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id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era:_4000_BC_–_AD_1500" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_era:_4000_BC_–_AD_1500"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian era: 4000 BC – AD 1500</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era:_4000_BC_–_AD_1500-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_sightings_by_Europeans:_1500–1533" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_sightings_by_Europeans:_1500–1533"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First sightings by Europeans: 1500–1533</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_sightings_by_Europeans:_1500–1533-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era:_1533–1717" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era:_1533–1717"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Colonial era: 1533–1717</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era:_1533–1717-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viceregal_era:_1717–1811" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viceregal_era:_1717–1811"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Viceregal era: 1717–1811</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viceregal_era:_1717–1811-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1741_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1741_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>1741 attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1741_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver_Age_(1750–1808)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver_Age_(1750–1808)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Silver Age (1750–1808)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver_Age_(1750–1808)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1811_to_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1811_to_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1811 to the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1811_to_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neighborhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Northern area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downtown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downtown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Downtown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downtown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Diego" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Diego"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>San Diego</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Diego-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Getsemaní" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Getsemaní"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Getsemaní</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Getsemaní-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bocagrande" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bocagrande"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Bocagrande</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bocagrande-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ethnic composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miss_Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miss_Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Miss Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miss_Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Free zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Waste disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Primary and secondary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theaters_and_concert_halls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theaters_and_concert_halls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Theaters and concert halls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theaters_and_concert_halls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Museums and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>World Heritage site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Festivities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media appearances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_appearances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media appearances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Colonial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cartagena, Colombia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_(%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="قرطاجنة (كولومبيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرطاجنة (كولومبيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1_(%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Քարթախենա (Քոլումպիա) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քարթախենա (Քոլումպիա)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartexena_(Kolumbiya)" title="Kartexena (Kolumbiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kartexena (Kolumbiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Картахена (Колумбия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картахена (Колумбия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8)" title="Картахена (Колумби) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Картахена (Колумби)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(munisipyo)" title="Cartagena (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cartagena (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Kolumbie)" title="Cartagena (Kolumbie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cartagena (Kolumbie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cartagena, Colombia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Kolumbien)" title="Cartagena (Kolumbien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cartagena (Kolumbien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Colombia)" title="Cartagena (Colombia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cartagena (Colombia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1_(%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Καρταχένα (Κολομβία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρταχένα (Κολομβία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartageno_(Kolombio)" title="Kartageno (Kolombio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartageno (Kolombio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کارتاخنا، کلمبیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارتاخنا، کلمبیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthag%C3%A8ne_des_Indes" title="Carthagène des Indes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carthagène des Indes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Kolombia)" title="Cartagena (Kolombia) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Cartagena (Kolombia)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartaxena_de_Indias" title="Cartaxena de Indias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cartaxena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%80%ED%97%A4%EB%82%98_(%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84)" title="카르타헤나 (콜롬비아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르타헤나 (콜롬비아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1_(%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Կարտախենա (Կոլումբիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարտախենա (Կոլումբիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%C3%A6_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8)" title="Картахенæ (Колумби) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Картахенæ (Колумби)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%94_(%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קרטחנה (קולומביה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרטחנה (קולומביה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="კარტახენა (კოლუმბია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარტახენა (კოლუმბია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Картахена – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картахена" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthago_Indiarum" title="Carthago Indiarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carthago Indiarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartahena_(Kolumbija)" title="Kartahena (Kolumbija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kartahena (Kolumbija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartachena_(Kolumbija)" title="Kartachena (Kolumbija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kartachena (Kolumbija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Kolumbia)" title="Cartagena (Kolumbia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cartagena (Kolumbia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="كارتاهينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارتاهينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cartagena, Colombia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Картахэна дэ Индиас – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Картахэна дэ Индиас" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကာတာဟေနာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာတာဟေနာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Colombia)" title="Cartagena (Colombia) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cartagena (Colombia)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%98%E3%83%8A_(%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2)" title="カルタヘナ (コロンビア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルタヘナ (コロンビア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Steed_uun_Kolumbien)" title="Cartagena (Steed uun Kolumbien) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Cartagena (Steed uun Kolumbien)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Colombia)" title="Cartagena (Colombia) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cartagena (Colombia)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_i_Colombia" title="Cartagena i Colombia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cartagena i Colombia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Col%C3%B3mbia)" title="Cartagena (Colómbia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cartagena (Colómbia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="کارتاجینا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارتاجینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_das_%C3%8Dndias" title="Cartagena das Índias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartagena das Índias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Kulumbya)" title="Cartagena (Kulumbya) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Cartagena (Kulumbya)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Картахена (Колумбия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картахена (Колумбия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombie" title="Cartagena, Colombie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cartagena, Colombie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cartagena, Colombia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Kolumbia)" title="Cartagena (Kolumbia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cartagena (Kolumbia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Kolumbija" title="Cartagena, Kolumbija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cartagena, Kolumbija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Картахена де Индијас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картахена де Индијас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Kolumbija)" title="Cartagena (Kolumbija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cartagena (Kolumbija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_(Kolumbia)" title="Cartagena (Kolumbia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cartagena (Kolumbia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cartagena, Colombia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cartagena, Colombia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE,_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="கர்த்தெகனா, கொலம்பியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கர்த்தெகனா, கொலம்பியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Картахена (Колумбия) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Картахена (Колумбия)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="การ์ตาเฮนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การ์ตาเฮนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Cartagena, Bolívar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cartagena, Bolívar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karfagen_(Kolumbi%C3%BDa)" title="Karfagen (Kolumbiýa) – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Karfagen (Kolumbiýa)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Картахена (Колумбія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картахена (Колумбія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کارتاخینا، کولمبیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارتاخینا، کولمبیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cartagena, Colombia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena" title="Cartagena – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cartagena" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattajeena" title="Kattajeena – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kattajeena" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Cartagena de Indias – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cartagena de Indias" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%E7%BA%B3%EF%BC%88%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%EF%BC%89" title="卡塔赫纳（哥伦比亚） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡塔赫纳（哥伦比亚）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%90" title="קארטאכענא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארטאכענא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Cartagena, Colombia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%E7%B4%8D_(%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E)" title="卡塔赫納 (哥倫比亞) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡塔赫納 (哥倫比亞)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%E7%BA%B3_(%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A)" title="卡塔赫纳 (哥伦比亚) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡塔赫纳 (哥伦比亚)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cartagena,_Colombia&params=10_24_N_75_30_W_region:CO_type:city(892545)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">75°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.400°N 75.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.400; -75.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in coastal northern Colombia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Spanish city, see <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena, Spain</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">District and city in Bolívar, Colombia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output 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.ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cartagena</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Colombia" title="Districts of Colombia">District</a> and city</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>Cartagena de Indias</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montaje_Cartagena,_Colombia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Top: Bocagrande Harbor. Second row: View of Santa Cruz Manga Island, Heredia Theatre. Third row: ClockTower (Torre del Reloj), Pilar Republicano, San Felipe Barajas Castle (Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas) (above), Charleston Hotel (below). Bottom: City Skyline."><img alt="Top: Bocagrande Harbor. Second row: View of Santa Cruz Manga Island, Heredia Theatre. Third row: ClockTower (Torre del Reloj), Pilar Republicano, San Felipe Barajas Castle (Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas) (above), Charleston Hotel (below). Bottom: City Skyline." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Montaje_Cartagena%2C_Colombia.jpg/290px-Montaje_Cartagena%2C_Colombia.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="463" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Montaje_Cartagena%2C_Colombia.jpg/435px-Montaje_Cartagena%2C_Colombia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Montaje_Cartagena%2C_Colombia.jpg/580px-Montaje_Cartagena%2C_Colombia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>Top:</b> Bocagrande Harbor. <b>Second row:</b> View of Santa Cruz Manga Island, Heredia Theatre. <b>Third row:</b> ClockTower (Torre del Reloj), Pilar Republicano, San Felipe Barajas Castle (<a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_de_Barajas" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas">Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas</a>) (above), Charleston Hotel (below). <b>Bottom:</b> City Skyline.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cartagena.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cartagena"><img alt="Flag of Cartagena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cartagena.svg/100px-Flag_of_Cartagena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cartagena.svg/150px-Flag_of_Cartagena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cartagena.svg/200px-Flag_of_Cartagena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Cartagena"><img alt="Official seal of Cartagena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Escudo_de_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg/100px-Escudo_de_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Escudo_de_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg/150px-Escudo_de_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Escudo_de_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg/200px-Escudo_de_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>La ciudad mágica</i> (The Magic City)<br /> <i>La ciudad cosmopolita</i> (The Cosmopolitan City)<br /> <i>La heroica</i> (The Heroic)<br /> <i>El corralito de piedra</i> (The Rock Corral)<br /> <i>La fantástica</i> (The Fantastic)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Por Cartagena"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_-_Bol%C3%ADvar_-_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Colombia_-_Bol%C3%ADvar_-_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg/200px-Colombia_-_Bol%C3%ADvar_-_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Colombia_-_Bol%C3%ADvar_-_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg/300px-Colombia_-_Bol%C3%ADvar_-_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Colombia_-_Bol%C3%ADvar_-_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg/400px-Colombia_-_Bol%C3%ADvar_-_Cartagena_de_Indias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="2342" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartagena is located in Colombia"><img alt="Cartagena is located in Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Colombia_location_map.svg/250px-Colombia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Colombia_location_map.svg/375px-Colombia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Colombia_location_map.svg/500px-Colombia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="579" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.213%;left:51.225%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cartagena"><img alt="Cartagena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Cartagena</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Colombia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartagena is located in South America"><img alt="Cartagena is located in South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/South_America_laea_location_map.svg/250px-South_America_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/South_America_laea_location_map.svg/375px-South_America_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/South_America_laea_location_map.svg/500px-South_America_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1732" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.795%;left:22.846%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cartagena"><img alt="Cartagena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Cartagena</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of South America</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cartagena,_Colombia&params=10_24_N_75_30_W_region:CO_type:city(892545)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">75°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.400°N 75.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.400; -75.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Colombia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Region_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Region (Colombia)">Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foundation</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1533</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Heredia" title="Pedro de Heredia">Pedro de Heredia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>, Spain</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">William Jorge Dau Chamat<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Colombia" title="Districts of Colombia">District</a> and city</div></th><td class="infobox-data">83.2 km<sup>2</sup> (32.1 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">597.7 km<sup>2</sup> (230.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 m (7 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020<sup id="cite_ref-DANE2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DANE2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Colombia" title="Districts of Colombia">District</a> and city</div></th><td class="infobox-data">914,552</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colombian_municipalities_by_population" title="List of Colombian municipalities by population">Ranked 5th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">11,000/km<sup>2</sup> (28,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,028,736<sup id="cite_ref-Largest_cities_or_towns_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Largest_cities_or_towns-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,721/km<sup>2</sup> (4,460/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cartagenero(s) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Year</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">$17.1 billion<sup id="cite_ref-TelluBase_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelluBase-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$15,600</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-5">UTC-5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colombia_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombia Time">COT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">130000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">57 + 5</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron saints</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sebastian" title="Saint Sebastian">Saint Sebastian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">30 °C (86 °F)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartagena.gov.co">www<wbr />.cartagena<wbr />.gov<wbr />.co</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagena</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1984 <small>(8th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/285">285</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_America" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South America">Latin America and Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cartagena</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAR</span>-tə-<span style="font-size:90%">HAY</span>-nə</i></a>), known since the colonial era as <b>Cartagena de Indias</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[kaɾtaˈxena<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈindjas]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/17\/Es-Cartagena_de_Indias.oga\/Es-Cartagena_de_Indias.