fiction+History+%E2%80%93+2001%3A+A+Space+Odyssey&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft.aulast=Cass&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.discovermagazine.com%2Fsciencenotfiction%2F2009%2F04%2F02%2Fthis-day-in-science-fiction-history-2001-a-space-odyssey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Russo, Joe; Landsman, Larry; Gross, Edward (2001). Planet of the Apes Revisited: The Behind-The Scenes Story of the Classic Science Fiction Saga (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Griffin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-25239-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-25239-0">0-312-25239-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076759/faq">Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope (1977) – IMDb</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409004826/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076759/faq">archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2019, retrieved 30 March 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Wars%3A+Episode+IV+%E2%80%93+A+New+Hope+%281977%29+%E2%80%93+IMDb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0076759%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibbiani2018" class="citation web cs1">Bibbiani, William (24 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/04/24/the-best-space-operas-that-arent-star-wars">"The Best Space Operas (That Aren't Star Wars)"</a>. IGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813213353/https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/04/24/the-best-space-operas-that-arent-star-wars">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=The+Best+Space+Operas+%28That+Aren%27t+Star+Wars%29&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft.aulast=Bibbiani&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2018%2F04%2F24%2Fthe-best-space-operas-that-arent-star-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/series/StarWars.php">"Star Wars – Box Office History"</a>. The Numbers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822054739/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchise/Star-Wars">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+Wars+%E2%80%93+Box+Office+History&rft.pub=The+Numbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-numbers.com%2Fmovies%2Fseries%2FStarWars.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lucasfilm.com/productions/episode-iv/">"Star Wars Episode 4: A New Hope | Lucasfilm.com"</a>. Lucasfilm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330072220/https://www.lucasfilm.com/productions/episode-iv/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lucasfilm&rft.atitle=Star+Wars+Episode+4%3A+A+New+Hope+%7C+Lucasfilm.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lucasfilm.com%2Fproductions%2Fepisode-iv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boxofficemojo.com-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boxofficemojo.com_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boxofficemojo.com_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/?view=Franchise&sort=sumgross&order=DESC&p=.htm">"Movie Franchises and Brands Index"</a>. www.boxofficemojo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720054339/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/?view=Franchise&sort=sumgross&order=DESC&p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boxofficemojo.com&rft.atitle=Movie+Franchises+and+Brands+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Ffranchises%2F%3Fview%3DFranchise%26sort%3Dsumgross%26order%3DDESC%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Escape Velocity: American Science Fiction Film, 1950–1982, Bradley Schauer, Wesleyan University Press, 3 January 2017, page 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsonSFF-138"><a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonSFF_138-0">^</a> Science Fiction Film: A Critical Introduction, Keith M. Johnston, Berg, 9 May 2013, pages 24–25. Some of the examples are given by this book. </li> <li id="cite_note-Telotte-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Telotte_139-0">^</a> Science Fiction TV, J. P. Telotte, Routledge, 26 March 2014, pages 112, 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-r.u.r.-140"><a href="#cite_ref-r.u.r._140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelotte2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Telotte" title="Jay Telotte">Telotte, J. P.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFQicvXd5bwC&q=RUR+BBC+first+television+science+fiction&pg=PA210">The essential science fiction television reader</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2492-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2492-6"><bdi>978-0-8131-2492-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601043522/https://books.google.com/books?id=cFQicvXd5bwC&q=RUR+BBC+first+television+science+fiction&pg=PA210">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+essential+science+fiction+television+reader&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2492-6&rft.aulast=Telotte&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFQicvXd5bwC%26q%3DRUR%2BBBC%2Bfirst%2Btelevision%2Bscience%2Bfiction%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpt_video-141"><a href="#cite_ref-cpt_video_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne_Williams-Rautiolla2005" class="citation web cs1">Suzanne Williams-Rautiolla (2 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/captainvideo/captainvideo.htm">"Captain Video and His Video Rangers"</a>. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330104139/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/captainvideo/captainvideo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Captain+Video+and+His+Video+Rangers&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications&rft.date=2005-04-02&rft.au=Suzanne+Williams-Rautiolla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Farchives%2Fetv%2FC%2FhtmlC%2Fcaptainvideo%2Fcaptainvideo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-twilight-zone-tv-series-1959-1964-v133223">"The Twilight Zone [TV Series] [1959–1964]"</a>. AllMovie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620180846/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-twilight-zone-tv-series-1959-1964-v133223">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMovie&rft.atitle=The+Twilight+Zone+%5BTV+Series%5D+%5B1959%E2%80%931964%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmovie.com%2Fmovie%2Fthe-twilight-zone-tv-series-1959-1964-v133223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanyard2007" class="citation book cs1">Stanyard, Stewart T. (2007). Dimensions Behind the Twilight Zone: A Backstage Tribute to Television's Groundbreaking Series ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Toronto: ECW press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-744-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-744-4"><bdi>978-1-55022-744-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dimensions+Behind+the+Twilight+Zone%3A+A+Backstage+Tribute+to+Television%27s+Groundbreaking+Series&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=ECW+press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55022-744-4&rft.aulast=Stanyard&rft.aufirst=Stewart+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tv-guide-names-top-50-shows/">"TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. 26 April 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904061715/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/26/entertainment/main507388.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=TV+Guide+Names+Top+50+Shows&rft.date=2002-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ftv-guide-names-top-50-shows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607080758/http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=5246">"101 Best Written TV Series List"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=4925">the original</a> on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=101+Best+Written+TV+Series+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwga.org%2Fcontent%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fid%3D4925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2014" class="citation episode cs1">O'Reilly, Terry (24 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/undertheinfluence/season-3/2014/05/24/21st-century-brands-1/">"21st Century Brands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Under_the_Influence_(radio_documentary_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Under the Influence (radio documentary series)">Under the Influence</a>. Season 3. Episode 21. Event occurs at time 2:07. CBC Radio One. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608190711/http://www.cbc.ca/undertheinfluence/season-3/2014/05/24/21st-century-brands-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/undertheinfluence/season-3/2014/05/24/21st-century-brands-1/">Transcript of the original source</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2014. <q>The series had lots of interesting devices that marveled us back in the 1960s. In episode one, we see wife Jane doing exercises in front of a flatscreen television. In another episode, we see George Jetson reading the newspaper on a screen. Can anyone say tablet? In another, Boss Spacely tells George to fix something called a "computer virus". Everyone on the show uses video chat, foreshadowing Skype and Face Time. There is a robot vacuum cleaner, foretelling the 2002 arrival of the iRobot Roomba vacuum. There was also a tanning bed used in an episode, a product that wasn't introduced to North America until 1979. And while flying space cars that have yet to land in our lives, the Jetsons show had moving sidewalks like we now have in airports, treadmills that didn't hit the consumer market until 1969, and they had a repairman who had a piece of technology called... Mac.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Under+the+Influence&rft.series=Season+3.+Episode+21&rft.date=2014-05-24&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fundertheinfluence%2Fseason-3%2F2014%2F05%2F24%2F21st-century-brands-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/unearthlychild/detail.shtml">"Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – An Unearthly Child – Details"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025112652/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/unearthlychild/detail.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Doctor+Who+Classic+Episode+Guide+%E2%80%93+An+Unearthly+Child+%E2%80%93+Details&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdoctorwho%2Fclassic%2Fepisodeguide%2Funearthlychild%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeans2005" class="citation news cs1">Deans, Jason (21 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jun/21/broadcasting.bbc">"Doctor Who finally makes the Grade"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075434/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jun/21/broadcasting.bbc">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Doctor+Who+finally+makes+the+Grade&rft.date=2005-06-21&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Deans&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2005%2Fjun%2F21%2Fbroadcasting.bbc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7912946">"The end of Olde Englande: A lament for Blighty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 14 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617180057/http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7912946">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+end+of+Olde+Englande%3A+A+lament+for+Blighty&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fbritain%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D7912946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103085551/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/doctor-who">"ICONS. A Portrait of England"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/doctor-who">the original</a> on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICONS.+A+Portrait+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icons.org.uk%2Ftheicons%2Fcollection%2Fdoctor-who&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moran-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Moran_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Moran" title="Caitlin Moran">Moran, Caitlin</a> (30 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617002012/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article1989181.ece">"Doctor Who is simply masterful"</a>. The Times. