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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>Miskito Sambu</b>, also known simply as the <b>Miskito</b>, are an ethnic group of mixed cultural ancestry (<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American</a>) occupying a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> coast of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> (particularly on the Atlantic coasts of Honduras and Nicaragua) known as the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> region. Although older records, beginning with Spanish documents of the early 18th century, refer to the group as "Mosquitos <a href="/wiki/Zambos" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambos">Zambos</a>", modern ethnographic terminology uses the term <i>Miskito</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskito_Sambu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskito_Sambu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to early accounts, slaves traveling on a slave ship revolted and took the ship over, but wrecked it near <a href="/wiki/Gracias_a_Dios_Department" title="Gracias a Dios Department">Cape Gracias a Dios</a>, though they disagree on the impact the arrival of these Africans had on the local people, and how they were received. When <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Exquemelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Exquemelin">Alexander Exquemelin</a>, the first and earliest visitor (in c 1671) to the coast to describe the origins of the Miskito Sambu believed that the local people enslaved the Africans anew,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a slightly later account (1688) by the Sieur <a href="/wiki/Raveneau_de_Lussan" title="Raveneau de Lussan">Raveneau de Lussan</a>, thought that the local people received the Africans hospitably and married with them.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources written later still give different accounts. The bishop of Nicaragua, Benito Garret y Arlovi writing in 1711, but basing himself on reports by missionaries who worked in <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Segovia_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Segovia (department)">Nueva Segovia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chontales_Department" title="Chontales Department">Chontales</a> as well as the testimony of an "ancient" former slave named Juan Ramón, said that the Africans violently overthrew their hosts, and intermarried with their women.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date and circumstances of the shipwreck are also uncertain. Bishop Garret y Arlovi related that the ship wrecked in 1641, while an English buccaneer only known as M. W., writing in 1699 mentions two different dates in two different places: in one instance he places it as 50 years earlier (or 1649) while in another he places it 60 years earlier (1639), which might mean that his informants told him contradictory information, or that there were two shipwrecks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Exquemelin's original account, the slaves took over the ship in a revolt and brought it to the coast, while the Spanish translation of the account, which may have had access to other sources, said the ship was carrying the slaves to "Tierra Firme" (Panama) and it wrecked on an island and the slaves swam ashore.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French translation adds that the ship was Portuguese and had the intention of carrying the slaves to Brazil, and this section may also have been influenced by other unnamed sources. Pedro de Rivera, writing in 1742 reported that the ship that was wrecked in 1650 "according to tradition" and that it was owned by<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Lorenzo Gramalxo" (probably Lorenzo Gramajo, a prominent Portuguese merchant of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_Dominance">Rise to Dominance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskito_Sambu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise to Dominance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This group of mixed ancestry were usually called <i>Mosquitos Zambos</i> by the Spanish, while the others living more on the southern region (in modern Nicaragua) have been dubbed <a href="/wiki/Tawira_Miskito" title="Tawira Miskito">Tawira Miskito</a> (Straight-haired Miskito) by modern scholars such as Karl Offen. Over the course of the eighteenth century, the Miskito Sambu became dominant, and the office of king was in Sambu hands from the first decade of the century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of later stories which recount the same sequence of events, though often with different details, and different possible dates. It is possible that these accounts are of separate shipwrecks, or that the same wreck was elaborated in later accounts through oral tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Miskito Sambu were aggressive, an early report of 1699 has them waging near constant war with their neighboring indigenous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish reported many raids directed against their holdings beginning in 1699 and continuing through most of the 18th century. The raids often carried off slaves, for use at home or for sale to English traders from Jamaica, who sent them to the island to work. The English also supplied the Miskito Sambu with muskets and military training to assist in these raids. Raiding reached as far south as modern <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the French buccaneer <a href="/wiki/Raveneau_de_Lussan" title="Raveneau de Lussan">Raveneau de Lussan</a>, who visited in 1688, the Sambu settled largely in the valley of the Wanks River (modern Rio Coco), and the report of the buccaneer M. W. in 1699, their settlements were concentrated in that river, and somewhat to the west along the coast of modern-day Honduras almost as far as <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras" title="Trujillo, Honduras">Trujillo</a>. By the early eighteenth century, the leader of the Sambu group had the Miskito title General in the <a href="/wiki/Chieftaincy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftaincy">chieftaincy system</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a>. At some point in the early eighteenth century, however, the Sambu took over the premier title of King, and the palace that was occupied by a Tawira king, Jeremy, in 1699 was now occupied by a "mulatto", also named Jeremy, in 1711. From that point on, the Sambu held the kingship. </p><p>The emergence of the Miskito Sambu gradually split the larger <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> in two; be that as it may, the Sambu group was generally dominant and the more aggressive. In what was essentially a <a href="/wiki/Power_sharing" title="Power sharing">power sharing</a> system, Sambus held the northern titles of King and General, while the original Miskitos (otherwise called Tawira) held the titles of Governor and Admiral. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskito_Sambu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskito_Sambu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Exquemelin, <i>Zee-Rovers</i>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Esquemeling, <i>History of the Buccaneers of America</i>, (Boston, 1856), p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raveneau de Lussan, <i>Journal du voyage fait a la Mer de Sud avec les Filibustiers de l’Amerique</i> (Paris, 1690), p. 265 (this passages is seriously mistranslated in the English version.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benito Garret y Arlovi to King, 30 November 1711 in Manuel de Peralta, ed., <i>Costa Rica y Costa de Mosquitos. Documentos para la historia de la jurisdicción territorial de Costa Rica y Colombia</i> (Paris, 1898), pp. 57-58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. W. "The Mosqueto Indian and his Golden River," in <a href="/wiki/Ansham_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansham Churchill">Ansham Churchill</a>, <i>A Collection of Voyages and Travels</i> (London, 1732), vol. 6, pp.289 and 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandre Exquemelin, <i>Piratas de la America y luz à la defensa de la costa de las Indias Occidentales</i> (Colonia Agrippina, 1681), p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro de Rivera, "Notes by the Captain General of Guatemala Suggesting Means for the Expulsion of the Mosquitos," 30 November 1742 in Costa Rica-Panama Arbitration Documents. Documents Annexed to the Argument of Costa Rica (Rosslyn, VA, 1913) 1: 467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel M de Peralta, ed. <i>Costa Rica y Costa de Mosquitos. Documentos para la historia de la jurisdicción territorial de Costa Rica y Colombia</i> (Paris 1898), p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Offen, "The Sambu and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras," <i>Ethnohistory</i> 49/2 (2002): 337-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Offen, "The Sambu and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras'" <i>Ethnohistory</i> 49/2 (2002): 340-43 (</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M.. "The Mosqueto Indian and his Golden River," in Ansham Churchill, <i>A Collection of Voyages and Travels</i> (London, 1732), vol. 6, p.288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Helms, "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population," <i>Journal of Anthropological Research</i> 39/2 (1983): 179-97</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miskito_Sambu&oldid=1257774122">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miskito_Sambu&oldid=1257774122</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Costa_Rica" title="Category:History of Costa Rica">History of Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Miskito" title="Category:Miskito">Miskito</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua">Ethnic groups in Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African%E2%80%93Native_American_relations" title="Category:African–Native American relations">African–Native American relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afro-Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Category:Afro-Indigenous peoples of North America">Afro-Indigenous peoples of North America</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 15:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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