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es-Cartagena de Indias.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Es-Cartagena_de_Indias.oga/Es-Cartagena_de_Indias.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Es-Cartagena_de_Indias.oga" title="File:Es-Cartagena de Indias.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> and one of the major <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> on the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Region_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Region of Colombia">Caribbean Coast Region</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean sea</a>. Cartagena's past role as a link in the route to the West Indies provides it with important historical value for world exploration and preservation of heritage from the great commercial maritime routes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a former Spanish colony, it was a key port for the export of Bolivian silver to Spain and for the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cartagena" title="Slavery in Cartagena">import of enslaved Africans</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">asiento</a> system. It was defensible against <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">pirate</a> attacks in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's strategic location between the <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%BA_River" title="Sinú River">Sinú</a> rivers also gave it easy access to the interior of <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Granada</a> and made it a main port for trade between Spain and its overseas empire, establishing its importance by the early 1540s. </p><p>Modern Cartagena is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar Department</a>, and had a population of 876,885 according to the 2018 census,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the second-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_region_of_Colombia" title="Caribbean region of Colombia">Caribbean region</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Colombia">fifth-largest</a> city in Colombia. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> of Cartagena is the sixth-largest urban area in the country, after <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bucaramanga" title="Bucaramanga">Bucaramanga</a>. Economic activities include the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime industry">maritime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industries, as well as tourism. </p><p>The present city—named after <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena, Spain</a> and by extension, the historic city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>—was founded on 1 June 1533, making it one of South America’s oldest colonial cities;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but settlement by various indigenous people in the region around Cartagena Bay dates from 4000 BC. During the Spanish colonial period Cartagena had a key role in administration and expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish empire">Spanish empire</a>. It was a center of political, ecclesiastical, and economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, Cartagena's colonial walled city and fortress were designated a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. </p><p>It was also the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Battle of Cartagena de Indias</a> in 1741 during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> between <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cartagena,_Colombia" title="History of Cartagena, Colombia">History of Cartagena, Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Timeline of Cartagena, Colombia">Timeline of Cartagena, Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_Taino_village,_Cuba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Reconstruction_of_Taino_village%2C_Cuba.JPG/220px-Reconstruction_of_Taino_village%2C_Cuba.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Reconstruction_of_Taino_village%2C_Cuba.JPG/330px-Reconstruction_of_Taino_village%2C_Cuba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Reconstruction_of_Taino_village%2C_Cuba.JPG/440px-Reconstruction_of_Taino_village%2C_Cuba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>According to descriptions that survive, the homes of the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> inhabitants of the city may have looked very similar to these <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno</a> culture huts in <a href="/wiki/Baconao" title="Baconao">Baconao</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era:_4000_BC_–_AD_1500"><span id="Pre-Columbian_era:_4000_BC_.E2.80.93_AD_1500"></span>Pre-Columbian era: 4000 BC – AD 1500</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian era: 4000 BC – AD 1500"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Hormiga_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Hormiga Culture">Puerto Hormiga Culture</a>, founded in the Arjona Municipality of the Bolívar Department in the Caribbean coast region, particularly in the area from the <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%BA_River" title="Sinú River">Sinú River</a> Delta to the Cartagena Bay, appears to be the first documented human community in what is now Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">Archeologists</a> estimate that around 4000 BC, the formative culture was located near the boundary between the current departments of <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sucre_Department" title="Sucre Department">Sucre</a>. In this area, archeologists have found the most ancient ceramic objects of the Americas, dating from around 4000 BC. The primary reason for the proliferation of primitive societies in this area is thought to have been the relatively mild climate and the abundance of wildlife, which allowed the hunting inhabitants a comfortable life.<sup id="cite_ref-Biblioteca_Luis_Ángel_Arango_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biblioteca_Luis_Ángel_Arango-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uninorte.edu.co_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uninorte.edu.co-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archeological investigations date the decline of the Puerto Hormiga culture and its related settlements to be ~3000 BC. The rise of a much more developed culture, the Monsú, who lived at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Canal_del_Dique" title="Canal del Dique">Dique Canal</a> near today's Cartagena neighborhoods Pasacaballos and Ciénaga Honda at the northernmost part of Barú Island, has been hypothesized. The Monsú culture appears to have inherited the Puerto Hormiga culture's use of the art of pottery and also to have developed a mixed economy of agriculture and basic manufacture. The Monsú people's diet was based mostly on shellfish and fresh and salt-water fish.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the Sinú society in what is today the departments of Córdoba and Sucre, eclipsed these first developments around the Cartagena Bay area. Until the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonization">Spanish colonization</a>, many cultures derived from the <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Karib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malibu_languages" title="Malibu languages">Malibu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawak</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Language families">language families</a> lived along the Colombian Caribbean coast. In the late pre-Columbian era, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a> was home to the <a href="/wiki/Tayrona" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayrona">Tayrona</a> people, whose language was closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Chibcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibcha">Chibcha</a> language family.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around AD 1500, the area was inhabited by different tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib language</a> family, more precisely the Mocanae sub-family. </p><p>Mocana villages of the <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Carib people</a> around the Bay of Cartagena included:<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>on a sandy island facing the ocean in what is present-day downtown: Kalamarí (Calamari)</li> <li>on the <a href="/wiki/Tierra_Bomba_Island" title="Tierra Bomba Island">island of Tierrabomba</a>: Carex</li> <li>on <a href="/wiki/Isla_Bar%C3%BA" title="Isla Barú">Isla Barú</a>, then a peninsula: Bahaire</li> <li>on present-day Mamonal, the eastern coast of the exterior bay: Cospique</li> <li>in the suburban area of <a href="/wiki/Turbaco" title="Turbaco">Turbaco</a>: Yurbaco Tribe</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Heredia found these settlements "...largely surrounded with the heads of dead men placed on stakes."<sup id="cite_ref-Parry_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parry-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 481">: 481 </span></sup> </p><p>Some subsidiary tribes of the Kalamari lived in today's neighborhood of Pie de la Popa, and other subsidiaries from the Cospique lived in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrillal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membrillal (page does not exist)">Membrillal</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasacaballos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasacaballos (page does not exist)">Pasacaballos</a> areas. Among these, according to the earliest documents available, the <a href="/wiki/Calamari_people" title="Calamari people">Kalamari</a> had preeminence. These tribes, though physically and administratively separated, shared a common architecture, such as hut structures consisting of circular rooms with tall roofs, which were surrounded by defensive wooden palisades.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_sightings_by_Europeans:_1500–1533"><span id="First_sightings_by_Europeans:_1500.E2.80.931533"></span>First sightings by Europeans: 1500–1533</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First sightings by Europeans: 1500–1533"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Pedro_de_Heredia,_Cartagena_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Statue_of_Pedro_de_Heredia%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Pedro_de_Heredia%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Statue_of_Pedro_de_Heredia%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Pedro_de_Heredia%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Statue_of_Pedro_de_Heredia%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Pedro_de_Heredia%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2923" data-file-height="4384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Heredia" title="Pedro de Heredia">Pedro de Heredia</a>, founder of the city and explorer of its <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Bastidas" title="Rodrigo de Bastidas">Rodrigo de Bastidas</a> traveled to the Pearl Coast and the Gulf of Uraba in 1500–01. On 14 February 1504, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a> contracted <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a>'s voyage to Uraba. However, Juan de la Cosa died in 1510 along with 300 of Alonso de Ojeda's men, after an armed confrontation with indigenous people, and before Juan de la Cosa could get possession of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Urab%C3%A1" title="Gulf of Urabá">Gulf of Urabá</a> area. Similar contracts were signed in 1508 with Diego de Nicuesa for the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Veragua" title="Veragua">Veragua</a> and with Alonso de Ojeda for the settlement of Uraba, "where gold had already been obtained on earlier voyages," according to Floyd.<sup id="cite_ref-Floyd_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parry_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parry-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the failed effort to found <a href="/wiki/Antigua_del_Dari%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua del Darién">Antigua del Darién</a> in 1506 by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a> and the subsequent unsuccessful founding of <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Urab%C3%A1" title="San Sebastián de Urabá">San Sebastián de Urabá</a> in 1510 by <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Nicuesa" title="Diego de Nicuesa">Diego de Nicuesa</a>, the southern Caribbean coast became unattractive to colonizers. They preferred the better known <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the royal control point for trade, the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a> gave permission to <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Bastidas" title="Rodrigo de Bastidas">Rodrigo de Bastidas</a> (1460–1527) to again conduct an expedition as <a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">adelantado</a> to this area, Bastidas explored the coast and sighted the <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a> Delta in his first journey from <a href="/wiki/Department_of_La_Guajira" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of La Guajira">Guajira</a> to the south in 1527, a trip that ended in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Urab%C3%A1" title="Gulf of Urabá">Gulf of Urabá</a>, the location of the failed first settlements. De Nicuesa and De Ojeda noted the existence of a big bay on the way from <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Urab%C3%A1" title="Gulf of Urabá">Urabá</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_isthmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama isthmus">Panama isthmus</a>, and that encouraged Bastidas to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era:_1533–1717"><span id="Colonial_era:_1533.E2.80.931717"></span>Colonial era: 1533–1717</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial era: 1533–1717"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_colonial_buildings_in_Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of colonial buildings in Cartagena, Colombia (page does not exist)">List of colonial buildings in Cartagena, Colombia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Cartagena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Cartagena.jpg/220px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Cartagena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Cartagena.jpg/330px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Cartagena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Cartagena.jpg/440px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Cartagena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6703" data-file-height="5139" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Map of the city recently established and without walls (c.1550)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartagena_Colombia_ca_1600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cartagena_Colombia_ca_1600.jpg/220px-Cartagena_Colombia_ca_1600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cartagena_Colombia_ca_1600.jpg/330px-Cartagena_Colombia_ca_1600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cartagena_Colombia_ca_1600.jpg/440px-Cartagena_Colombia_ca_1600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3279" data-file-height="2636" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Cartagena de Indias published in 1671 by <a href="/wiki/Arnoldus_Montanus" title="Arnoldus Montanus">Arnoldus Montanus</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baluarte_de_Santo_Domingo,_Cartagena_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Baluarte_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Cartagena_01.jpg/220px-Baluarte_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Cartagena_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Baluarte_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Cartagena_01.jpg/330px-Baluarte_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Cartagena_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Baluarte_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Cartagena_01.jpg/440px-Baluarte_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Cartagena_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4449" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption>The historic center is surrounded by 11 kilometers of defensive walls. These were complemented by fortifications along the coast, making Cartagena a militarily impregnable city. The walls, made in several stages, were designed to protect the city from continual pirate attacks, was built between 1614 and 1796.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_y_Convento_de_Santo_Domingo_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iglesia_y_Convento_de_Santo_Domingo_3.JPG/170px-Iglesia_y_Convento_de_Santo_Domingo_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iglesia_y_Convento_de_Santo_Domingo_3.JPG/255px-Iglesia_y_Convento_de_Santo_Domingo_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Iglesia_y_Convento_de_Santo_Domingo_3.JPG/340px-Iglesia_y_Convento_de_Santo_Domingo_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Convento_de_Santo_Domingo,_Cartagena" title="Convento de Santo Domingo, Cartagena">Convento de Santo Domingo</a>, built between 1565 and 1630, is the oldest church of Cartagena de Indias.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver,_Cartagena,_Colombia_(4980511743).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%284980511743%29.jpg/220px-Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%284980511743%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%284980511743%29.jpg/330px-Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%284980511743%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%284980511743%29.jpg/440px-Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver%2C_Cartagena%2C_Colombia_%284980511743%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1795" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver,_Cartagena" title="Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena">Iglesia de San Pedro Claver</a> built between 1580 and 1654. The body of Saint <a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> is located in its main altar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under contract to Queen <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Heredia" title="Pedro de Heredia">Pedro de Heredia</a> entered the Bay of Cartagena with three ships, a <a href="/wiki/Lighter_(barge)" title="Lighter (barge)">lighter</a>, 150 men, and 22 horses, on 14 January 1533. He soon found the village of Calamari abandoned. Proceeding onwards to Turbaco, where Juan de la Cosa had been mortally wounded 13 years earlier, Heredia fought an all-day battle before claiming victory. Using <a href="/wiki/India_Catalina" title="India Catalina">India Catalina</a> as a guide, Heredia embarked on a three-month exploration expedition. He returned to Calamari in April 1533 with gold pieces, including a solid gold porcupine weighing 132 pounds. In later expeditions, Heredia raided the <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Sinú</a> tombs and temples of gold. His rule as governor of Cartagena lasted 22 years, before perishing on his return to Spain in 1544.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14–17">: 14–17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parry_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parry-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 479–85">: 479–85 </span></sup> </p><p>Cartagena was founded on 1 June 1533 by the Spanish commander, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Heredia" title="Pedro de Heredia">Pedro de Heredia</a>, in the former location of the indigenous Caribbean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamar%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calamarí (page does not exist)">Calamarí</a> village. The town was named after the port city of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Murcia</a> in southeast Spain, where most of Heredia's sailors had resided.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> gave Cartagena the title of "city" (<i>ciudad</i>) in 1574, adding "most noble and loyal" in 1575.