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article1989181.ece">the original</a> on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2007. <q>[Doctor Who] is as thrilling and as loved as Jolene, or bread and cheese, or honeysuckle, or Friday. It's quintessential to being British.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Doctor+Who+is+simply+masterful&rft.date=2007-06-30&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Ftv_and_radio%2Farticle1989181.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Special Collectors' Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time". <a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a> (28 June – 4 July). 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TV+Guide&rft.atitle=Special+Collectors%27+Issue%3A+100+Greatest+Episodes+of+All+Time&rft.issue=28+June+%E2%80%93+4+July&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> British Science Fiction Television: A Hitchhiker's Guide, John R. Cook, Peter Wright, I.B.Tauris, 6 January 2006, page 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Gowran, Clay. "Nielsen Ratings Are Dim on New Shows". Chicago Tribune. 11 October 1966: B10. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Gould, Jack. "How Does Your Favorite Rate? Maybe Higher Than You Think." New York Times. 16 October 1966: 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmesHenry2007" class="citation book cs1">Hilmes, Michele; Henry, Michael Lowell (1 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209">NBC: America's Network</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25079-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25079-6"><bdi>978-0-520-25079-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NBC%3A+America%27s+Network&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25079-6&rft.aulast=Hilmes&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Henry%2C+Michael+Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlhmw637JRgUC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/arts/a-first-showing-for-star-trek-pilot.html">"A First Showing for 'Star Trek' Pilot"</a>. The New York Times. 22 July 1986. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327185925/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/arts/a-first-showing-for-star-trek-pilot.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+First+Showing+for+%27Star+Trek%27+Pilot&rft.date=1986-07-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F07%2F22%2Farts%2Fa-first-showing-for-star-trek-pilot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-STPitch1-158"><a href="#cite_ref-STPitch1_158-0">^</a> Roddenberry, Gene (11 March 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leethomson.myzen.co.uk/Star_Trek/1_Original_Series/Star_Trek_Pitch.pdf">Star Trek Pitch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512162509/http://leethomson.myzen.co.uk/Star_Trek/1_Original_Series/Star_Trek_Pitch.pdf">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, first draft. Accessed at LeeThomson.myzen.co.uk. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703073608/http://www.startrek.com/custom/include/feature/intro/timeline_future.html">"STARTREK.COM: Universe Timeline"</a>. Startrek.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startrek.com/custom/include/feature/intro/timeline_future.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STARTREK.COM%3A+Universe+Timeline&rft.pub=Startrek.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startrek.com%2Fcustom%2Finclude%2Ffeature%2Fintro%2Ftimeline_future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkadaOkadu1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Okuda" title="Michael Okuda">Okada, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Denise_Okuda" title="Denise Okuda">Okadu, Denise</a> (1 November 1996). Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future. Pocket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-53610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-53610-7"><bdi>978-0-671-53610-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Trek+Chronology%3A+The+History+of+the+Future&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1996-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-671-53610-7&rft.aulast=Okada&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Okadu%2C+Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rx0eAAAAIBAJ&dq=star-trek%20syndication%20%7C%20rerun&pg=6303,2206524">"The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search"</a>. news.google.com. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Drx0eAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dstar-trek%2520syndication%2520%257C%2520rerun%26pg%3D6303%2C2206524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092455/">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a>, 26 September 1987, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325034605/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092455/">archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2021, retrieved 30 March 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Trek%3A+The+Next+Generation&rft.date=1987-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0092455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalen2018" class="citation web cs1">Whalen, Andrew (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/star-trek-picard-series-release-date-discovery-season-2-tng-next-generation-1245510">"'Star Trek' Picard series won't premiere until late 2019, after 'Discovery' Season 2"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093825/https://www.newsweek.com/star-trek-picard-series-release-date-discovery-season-2-tng-next-generation-1245510">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=%27Star+Trek%27+Picard+series+won%27t+premiere+until+late+2019%2C+after+%27Discovery%27+Season+2&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fstar-trek-picard-series-release-date-discovery-season-2-tng-next-generation-1245510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startrek.com/article/new-trek-animated-series-announced">"New Trek Animated Series Announced"</a>. www.startrek.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330084323/https://www.startrek.com/article/new-trek-animated-series-announced">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.startrek.com&rft.atitle=New+Trek+Animated+Series+Announced&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startrek.com%2Farticle%2Fnew-trek-animated-series-announced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/patrick-stewart-reprise-star-trek-role-new-cbs-all-access-series-1132262">"Patrick Stewart to Reprise 'Star Trek' Role in New CBS All Access Series"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. 4 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804224352/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/patrick-stewart-reprise-star-trek-role-new-cbs-all-access-series-1132262">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Patrick+Stewart+to+Reprise+%27Star+Trek%27+Role+in+New+CBS+All+Access+Series&rft.date=2018-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flive-feed%2Fpatrick-stewart-reprise-star-trek-role-new-cbs-all-access-series-1132262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Bedell, Sally (4 May 1983). "'V' SERIES AN NBC HIT". The New York Times. p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-EW_2005-167"><a href="#cite_ref-EW_2005_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusman2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Susman, Gary (17 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225052201/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1073590_6,00.html">"Mini Splendored Things"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>. EW.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1073590_6,00.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=Mini+Splendored+Things&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.aulast=Susman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Few%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C1073590_6%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2002/10_october/reddwarf.shtml">"Worldwide Press Office – Red Dwarf on DVD"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100227022348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2002/10_october/reddwarf.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Press+Office+%E2%80%93+Red+Dwarf+on+DVD&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fbbcworldwide%2Fworldwidestories%2Fpressreleases%2F2002%2F10_october%2Freddwarf.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BehindTheXFiles-169"><a href="#cite_ref-BehindTheXFiles_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischoff1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bischoff, David (December 1994). "Opening the X-Files: Behind the Scenes of TV's Hottest Show". <a href="/wiki/Omni_(magazine)" title="Omni (magazine)">Omni</a>. 17 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Omni&rft.atitle=Opening+the+X-Files%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+of+TV%27s+Hottest+Show&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1994-12&rft.aulast=Bischoff&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman,_Tim2002" class="citation news cs1">Goodman, Tim (18 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/01/18/DD209382.DTL&type=printable">"'X-Files' Creator Ends Fox Series"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615061412/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2002%2F01%2F18%2FDD209382.DTL&type=printable">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=%27X-Files%27+Creator+Ends+Fox+Series&rft.date=2002-01-18&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2002%2F01%2F18%2FDD209382.DTL%26type%3Dprintable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvguide.com/news/gillian-anderson-confirms-the-x-files-exit/">"Gillian Anderson Confirms She's Leaving The X-Files | TV Guide"</a>. TVGuide.com. 10 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430215457/https://www.tvguide.com/news/gillian-anderson-confirms-the-x-files-exit/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVGuide.com&rft.atitle=Gillian+Anderson+Confirms+She%27s+Leaving+The+X-Files+%7C+TV+Guide&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvguide.com%2Fnews%2Fgillian-anderson-confirms-the-x-files-exit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva2015" class="citation web cs1">Andreeva, Nellie (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2015/03/x-files-returns-fox-event-series-david-duchovny-gillian-anderson-chris-carter-1201397721/">"'The X-Files' Returns As Fox Event Series With Creator Chris Carter And Stars David Duchovny & Gillian Anderson"</a>. Deadline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075436/https://deadline.com/2015/03/x-files-returns-fox-event-series-david-duchovny-gillian-anderson-chris-carter-1201397721/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=%27The+X-Files%27+Returns+As+Fox+Event+Series+With+Creator+Chris+Carter+And+Stars+David+Duchovny+%26+Gillian+Anderson&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Nellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2015%2F03%2Fx-files-returns-fox-event-series-david-duchovny-gillian-anderson-chris-carter-1201397721%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2011" class="citation news cs1">Sumner, Darren (10 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gateworld.net/news/2011/05/smallville-bows-this-week-with-stargates-world-record/">"Smallville bows this week – with Stargate's world record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GateWorld" class="mw-redirect" title="GateWorld">GateWorld</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301025644/http://www.gateworld.net/news/2011/05/smallville-bows-this-week-with-stargates-world-record/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Smallville+bows+this+week+%E2%80%93+with+Stargate%27s+world+record&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gateworld.net%2Fnews%2F2011%2F05%2Fsmallville-bows-this-week-with-stargates-world-record%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181155/http://www.maestravida.com/weinwalk/CultT797.html">"CultT797.html"</a>. www.maestravida.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maestravida.com/weinwalk/CultT797.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maestravida.com&rft.atitle=CultT797.html&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maestravida.com%2Fweinwalk%2FCultT797.