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>The city's increasing importance as a port for the export of Bolivian silver from <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> to Spain, made it an obvious target for pirates and <a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">corsairs</a>, encouraged by France, England, and Holland. In 1544, the city was pillaged by 5 ships and 1,000 men under the command of the French pirate <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Roberval" title="Jean-François Roberval">Jean-François Roberval</a>, who took advantage of the city still without walls. Heredia was forced to retreat to Turbaco until a ransom was paid. A defensive tower, <i>San Felipe del Boqueron</i>, was built in 1566 by Governor Anton Davalos. It was supposed to protect the anchorage and the Bahia de las Animas, a water lane into Plaza de lar Mar (current day Plaze de la Aduana), but the fort's battery had limited range. Then the French pirate Martin Cote struck in 1569 with 1,000 men, ransacking the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–24">: 23–24 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Segovia_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segovia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97–98">: 97–98 </span></sup> </p><p>A few months after the disaster of the invasion of Cote, a fire destroyed the city and forced the creation of a firefighting squad, the first in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1568, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a> tried to persuade Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_las_Alas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martín de las Alas (page does not exist)">Martín de las Alas</a> to open a trade fair in the city which would allow his men to sell foreign goods. This was a violation of Spanish law, which forbade trade with foreigners. Many in the settlement suspected this would have allowed Hawkins to sack the port afterwards; and as such the governor declined. Hawkins bombarded the city for 8 days, but failed to make any significant impacts and withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> attacked in April 1586 with 23 ships and 3,000 men. Drake burned 200 houses and the cathedral, departing only after a ransom was paid a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meisel_Roca_2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meisel_Roca_2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kraus2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraus2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain then commissioned <a href="/wiki/Battista_Antonelli" title="Battista Antonelli">Bautista Antonelli</a> in 1586 to design a master scheme for defending its Caribbean ports. This included a second visit to Cartagena in 1594 when he drew up plans for a walled city.<sup id="cite_ref-Segovia_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segovia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1610, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Holy Office of the Inquisition</a> was established in Cartagena and The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Inquisition">Palace of Inquisition</a> was completed in 1770. Sentences were pronounced in the main city plaza, today's Plaza de Bolivar, during the <i>Autos de Fe</i> ceremonies. Crimes under its jurisdiction included those of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. A total of 767 people were punished, which ranged from fines, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Sanbenito" title="Sanbenito">Sanbenito</a>, life imprisonment, or even the death of five. The Inquisition was abolished with independence in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg/220px-Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg/330px-Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg/440px-Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1697)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Cartagena (1697)">Raid on Cartegena</a> in 1697 by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> privateers. The raid was led by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Desjean,_Baron_de_Pointis" title="Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis">Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis</a>, who made off with roughly 2,000,000 livres in loot. The burning settlement is seen in the background (1698, Pierre Landry).</figcaption></figure> <p>The first slaves were brought by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Heredia" title="Pedro de Heredia">Pedro de Heredia</a> to work as "macheteros", clearing the underbrush. By the 17th century, Cartagena had become an important slave market in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, centered around the Plaza de los Coches. European slave traders began to bring <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved peoples</a> from Africa during this period. Spain was the only European power that did not establish <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a> in Africa to purchase slaves and therefore the Spanish Empire relied on the <a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">asiento</a> system, awarding merchants from other European nations the license to trade enslaved people to their overseas territories.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Segovia_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segovia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> </p><p>Gov. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Murga" title="Francisco de Murga">Francisco de Murga</a> made the Inner Bay an "impregnable lagoon", according to Segovia, which included the forts <i>El Boquerón</i>, <i>Castillo Grande</i>, <i>Manzanillo</i>, and <i>Manga</i>. Besides the walls built to defend the historic district of Calamari, Francisco de Murga enclosed Getsemani with protective walls starting in 1631. This included the <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a> of Media Luna of San Antonio, located between the <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> of Santa Teresa and Santa Barbara, which protected the only gate and <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> to the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-Segovia_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segovia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98, 130">: 98, 130 </span></sup> </p><p>The practice of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Situado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Situado (page does not exist)">Situado</a></i> is exemplified in the magnitude of the city's subsidy between 1751 and 1810, when the city received the sum of 20,912,677 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">Spanish reales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meisel_Roca_2002_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meisel_Roca_2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kraus2010_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraus2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:334px;max-width:334px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V,_roi_d%27Espagne_(1683-1746)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/225px-Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="4184" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The policies of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Dynasty">Bourbon Dynasty</a> in Spain, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a>, stimulated the economic growth and consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_de_Torrezar_D%C3%ADaz_Pimienta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Juan_de_Torrezar_D%C3%ADaz_Pimienta.jpg/176px-Juan_de_Torrezar_D%C3%ADaz_Pimienta.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Juan_de_Torrezar_D%C3%ADaz_Pimienta.jpg/264px-Juan_de_Torrezar_D%C3%ADaz_Pimienta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Juan_de_Torrezar_D%C3%ADaz_Pimienta.jpg/352px-Juan_de_Torrezar_D%C3%ADaz_Pimienta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Juan Díaz de Torrezar Pimienta as governor was the mastermind of the reconstruction of the city after the destruction of 1697.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1697)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Cartagena (1697)">Raid on Cartagena</a>, in April 1697 during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, by Sir <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Desjean,_Baron_de_Pointis" title="Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis">Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Ducasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Ducasse">Jean Baptiste Ducasse</a> was a severe blow to Cartagena. The Baron's forces included 22 large ships, 500 cannon, and 4,000 troops, while Ducasse's forces consisted of 7 ships and 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Buccaneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccaneers">buccaneers</a>. They quickly overwhelmed <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Jimeno_de_Orozco" title="Sancho Jimeno de Orozco">Sancho Jimeno de Orozco</a>'s force of 30 men in the <i>San Luis de Bocachica</i> fortification. Then, <i>San Felipe de Barajas</i> also fell and the city came under bombardment. When the Half Moon Gate was breached and Getsemani island occupied, Governor Diego de los Rios capitulated. The Baron left after a month of plunder (roughly 2 million livres) and Ducasse followed a week later.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–32">: 31–32 </span></sup> </p><p>When King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> employed the Italian engineer Juan Bautista Antonelli to design a master plan of fortifications for Cartagena, construction would actually continue for the next two hundred years. On 17 March 1640, three Portuguese ships under the command of Rodrigo Lobo da Silva, ran aground in the Bocagrande Channel. This accelerated the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Sand_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bar">sand bar</a>, which soon connected the Bocagrande Peninsula to the island of Tierrabomba. The defense of the bay then shifted to two forts on either side of Bocachica, <i>San Jose</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Luis_de_Bocachica" title="Castle of San Luis de Bocachica">San Luis de Bocachica</a></i>. <i>San Luis</i> was replaced by <i>San Fernando</i> after the 1741 English raid. The next narrow passage was formed by the Island of Manzanillo, where <i>San Juan del Manzanillo</i> was constructed and <i>Santa Cruz O Castillo Grande</i> opposite on Cruz Grande at Punta Judio, both connected by a floating chain. Finally, there was <i>San Felipe del Boquerón</i>, later <i>San Sebastián del Pastelillo</i>. The city itself was circled with a ring of <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> connected by <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtains</a>. The island of Getsemani was also fortified. Protecting the city on the landward side, atop San Lázaro hill, was the <a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas" title="Castillo San Felipe de Barajas">Castillo San Felipe de Barajas</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named in honor of Spain's King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> and Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Zapata_de_Mendoza,_Marquis_of_Barajas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Zapata de Mendoza, Marquis of Barajas (page does not exist)">Pedro Zapata de Mendoza, Marquis of Barajas</a>' father, the Count of Barajas. Completed in 1654, the fort was expanded in the 18th century, and included underground corridors and galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–26">: 25–26 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Segovia_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segovia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Segovia_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segovia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69–72">: 69–72 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:337px;max-width:337px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/162px-Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/243px-Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/324px-Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2966" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The final serious attempt to take the city and invade <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> was made by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a>, who failed in one of the biggest military expeditions ever sent there.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Blas_de_Lezo_-Museo_Naval-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Don_Blas_de_Lezo_-Museo_Naval-.jpg/167px-Don_Blas_de_Lezo_-Museo_Naval-.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Don_Blas_de_Lezo_-Museo_Naval-.jpg/251px-Don_Blas_de_Lezo_-Museo_Naval-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Don_Blas_de_Lezo_-Museo_Naval-.jpg/334px-Don_Blas_de_Lezo_-Museo_Naval-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1814" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a>, the one-eyed, one-legged, one-handed Spanish mariner, was one of those who defended the city in 1741.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viceregal_era:_1717–1811"><span id="Viceregal_era:_1717.E2.80.931811"></span>Viceregal era: 1717–1811</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viceregal era: 1717–1811"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 18th century began poorly for the city economically, as the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon dynasty">Bourbon dynasty</a> discontinued the <i>Carrera de Indias</i> convoys. However, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> and the constant Anglo-Spanish conflicts, Cartagena took on the stronghold as the "gateway to the Indies of Peru". By 1777, the city included 13,700 inhabitants with a garrison of 1300. The population reached 17,600 in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-Segovia_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segovia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–33, 36">: 31–33, 36 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1731, Juan de Herrera y Sotomayor founded the Military Academy of Mathematics and Practice of Fortifications in Cartagena. He is also known for designing the <a href="/wiki/Puerta_del_Reloj,_Cartagena" title="Puerta del Reloj, Cartagena">Puerta del Reloj</a> starting in 1704.<sup id="cite_ref-Segovia_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segovia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43, 138–39">: 43, 138–39 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1741_attack">1741 attack</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1741 attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo,_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/220px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/330px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg/440px-Defensa_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_por_la_escuadra_de_D._Blas_de_Lezo%2C_a%C3%B1o_1741.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Siege of Cartagena de Indias of 1741</a>, where Spanish Empire forces of 2,800 men, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a>, defeated the British fleet and armies of 23,600 soldiers under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a>. The failed siege was decisive for the victory of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>, and allowed the Spanish Crown to maintain economic dominance in the Caribbean until the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in mid-April 1741, the city endured a siege by a large <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> armada under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a>. The engagement, known as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Battle of Cartagena de Indias</a>, was part of the larger <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>. The British armada included 50 warships, 130 transport ships, and 25,600 men, including 2,000 North American colonial infantry. The Spanish defense was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava" title="Sebastián de Eslava">Sebastián de Eslava</a> and Don <a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a>. The British were able to take the Castillo de San Luis at Bocachica and land marines on the island of Tierrabomba and Manzanillo. The North Americans then took La Popa hill.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–35">: 33–35 </span></sup> </p><p>Following a failed attack on San Felipe Barajas on 20 April 1741, which left 800 British dead and another 1,000 taken prisoner, Vernon lifted the siege. By that time he had many sick men from tropical diseases. An interesting footnote to the battle was the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s half brother, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence Washington</a>, among the North American colonial troops. Lawrence later named his <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> estate in honor of his commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–36">: 35–36 </span></sup> </p><p>During this era, José Ignacio de Pombo thrived as merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silver_Age_(1750–1808)"><span id="Silver_Age_.281750.E2.80.931808.29"></span>Silver Age (1750–1808)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Silver Age (1750–1808)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mestiza_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(Colombia)_circa_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mestiza_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1799.jpg/126px-Mestiza_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mestiza_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1799.jpg/189px-Mestiza_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mestiza_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1799.jpg/252px-Mestiza_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestiza</a> of Cartagena de Indias</i> by Antonio Rodríguez Onofre, circa 1799</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Criollo_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(Colombia)_circa_1796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Criollo_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1796.jpg/134px-Criollo_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1796.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Criollo_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1796.jpg/201px-Criollo_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Criollo_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1796.jpg/268px-Criollo_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_%28Colombia%29_circa_1796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1847" data-file-height="3130" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> of Cartagena de Indias</i> by Antonio Rodríguez Onofre, circa 1796</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1762, Antonio de Arebalo published his Defense Plan, the Report on the estate of defense on the avenues of Cartagena de Indias. This engineer continued the work to make Cartagena impregnable, including the construction from 1771 to 1778, of a 3400 yards long underwater <a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">jetty</a> across the Bocagrande called the <i>Escollera</i>. Arebalo had earlier completed <i>San Fernando</i>, and the fort-battery of <i>San Jose</i> in 1759, then added <i>El Angel San Rafael</i> on El Horno hill as added protection across the Bocachica.<sup id="cite_ref-Segovia_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segovia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55, 81–94">: 55, 81–94 </span></sup> </p><p>Among the censuses of the 18th century was the special census of 1778, imposed by the governor of the time, D. <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Torrezar_Diaz_Pimienta" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Torrezar Diaz Pimienta">Juan de Torrezar Diaz Pimienta</a> – later <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of New Granada">Viceroy of New Granada</a> – by order of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Ensenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Ensenada">Marquis of Ensenada</a>, Minister of Finance – so that he would be provided numbers for his <a href="/wiki/Catastro" class="mw-redirect" title="Catastro">Catastro</a> tax project, which imposed a universal property tax he believed would contribute to the economy while at the same time increasing royal revenues dramatically. The census of 1778, besides having significance for economic history, required each house to be described in detail and its occupants enumerated, making the census an important tool<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The census revealed what Ensenada had hoped. However, his enemies in the court convinced King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> to oppose the tax plan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1811_to_the_21st_century">1811 to the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1811 to the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerta_del_Reloj_(Cartagena,_Colombia)_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Puerta_del_Reloj_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29_1901.jpg/170px-Puerta_del_Reloj_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Puerta_del_Reloj_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29_1901.jpg/255px-Puerta_del_Reloj_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Puerta_del_Reloj_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29_1901.jpg/340px-Puerta_del_Reloj_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="414" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Puerta del Reloj in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baroque_Colonial_houses_at_Cartagena_de_Indias_ca._1850-1930_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Baroque_Colonial_houses_at_Cartagena_de_Indias_ca._1850-1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Baroque_Colonial_houses_at_Cartagena_de_Indias_ca._1850-1930_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Baroque_Colonial_houses_at_Cartagena_de_Indias_ca._1850-1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Baroque_Colonial_houses_at_Cartagena_de_Indias_ca._1850-1930_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Baroque_Colonial_houses_at_Cartagena_de_Indias_ca._1850-1930_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Baroque colonial houses in a street of Cartagena, photo taken in 1871<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>For more than 275 years, Cartagena was under Spanish rule. With <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s imprisonment of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a>, and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Latin American wars of independence</a> soon followed. In Cartagena, on 4 June 1810, Royal Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Villavicencio" title="Antonio Villavicencio">Antonio Villavicencio</a> and the Cartagena City Council banished the Spanish Governor Francisco de Montes on suspicions of sympathy for the French emperor and the French occupation forces which overthrew the king. A Supreme Junta was formed, along with two political parties, one led by <a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Garcia_de_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Maria Garcia de Toledo">Jose Maria Garcia de Toledo</a> representing the aristocrats, and a second led by Gabriel and German Piñeres representing the common people of Getsemani. Finally, on 11 November, a Declaration of Independence was signed proclaiming "a free state, sovereign and independent of all domination and servitude to any power on Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49–51">: 49–51 </span></sup> The support for a declaration of independence by working class leader and artisan Pedro Romero was key in pushing the Junta to adopting it.