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/03/the-best-syfy-tv-shows-of-all-time.html">"The 20 Best SyFy TV Shows of All Time"</a>. pastemagazine.com. 9 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330082034/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/03/the-best-syfy-tv-shows-of-all-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pastemagazine.com&rft.atitle=The+20+Best+SyFy+TV+Shows+of+All+Time&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Farticles%2F2018%2F03%2Fthe-best-syfy-tv-shows-of-all-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syfy.com/contributors">"About Us"</a>. SYFY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330095407/https://www.syfy.com/contributors">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SYFY&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syfy.com%2Fcontributors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2010" class="citation web cs1">Hines, Ree (27 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.com/news/so-long-nerds-syfy-doesn-t-need-you-wbna36698985">"So long, nerds! Syfy doesn't need you"</a>. TODAY.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123001/https://www.today.com/news/so-long-nerds-syfy-doesn-t-need-you-wbna36698985">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TODAY.com&rft.atitle=So+long%2C+nerds%21+Syfy+doesn%27t+need+you&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Ree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fnews%2Fso-long-nerds-syfy-doesn-t-need-you-wbna36698985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-torontosun-178"><a href="#cite_ref-torontosun_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrioux" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Brioux, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715154524/http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/TV_Shows/F/Firefly/2002/07/22/734323.html">"Firefly series ready for liftoff"</a>. jam.canoe.ca. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firefly+series+ready+for+liftoff&rft.pub=jam.canoe.ca&rft.aulast=Brioux&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjam.canoe.ca%2FTelevision%2FTV_Shows%2FF%2FFirefly%2F2002%2F07%2F22%2F734323.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWonder-179"><a href="#cite_ref-AWonder_179-0">^</a> Astounding Wonder: Imagining Science and Science Fiction in Interwar America, John Cheng, University of Pennsylvania Press, 19 March 2012 pages 1–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escapistmagazine.com/v2/2018/11/01/patenting-the-spectacular-when-science-fiction-predicts-the-future/">"When Science Fiction Predicts the Future"</a>. Escapist Magazine. 1 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404020220/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/v2/2018/11/01/patenting-the-spectacular-when-science-fiction-predicts-the-future/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Escapist+Magazine&rft.atitle=When+Science+Fiction+Predicts+the+Future&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escapistmagazine.com%2Fv2%2F2018%2F11%2F01%2Fpatenting-the-spectacular-when-science-fiction-predicts-the-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotecki" class="citation web cs1">Kotecki, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/fictional-predictions-about-the-future-that-came-true-2019-1">"15 wild fictional predictions about future technology that came true"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404020218/https://www.businessinsider.com/fictional-predictions-about-the-future-that-came-true-2019-1">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=15+wild+fictional+predictions+about+future+technology+that+came+true&rft.aulast=Kotecki&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ffictional-predictions-about-the-future-that-came-true-2019-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunene2017" class="citation web cs1">Munene, Alvin (23 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanvada.com/2017/10/23/eight-ground-breaking-inventions-that-science-fiction-predicted/">"Eight Ground-Breaking Inventions That Science Fiction Predicted"</a>. Sanvada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404020224/https://sanvada.com/2017/10/23/eight-ground-breaking-inventions-that-science-fiction-predicted/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanvada&rft.atitle=Eight+Ground-Breaking+Inventions+That+Science+Fiction+Predicted&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Munene&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanvada.com%2F2017%2F10%2F23%2Feight-ground-breaking-inventions-that-science-fiction-predicted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_183-0">^</a> The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders, Volume 2, Gary Westfahl, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandwerk" class="citation web cs1">Handwerk, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/many-futuristic-predictions-hg-wells-came-true-180960546/">"The Many Futuristic Predictions of H.G. Wells That Came True"</a>. Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404020218/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/many-futuristic-predictions-hg-wells-came-true-180960546/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Many+Futuristic+Predictions+of+H.G.+Wells+That+Came+True&rft.aulast=Handwerk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fmany-futuristic-predictions-hg-wells-came-true-180960546%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSF_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSF_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm">"Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding. Science Fiction and Pseudoscience"</a>. Science and Engineering Indicators–2002 (Report). Arlington, VA: <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, Division of Science Resources Statistics. April 2002. NSB 02-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616181809/http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Science+and+Engineering+Indicators%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Arlington%2C+VA&rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation%2C+Division+of+Science+Resources+Statistics&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2Fseind02%2Fc7%2Fc7s5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge1982" class="citation book cs1">Bainbridge, William Sims (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvpoAAAAIAAJ">"The Impact of Science Fiction on Attitudes Toward Technology"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Emme" title="Eugene M. Emme">Emme, Eugene Morlock</a> (ed.). Science fiction and space futures: past and present. Univelt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87703-173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87703-173-4"><bdi>978-0-87703-173-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101123522/https://books.google.com/books?id=MvpoAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Science+Fiction+on+Attitudes+Toward+Technology&rft.btitle=Science+fiction+and+space+futures%3A+past+and+present&rft.pub=Univelt&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87703-173-4&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=William+Sims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMvpoAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-growing-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-growing_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-growing_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan1978" class="citation news cs1">Sagan, Carl (28 May 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/28/archives/growing-up-with.html">"Growing up with Science Fiction"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211180058/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/28/archives/growing-up-with.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Growing+up+with+Science+Fiction&rft.date=1978-05-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F05%2F28%2Farchives%2Fgrowing-up-with.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/books-predicted-future-sci-fi-2018-11">"These 15 sci-fi books actually predicted the future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=These+15+sci-fi+books+actually+predicted+the+future&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fbooks-predicted-future-sci-fi-2018-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.micron.com/insight/future-shock-11-real-life-technologies-that-science-fiction-predicted">"Future Shock: 11 Real-Life Technologies That Science Fiction Predicted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a>. Retrieved 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+Shock%3A+11+Real-Life+Technologies+That+Science+Fiction+Predicted&rft.pub=Micron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.micron.com%2Finsight%2Ffuture-shock-11-real-life-technologies-that-science-fiction-predicted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЕрёмина_Ольга_Александровна" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ерёмина Ольга Александровна. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biography.wikireading.ru/44625">"Предвидения и предсказания"</a>. Иван Ефремов (in Russian). Retrieved 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.au=%D0%95%D1%80%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiography.wikireading.ru%2F44625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandoWójcickaMarouchkaMaguire2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fernando, Benjamin; Wójcicka, Natalia; Marouchka, Froment; Maguire, Ross; Stähler, Simon; Rolland, Lucie]; Collins, Gareth; Karatekin, Ozgur; Larmat, Carene; Sansom, Eleanor; Teanby, Nicholas; Spiga, Aymeric; Karakostas, Foivos; Leng, Kuangdai; Nissen-Meyer, Tarje; Kawamura, Taichi; Giardini, Domenico; Lognonné, Philippe; Banerdt, Bruce; Daubar, Ingrid (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020EA001585">"Listening for the landing: Seismic detections of Perseverance's arrival at Mars with InSight"</a>. Earth and Space Science. 8 (4). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021E&SS....801585F">2021E&SS....801585F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020EA001585">10.1029/2020EA001585</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937%2F90005">20.500.11937/90005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2333-5084">2333-5084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233672783">233672783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=Listening+for+the+landing%3A+Seismic+detections+of+Perseverance%27s+arrival+at+Mars+with+InSight&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11937%2F90005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233672783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021E%26SS....801585F&rft.issn=2333-5084&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2020EA001585&rft.aulast=Fernando&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=W%C3%B3jcicka%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Marouchka%2C+Froment&rft.au=Maguire%2C+Ross&rft.au=St%C3%A4hler%2C+Simon&rft.au=Rolland%2C+Lucie%5D&rft.au=Collins%2C+Gareth&rft.au=Karatekin%2C+Ozgur&rft.au=Larmat%2C+Carene&rft.au=Sansom%2C+Eleanor&rft.au=Teanby%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Spiga%2C+Aymeric&rft.au=Karakostas%2C+Foivos&rft.au=Leng%2C+Kuangdai&rft.au=Nissen-Meyer%2C+Tarje&rft.au=Kawamura%2C+Taichi&rft.au=Giardini%2C+Domenico&rft.au=Lognonn%C3%A9%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Banerdt%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Daubar%2C+Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2020EA001585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilgore2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kilgore, De Witt Douglas (March 2010). "Difference Engine: Aliens, Robots, and Other Racial Matters in the History of Science Fiction". Science Fiction Studies. 37 (1): 16–22. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649582">40649582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Difference+Engine%3A+Aliens%2C+Robots%2C+and+Other+Racial+Matters+in+the+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40649582%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kilgore&rft.aufirst=De+Witt+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldissWingrove1986" class="citation book cs1">Aldiss, Brian; Wingrove, David (1986). <a href="/wiki/Trillion_Year_Spree" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion Year Spree">Trillion Year Spree</a>. London: Victor Gollancz. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-03943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-575-03943-8"><bdi>978-0-575-03943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trillion+Year+Spree&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-575-03943-8&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Wingrove%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenadueCheer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Menadue, Christopher Benjamin; Cheer, Karen Diane (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/49764/1/2158244017723690.pdf">"Human Culture and Science Fiction: A Review of the Literature, 1980–2016"</a> (PDF). SAGE Open. 7 (3): 215824401772369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244017723690">10.1177/2158244017723690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-2440">2158-2440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149043845">149043845</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721043605/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/49764/1/2158244017723690.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=Human+Culture+and+Science+Fiction%3A+A+Review+of+the+Literature%2C+1980%E2%80%932016&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215824401772369&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149043845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2158-2440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244017723690&rft.aulast=Menadue&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Benjamin&rft.au=Cheer%2C+Karen+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.jcu.edu.au%2F49764%2F1%2F2158244017723690.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Bettye (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/25704">"George Slusser, Co-founder of Renowned Eaton Collection, Dies"</a>. UCR Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404025026/https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/25704">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCR+Today&rft.atitle=George+Slusser%2C+Co-founder+of+Renowned+Eaton+Collection%2C+Dies&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Bettye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucrtoday.ucr.edu%2F25704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenetReader-196"><a href="#cite_ref-BenetReader_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1996" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Bruce (1996). Benét's reader's encyclopedia. New York: Harper Collins. p. 734. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-181088-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-181088-6"><bdi>978-0-06-181088-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35572906">35572906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben%C3%A9t%27s+reader%27s+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=734&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35572906&rft.isbn=978-0-06-181088-6&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaron-197"><a href="#cite_ref-aaron_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaronovitch2013" class="citation news cs1">Aaronovitch, David (8 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21337504">"1984: George Orwell's road to dystopia"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124202714/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21337504">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1984%3A+George+Orwell%27s+road+to+dystopia&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft.aulast=Aaronovitch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21337504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2017" class="citation web cs1">Kelley, Sonaiya (28 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-1984-protest-screenings-20170326-story.html">"As a Trump protest, theaters worldwide will screen the film version of Orwell's '1984'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404034529/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-1984-protest-screenings-20170326-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=As+a+Trump+protest%2C+theaters+worldwide+will+screen+the+film+version+of+Orwell%27s+%271984%27&rft.date=2017-03-28&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Sonaiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fla-et-mn-1984-protest-screenings-20170326-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/nineteen-eighty-four-and-the-politics-of-dystopia">"Nineteen Eighty-Four and the politics of dystopia"</a>. The British Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308004754/https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/nineteen-eighty-four-and-the-politics-of-dystopia">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Nineteen+Eighty-Four+and+the+politics+of+dystopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2F20th-century-literature%2Farticles%2Fnineteen-eighty-four-and-the-politics-of-dystopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-200"><a href="#cite_ref-npr_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2010" class="citation web cs1">Gross, Terry (18 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123810319">"James Cameron: Pushing the limits of imagination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221092225/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123810319">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=James+Cameron%3A+Pushing+the+limits+of+imagination&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D123810319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziubinskyj2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dziubinskyj, Aaron (November 2004). "Review: Science Fiction in Latin America and Spain". Science Fiction Studies. 31 (3 Soviet Science Fiction: The Thaw and After). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241289">4241289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Science+Fiction+in+Latin+America+and+Spain&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3+Soviet+Science+Fiction%3A+The+Thaw+and+After&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4241289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dziubinskyj&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schelde1994-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Schelde1994_202-0">^</a> Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and Soul in Science Fiction Films, Per Schelde, NYU Press, 1994, pages 1–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia3-203"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia3_203-0">^</a> Elyce Rae Helford, in Westfahl, Gary. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Greenwood Press, 2005: 289–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauskellerCarbonellPhilbeck2016" class="citation book cs1">Hauskeller, Michael; Carbonell, Curtis D.; Philbeck, Thomas D. (13 January 2016). The Palgrave handbook of posthumanism in film and television. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43032-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43032-8"><bdi>978-1-137-43032-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/918873873">918873873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+handbook+of+posthumanism+in+film+and+television&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F918873873&rft.isbn=978-1-137-43032-8&rft.aulast=Hauskeller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Carbonell%2C+Curtis+D.&rft.au=Philbeck%2C+Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/31/global-warning-rise-cli-fi">"Global warning: the rise of 'cli-fi'"</a>. the Guardian. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Global+warning%3A+the+rise+of+%27cli-fi%27&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fmay%2F31%2Fglobal-warning-rise-cli-fi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DanBloom-206"><a href="#cite_ref-DanBloom_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2015" class="citation news cs1">Bloom, Dan (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/03/cli-fi-reaches-into-literature-classrooms-worldwide/">"'Cli-Fi' Reaches into Literature Classrooms Worldwide"</a>. Inter Press Service News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317030221/http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/03/cli-fi-reaches-into-literature-classrooms-worldwide/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter+Press+Service+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%27Cli-Fi%27+Reaches+into+Literature+Classrooms+Worldwide&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F2015%2F03%2Fcli-fi-reaches-into-literature-classrooms-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Peña2014" class="citation news cs1">Pérez-Peña, Richard (31 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/education/using-the-arts-to-teach-how-to-prepare-for-climate-crisis.html">"College Classes Use Arts to Brace for Climate Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. No. 1 April 2014 pg A12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413230931/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/education/using-the-arts-to-teach-how-to-prepare-for-climate-crisis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=College+Classes+Use+Arts+to+Brace+for+Climate+Change&rft.issue=1+April+2014+pg+A12&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F01%2Feducation%2Fusing-the-arts-to-teach-how-to-prepare-for-climate-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuhus-Dubrow2013" class="citation news cs1">Tuhus-Dubrow, Rebecca (Summer 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/cli-fi-birth-of-a-genre">"Cli-Fi: Birth of a Genre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322021514/http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/cli-fi-birth-of-a-genre">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dissent&rft.atitle=Cli-Fi%3A+Birth+of+a+Genre&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Tuhus-Dubrow&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fcli-fi-birth-of-a-genre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raymond-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/sf-history.html">"A Political History of SF"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151220012359/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/sf-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+SF&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2F~esr%2Fwritings%2Fsf-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/out-world-biography-robert-heinlein">"OUT OF THIS WORLD: A BIOGRAPHY OF ROBERT HEINLEIN"</a>. www.libertarianism.org. 4 July 2000. Retrieved 26 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.libertarianism.org&rft.atitle=OUT+OF+THIS+WORLD%3A+A+BIOGRAPHY+OF+ROBERT+HEINLEIN&rft.date=2000-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarianism.org%2Fpublications%2Fessays%2Fout-world-biography-robert-heinlein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fantasy,_Bruce_Shaw_2010,_page_19-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Fantasy,_Bruce_Shaw_2010,_page_19_211-0">^</a> The Animal Fable in Science Fiction and Fantasy, Bruce Shaw, McFarland, 2010, page 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Comedy_Science_Fiction-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Comedy_Science_Fiction_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105108/https://sfbook.com/comedy-science-fiction.htm">"Comedy Science Fiction"</a>. Sfbook.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfbook.com/comedy-science-fiction.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comedy+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Sfbook.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfbook.com%2Fcomedy-science-fiction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Hartwell, David. Age of Wonders (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985, page 42) </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Asimov, Isaac. 'Forward 1 – The Second Revolution' in Ellison, Harlan (ed.). Dangerous Visions (London: Victor Gollancz, 1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christopher-mckitterick.com/SF-LitCrit/SF-litcrit.htm">"Critical Approaches to Science Fiction"</a>. christopher-mckitterick.com/. Retrieved 22 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christopher-mckitterick.com%2F&rft.atitle=Critical+Approaches+to+Science+Fiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristopher-mckitterick.com%2FSF-LitCrit%2FSF-litcrit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hieroglyph.asu.edu/2016/04/what-is-the-purpose-of-science-fiction-stories/">"What Is The Purpose of Science Fiction Stories? | Project Hieroglyph"</a>. hieroglyph.asu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404025032/https://hieroglyph.asu.edu/2016/04/what-is-the-purpose-of-science-fiction-stories/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hieroglyph.asu.edu&rft.atitle=What+Is+The+Purpose+of+Science+Fiction+Stories%3F+%7C+Project+Hieroglyph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhieroglyph.asu.edu%2F2016%2F04%2Fwhat-is-the-purpose-of-science-fiction-stories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/index.htm">"Index"</a>. www.depauw.