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain's reaction was to send a "pacifying expedition" under the command of <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Morillo" title="Pablo Morillo">Pablo Morillo</a>, The Pacifier, and Pascual de Enrile, which included 59 ships, and 10,612 men. The city was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cartagena_(1815)" title="Siege of Cartagena (1815)">placed under siege</a> on 22 August 1815. The city was defended by 3000 men, 360 cannons, and 8 ships plus ancillary small watercraft, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_del_Castillo_y_Rada" title="Manuel del Castillo y Rada">Manuel del Castillo y Rada</a> and Juan N. Enslava. However, by that time, the city was under the rule of the Garcia de Toledo Party, having exiled German and Gabriel Piñeres, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Bolivar">Simon Bolivar</a>. By 5 December, about 300 people per day died from hunger or disease, forcing 2000 to flee on vessels provided by the French mercenary Louis Aury. By that time, 6000 had died. Morillo, in retaliation after entering the city, shot nine of the rebel leaders on 24 February 1816, at what is now known as the Camellon de los Martires. These included <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo" title="José María García de Toledo">José María García de Toledo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_del_Castillo_y_Rada" title="Manuel del Castillo y Rada">Manuel del Castillo y Rada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55–60">: 55–60 </span></sup> </p><p>Finally, a patriot army led by General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Montilla" title="Mariano Montilla">Mariano Montilla</a>, supported by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Prudencio_Padilla" title="José Prudencio Padilla">José Prudencio Padilla</a>, laid siege to the city from August 1820 until October 1821. A key engagement was the destruction of almost all of the royalist ships anchored on Getsemani Island on 24 June 1821. After Governor Gabriel Torres surrendered, Simon Bolivar the Liberator, bestowed the title "Heroic City" onto Cartagena. The Liberator spent 18 days in the city from 20 to 28 July 1827, staying in the Government Palace in Proclamation Square and the guest of a banquet hosted by Jose Padilla at his residence on Calle Larga.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60, 67">: 60, 67 </span></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately, the toll of war, in particular from Morillo's siege long affected the city. With the loss of the funds it had received as the main colonial military outpost, and the loss of population, the city deteriorated. It suffered a long decline in the aftermath of independence, and was largely neglected by the central government in Bogotá. In fact, its population did not reach pre-1811 numbers until the start of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These declines were also due to disease, including a devastating cholera epidemic in 1849. The Canal del Dique that connected it to the Magdalena River also filled with silt, leading to a drastic reduction in the amount of international trade. The rise of the port of Barranquilla only compounded the decline in trade. During the presidency of Rafael Nuñez, who was a Cartagena native, the central government finally invested in a railroad and other infrastructure improvements and modernization that helped the city to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartagena is the capital of the Bolívar department.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitral_de_l_a_Iglesia_y_Claustro_de_San_Pedro_Claver._Cartagena._Colombia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vitral_de_l_a_Iglesia_y_Claustro_de_San_Pedro_Claver._Cartagena._Colombia.JPG/220px-Vitral_de_l_a_Iglesia_y_Claustro_de_San_Pedro_Claver._Cartagena._Colombia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vitral_de_l_a_Iglesia_y_Claustro_de_San_Pedro_Claver._Cartagena._Colombia.JPG/330px-Vitral_de_l_a_Iglesia_y_Claustro_de_San_Pedro_Claver._Cartagena._Colombia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vitral_de_l_a_Iglesia_y_Claustro_de_San_Pedro_Claver._Cartagena._Colombia.JPG/440px-Vitral_de_l_a_Iglesia_y_Claustro_de_San_Pedro_Claver._Cartagena._Colombia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver,_Cartagena" title="Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena">Sanctuary of Saint Peter Claver</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> was a Spanish-born <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest who dedicated his life to helping the enslaved Africans, giving them a sense of their own personal dignity. He became the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of slaves, seafarers, the Republic of Colombia and ministry to Africans.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cartagena is located to the north of Colombia, at 10°25'N 75°32'W.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It faces the Caribbean Sea to the west. To the south is the Cartagena Bay, which has two entrances: Bocachica (Small Mouth) in the south, and Bocagrande (Big Mouth) in the north. Its coastal line is <a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">characterized morphologically by dissipative beaches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartagena bay is an estuary with an area of approximately 84 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_area">Northern area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northern area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this area is the <a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_International_Airport" title="Rafael Núñez International Airport">Rafael Núñez International Airport</a>, located in the neighborhood of Crespo, ten minutes' drive from downtown or the old part of the city and fifteen minutes away from the modern area. Zona Norte, the area located immediately north of the airport, contains hotels, the urban development office of Barcelona de Indias, and several educational institutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The old city walls, which enclose the <i>centro</i> or downtown area and the neighborhood of San Diego, are located to the southwest of Crespo. On the Caribbean shore between Crespo and the old city lie the neighborhoods of Marbella and <a href="/wiki/El_Cabrero" title="El Cabrero">El Cabrero</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Downtown">Downtown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Downtown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_De_Reloj27-09-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Torre_De_Reloj27-09-14.jpg/220px-Torre_De_Reloj27-09-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Torre_De_Reloj27-09-14.jpg/330px-Torre_De_Reloj27-09-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Torre_De_Reloj27-09-14.jpg/440px-Torre_De_Reloj27-09-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Baroque <a href="/wiki/Puerta_del_Reloj,_Cartagena" title="Puerta del Reloj, Cartagena">Puerta del Reloj</a>, built between 1704 and 1738, was the main city walls gate. This gate is one of the most successful works of the Hispanic American School of Fortification.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Downtown area of Cartagena has varied architecture, mainly a colonial style, but republican and Italian style buildings, such as the cathedral's bell tower, can be seen. </p><p>The main entrance to downtown is the <i><a href="/wiki/Puerta_del_Reloj,_Cartagena" title="Puerta del Reloj, Cartagena">Puerta del Reloj</a></i> (Clock Gate), which exits onto the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaza_de_los_Coches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaza de los Coches (page does not exist)">Plaza de los Coches</a></i> (Square of the Carriages).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few steps farther is the <i>Plaza de la Aduana</i> (Customs Square), next to the mayor's office. Nearby is <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Pedro_Claver_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Pedro Claver Square (page does not exist)">San Pedro Claver Square</a> and the church also named for Saint <a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a>, where the body of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> saint ('Saint of the African slaves') is kept in a casket, as well as the Museum of Modern Art.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearby is the Plaza de Bolívar (Bolívar's Square) and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Inquisition">Palace of Inquisition</a>. Plaza de Bolívar (formerly known as Plaza de La Inquisicion) is essentially a small park with a statue of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> in the center. This plaza is surrounded by balconied colonial buildings. Shaded outdoor cafes line the street. </p><p>The Office of Historical Archives devoted to Cartagena's history is not far away. Next to the archives is the Government Palace, the office building of the Governor of the Department of Bolivar. Across from the palace is the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cartagena,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Cartagena, Colombia">Cathedral of Cartagena</a>, which dates back to the 16th century. </p><p>Another religious building of significance is the Iglesia de Santo Domingo in front of Plaza Santo Domingo (Santo Domingo Square). In the square is the sculpture <i>Mujer Reclinada</i> ("Reclining Woman"), a gift from the notable Colombian artist <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a>. Nearby is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcherassi_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tcherassi Hotel (page does not exist)">Tcherassi Hotel</a>, a 250-year-old colonial mansion renovated by designer <a href="/wiki/Silvia_Tcherassi" title="Silvia Tcherassi">Silvia Tcherassi</a>. </p><p>In the city is the Augustinian Fathers Convent and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cartagena" title="University of Cartagena">University of Cartagena</a>. This university is a center of higher education opened to the public in the late 19th century. The <i>Claustro de Santa Teresa</i> (Saint Theresa Cloister), which has been remodeled and has become a hotel operated by Charleston Hotels. It has its own square, protected by the San Francisco Bastion. </p><p>A 20-minute walk from downtown is the <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_de_Barajas" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas">Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas</a>, located in el Pie de la Popa (another neighborhood), one of the greatest fortresses built by the Spaniards in their colonies. The tunnels were all constructed in such a way as to make it possible to hear footsteps of an approaching enemy. Some of the tunnels are open for viewing today. </p><p>Cartagena's walled Old City is known in part for its lush plazas,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sherbet-hued Spanish colonial buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="San_Diego">San Diego</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: San Diego"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>San Diego was named after the local San Diego Convent, now known as the Beaux Arts University Building. In front of it is the Convent of the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Nuns of the Order of Saint Clare</a>, now the Hotel Santa Clara. In the surrounding area is Santo Toribio Church, the last church built in the Walled City. Next to it is Fernández de Madrid Square, honoring Cartagena's hero, José Fernández de Madrid, whose statue can be seen nearby. </p><p>Inside the Old City<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is found <a href="/wiki/Las_B%C3%B3vedas" title="Las Bóvedas">Las Bóvedas</a> (The Vaults),<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a construction attached to the walls of the Santa Catalina Fortress. From the top of this construction the Caribbean Sea is visible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Getsemaní"><span id="Getseman.C3.AD"></span>Getsemaní</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Getsemaní"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartagena,_street_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cartagena%2C_street_scene.jpg/250px-Cartagena%2C_street_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cartagena%2C_street_scene.jpg/375px-Cartagena%2C_street_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cartagena%2C_street_scene.jpg/500px-Cartagena%2C_street_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Painting of 1893 of <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_colonial_buildings_in_Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of colonial buildings in Cartagena, Colombia (page does not exist)">Plaza de los Coches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Once a district characterized by crime, Getsemaní, just south of the ancient walled fortress, has become "Cartagena's hippest neighborhood and one of Latin America's newest hotspots", with plazas that were once the scene of drug dealing being reclaimed and old buildings being turned into boutique hotels.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Getsemaní has become a "Ciudad Mural" to rescue the values, customs, traditions and anecdotes of the people.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://forbes.co/2020/01/03/forbes-life/getsemani-el-barrio-de-cartagena-entre-los-mas-cool-del-mundo">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bocagrande">Bocagrande</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bocagrande"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bocagrande (Big Mouth) is an area known for its <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a>. The area contains the bulk of the city's tourist facilities, such as hotels, shops, restaurants, nightclubs and art galleries. It is located between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartagena Bay (page does not exist)">Cartagena Bay</a> to the east and the Caribbean Sea to the west, and includes the two neighborhoods of El Laguito (The Little Lake) and Castillogrande (Big Castle). Bocagrande has long beaches and much commercial activity is found along Avenida San Martín (Saint Martin Avenue).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beaches of Bocagrande, lying along the northern shore, are made of volcanic sand, which is slightly grayish in color. This makes the water appear muddy, though it is not. There are breakwaters about every 180 meters (200 yd).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the bay side of the peninsula of Bocagrande is a seawalk. In the center of the bay is a statue of the Virgin Mary. The Naval Base is also located in Bocagrande, looking at the Bay. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:69_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bocagrande's skyline at twilight from the old town, in 2008"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/69_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/1500px-69_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/69_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/2250px-69_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/69_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/3000px-69_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="21650" data-file-height="3480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:69_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" title="File:69 - Carthagène - Décembre 2008.jpg"> </a></div>Bocagrande's skyline at twilight from the old town, in 2008</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cartagena features a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical wet and dry climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Aw</i>). Humidity averages around 90%, with the rainy season typically lasting in May–November. The climate tends to be hot and windy. </p><p>The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is one of the coastal ocean factors having a bearing on the regional climate.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cartagena (<a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_International_Airport" title="Rafael Núñez International Airport">Rafael Núñez International Airport</a>) 1991–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(103.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6<br />(103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(0.73) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.4<br />(4.62) </td> <td style="background: #70FF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.5<br />(3.64) </td> <td style="background: #4AFF4A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121.1<br />(4.77) </td> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.5<br />(5.02) </td> <td style="background: #32FF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.1<br />(5.24) </td> <td style="background: #009D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">236.5<br />(9.31) </td> <td style="background: #00EB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178.3<br />(7.02) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(1.76) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,073.8<br />(42.28) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">81 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.1 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.2 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.0 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.4 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.5 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">241.8 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,518.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">daylight hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #FDFD2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE30; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.6 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD30; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.3 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE30; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.8 </td> <td style="background: #F8F823; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Hydrology,_Meteorology_and_Environmental_Studies_(Colombia)" title="Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Colombia)">Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales</a> (humidity, sun 1971-2010)<sup id="cite_ref-IDEAM1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEAM1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDEAM2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEAM2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDEAM3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEAM3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas(daylight)<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nomadseason(UV index)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenon_de_Somodevilla_y_Bengoechea,_Marquis_de_Ensenada_(ca._1750)_-_Jacopo_Amigoni_(Museo_El_Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Zenon_de_Somodevilla_y_Bengoechea%2C_Marquis_de_Ensenada_%28ca._1750%29_-_Jacopo_Amigoni_%28Museo_El_Prado%29.jpg/220px-Zenon_de_Somodevilla_y_Bengoechea%2C_Marquis_de_Ensenada_%28ca._1750%29_-_Jacopo_Amigoni_%28Museo_El_Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Zenon_de_Somodevilla_y_Bengoechea%2C_Marquis_de_Ensenada_%28ca._1750%29_-_Jacopo_Amigoni_%28Museo_El_Prado%29.jpg/330px-Zenon_de_Somodevilla_y_Bengoechea%2C_Marquis_de_Ensenada_%28ca._1750%29_-_Jacopo_Amigoni_%28Museo_El_Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Zenon_de_Somodevilla_y_Bengoechea%2C_Marquis_de_Ensenada_%28ca._1750%29_-_Jacopo_Amigoni_%28Museo_El_Prado%29.jpg/440px-Zenon_de_Somodevilla_y_Bengoechea%2C_Marquis_de_Ensenada_%28ca._1750%29_-_Jacopo_Amigoni_%28Museo_El_Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Ensenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Ensenada">Marquis of Ensenada</a> was Minister for America and responsible for many policies, one of which resulted in the first modern census in the city in 1778.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:45em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1533</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1564</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1100.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1593</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,543</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+47.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1612</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,302</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+49.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1634</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">8,390</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+58.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1643</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,302</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1698</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,223</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1701</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,230</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−28.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1732</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,932</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1762</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">14,203</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1778</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,940</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1792</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,380</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.4%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1803</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,402</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1811</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,320</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1821</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">5,392</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−81.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1832</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,001</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+48.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1842</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,221</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−47.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1853</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,403</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+51.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1867</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,320</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1870</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,680</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−7.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1882</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,994</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+82.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,392</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,220</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1912</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,922</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.0%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1918</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">34,203</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">64,322</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+88.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">87,504</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+36.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1952</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">123,439</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1967</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">299,493</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+142.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1976</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">312,520</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">554,093</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+77.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1993</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">725,072</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">837,552</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">893,033</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2018</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">973,035</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.0%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:58_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Cartagena from the San Felipe de Barajas Fort, in 2008"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/58_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/1500px-58_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/58_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/2250px-58_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/58_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/3000px-58_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="27100" data-file-height="3625" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:58_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" title="File:58 - Carthagène - Décembre 2008.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Cartagena from the San Felipe de Barajas Fort, in 2008</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_composition">Ethnic composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ethnic composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the figures presented by <a href="/wiki/Departamento_Administrativo_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica" class="mw-redirect" title="Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística">DANE</a> from the <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> census, the ethnographic composition of the city is:<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Whites">Whites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mestizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos">Mestizos</a>: 63.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Black, mulatto, Afro-Colombian or Afro-descendant</a>: 36.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenque_de_San_Basilio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palenque de San Basilio">Palenquero</a>: 0.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a>: 0.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">ROM</a>: 0.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a>: 0.1%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg/220px-Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg/330px-Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg/440px-Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Port of Cartagena de Indias</figcaption></figure> <p>The main economic activities in Cartagena are industry, tourism, and commerce. The port of Cartagena is one of the largest of South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other prominent companies include <a href="/wiki/Cementos_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cementos Argos">Cementos Argos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia" title="Miss Colombia">Miss Colombia</a>, Kola Román, Indufrial, Amazon Pepper, Vikings SA, Distribuidora Ltda Refrigeration, Central Ingenio Colombia, Perfumery Lemaitre, Cartagena Refinery Cellux Colombiana SA, Flour Three Castles, Polyban International SA, <a href="/wiki/SABMiller" title="SABMiller">SABMiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Chemical">Dow Chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cemex" title="Cemex">Cemex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Food Company">Dole</a>, and Abocol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miss_Colombia">Miss Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Miss Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia" title="Miss Colombia">Miss Colombia</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a>. Known as <i>Concurso Nacional de Belleza de Colombia</i> (National Beauty Contest of Colombia), it is a national beauty pageant in Colombia. The winner, <i>Señorita Colombia</i>, is sent to <a href="/wiki/Miss_Supranational" class="mw-redirect" title="Miss Supranational">Miss Supranational</a> and the first runner-up, <i>Señorita Colombia Internacional</i> or <i>Virreina</i>, to <a href="/wiki/Miss_International" title="Miss International">Miss International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a local beauty contest held with many of the city's neighbourhoods nominating young women to be named Miss Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_zones">Free zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Free zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free zones</a> are areas within the local territory which enjoy special customs and tax rules.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are intended to promote the industrialization of goods and provision of services aimed primarily at foreign markets and also the domestic market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Parque Central Zona Franca</i>: Opened in 2012 the zone is located in the municipality of Turbaco, within the District of Cartagena de Indias. It covers an area of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>115 hectares (<span class="frac">284<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> acres).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a permamente Zone (Phase 1 – Phase 2) and a Logistics and Commercial Zone for SMEs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Zona Franca Industrial Goods and Services ZOFRANCA Cartagena SA</i>: located <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">14 kilometers (<span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> miles) from the city center, at the end of the industrial sector and has Mamonal private dock.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Zona Franca Turística en Isla De Barú</i>: located on the island of Baru, within the swamp Portonaito. Approved in 1993 the tourist zone offers waterways, marine tourism and urban development.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg/220px-Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg/330px-Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg/440px-Panorama_Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas_CTG_11_2019_2864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5484" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Felipe_de_Barajas" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas">Castle of San Felipe de Barajas</a>, just outside the walled city</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciudad_amurallada_fog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ciudad_amurallada_fog.jpg/220px-Ciudad_amurallada_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ciudad_amurallada_fog.jpg/330px-Ciudad_amurallada_fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ciudad_amurallada_fog.jpg/440px-Ciudad_amurallada_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3578" data-file-height="2958" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Cathedral,_Colombia" title="Cartagena Cathedral, Colombia">Cartagena Cathedral</a> was built between 1577 and 1612, has been preserved today almost unchanged.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_the_Inquisition_in_1875_(Cartagena,_Colombia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palace_of_the_Inquisition_in_1875_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29.jpg/260px-Palace_of_the_Inquisition_in_1875_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palace_of_the_Inquisition_in_1875_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29.jpg/390px-Palace_of_the_Inquisition_in_1875_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palace_of_the_Inquisition_in_1875_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29.jpg/520px-Palace_of_the_Inquisition_in_1875_%28Cartagena%2C_Colombia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Inquisition_(Cartagena,_Colombia)" title="Palace of the Inquisition (Cartagena, Colombia)">Palace of the Inquisition</a> in 1875 (cleaned photo).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarillo_Latente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Amarillo_Latente.jpg/220px-Amarillo_Latente.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Amarillo_Latente.jpg/330px-Amarillo_Latente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Amarillo_Latente.jpg/440px-Amarillo_Latente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13837" data-file-height="7592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_del_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_Valdehoyos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa del Marqués de Valdehoyos (page does not exist)">Casa del Marqués de Valdehoyos</a> (to the right) built in 1765.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_colonial_buildings_in_Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of colonial buildings in Cartagena, Colombia (page does not exist)">List of colonial buildings in Cartagena, Colombia</a></div> <p>Tourism is a mainstay of the economy. The following are tourist sites that are within the walled city of Cartagena: </p> <ul><li>Colonial architecture with Andalusian style roots. Many of the houses in Cartagena have balconies with tropical flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convento_de_la_Popa" title="Convento de la Popa">Convent, cloister and chapel of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de la Popa</a>, located at the top of Mount Popa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Cathedral,_Colombia" title="Cartagena Cathedral, Colombia">Cathedral of Santa Catalina de Alejandría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Pedro_Claver,_Cartagena" title="Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena">Church and cloister of San Pedro Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convento_de_Santo_Domingo,_Cartagena" title="Convento de Santo Domingo, Cartagena">Convent and church of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Inquisition">Palace of Inquisition</a></li> <li>Teatro Heredia<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cartagena Gold Museum<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_B%C3%B3vedas" title="Las Bóvedas">Las Bóvedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerta_del_Reloj,_Cartagena" title="Puerta del Reloj, Cartagena">Clock Tower</a></li> <li>Fortresses in Cartagena de Indias: Of the twenty fortresses comprising the walls in the district of Getsemaní, today 16 are still standing, preserved in good condition. In 1586, it was commissioned to the most famous military engineer of the Crown of Spain in that time, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Battista_Antonelli" title="Battista Antonelli">Battista Antonelli</a>, the fortification of the city. The works of the project finally ended in the 17th century. Cartagena became an impregnable bastion, which successfully resisted the attacks of Baron Pontis to 1697. In the 18th century, new additions gave the fortified complex its current amplitude by engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Ar%C3%A9valo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio de Arévalo (page does not exist)">Antonio de Arévalo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Ar%C3%A9valo" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio de Arévalo">es</a>]</span>. The initial fortification system includes only the urban recint, the bastion port of San Matías at the entrance to the passage of Bocagrande, and the Tower of San Felipe del Boquerón that controlled the Bay of las Ánimas. Gradually, all passages were dominated by fortresses: fortress of San Luis, fortress of San José and fortress of San Fernando in Bocachica, fortress of San Rafaél and fortress of Santa Bárbara in Pochachica (the passage at southwest), fortress of Santa Cruz, fortress of San Juan de Manzanillo and fortress of San Sebasi de Pastellilo around the interior of Bahía, castle of San Felipe de Barajas, in the rock that dominates the city from the east and access to protected the Isthmus del Cerebro. The fortifications of San Felipe de Barajas in Cartagena, protected the city during numerous sieges, giving its character and reputation unassailable. These are described as a masterpiece of Spanish military engineering in the Americas.</li></ul> <p>The city has a budding hotel industry with small boutique hotels being primarily concentrated in the Walled City and larger hotels in the beach front neighborhood of Bocagrande. The area of Getsemaní just outside the wall is also a popular place for small hotels and hostels.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following are tourist sites that are outside the city of Cartagena: </p> <ul><li>Las Islas del Rosario: These islands are one of Colombia's most important national parks. Most of the islands can be reached in an hour or less from the city docks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the commercial and touristic hub of the country, the city has many transportation facilities, particularly in the seaport, air, and fluvial areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city started building <a href="/wiki/Transcaribe" title="Transcaribe">Transcaribe</a>, a mass transit system. In 2015 the system began operating in the city. Taxis are also a prevalent form of public transportation and there is a bus terminal connecting the city to other cities along the coast and in Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartagena has problems of traffic congestion.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is linked to the northern part of the Caribbean Region through <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Colombia#50px_Caribbean_Transverse_-_National_Route_90" title="Highways in Colombia">roads 90</a> and 90A, more commonly called Central Caribbean Road. This road passes through <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riohacha" title="Riohacha">Riohacha</a> ending in <a href="/wiki/Paraguach%C3%B3n" title="Paraguachón">Paraguachón</a>, Venezuela and continues with Venezuelan numeration all the way to <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>. Taxis in the city perimeter do not have fare meters.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following roads are in the southeast portion of the city:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="need to rm portions that are not in the city. Road needs a separate article (February 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Road 25: Going through <a href="/wiki/Turbaco" title="Turbaco">Turbaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arjona,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjona, Colombia">Arjona</a>, and through the Montes de María when a fork divides it continuing to Sincelejo as National 25 and finally ending in <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a>, and to the east to <a href="/wiki/Valledupar" title="Valledupar">Valledupar</a> as number 80. </p><p>Road 25 A: Going also to <a href="/wiki/Sincelejo" title="Sincelejo">Sincelejo</a>, but avoiding the mountains, connects with Road 25 in the forementioned city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_International_Airport" title="Rafael Núñez International Airport">Rafael Núñez International Airport</a> is the busiest airport in Colombia's Caribbean region and the fourth in passenger traffic in the country. The code of the airport is CTG, having flights to almost all airports in Colombia including Bogota's <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport" title="El Dorado International Airport">El Dorado International Airport</a>. Excessive operational costs and easier connection travel and better prices had led to the shifting of the Rafael Núñez's international connection passengers away from Bogota to the nearer <a href="/wiki/Tocumen_International_Airport" title="Tocumen International Airport">Tocumen International Airport</a> in Panama and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Beatrix_International_Airport" title="Queen Beatrix International Airport">Queen Beatrix International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>. Also, more companies prefer to serve the Colombian market from Cartagena, due to better geographical and atmospheric conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea">Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atardecer_en_Cartagena_de_Indias_desde_La_Popa..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atardecer_en_Cartagena_de_Indias_desde_La_Popa..jpg/220px-Atardecer_en_Cartagena_de_Indias_desde_La_Popa..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atardecer_en_Cartagena_de_Indias_desde_La_Popa..jpg/330px-Atardecer_en_Cartagena_de_Indias_desde_La_Popa..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atardecer_en_Cartagena_de_Indias_desde_La_Popa..jpg/440px-Atardecer_en_Cartagena_de_Indias_desde_La_Popa..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Sunset over Cartagena Harbor as seen from La Popa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Playa_Blanca,_Bar%C3%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Playa_Blanca%2C_Bar%C3%BA.jpg/220px-Playa_Blanca%2C_Bar%C3%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Playa_Blanca%2C_Bar%C3%BA.jpg/330px-Playa_Blanca%2C_Bar%C3%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Playa_Blanca%2C_Bar%C3%BA.jpg/440px-Playa_Blanca%2C_Bar%C3%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Playa Blanca Beach, <a href="/wiki/Isla_Bar%C3%BA" title="Isla Barú">Isla Barú</a>, Cartagena</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylaster_roseus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stylaster_roseus.jpg/220px-Stylaster_roseus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stylaster_roseus.jpg/330px-Stylaster_roseus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stylaster_roseus.jpg/440px-Stylaster_roseus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="2519" /></a><figcaption>The endangered <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_of_Varadero" title="Coral reef of Varadero">Varadero Coral Reef</a> in Cartagena Bay</figcaption></figure> <p>Cartagena is the most important port of Colombia in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The open ports of the city are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociedad_Portuaria_de_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociedad Portuaria de Cartagena de Indias (page does not exist)">Port Society of Cartagena</a> - Specializing in container management, this port is first of its class in the country, the third busiest port on the Caribbean Sea, and ranked 99th among ports of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muelles_El_Bosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muelles El Bosque (page does not exist)">Muelles El Bosque</a> (El Bosque Docks) - specialized in grain storage, expanding to the container market<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_de_Contenedores_de_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal de Contenedores de Cartagena de Indias (page does not exist)">Container Terminal of Cartagena</a> - container management</li></ul> <p>Private ports of the city: </p> <ul><li>The port of the Cartagena <a href="/wiki/Oil_Refinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Refinery">Oil Refinery</a> (REFICAR S.A.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SABMiller" title="SABMiller">SABMiller</a> brewery port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argos_(cement_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argos (cement company)">Argos</a> cement port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Chemical">Dow Chemical</a> raw materials embarkment port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> raw materials embarkment port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">Du Pont</a> private embarkment port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemex" title="Cemex">Cemex</a> cement port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Food Company">Dole</a> packing house</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Colombian Navy</a> steelworks port</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canals">Canals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 17th century the bay has been connected to the <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Canal_del_Dique" title="Canal del Dique">Dique Canal</a>, built by Governor Pedro Zapata de Mendoza. After Colombian independence, the canal was abandoned. Increasing <a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">centralization</a> left the city without resources to maintain it. The last important maintenance work was done in the 1950s during <a href="/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mez" title="Laureano Gómez">Laureano Gómez</a>'s administration. Some improvements were made by local authorities in the 1980s. This was discontinued because of legal objections from the central government that decreed that the "maintenance" of the canal did not fall under the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> of the local government. From then on, maintenance of the canal has been delayed, though it is still functional.