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324161713/https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.depauw.edu&rft.atitle=Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/journal/sciefictstud">"Science Fiction Studies on JSTOR"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044515/https://www.jstor.org/journal/sciefictstud">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Studies+on+JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fjournal%2Fsciefictstud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfra.org/about">"Science Fiction Research Association – About"</a>. www.sfra.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404025040/http://www.sfra.org/about">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sfra.org&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+Research+Association+%E2%80%93+About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfra.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-foundation.org/about/index.html">"About: Science Fiction Foundation"</a>. Science Fiction Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024032919/http://www.sf-foundation.org/about/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Foundation&rft.atitle=About%3A+Science+Fiction+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-foundation.org%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/study/postgraduate-taught/taught/sfs-english-ma/overview/">"English: Science Fiction Studies MA – Overview – Postgraduate Taught Courses – University of Liverpool"</a>. www.liverpool.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404025029/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/study/postgraduate-taught/taught/sfs-english-ma/overview/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.liverpool.ac.uk&rft.atitle=English%3A+Science+Fiction+Studies+MA+%E2%80%93+Overview+%E2%80%93+Postgraduate+Taught+Courses+%E2%80%93+University+of+Liverpool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpool.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Fpostgraduate-taught%2Ftaught%2Fsfs-english-ma%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcls.lib.nj.us/genre-science-fiction">"BCLS: Hard Versus Soft Science Fiction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210402/https://www.bcls.lib.nj.us/genre-science-fiction">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BCLS%3A+Hard+Versus+Soft+Science+Fiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcls.lib.nj.us%2Fgenre-science-fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tor.com-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tor.com_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tor.com_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tor.com/2017/02/20/ten-authors-on-the-hard-vs-soft-science-fiction-debate/">"Ten Authors on the 'Hard' vs. 'Soft' Science Fiction Debate"</a>. 20 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229124015/https://www.tor.com/2017/02/20/ten-authors-on-the-hard-vs-soft-science-fiction-debate/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Authors+on+the+%27Hard%27+vs.+%27Soft%27+Science+Fiction+Debate&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2F2017%2F02%2F20%2Ften-authors-on-the-hard-vs-soft-science-fiction-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilde2016" class="citation web cs1">Wilde, Fran (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tor.com/2016/01/21/how-do-you-like-your-science-fiction-ten-authors-weigh-in-on-hard-vs-soft-sf/">"How Do You Like Your Science Fiction? Ten Authors Weigh In On 'Hard' vs. 'Soft' SF"</a>. Tor.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404025029/https://www.tor.com/2016/01/21/how-do-you-like-your-science-fiction-ten-authors-weigh-in-on-hard-vs-soft-sf/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor.com&rft.atitle=How+Do+You+Like+Your+Science+Fiction%3F+Ten+Authors+Weigh+In+On+%27Hard%27+vs.+%27Soft%27+SF&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=Fran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2F2016%2F01%2F21%2Fhow-do-you-like-your-science-fiction-ten-authors-weigh-in-on-hard-vs-soft-sf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/a15871082/ursula-k-le-guin-life/">"Ursula K. Le Guin Proved That Sci-Fi is for Everyone"</a>. 24 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210602/https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/a15871082/ursula-k-le-guin-life/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ursula+K.+Le+Guin+Proved+That+Sci-Fi+is+for+Everyone&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Fculture%2Fa15871082%2Fursula-k-le-guin-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Browne, Max. "Holst, Theodor Richard Edward von (1810–1844)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28353">10.1093/ref:odnb/28353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holst%2C+Theodor+Richard+Edward+von+%281810%E2%80%931844%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28353&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-introduction-227"><a href="#cite_ref-introduction_227-0">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, ix–xi, 120–21; Schor, Introduction to Cambridge Companion, 1–5; Seymour, 548–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1991" class="citation book cs1">Allen, William R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingkur0000alle">Understanding Kurt Vonnegut</a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-722-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-722-1"><bdi>978-0-87249-722-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Kurt+Vonnegut&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-722-1&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingkur0000alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanach2013" class="citation news cs1">Banach, Je (11 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/04/11/laughing-in-the-face-of-death-a-vonnegut-roundtable/">"Laughing in the Face of Death: A Vonnegut Roundtable"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903042710/http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/04/11/laughing-in-the-face-of-death-a-vonnegut-roundtable/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Laughing+in+the+Face+of+Death%3A+A+Vonnegut+Roundtable&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft.aulast=Banach&rft.aufirst=Je&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Fblog%2F2013%2F04%2F11%2Flaughing-in-the-face-of-death-a-vonnegut-roundtable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20120606-230"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20120606_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas2012" class="citation news cs1">Jonas, Gerald (6 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/books/ray-bradbury-popularizer-of-science-fiction-dies-at-91.html">"Ray Bradbury, Master of Science Fiction, Dies at 91"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405014134/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/books/ray-bradbury-popularizer-of-science-fiction-dies-at-91.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ray+Bradbury%2C+Master+of+Science+Fiction%2C+Dies+at+91&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F07%2Fbooks%2Fray-bradbury-popularizer-of-science-fiction-dies-at-91.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Barlowe, Wayne Douglas (1987). Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials. Workman Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89480-500-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89480-500-2">0-89480-500-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Baxter, John (1997). "Kubrick Beyond the Infinite". Stanley Kubrick: A Biography. Basic Books. pp. 199–230. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0485-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0485-3">0-7867-0485-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Gary K. Wolfe and Carol T. Williams, "The Majesty of Kindness: The Dialectic of Cordwainer Smith", Voices for the Future: Essays on Major Science Fiction Writers, Volume 3, Thomas D. Clareson editor, Popular Press, 1983, pages 53–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazelton-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Hazelton_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazelton1982" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Hazleton" title="Lesley Hazleton">Hazelton, Lesley</a> (25 July 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/01/10/specials/lessing-space.html?_r=1">"Doris Lessing on Feminism, Communism and 'Space Fiction'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131123172701/http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/01/10/specials/lessing-space.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Doris+Lessing+on+Feminism%2C+Communism+and+%27Space+Fiction%27&rft.date=1982-07-25&rft.aulast=Hazelton&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F99%2F01%2F10%2Fspecials%2Flessing-space.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galin-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Galin_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalin1997" class="citation book cs1">Galin, Müge (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EbHys4CzN0YC&pg=PP1">Between East and West: Sufism in the Novels of Doris Lessing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3383-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3383-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-3383-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123214754/https://books.google.com/books?id=EbHys4CzN0YC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+East+and+West%3A+Sufism+in+the+Novels+of+Doris+Lessing&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3383-6&rft.aulast=Galin&rft.aufirst=M%C3%BCge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEbHys4CzN0YC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessing1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Lessing, Doris</a> (1994) [1980]. "Preface". The Sirian Experiments. London: Flamingo. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-654721-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-654721-1"><bdi>978-0-00-654721-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Sirian+Experiments&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Flamingo&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-00-654721-1&rft.aulast=Lessing&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donoghue-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Donoghue_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoghue1985" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Donoghue_(academic)" title="Denis Donoghue (academic)">Donoghue, Denis</a> (22 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/01/10/specials/lessing-terrorist.html">"Alice, The Radical Homemaker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715175028/http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/01/10/specials/lessing-terrorist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alice%2C+The+Radical+Homemaker&rft.date=1985-09-22&rft.aulast=Donoghue&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F99%2F01%2F10%2Fspecials%2Flessing-terrorist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian4-238"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian4_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2009" class="citation web cs1">Barnett, David (28 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/28/science-fiction-genre">"Science fiction: the genre that dare not speak its name"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812022313/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/28/science-fiction-genre">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Science+fiction%3A+the+genre+that+dare+not+speak+its+name&rft.date=2009-01-28&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2009%2Fjan%2F28%2Fscience-fiction-genre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilderness-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilderness_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts2003" class="citation web cs1">Potts, Robert (26 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/26/fiction.margaretatwood">"Light in the wilderness"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005061502/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/26/fiction.margaretatwood">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Light+in+the+wilderness&rft.date=2003-04-26&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2003%2Fapr%2F26%2Ffiction.margaretatwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-langford-240"><a href="#cite_ref-langford_240-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansible.co.uk/sfx/sfx107.html">"Bits and Pieces"</a>, <a href="/wiki/SFX_(magazine)" title="SFX (magazine)">SFX magazine</a> No. 107, August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820072020/http://www.ansible.co.uk/sfx/sfx107.html">Archived</a> 20 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFWA-241"><a href="#cite_ref-SFWA_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111142618/http://www.sfwa.org/faq/lem.htm">"Lem and SFWA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfwa.org/faq/lem.htm">the original</a> on 11 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lem+and+SFWA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfwa.org%2Ffaq%2Flem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> in <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a> FAQ, "paraphrasing <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a>" who was SFWA President 1973–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-harpercollins-242"><a href="#cite_ref-harpercollins_242-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Le Guin, Ursula K.