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartagenian political leaders have argued that this state of affairs might change with a return to pre-independence funding and tax system. Under such systems the canal would be maintained properly and even expanded, benefiting the national economy.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_disposal">Waste disposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Waste disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cartagena is one of the few cities in the world with a <a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">marine outfall</a>, inaugurated in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose 4.3-kilometer (2.7 mi)-long underwater section is the third longest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_de_San_agustin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Calle_de_San_agustin.JPG/220px-Calle_de_San_agustin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Calle_de_San_agustin.JPG/330px-Calle_de_San_agustin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Calle_de_San_agustin.JPG/440px-Calle_de_San_agustin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>The Convent of San Agustín at background, convent built in 16th-century, and since 1828 is occupied by the University of Cartagena. Currently, of the original structure of this convent remains only the cloister, the arches and the supporting walls. The tower is of Italian Revival style and as the large interior garden and courtyard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="incomplete sentence (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cartagena" title="University of Cartagena">University of Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Tecnol%C3%B3gica_de_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar">Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_schools">Primary and secondary schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International schools include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporacion_Educativa_Colegio_Britanico_de_Cartagena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporacion Educativa Colegio Britanico de Cartagena (page does not exist)">Corporacion Educativa Colegio Britanico de Cartagena</a> (British)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gimnasio_Cartagena_de_Indias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gimnasio Cartagena de Indias (page does not exist)">Gimnasio Cartagena de Indias</a> (International)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Jorge_Washington" title="Colegio Jorge Washington">Colegio Jorge Washington</a> (American)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has many public and private libraries: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Cartagena" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Cartagena">Universidad de Cartagena</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Madrid" title="José Fernández Madrid">José Fernández Madrid</a> Library: Started in 1821 when the university opened as the "University of Magdalena and Isthmus". Serves mainly the students and faculty of this university but anyone can use its services.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Divided in buildings across the city being assigned to the Faculties it serves accordingly each area. The main building is in C. de la Universidad 64 and the second biggest section is located in Av. Jose Vicente Mogollón 2839.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Calvo" title="Bartolomé Calvo">Bartolomé Calvo</a> Library: Founded in 1843 and established in its current place in 1900, it is one of the main libraries on the Caribbean Coast and the largest in the city. Its address is Calle de la Inquisición, 23.</li> <li>The History Academy of Cartagena de Indias Library: Opened in 1903, many of its books date from more than a century before from donations of members and benefactors. Its entrance is more restricted due to secure handling procedure reasons as ancient books require, but it can be requested in the academy office in Plaza de Bolivar 112.</li> <li>The Technological University of Bolívar Library: Opened in 1985 Although small in general size, its sections on engineering and electronics are immense and its demand is mostly on this area, being located in Camino de Arroyohondo 1829.</li> <li>The American Hispanic Culture Library: Opened in 1999, it already existed a smaller version without Spanish funding in the Casa de España since the early 1940s but in 1999 was enlarged to serve Latin America and the Caribbean in the old convent of Santo Domingo. It specializes in Hispanic Culture and History and is a continental epicenter of seminaries on history and restoration of buildings. The restoration of the convent and the enlargement of the library was and still is a personal project of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos I of Spain</a> who visits it regularly. It is located in Plaza Santo Domingo 30, but its entrance is in C. Gastelbondo 52.</li> <li>Jorge Artel Library: Opened in 1997, serves the area of the southwest districts of the city, it is mostly for children. It is located in Camino del Socorro 222</li> <li>Balbino Carreazo Library: Located in Pasacaballos, a suburban neighborhood of the southeastern part of the city, serves mostly the suburbs of Pasacaballos, Ararca, Leticia del Dique and Matunilla. It is located in Plaza de Pasacaballos 321</li> <li>District Libraries: Although small, this system goes grassroots to neighborhoods circulating books, generally each district library has around 5000 books.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:464px;max-width:464px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_Adolfo_Mej%C3%ADa,_Cartagena_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Teatro_Adolfo_Mej%C3%ADa%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg/230px-Teatro_Adolfo_Mej%C3%ADa%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Teatro_Adolfo_Mej%C3%ADa%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg/345px-Teatro_Adolfo_Mej%C3%ADa%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Teatro_Adolfo_Mej%C3%ADa%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg/460px-Teatro_Adolfo_Mej%C3%ADa%2C_Cartagena_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4852" data-file-height="3235" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Teatro Adolfo Mejía was opened in 1911.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartagena_de_Indias,_interior_del_Teatro_Heredia_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_interior_del_Teatro_Heredia_2.jpg/226px-Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_interior_del_Teatro_Heredia_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_interior_del_Teatro_Heredia_2.jpg/339px-Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_interior_del_Teatro_Heredia_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_interior_del_Teatro_Heredia_2.jpg/452px-Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_interior_del_Teatro_Heredia_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Interior of the Teatro Adolfo Mejía</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theaters_and_concert_halls">Theaters and concert halls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Theaters and concert halls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first carnivals and western theaters that served in New Granada operated on, what is today, Calle del Coliseo. This was an activity patronized by the Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Guirior" title="Manuel de Guirior">Manuel de Guirior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caballero_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Antonio Caballero y Góngora">Antonio Caballero y Góngora</a>, who, like their predecessors, spent most of the time of their mandates ruling in Cartagena. </p> <ul><li>Teatro Adolfo Mejía: former Teatro Heredia, opened in 1911, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Tac%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Tacón">Teatro Tacón</a> of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, was designed by Jose Enrique Jaspe. After years of abandonment, it was rebuilt in the 1990s and continues to be a cultural center. It is located in Plazuela de La Merced 5.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tigres_de_Cartagena" title="Tigres de Cartagena">Tigres de Cartagena</a> represent the city in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Colombian Professional Baseball League">Colombian Professional Baseball League</a>, playing at <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Once_de_Noviembre" title="Estadio Once de Noviembre">Estadio Once de Noviembre</a>. Other historical baseball teams that once represented Cartagena include Indios, Águilas, and Torices. </p><p>The main football club in the city is <a href="/wiki/Real_Cartagena" title="Real Cartagena">Real Cartagena</a>. </p><p>In August 2024, Cartagena co-hosted the 2024 <a href="/wiki/U-15_Baseball_World_Cup" title="U-15 Baseball World Cup">U-15 Baseball World Cup</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartagena_de_Indias,_museo_del_oro_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_museo_del_oro_1.jpg/220px-Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_museo_del_oro_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_museo_del_oro_1.jpg/330px-Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_museo_del_oro_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_museo_del_oro_1.jpg/440px-Cartagena_de_Indias%2C_museo_del_oro_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>The Museo del Oro contains an important collection of over 600 pieces, of gold and pottery, of the pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a> indigenous culture.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>City Museum Palace of the Inquisition, opened in the 1970s <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Sanctuary and Museum of St. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bernarda_B%C3%BCtler" title="Maria Bernarda Bütler">Maria Bernarda Bütler</a> (foundress of the Franciscan Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Perpetual Help)<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_site">World Heritage site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: World Heritage site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sector_antiguo_de_la_ciudad_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sector_antiguo_de_la_ciudad_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_2.JPG/220px-Sector_antiguo_de_la_ciudad_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sector_antiguo_de_la_ciudad_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_2.JPG/330px-Sector_antiguo_de_la_ciudad_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sector_antiguo_de_la_ciudad_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_2.JPG/440px-Sector_antiguo_de_la_ciudad_de_Cartagena_de_Indias_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the historic center</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza@Cartagena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Plaza%40Cartagena.jpg/220px-Plaza%40Cartagena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Plaza%40Cartagena.jpg/330px-Plaza%40Cartagena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Plaza%40Cartagena.jpg/440px-Plaza%40Cartagena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Colonial Plaza de los Coches</figcaption></figure> <p>The port, the fortresses and the group of monuments of Cartagena were selected in 1984 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>) as significant to the heritage of the world, having the most extensive fortifications in South America. They are significant, too, for being located in a bay that is part of the Caribbean Sea. A system of zones divides the city into three neighborhoods: San Sebastian and Santa Catalina with the cathedral and many palaces where the wealthy lived and the main government buildings functioned; San Diego or Santo Toribio, where merchants and the middle class lived; and Getsemani, the suburban popular quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivities">Festivities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Festivities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>January</b>: The "Cartagena International Music Festival" (Cartagena Festival Internacional de Música), Classical music event that has become one of the most important festivals in the country. It is done in the Walled City for 10 days, during which are held classes, conferences and counted with the presence of national and international artists. <ul><li>"Fiesta Taurina del Caribe" (Caribbean Bullfight festival) (ultimately canceled, for maintenance of the scenario)</li> <li>"SummerLand Festival": Electronic music festival most important of the country</li></ul></li> <li><b>February</b>: "Fiestas de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria" (Feasts of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Candelaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Candelaria">Our Lady of Candelaria</a>), <ul><li>"Festival del Frito"</li></ul></li> <li><b>March</b>: "International Film Festival of Cartagena" (Festival Internacional de Cine de Cartagena) <ul><li>" <a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia" title="Miss Colombia">Miss Colombia</a>"</li> <li>"Feria Nautica"</li></ul></li> <li><b>April</b>: "Festival del Dulce" (Festival of the Sweets)</li> <li><b>June–July:</b> "Festival de Verano" (Summer Festival) <ul><li>"Sail Cartagena"</li></ul></li> <li><b>November</b>: "Fiestas del 11 de noviembre" (Feasts of 11 November or of the Independence)</li> <li><b>December</b>: "Jazz Festival under the Moon" (Festival de Jazz bajo la Luna) <ul><li>"Cartagena Rock"</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_appearances">Media appearances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Media appearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burn!_(1969_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn! (1969 film)">Burn!</a></i> (1969), with <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>, was filmed in Cartagena.</li> <li>In the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone" title="Romancing the Stone">Romancing the Stone</a></i> (1984), romance novelist Joan Wilder (<a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Turner" title="Kathleen Turner">Kathleen Turner</a>) travels to Cartagena to deliver a treasure map, in an effort to ransom her kidnapped sister. The Cartagena scenes were actually filmed in Mexico. In the movie, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a>' character refers to it as Cartage(ny)a. This has largely been adopted by tourists and is an irritant to the locals. The "N" in Cartagena is hard.</li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mission_(1986_film)" title="The Mission (1986 film)">The Mission</a></i> (1986), with <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a>, was filmed in Cartagena and Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-IMDBTheMission_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMDBTheMission-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera_(film)" title="Love in the Time of Cholera (film)">Love in the Time of Cholera</a></i> (2007) was filmed in Cartagena.</li> <li>Scenes of <i><a href="/wiki/Gemini_Man_(film)" title="Gemini Man (film)">Gemini Man</a></i> (2019), with <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a>, were filmed in Cartagena.</li> <li>Scenes of the (2023) film <a href="/wiki/Sound_of_Freedom_(film)" title="Sound of Freedom (film)">Sound of Freedom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Barely_Legal_(Family_Guy)" title="Barely Legal (Family Guy)">Barely Legal</a>", the mayor, thinking the events of <i>Romancing the Stone</i> (see above) are real, sends all the city's police officers to Cartagena<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Cartagena figured prominently in the "Smuggler's Blues" (1985) episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Vice" title="Miami Vice">Miami Vice</a></i>, featuring guest star <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Frey" title="Glenn Frey">Glenn Frey</a> and his song "Smuggler's Blues"<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cartagena is featured as the backdrop for the <i><a href="/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)" title="NCIS (TV series)">NCIS</a></i> episodes "<a href="/wiki/Agent_Afloat_(NCIS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent Afloat (NCIS)">Agent Afloat</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Missionary_Position_(NCIS)" title="The Missionary Position (NCIS)">The Missionary Position</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 30th installment of <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>'s reality competition series, titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Challenge_XXX:_Dirty_30" title="The Challenge XXX: Dirty 30">The Challenge XXX: Dirty 30</a></i>, was filmed in Cartagena.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Orphan_Black" title="Orphan Black">Orphan Black</a></i> episode "To Right the Wrongs of Many", Delphine and Cosima are in Cartagena, where Delphine is giving the cure to the Leda clone found there.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Colombian <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> show <i><a href="/wiki/Siempre_Bruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Siempre Bruja">Siempre Bruja</a></i> (Always a Witch) is set in Cartagena.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_28" title="The Amazing Race 28">The Amazing Race 28</a></i>, the second and third legs were set in Cartagena and required teams to visit various locations throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_York_City_(season_10)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real Housewives of New York City (season 10)">Season 10</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_New_York_City" title="The Real Housewives of New York City">The Real Housewives of New York City</a></i>, the annual cast vacation takes place in Cartagena.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A fictionalized version of the 1697 <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1697)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Cartagena (1697)">raid on Cartagena</a> is chronicled in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></i> (1922).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera" title="Love in the Time of Cholera">Love in the Time of Cholera</a></i> is set in an unnamed city based on Cartagena. García Márquez has also said that Cartagena influenced the setting of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Patriarch" title="The Autumn of the Patriarch">The Autumn of the Patriarch</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Visual_Arts_and_Poetization_of_Space_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visual_Arts_and_Poetization_of_Space-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His novel <i><a href="/wiki/Of_Love_and_Other_Demons" title="Of Love and Other Demons">Of Love and Other Demons</a></i> takes place in Cartagena in the 1600s.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Jacques" title="Brian Jacques">Brian Jacques</a>' novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i> (2003) takes place in Cartagena in 1628.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The poem "Románc" (1983) by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_K%C3%A1ny%C3%A1di" title="Sándor Kányádi">Sándor Kányádi</a> talks about the beauty of Cartagena.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The second story in <a href="/wiki/Nam_Le" title="Nam Le">Nam Le</a>'s award-winning book of short fiction, <i>The Boat</i> (2008) is called "Cartagena" and set in Colombia. Cartagena in the story is more an idea than a place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A portion of the 2014 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bone_Clocks" title="The Bone Clocks">The Bone Clocks</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Mitchell_(author)" title="David Mitchell (author)">David Mitchell (author)</a> is set in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 2015 novel by <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Amengual" title="Claudia Amengual">Claudia Amengual</a> is named <i><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_(novel)" title="Cartagena (novel)">Cartagena</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The poem "A mi ciudad nativa" is in honor of Cartagena<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The city is the scene of two levels in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Uncharted_3:_Drake%27s_Deception" title="Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception">Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Champeta is a musical genre whose main variants are rooted in Cartagena and Barranquilla.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>On the album <i><a href="/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n_Profundo" title="Corazón Profundo">Corazón Profundo</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Vives" title="Carlos Vives">Carlos Vives</a> honored the city of Cartagena, calling it "The Fantastic City" (in Spanish: La fantástica).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2016 song "Otra Vez" by <a href="/wiki/Zion_%26_Lennox" title="Zion & Lennox">Zion & Lennox</a> mentions Cartagena.</li> <li>The song "1741 (The Battle of Cartagena)" by <a href="/wiki/Alestorm" title="Alestorm">Alestorm</a> off their 2014 Album <i><a href="/wiki/Sunset_on_the_Golden_Age" title="Sunset on the Golden Age">Sunset on the Golden Age</a></i> is about the 1741 siege of Cartagena.