</a> (1976) "Science Fiction and Mrs Brown", in The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, Perennial HarperCollins, Revised edition 1993; in Science Fiction at Large (ed. Peter Nicholls), Gollancz, London, 1976; in Explorations of the Marvellous (ed. Peter Nicholls), Fontana, London, 1978; in Speculations on Speculation. Theories of Science Fiction (eds. <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gunn (author)">James Gunn</a> and Matthew Candelaria), The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Maryland, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-google-243"><a href="#cite_ref-google_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCard2006" class="citation book cs1">Card, O. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5QtUpmbcDwC&pg=PR11">"Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endersgame00card">Ender's Game</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1738-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1738-4"><bdi>978-0-7653-1738-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Ender%27s+Game&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7653-1738-4&rft.aulast=Card&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ5QtUpmbcDwC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.macmillan.com/author/">"Orson Scott Card | Authors | Macmillan"</a>. US Macmillan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105025352/https://us.macmillan.com/author/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Macmillan&rft.atitle=Orson+Scott+Card+%7C+Authors+%7C+Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.macmillan.com%2Fauthor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encounters-245"><a href="#cite_ref-encounters_245-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Lethem" title="Jonathan Lethem">Lethem, Jonathan</a> (1998), "Close Encounters: The Squandered Promise of Science Fiction", Village Voice, June. Also reprinted in a slightly expanded version under the title "Why Can't We All Live Together?: A Vision of Genre Paradise Lost" in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Science Fiction">New York Review of Science Fiction</a>, September 1998, Number 121, Vol 11, No. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-september-246"><a href="#cite_ref-september_246-0">^</a> Benford, Gregory (1998) "Meaning-Stuffed Dreams:Thomas Disch and the future of SF", New York Review of Science Fiction, September, Number 121, Vol. 11, No. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisp2013" class="citation web cs1">Crisp, Julie (10 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430072612/http://www.torbooks.co.uk/blog/2013/07/10/sexism-in-genre-publishing-a-publishers-perspective">"Sexism in Genre Publishing: A Publisher's Perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor Books</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torbooks.co.uk/blog/2013/07/10/sexism-in-genre-publishing-a-publishers-perspective">the original</a> on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor+Books&rft.atitle=Sexism+in+Genre+Publishing%3A+A+Publisher%27s+Perspective&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft.aulast=Crisp&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torbooks.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2013%2F07%2F10%2Fsexism-in-genre-publishing-a-publishers-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction#Author_demographics" title="Speculative fiction">See full statistics</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-The_A.V._Club_6_April_2015-248"><a href="#cite_ref-The_A.V._Club_6_April_2015_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCown2015" class="citation web cs1">McCown, Alex (6 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410075152/http://www.avclub.com/article/years-hugo-award-nominees-are-messy-political-cont-217574">"This year's Hugo Award nominees are a messy political controversy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a>. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=This+year%27s+Hugo+Award+nominees+are+a+messy+political+controversy&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft.aulast=McCown&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Farticle%2Fyears-hugo-award-nominees-are-messy-political-cont-217574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsfs.org/awards/">"Awards"</a>. The World Science Fiction Society. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.atitle=Awards&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsfs.org%2Fawards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fantasticfiction.com/awards/nebula.htm">"Nebula Awards"</a>. www.fantasticfiction.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531161944/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/awards/nebula.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fantasticfiction.com&rft.atitle=Nebula+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fantasticfiction.com%2Fawards%2Fnebula.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfcenter.ku.edu/about">"The John W. Campbell Award"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+John+W.+Campbell+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfcenter.ku.edu%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001134242/http://www.sfcenter.ku.edu/sturgeon.htm">"The Theodore Sturgeon Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfcenter.ku.edu/sturgeon.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Theodore+Sturgeon+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfcenter.ku.edu%2Fsturgeon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saturnawards.org/">"The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films"</a>. www.saturnawards.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825193629/http://www.saturnawards.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saturnawards.org&rft.atitle=The+Academy+of+Science+Fiction+Fantasy+and+Horror+Films&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saturnawards.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prixaurorawards.ca/">"Aurora Awards | Canadian Science Fiction and Fantasy Association"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404033950/https://prixaurorawards.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aurora+Awards+%7C+Canadian+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprixaurorawards.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osfci.org/endeavour/">"The Endeavour Award Home Page"</a>. osfci.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330174626/https://osfci.org/endeavour/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osfci.org&rft.atitle=The+Endeavour+Award+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosfci.org%2Fendeavour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asfa-art.org/?page=chesley">"ASFA"</a>. www.asfa-art.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404072516/http://www.asfa-art.org/?page=chesley">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.asfa-art.org&rft.atitle=ASFA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asfa-art.org%2F%3Fpage%3Dchesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/">"Awards | World Fantasy Convention"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027005155/http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awards+%7C+World+Fantasy+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldfantasy.org%2Fawards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://locusmag.com/category/news/awards/">"Awards – Locus Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404033301/http://locusmag.com/category/news/awards/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awards+%E2%80%93+Locus+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flocusmag.com%2Fcategory%2Fnews%2Fawards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://locusmag.com/conventions/">"Conventions"</a>. Locus Online. 29 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330195143/https://locusmag.com/conventions/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Locus+Online&rft.atitle=Conventions&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flocusmag.com%2Fconventions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2008" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Kevin (21 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/a-history-of-the-science-fiction-convention-359238">"A History Of The Science Fiction Convention"</a>. io9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603154840/https://io9.gizmodo.com/a-history-of-the-science-fiction-convention-359238">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=A+History+Of+The+Science+Fiction+Convention&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fio9.gizmodo.com%2Fa-history-of-the-science-fiction-convention-359238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scificonventions.com/html/aboutcons.php">"ScifiConventions.com – Worldwide SciFi and Fantasy Conventions Directory – About Cons"</a>. www.scificonventions.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408045937/http://www.scificonventions.com/html/aboutcons.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scificonventions.com&rft.atitle=ScifiConventions.com+%E2%80%93+Worldwide+SciFi+and+Fantasy+Conventions+Directory+%E2%80%93+About+Cons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scificonventions.com%2Fhtml%2Faboutcons.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fencon.org/">"FenCon XVI – September 20–22, 2019 |"</a>. www.fencon.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402110559/http://www.fencon.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fencon.org&rft.atitle=FenCon+XVI+%E2%80%93+September+20%E2%80%9322%2C+2019+%7C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fencon.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Mark A. Mandel (7–9 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldc.upenn.edu/sites/www.ldc.upenn.edu/files/ads2010-conomastics.pdf">Conomastics: The Naming of Science Fiction Conventions</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413160549/https://www.ldc.upenn.edu/sites/www.ldc.upenn.edu/files/ads2010-conomastics.pdf">Archived</a> 13 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fanzine_history-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fanzine_history_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fanzine_history_264-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertham1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Wertham" title="Fredric Wertham">Wertham, Fredric</a> (1973). The World of Fanzines. Carbondale & Evanston: Southern Illinois University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Fanzines&rft.pub=Carbondale+%26+Evanston%3A+Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Wertham&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fancyclopedia_con-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fancyclopedia_con_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fancyclopedia_con_265-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fanac.org/Fannish_Reference_Works/Fancyclopedia/Fancyclopedia_I/c.html">"Fancyclopedia I: C – Cosmic Circle"</a>. fanac.org. 12 August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912074341/http://www.fanac.org/Fannish_Reference_Works/Fancyclopedia/Fancyclopedia_I/c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fancyclopedia+I%3A+C+%E2%80%93+Cosmic+Circle&rft.pub=fanac.org&rft.date=1999-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffanac.org%2FFannish_Reference_Works%2FFancyclopedia%2FFancyclopedia_I%2Fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sf-lovers_hist-266"><a href="#cite_ref-sf-lovers_hist_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1994" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Keith (14 July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keithlynch.net/history.net.html">"History of the Net is Important"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150814084811/http://keithlynch.net/history.net.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Net+is+Important&rft.date=1994-07-14&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeithlynch.net%2Fhistory.net.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcinthe80s.com/2016/03/usenet-fandom-crisis-on-infinite-earths.html">"Usenet Fandom – Crisis on Infinite Earths"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025092801/http://www.dcinthe80s.com/2016/03/usenet-fandom-crisis-on-infinite-earths.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usenet+Fandom+%E2%80%93+Crisis+on+Infinite+Earths&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcinthe80s.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fusenet-fandom-crisis-on-infinite-earths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fan_clubhouse-268"><a href="#cite_ref-fan_clubhouse_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlyer1998" class="citation journal cs1">Glyer, Mike (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://file770.com/is-your-club-dead-yet/">"Is Your Club Dead Yet?"</a>. File 770.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=File+770&rft.atitle=Is+Your+Club+Dead+Yet%3F&rft.date=1998-11&rft.aulast=Glyer&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffile770.com%2Fis-your-club-dead-yet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-first_fanzine-269"><a href="#cite_ref-first_fanzine_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2003" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, Rob (13 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiawol.demon.co.uk/biblio/">"British Fanzine Bibliography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322132834/http://www.fiawol.demon.co.uk/biblio/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Fanzine+Bibliography&rft.date=2003-08-13&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiawol.demon.co.uk%2Fbiblio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLathamMendlesohn2014" class="citation cs2">Latham, Rob; Mendlesohn, Farah (1 November 2014), "Fandom", The Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199838844.013.0006">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838844.013.0006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983884-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983884-4"><bdi>978-0-19-983884-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Fandom&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199838844.013.0006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983884-4&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Mendlesohn%2C+Farah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ansible.uk/">"Ansible Home/Links"</a>. news.ansible.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329164219/https://news.ansible.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.ansible.uk&rft.atitle=Ansible+Home%2FLinks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ansible.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/fanzine">"Culture : Fanzine : SFE: Science Fiction Encyclopedia"</a>. www.sf-encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326213435/http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/fanzine">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sf-encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Culture+%3A+Fanzine+%3A+SFE%3A+Science+Fiction+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Ffanzine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hugo_Awards-2007-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hugo_Awards-2007_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hugo_Awards-2007_273-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/">"Hugo Awards by Year"</a>. The Hugo Awards. 19 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402221314/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hugo+Awards&rft.atitle=Hugo+Awards+by+Year&rft.date=2007-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-counterfact-274"><a href="#cite_ref-counterfact_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunzl2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bunzl" title="Martin Bunzl">Bunzl, Martin</a> (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041013011910/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.3/bunzl.html">"Counterfactual History: A User's Guide"</a>. American Historical Review. 109 (3): 845–858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F530560">10.1086/530560</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.3/bunzl.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2004. Retrieved 2 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Counterfactual+History%3A+A+User%27s+Guide&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E845-%3C%2Fspan%3E858&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F530560&rft.aulast=Bunzl&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycooperative.org%2Fjournals%2Fahr%2F109.3%2Fbunzl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GW-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GW_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GW_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2005). "Aliens in Space". In <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Gary Westfahl</a> (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Vol. 1. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 14–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aliens+in+Space&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32951-7&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_to_Write_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy-276"><a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Write_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCard1990" class="citation book cs1">Card, Orson Scott (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtowritescienc00card/page/17">How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy</a>. Writer's Digest Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtowritescienc00card/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89879-416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89879-416-8"><bdi>978-0-89879-416-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Write+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-89879-416-8&rft.aulast=Card&rft.aufirst=Orson+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtowritescienc00card%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DK-2015-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DK-2015_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DK-2015_277-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesForshaw2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_Davies" title="David Stuart Davies">Davies, David Stuart</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Forshaw" title="Barry Forshaw">Forshaw, Barry</a>, eds. (2015). The Sherlock Holmes Book (First American ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a>. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-3849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-3849-2"><bdi>978-1-4654-3849-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sherlock+Holmes+Book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=259&rft.edition=First+American&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-3849-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-278"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sterling, Bruce (17 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/science-fiction">"Science Fiction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129110126/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235713/The-evolution-of-science-fiction">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fscience-fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1977" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Helen N. (1977). Biological Themes in Modern Science Fiction. UMI Research Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Themes+in+Modern+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=UMI+Research+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Helen+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Fitting2010" class="citation cs2">Peter Fitting (2010), "Utopia, dystopia, and science fiction", in Gregory Claeys (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature, Cambridge University Press, pp. 138–139</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Utopia%2C+dystopia%2C+and+science+fiction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Utopian+Literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Peter+Fitting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell1996" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, David G. (1996). Age of Wonders: Exploring the World of Science Fiction. Tor Books. pp. 109–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-86235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-86235-0"><bdi>978-0-312-86235-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Wonders%3A+Exploring+the+World+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Tor+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-86235-0&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashley-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashley_282-0">^</a> Ashley, M. (April 1989). The Immortal Professor, Astro Adventures No.7, p.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._G._Stratmann2015" class="citation book cs1">H. G. Stratmann (14 September 2015). Using Medicine in Science Fiction: The SF Writer's Guide to Human Biology. Springer, 2015. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-16015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-16015-3"><bdi>978-3-319-16015-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+Medicine+in+Science+Fiction%3A+The+SF+Writer%27s+Guide+to+Human+Biology&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Springer%2C+2015&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.isbn=978-3-319-16015-3&rft.au=H.+G.+Stratmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Aldiss, Brian</a>. Billion Year Spree: The True History of Science Fiction, 1973.</li> <li>Aldiss, Brian, and <a href="/wiki/David_Wingrove" title="David Wingrove">Wingrove, David</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trillion_Year_Spree:_The_History_of_Science_Fiction" title="Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction">Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction</a>, revised and updated edition, 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Amis, Kingsley</a>. New Maps of Hell: A Survey of Science Fiction, 1958.</li> <li>Barron, Neil, ed. <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Wonder:_A_Critical_Guide_to_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction">Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction</a> (5th ed.). Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59158-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59158-171-0">1-59158-171-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Broderick" title="Damien Broderick">Broderick, Damien</a>. Reading by Starlight: Postmodern Science Fiction. London: Routledge, 1995. Print.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> Science Fiction: The Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-0202-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-0202-3">0-7513-0202-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Peter Nicholls</a>, eds., <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a>. St Albans, Herts, UK: Granada Publishing, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-05380-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-05380-8">0-586-05380-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Peter Nicholls</a>, eds., <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a>. New York: St Martin's Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-13486-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-13486-X">0-312-13486-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Disch" title="Thomas M. Disch">Disch, Thomas M.