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartagena,_la_her%C3%B3ica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cartagena%2C_la_her%C3%B3ica.JPG/220px-Cartagena%2C_la_her%C3%B3ica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cartagena%2C_la_her%C3%B3ica.JPG/330px-Cartagena%2C_la_her%C3%B3ica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cartagena%2C_la_her%C3%B3ica.JPG/440px-Cartagena%2C_la_her%C3%B3ica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1845" /></a><figcaption>Plaza de la Aduana square. Cartagena la heróica</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Arroyo" title="Joe Arroyo">Joe Arroyo</a>, salsa music composer and singer<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Ayos" title="Valeria Ayos">Valeria Ayos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_Colombia_2021" title="Miss Universe Colombia 2021">Miss Universe Colombia 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Barrios" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvaro Barrios">Alvaro Barrios</a>, conceptual artist<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Calvo" title="Bartolomé Calvo">Bartolomé Calvo</a>, politician, journalist, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Panama">Governor of Panama</a> (1856–58), <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Granadine_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Granadine Confederation">President of the Granadine Confederation</a> in 1861</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Caraballo" title="Bernardo Caraballo">Bernardo Caraballo</a>, boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_M%C3%BAnera_Cavad%C3%ADa" title="Alfonso Múnera Cavadía">Alfonso Múnera Cavadía</a>, diplomat and historian<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cervantes" title="Antonio Cervantes">Antonio Cervantes</a>, boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Saint Peter Claver SJ</a>, Jesuit priest, pastor and missionary to the slaves brought to Cartagena ("Slave of the slaves forever"), human rights advocate. <a href="/wiki/Beatified" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatified">Beatified</a> 1850 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> 1888 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>. 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Congress">Colombian Congress</a> declared 9 September, his feast day, as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights">Human Rights</a> national day in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Espinosa" title="Germán Espinosa">Germán Espinosa</a>, writer, author of "La Tejedora de Coronas" (The weaver of crowns) and 40 other works<sup id="cite_ref-lat_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo" title="José María García de Toledo">José María García de Toledo</a>, politician, early "juntismo" movement member, later independentist; President of the Supreme Junta of Cartagena (1810–11)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(Miss_Colombia)" title="Laura González (Miss Colombia)">Laura González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia_2017" title="Miss Colombia 2017">Miss Colombia 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Grau" title="Enrique Grau">Enrique Grau</a>, painter, born in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> but raised in the city where most of his work was done and inspired<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilson_Herrera" title="Dilson Herrera">Dilson Herrera</a>, professional baseball player<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zharick_Le%C3%B3n" title="Zharick León">Zharick León</a>, actress<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereo_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereo Lopez">Nereo Lopez</a>, documentary photographer<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Medrano" title="Manuel Medrano">Manuel Medrano</a>, singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Nocetti" title="Andrea Nocetti">Andrea Nocetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia_2000" title="Miss Colombia 2000">Miss Colombia 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Núñez (politician)">Rafael Núñez</a>, politician, journalist, diplomat, writer, lawyer and judge. Dominant political figure in Colombia in the 19th century, and the first to did so by civil means: In 1848 just after another civil war entered in local politics. Then became MP for Cartagena in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Congress">Colombian Congress</a>, also was Governor of <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar</a> (1854), then briefly Minister of War in 1855–57. President of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_State_of_Bolivar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign State of Bolivar">Sovereign State of Bolivar</a> twice, (1876–77) (1879–80) was finally elected 4 times <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a>. During this time the country stabilized and the economy grew after decades of civil war and established the foundations for civil-led government with the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1886" title="Colombian Constitution of 1886">Colombian Constitution of 1886</a> that lasted 105 years. Also wrote the country's national anthem.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Olascuaga" title="Laura Olascuaga">Laura Olascuaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_Colombia_2020" title="Miss Universe Colombia 2020">Miss Universe Colombia 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_P%C3%A9rez_(boxer)" title="Alfonso Pérez (boxer)">Alfonso Pérez</a>, boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pizarro_Leong%C3%B3mez" title="Carlos Pizarro Leongómez">Carlos Pizarro Leongómez</a>, guerrilla fighter for the <a href="/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement">19th of April Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabas_Pretelt_de_la_Vega" title="Sabas Pretelt de la Vega">Sabas Pretelt de la Vega</a>, politician and ambassador, Minister of Interior (2003–06)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frey_Ramos" title="Frey Ramos">Frey Ramos</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_Ramos" title="Ramses Ramos">Ramses Ramos</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Soto_(footballer)" title="Hugo Soto (footballer)">Hugo Soto</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Teher%C3%A1n" title="Julio Teherán">Julio Teherán</a>, professional baseball player<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gio_Urshela" title="Gio Urshela">Gio Urshela</a>, professional baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Valdez" title="Rodrigo Valdez">Rodrigo Valdez</a>, boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Fl%C3%B3rez" title="Kevin Flórez">Kevin Flórez</a>, singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoll_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Karoll Márquez">Karoll Márquez</a>, singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Rom%C3%A1n_V%C3%A9lez" title="Teresa Román Vélez">Teresa Román Vélez</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Cabrera" title="Orlando Cabrera">Orlando Cabrera</a>, baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeymmy_Vargas" title="Jeymmy Vargas">Jeymmy Vargas</a>, beauty queen and model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Rosales_Altamar" title="Vanessa Rosales Altamar">Vanessa Rosales Altamar</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_De_Le%C3%B3n_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Laura De León Céspedes">Laura De León Céspedes</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angie_Cepeda" title="Angie Cepeda">Angie Cepeda</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Cepeda" title="Lorna Cepeda">Lorna Cepeda</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lemaitre" title="Eduardo Lemaitre">Eduardo Lemaitre</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n_Bustamante_Sanmiguel" title="Salomón Bustamante Sanmiguel">Salomón Bustamante Sanmiguel</a>, TV host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Teher%C3%A1n_Romero" title="Patricia Teherán Romero">Patricia Teherán Romero</a>, singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Vergara_Navarro" title="Rafael Vergara Navarro">Rafael Vergara Navarro</a>, lawyer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Basilio_de_Palenque" title="San Basilio de Palenque">San Basilio de Palenque</a>, according to UNESCO, the first free African town in the Americas, located 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Cartagena de Indias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosario_Islands" title="Rosario Islands">Rosario Islands</a>, an archipelago located 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Cartagena with a large coral reef</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cartagena" title="List of tallest buildings in Cartagena">List of tallest buildings in Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cartagena_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cartagena in Colombia">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cartagena in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Torices" title="Manuel Rodríguez Torices">Manuel Rodríguez Torices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Manifesto" title="Cartagena Manifesto">Cartagena Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Supremes" title="War of the Supremes">War of the Supremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829%E2%80%9351_cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1829–51 cholera pandemic">1829–51 cholera pandemic</a>, in which 4000 Cartageneros died in 1849<sup id="cite_ref-Lemaitre_17-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaitre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> was a Spanish-born man who traveled to Cartagena in 1610. On 19 March 1616 he was ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest. Peter cared for the African slaves for thirty-eight years, defending the life and the <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> of the slaves. After four years of sickness, Peter died in 1654. Two services were held for him: the official funeral, and a separate memorial attended by his African friends. In 1888, the Roman Catholic Church <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> Peter. He is now known as the patron saint of African-Americans, slaves and the Republic of Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBatista2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Batista, Lia Miranda (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eluniversal.com.co/politica/william-dau-chamatt-se-posesiono-como-nuevo-alcalde-de-cartagena-FN2197403">"William Dau Chamatt se posesionó como nuevo alcalde de Cartagena"</a> [William Dau Chamatt Takes Office As the New Mayor of Cartagena]. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Cartagena)" title="El Universal (Cartagena)">El Universal</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proyecciones+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n+2018%E2%80%932020%2C+total+municipal+por+%C3%A1rea+%28estimate%29&rft.pub=DANE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dane.gov.co%2Ffiles%2Fcenso2018%2Fproyecciones-de-poblacion%2Fanexos-proyecciones-poblacion-desagregacion-2018-2020.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DANE2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DANE2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223182602/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/anexos-proyecciones-poblacion-desagregacion-2018-2020.xls">Proyecciones de Población 2018–2020, total municipal por área</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Administrative_Department_of_Statistics" title="National Administrative Department of Statistics">DANE</a></i> (Report) (in Spanish). 2020. 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Grahn, "Cartagena" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 1, p 581. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/en/colombia/bolivar/cartagena_de_indias/13001000__cartagena_de_indias/">Citypopulation.de</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/big-on-charm-colonial-cartagena">"Big on Charm: Colonial Cartagena"</a>. <i>Travel</i>. 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Travel&rft.atitle=Big+on+Charm%3A+Colonial+Cartagena&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fbig-on-charm-colonial-cartagena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grahn, "Cartagena" p. 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><i>Arqueología y Patrimonio</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.icanh.gov.co/index.php/ap/article/download/2623/2020">https://revistas.icanh.gov.co/index.php/ap/article/download/2623/2020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arqueolog%C3%ADa+y+Patrimonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.icanh.gov.co%2Findex.php%2Fap%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F2623%2F2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblioteca_Luis_Ángel_Arango-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biblioteca_Luis_Ángel_Arango_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923164704/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/arqueologia/arqueolo/cap4.1.htm">"Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/boletin/boleti3/bol12/debate.htm">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biblioteca+Luis+%C3%81ngel+Arango&rft.pub=Lablaa.org&rft.date=2005-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lablaa.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Fpublicacionesbanrep%2Fboletin%2Fboleti3%2Fbol12%2Fdebate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"X Cátedra de Historia Ernesto Restrepo Tirado – El Caribe en la Nación Colombiana" Guerra, Langbaek et al. Ed. 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Medellin: Compania Litografica Nacional S.A. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-638-092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-638-092-8"><bdi>978-958-638-092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Cartagena&rft.place=Medellin&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Compania+Litografica+Nacional+S.A.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-958-638-092-8&rft.aulast=Lemaitre&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parry-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parry_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parry_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parry_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryKeith1984" class="citation book cs1">Parry, John; Keith, Robert (1984). <i>New Iberian World: A Documentary History of the Discovery and Settlement of Latin America to the Early 17th Century, Vol. II</i>. 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Aguilar 1976. Edited before the ISBN system was enforced in Colombia, no reedition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Floyd-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Floyd_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd1973" class="citation book cs1">Floyd, Troy (1973). <i>The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492–1526</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rodrigo+de+Bastidas+%28Colombian+explorer%29+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.au=Related+Articles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F55612%2FRodrigo-de-Bastidas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruceruiz.net/PanamaHistory/rodrigo_de_bastidas.htm">"Rodrigo de Bastidas"</a>. Bruceruiz.net. 3 July 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rivas, Cartagena de Indias, 1883.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbkb&fileName=0003//rbkb0003.db&recNum=397&itemLink=r%3Fintldl%2Fawkbbib%3A@field%28NUMBER%2B@od1%28rbkb%2B0003%29%29&linkText=0">"The Atlantic World: America and the Netherlands (Cartagena)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Atlantic+World%3A+America+and+the+Netherlands+%28Cartagena%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Drbkb%26fileName%3D0003%2F%2Frbkb0003.db%26recNum%3D397%26itemLink%3Dr%253Fintldl%252Fawkbbib%253A%40field%2528NUMBER%252B%40od1%2528rbkb%252B0003%2529%2529%26linkText%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019045321/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/marzo1992/marzo3.htm">"Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+Historia+Econ%C3%B3mica+y+Empresarial+%5BJournal+of+History%2C+Economics%2C+and+Business%5D&rft.atitle=Crecimiento+a+Traves+de+los+Subsidios+%E2%80%93+Cartagena+de+Indias+y+El+Situado%2C+1751-1810&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Meisel+Roca&rft.aufirst=Adolfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrep.gov.co%2Fdocum%2FPdf-econom-region%2FCuadernos%2FCHEE09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraus2010-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraus2010_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraus2010_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/catalog/drake/drake-6-caribraid.html">"The Caribbean Raid 1585-1586: Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography by Hans P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Caribbean+Raid+1585-1586%3A+Sir+Francis+Drake%3A+A+Pictorial+Biography+by+Hans+P.+Kraus+%28Rare+Book+and+Special+Collections+Reading+Room%29&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Frarebook%2Fcatalog%2Fdrake%2Fdrake-6-caribraid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PH_cf27ucZAC&pg=PP1"><i>Génesis y desarrollo de la esclavitud en Colombia siglos XVI y XVII</i></a> (in Spanish). Universidad del Valle. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-670-338-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-670-338-3"><bdi>978-958-670-338-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9nesis+y+desarrollo+de+la+esclavitud+en+Colombia+siglos+XVI+y+XVII&rft.pub=Universidad+del+Valle&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-958-670-338-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPH_cf27ucZAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvaro_Gärtner2005" class="citation book cs1">Alvaro Gärtner (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5cUdM30KwxkC&pg=PP1"><i>Los místeres de las minas: crónica de la colonia europea más grande de Colombia en el siglo XIX, surgida alrededor de las minas de Marmato, Supía y Riosucio</i></a>. Universidad de Caldas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-8231-42-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-8231-42-6"><bdi>978-958-8231-42-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+m%C3%ADsteres+de+las+minas%3A+cr%C3%B3nica+de+la+colonia+europea+m%C3%A1s+grande+de+Colombia+en+el+siglo+XIX%2C+surgida+alrededor+de+las+minas+de+Marmato%2C+Sup%C3%ADa+y+Riosucio&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Caldas&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-958-8231-42-6&rft.au=Alvaro+G%C3%A4rtner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5cUdM30KwxkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gabrielbernat.es/espana/esclavitud/index.html">"La esclavitud negra en la América española"</a> (in Spanish). gabrielbernat.es. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+esclavitud+negra+en+la+Am%C3%A9rica+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pub=gabrielbernat.es&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gabrielbernat.es%2Fespana%2Fesclavitud%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409090318/http://www.incartagenaguide.com/incartagena/castillo-san-felipe-de-barajas/">"Castillo San Felipe de Barajas"</a>. <i>Incartagenaguide.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incartagenaguide.com/incartagena/castillo-san-felipe-de-barajas/">the original</a> on 9 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Incartagenaguide.com&rft.atitle=Castillo+San+Felipe+de+Barajas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.incartagenaguide.com%2Fincartagena%2Fcastillo-san-felipe-de-barajas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ageofpirates.com/article.php?Port_of_Cartagena">"Pirate Encyclopedia: Port of Cartagena"</a>. Ageofpirates.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pirate+Encyclopedia%3A+Port+of+Cartagena&rft.pub=Ageofpirates.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fageofpirates.com%2Farticle.php%3FPort_of_Cartagena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Álvarez, Jesús (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sevilla.abc.es/cultura/20141023/sevi-blas-lezo-batalla-201410221911.html">"El hombre que causó la mayor derrota sufrida jamás por la Armada inglesa"</a> ["The man who caused the greatest defeat ever suffered by the English Navy]. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC de Sevilla</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+de+Sevilla&rft.atitle=El+hombre+que+caus%C3%B3+la+mayor+derrota+sufrida+jam%C3%A1s+por+la+Armada+inglesa&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsevilla.abc.es%2Fcultura%2F20141023%2Fsevi-blas-lezo-batalla-201410221911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bassi, Ernesto (1 February 2020). "No Limits to Their Sway: Cartagena's Privateers and the Masterless Caribbean in the Age of Revolutions". <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> (Book review). <b>100</b> (1): 161–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-7993342">10.1215/00182168-7993342</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212810434">212810434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=No+Limits+to+Their+Sway%3A+Cartagena%27s+Privateers+and+the+Masterless+Caribbean+in+the+Age+of+Revolutions&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-163&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-7993342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212810434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bassi&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is used today by restoration architects in Cartagena's city center. The original census is preserved in the Museum of History of the city while a copy rests in the <a href="/wiki/Archivo_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivo de Indias">Archivo de Indias</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFERNANDO_CARREÑO_ARRÁZOLA2017" class="citation web cs1">FERNANDO CARREÑO ARRÁZOLA (25 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eluniversal.com.co/suplementos/facetas/retratos-de-la-nostalgia-256266-FVEU367662">"Retratos de la nostalgia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Cartagena)" title="El Universal (Cartagena)">El Universal (Cartagena)</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Universal+%28Cartagena%29&rft.atitle=Retratos+de+la+nostalgia&rft.date=2017-06-25&rft.au=FERNANDO+CARRE%C3%91O+ARR%C3%81ZOLA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com.co%2Fsuplementos%2Ffacetas%2Fretratos-de-la-nostalgia-256266-FVEU367662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/f9cd4fd0-c572-012f-4544-58d385a7bc34#/?uuid=510d47e2-697a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">"Street in Cartagena 1850-1930"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Public+Library&rft.atitle=Street+in+Cartagena+1850-1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fitems%2Ff9cd4fd0-c572-012f-4544-58d385a7bc34%23%2F%3Fuuid%3D510d47e2-697a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartagenaexplorer.com/biography-pedro-romero-cartagena-black-independence-leader/">"Biography of Pedro Romero – Black, Working Class Hero of Cartagena's Independence"</a>. <i>Cartagena Explorer</i>. 