</a> The Dreams Our Stuff Is Made Of. New York: The Free Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82405-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82405-5">978-0-684-82405-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson, Fredric</a>. Archaeologies of the Future: This Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. London and New York: Verso, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Milner" title="Andrew Milner">Milner, Andrew</a>. <a href="/wiki/Locating_Science_Fiction" title="Locating Science Fiction">Locating Science Fiction</a>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masood_Ashraf_Raja" title="Masood Ashraf Raja">Raja, Masood Ashraf</a>, Jason W. Ellis and Swaralipi Nandi. eds., The Postnational Fantasy: Essays on Postcolonialism, Cosmopolitics and Science Fiction. McFarland 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6141-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6141-7">978-0-7864-6141-7</a>.</li> <li>Reginald, Robert. Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature, 1975–1991. Detroit, MI/Washington, D.C./London: Gale Research, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-1825-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8103-1825-3">0-8103-1825-3</a>.</li> <li>Roy, Pinaki. "Science Fiction: Some Reflections". Shodh Sanchar Bulletin, 10.39 (July–September 2020): 138–42.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholesRabkin1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Scholes" title="Robert Scholes">Scholes, Robert E.</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionhi00scho">Science fiction: history, science, vision</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502174-5"><bdi>978-0-19-502174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+fiction%3A+history%2C+science%2C+vision&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502174-5&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Rabkin%2C+Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencefictionhi00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darko_Suvin" title="Darko Suvin">Suvin, Darko</a>. Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: on the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre, New Haven : Yale University Press, 1979.</li> <li>Weldes, Jutta, ed. To Seek Out New Worlds: Exploring Links between Science Fiction and World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29557-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-29557-X">0-312-29557-X</a>.</li> <li>Westfahl, Gary, ed. <a href="/wiki/The_Greenwood_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy:_Themes,_Works,_and_Wonders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders</a> (three volumes). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2005.</li> <li>Wolfe, Gary K. Critical Terms for Science Fiction and Fantasy: A Glossary and Guide to Scholarship. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-22981-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-22981-3">0-313-22981-3</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Science fiction <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=science+fiction">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=science+fiction&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Science fiction at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Science_fiction" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Science fiction">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Science fiction">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Science_fiction" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Science fiction">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Science_fiction" class="extiw" title="q:Science fiction">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Science fiction">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Science_fiction" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Science fiction">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Science_fiction" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Science fiction">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Science-fiction_tourism" class="extiw" title="voy:Science-fiction tourism">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/bookshelf/68">Science Fiction Bookshelf</a> at Project Gutenberg</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://efanzines.com">Science fiction fanzines (current and historical) online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfwa.org/forum/reading/1-novel/">SFWA "Suggested Reading" list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks?tags%5B%5D=science+fiction">Science fiction at standardebooks.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfra.org">Science Fiction Research Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/themes/visions-of-the-future">A selection of articles written by Mike Ashley, Iain Sinclair and others, exploring 19th-century visions of the future.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618115843/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/themes/visions-of-the-future">Archived</a> 18 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the British Library's Discovering Literature website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/merril/">Merril Collection of Science Fiction, Speculation and Fantasy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Public_Library" title="Toronto Public Library">Toronto Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/biblio.htm">Science Fiction Studies' Chronological Bibliography of Science Fiction History, Theory, and Criticism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/g39358054/best-sci-fi-books/">Best 50 sci-fi novels of all time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a>; 21 March 2022)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art, and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topopolis" title="Topopolis">Topopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speculative_fiction334" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speculative_fiction" title="Template:Speculative fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speculative_fiction" title="Template talk:Speculative fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speculative_fiction334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_artists" title="List of science fiction and fantasy artists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_editors" title="List of science fiction editors">Editors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic/post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic science fiction">Comic/comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">derivatives</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speculative_evolution" title="Speculative evolution">Speculative evolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech-noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech-noir">Tech-noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopia/dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_pirate" title="Space pirate">Space pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Gathering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_conventions" title="List of science fiction conventions">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic fantasy">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore mythology (based)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslamp_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaslamp fantasy">Gaslamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval fantasy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_tropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy tropes">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(fantasy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (fantasy)">Fantasy races</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Fantasy worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic (fantasy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magician (fantasy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goosebumps" title="Goosebumps">Goosebumps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_tropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy tropes">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampires_in_popular_culture" title="Vampires in popular culture">Vampires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vampires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional vampires">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction_by_writers_of_color" title="Speculative fiction by writers of color">Authors of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species" title="Lists of fictional species">Fictional species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">Japanese authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masquerade_(trope)" title="Masquerade (trope)">Masquerade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproduction_and_pregnancy_in_speculative_fiction" title="Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction">Reproduction and pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noir_fiction" title="Noir fiction">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp magazines">Pulps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofantasy" title="Technofantasy">Technofantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipstream_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Slipstream genre">Slipstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Speculative_fiction" title="Category:Speculative fiction">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24925#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24925#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24925#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1108566/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1098433076">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85118629">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563230905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/031212">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&oldid=1274799328">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&oldid=1274799328</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Speculative_fiction" title="Category:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from December 2019">Articles with incomplete citations from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2023">Articles with dead external links from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_cite_ODNB_with_id_parameter" title="Category:Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter">Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from January 2025">Articles with failed verification from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 February 2025, at 09:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Science fiction</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 107 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-567b97b4dc-rq7mf","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.862","walltime":"4.259","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19818,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":655988,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14914,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":969132,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3547.876 1 -total"," 69.03% 2448.986 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.85% 952.760 125 Template:Cite_web"," 11.62% 412.129 46 Template:Cite_book"," 7.65% 271.454 17 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.90% 173.837 20 Template:ISBN"," 4.67% 165.603 22 Template:Cite_news"," 4.08% 144.624 1 Template:Speculative_fiction_sidebar"," 3.96% 140.358 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 3.91% 138.588 11 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.396","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8298281,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Portal\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","15.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","360","15.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","14.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","6.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","160","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","4.2"],["gsub","80","3.3"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2615\u003E","60","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.5"],["[others]","560","23.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-q8pr8","timestamp":"20250211195734","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Science fiction","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science_fiction","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24925","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24925","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-04T16:00:09Z","dateModified":"2025-02-09T09:25:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/68\/Imagination_cover_December_1952.jpg","headline":"genre of fiction"}</script> </body> </html>