25 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cartagena+Explorer&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Pedro+Romero+%E2%80%93+Black%2C+Working+Class+Hero+of+Cartagena%27s+Independence&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartagenaexplorer.com%2Fbiography-pedro-romero-cartagena-black-independence-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartagenaexplorer.com/consequences-of-cartagenas-independence/">"Consequences of Cartagena's Independence"</a>. <i>Cartagena Explorer</i>. 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cartagena+Explorer&rft.atitle=Consequences+of+Cartagena%27s+Independence&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartagenaexplorer.com%2Fconsequences-of-cartagenas-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartagenaexplorer.com/history-of-cartagena-comprehensive/">"History of Cartagena – A Comprehensive Guide to the History of Cartagena, Colombia"</a>. <i>Cartagena Explorer</i>. 11 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cartagena+Explorer&rft.atitle=History+of+Cartagena+%E2%80%93+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+the+History+of+Cartagena%2C+Colombia&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartagenaexplorer.com%2Fhistory-of-cartagena-comprehensive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cartagena-Colombia">"Cartagena | Colombia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 13 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cartagena+%7C+Colombia&rft.date=2024-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCartagena-Colombia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/namefiles.html">"Country Files (GNS)"</a>. <i>National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</i>. 14 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Tiempo&rft.atitle=Sabas+Pretelt+de+la+Vega%3A+Perfil+y+columnas+de+Sabas+Pretelt+de+la+Vega&rft.aulast=Tiempo&rft.aufirst=Casa+Editorial+El&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnistas%2Fsabas-pretelt-de-la-vega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVIP" class="citation web cs1">VIP, WordPress com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffschultz.blog.myajc.com/2014/02/14/braves-sign-julio-teheran-to-six-year-extension/">"Braves sign Julio Teheran to six-year extension | Jeff Schultz blog"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braves+sign+Julio+Teheran+to+six-year+extension+%7C+Jeff+Schultz+blog&rft.aulast=VIP&rft.aufirst=WordPress+com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeffschultz.blog.myajc.com%2F2014%2F02%2F14%2Fbraves-sign-julio-teheran-to-six-year-extension%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_history">Colonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Álvarez Alonso, Fermina. <i>La Inquisición en Cartagena de Indias durante el siglo XVII</i>. Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1999.</li> <li>Bossa Herrazo, Donaldo. <i>Nomenclatur cartagenero</i>. 1981.</li> <li>Böttcher, Nikolaus. "Negreros portugueses y la Inquisición de Cartagena de Indias, siglo XVII." Memoria 9 (2003): 38–55.</li> <li>Dorta, Enrique Marco. <i>Cartagena de Indias: Puerto y plaza fuerte</i>. 1960.</li> <li>Escobar Quevedo, Ricardo. "Los Criptojudíos de Cartagena de Indias: Un eslabón en la diáspora conversa (1635–1649)." Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura 29 (2002): 45–71.</li> <li>Fals-Borda, Orlando. <i>Historia doble de la costa</i>. 4 vols. 1979–1986.</li> <li>Goodsell, James Nelson. "Cartagena de Indias: Entrepôt for a New World, 1533–1597." PhD dissertation, Harvard University 1966.</li> <li>Grahn, Lance R. "Cartagena and Its Hinterland in the Eighteenth Century" in <i>Atlantic Port Cities: Economy, Culture, and Society in the Atlantic World, 1650–1850</i>. Franklin W. Knight and Peggy K. Liss, eds. 1991, pp. 168–95.</li> <li>Grahn, Lance R. "Cartagena" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 1, pp. 581–82. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</li> <li>Greenow, Linda. <i>Family, Household, and Home: A Microgeographic Analysis of Cartagena (New Granada) in 1777</i>. 1976.</li> <li>Greenow, Linda. "Urban form in Spanish American colonial cities: Cartagena de Indias, New Granada, in 1777." Department of Geography Suny-New Paltz, NY. Middle States Geographer (2007).</li> <li>Lemaitre, Eduardo. <i>Historia general de Cartagena</i>. 4 vols. Bogota: Banco de la República, 1983.</li> <li>McKnight, Kathryn Joy. "Confronted Rituals: Spanish Colonial and Angolan" Maroon" Executions in Cartagena de Indias (1634)." Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 5.3 (2004).</li> <li>Medina, José Toríbio. <i>Historia del Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisicón de Cartagena de Indias</i>. Santiago: Imprenta Elzeviriana, 1899.</li> <li>Meisel, Adolfo. "Subsidy-Led Growth In A Fortified Port: Cartagena De Indias And The Situado, 1751–1810." Borradores de Economía 167 (2000).</li> <li>Molino García, María Paulina. "La sede vacante en Cartagena de Indias, 1534–1700." <i>Anuario de Estudios Americanos</i> 32 (1975): 1–23.</li> <li>Newson, Linda A., and Susie Minchin. "Slave mortality and African origins: a view from Cartagena, Colombia, in the early seventeenth century." <i>Slavery & Abolition</i> 25.3 (2004): 18–43.</li> <li>Olsen, Margaret M. <i>Slavery and Salvation in Colonial Cartagena de Indias</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004.</li> <li>Pacheco, Juan Manuel. "Sublevación portuguesa en Cartagena." Boletín de historia y antigüedades 42 (1955): 557–60.</li> <li>Rey Fajardo, José del. <i>Los jesuitas en Cartagena de Indias, 1604–1767</i>. Bogota: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2004.</li> <li>Rocha, Carlos Guilherme. "A disputa por poder em Cartagena das Índias: o embate entre o governador Francisco de Murga e o Tribunal do Santo Ofício (1629–1636)." (2013).</li> <li>Ruiz Rivera, Julián B. "Cartagena de Indias: ¿Un cabildo cosmopolita en una ciudad pluriétnica?" In <i>El municipio indiano: Relaciones interétnicas, económicas y sociales. Homenaje a Luis Navarro García</i>, edited by Manuela Cristina García Bernal and Sandra Olivero Guidobono, 407–24. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 2009.</li> <li>–––. "Gobierno, comercio y sociedad en Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVII." In <i>Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVII</i>, edited by Haroldo Calvo Stevenson and Adolfo Meisel Roca, 353–76. Cartagena: Banco de la República, 2007.</li> <li>–––. "Los regimientos de Cartagena de Indias." In <i>La venta de cargos y el ejercicio del poder en Cartagena de Indias</i>, edited by Julián B. Ruiz Rivera y Ángel Sanz Tapia, 199–221. León: Universidad de León, 2007.</li> <li>–––. <i>Cartagena de Indias y su provincia: Una mirada a los siglos XVII y XVIII</i>. Bogota: El Áncora Editores, 2005.</li> <li>–––. "Municipio, puerto y provincia (1600–1650)." In Julián B. Ruiz Rivera, <i>Cartagena de Indias y su provincia: Una mirada a los siglos XVII y XVIII</i>, 203–24. Bogota: El Áncora Editores, 2005.</li> <li>–––. "Vanquésel, casa de préstamos en Cartagena de Indias." In <i>Estudios sobre América: siglos XVI–XX</i>, edited by Antonio Gutiérrez Escudero and María Luisa Laviana Cuetos, 673–89. Seville: Asociación Española de Americanistas, 2005.</li> <li>–––. "Una banca en el mercado de negros de Cartagena de Indias." <i>Temas americanistas</i> 17 (2004): 3–23.</li> <li>–––. "Los portugueses y la trata negrera en Cartagena de Indias." <i>Temas americanistas</i> 15 (2002): 19–41.</li> <li>Salazar, Ricardo Raul. "Running Chanzas: Slave-State Interactions in Cartagena de Indias, 1580 to 1713." Diss. Harvard University, 2014.</li> <li>Sánchez Bohórquez, José Enrique. "La Inquisición en América durante los siglos XVI–XVII: Los dominicos y el Tribunal de Cartagena de Indias." In <i>Praedicatores inquisitores, vol. 2, La Orden Dominicana y la Inquisición en el mundo ibérico e hispanoamericano</i>, 753–808. Rome: Istituto Storico Domenicano, 2006.</li> <li>Solano Alonso, Jairo. <i>Salud, cultura y sociedad en Cartagena de Indias, siglos XVI y XVII</i> In <i>De la Roma Medieval a la Cartagena Colonial: El Santo Oficio de la Inquisición. Vol. I of Cincuenta Años de Inquisición en el Tribunal de Cartagena deIndias, 1610–1660</i>, edited by Anna María Splendiani, et al. Bogotá: Centro EditorialJaveriano, 1997.. Barranquilla: Universidad del Atlántico, 1998.</li> <li>Splendiani, Anna María, et al. eds. <i>De la Roma Medieval a la Cartagena Colonial: El Santo Oficio de la Inquisición. Vol. I of Cincuenta Años de Inquisición en el Tribunal de Cartagena de Indias, 1610–1660</i>, Bogotá: Centro Editorial Javeriano, 1997.</li> <li>Tejado Fernández, Manuel. "El tribunal de Cartagena de Indias: La primera mitad del siglo XVII(1621–1650)." In <i>Historia de la Inquisición en España y América</i>, 3 vols., edited by Joaquín Pérez Villanueva and Bartolomé Escandell Bonet, I.1141–45. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Inquisitoriales, 1984.</li> <li>–––. "La ampliación del dispositivo: Fundación del Tribunal de Cartagena de Indias." In <i>Historia de la Inquisición en España y América</i>, 3 vols., edited by Joaquín Pérez Villanueva and Bartolomé Escandell Bonet, I.984–95. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Inquisitoriales, 1984.</li> <li>–––. <i>Aspectos de la vida social en Cartagena de Indias durante el seiscientos</i>. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1954.</li> <li>–––. "Un foco de judaísmo en Cartagena de Indias durante el seiscientos." <i>Bulletin Hispanique</i> 52 (1950): 55–72.</li> <li>Vidal Ortega, Antonino. <i>Cartagena de Indias y la región histórica del Caribe, 1580–1640</i>. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 2002.</li> <li>–––. "Portugueses negreros en Cartagena, 1580–1640", in <i>IV Seminario internacional de estudios del Caribe: Memorias</i>, 135–54. Bogota: Fondo de Publicaciones de la Universidad del Atlántico, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vila_Vilar,_Enriqueta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Vilar, Enriqueta">Vila Vilar, Enriqueta</a>. "Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVII: Puerto negrero internacional." In Redescubriendo el Nuevo Mundo: Estudios americanistas en homenaje a Carmen Gómez, edited by María Salud Elvás Iniesta and Sandra Olivero Guidobono, 63–74. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 2012.</li> <li>–––. "Extranjeros en Cartagena (1593–1630)." <i>Jahrbuch für Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas</i> 16 (1979): 147–84.</li> <li>Von Germeten, Nicole. <i>Violent Delights, Violent Ends: Sex, Race, & Honor in Colonial Cartagena de Indias</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2013.</li> <li>Wethey, Harold E. "Enrique Marco Dorta, Cartagena de Indias. La ciudad y sus monumentos: Seville, Escuela de Estudios Hispano-americanos, 1951. pp. xxiii+ 322; 170 figs. 200 pesetas." (1952): 322–24.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartagena,_Colombia&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cartagena_(Colombia)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cartagena (Colombia)">Cartagena (Colombia)</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815030647/http://rgssamachupicchu.blogspot.com.au/2016/06/action-off-cartagena.html">Reference volumes and maps regarding the history of Cartagena. Library of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013150510/http://www.cartagena.gov.co/">Cartagena City Government website</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brsolution.com.co/discover-the-charms-of-cartagena-de-indias/">Discover the Charms of Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/10087">Map of the City and Bay of Cartagena de las Indias</a> from 1735</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Cartagena,_Colombia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Cartagena,_Colombia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Cartagena, Colombia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td>Caribbean Sea</td> <td>Caribbean Sea, Bocacanoa</td> <td>Bayunca, <a href="/wiki/Clemencia,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemencia, Colombia">Clemencia</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%">Caribbean Sea</td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em"><i>Cartagena</i></b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Villanueva,_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Villanueva, Bolívar">Villanueva, Bolívar</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Estanislao" title="San Estanislao">San Estanislao</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td>Caribbean Sea</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tierra_Bomba_Island" title="Tierra Bomba Island">Tierra Bomba Island</a>, Portonao.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turbaco" title="Turbaco">Turbaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjona,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjona, Colombia">Arjona</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_articles_and_topics_related_to_Cartagena,_Colombia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Other_articles_and_topics_related_to_Cartagena,_Colombia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other articles and topics related to Cartagena, Colombia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colombia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colombia_topics" title="Template:Colombia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colombia_topics" title="Template talk:Colombia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colombia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colombia-related_articles" title="Index of Colombia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colombian_history" title="Timeline of Colombian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Kingdom of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foolish_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Foolish Fatherland">Foolish Fatherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">Military career of Simón Bolívar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Wars of independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Civil_War_of_1895" title="Colombian Civil War of 1895">Colombian Civil War of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Thousand Days' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War (Leticia Incident)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Current internal armed conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Colombian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia" title="Geography of Colombia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Colombia" title="Biodiversity of Colombia">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Colombia" title="Fauna of Colombia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Colombia" title="Flora of Colombia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Colombia" title="Climate of Colombia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Colombia" title="Geology of Colombia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Colombia" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Colombia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Colombia" title="Category:Islands of Colombia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Colombia" title="List of rivers of Colombia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valleys_and_Plateaus_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valleys and Plateaus of Colombia (page does not exist)">Valleys and Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Colombia" title="List of national parks of Colombia">National parks <span style="font-size:85%;">(Protected Areas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Colombia" title="List of cities and towns in Colombia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards_in_Colombia" title="Natural hazards in Colombia">Natural hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Colombia" title="Environmental issues in Colombia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_Colombia" title="List of invasive species in Colombia">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Colombia" title="Natural regions of Colombia">Natural regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_natural_region" title="Amazon natural region">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_natural_region" title="Andean natural region">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_natural_region" title="Caribbean natural region">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_region_of_Colombia" title="Insular region of Colombia">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinoqu%C3%ADa_natural_region" title="Orinoquía natural region">Orinoquía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific/Choc%C3%B3_natural_region" title="Pacific/Chocó natural region">Pacific/Chocó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Colombia" title="Administrative divisions of Colombia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Colombia" title="Municipalities of Colombia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Colombia" title="Metropolitan areas of Colombia">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Capital District</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corregimientos_of_Colombia" title="Corregimientos of Colombia">Corregimientos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(Colombia)" title="Indigenous territory (Colombia)">Indigenous territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Colombia" title="List of political parties in Colombia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colombia" title="Elections in Colombia">Elections</a></li> <li>Ideologies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Communism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">Constitution</a></li> <li>Control <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Auditor_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Auditor General of Colombia">Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Comptroller General of Colombia">Comptroller General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Inspector General of Colombia">Inspector General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman%27s_Office_of_Colombia" title="Ombudsman's Office of Colombia">Ombudsman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Branch_of_Colombia" title="Executive Branch of Colombia">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Colombia" title="Council of Ministers of Colombia">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_entities_of_Colombia" title="Government entities of Colombia">Government agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Colombia" title="Foreign relations of Colombia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Colombia" title="Judiciary of Colombia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Colombia">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Colombia" title="List of companies of Colombia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia" title="Economic history of Colombia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colombia" title="Agriculture in Colombia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Colombia" title="Industry of Colombia">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Colombia" title="Mineral industry of Colombia">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombia Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Colombia" title="Science and technology in Colombia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Colombia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia" title="Taxation in Colombia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Colombia" title="Trade unions in Colombia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Colombia" title="Tourism in Colombia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Colombia" title="Transport in Colombia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Colombia" title="Category:Society of Colombia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colombians" title="List of Colombians">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Colombia" title="Demographics of Colombia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Colombia" title="Race and ethnicity in Colombia">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Colombia" title="Health care in Colombia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Colombia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Colombia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Colombia" title="Culture of Colombia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Colombia" title="Architecture of Colombia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_art" title="Colombian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Colombia">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Colombia" title="Carnival in Colombia">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Colombia" title="List of festivals in Colombia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_folklore" title="Colombian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_handicrafts" title="Colombian handicrafts">Handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Colombia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Colombia" title="Theater of Colombia">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Colombia" title="National symbols of Colombia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia" title="Coat of arms of Colombia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Colombia" title="Public holidays in Colombia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Freedom of religion in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia" title="Miss Colombia">Miss Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Colombia" title="Sport in Colombia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Colombia" title="Human rights in Colombia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Colombia" title="Intersex rights in Colombia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Colombia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Colombia" title="Immigration to Colombia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Colombia" title="Emigration from Colombia">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Colombia" title="Poverty in Colombia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Colombia" title="Smoking in Colombia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Colombia" title="Crime in Colombia">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia" title="Corruption in Colombia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Colombia" title="Terrorism in Colombia">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">Guerrilla movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_Colombia" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia">Right-wing paramilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_in_popular_culture" title="Colombia in popular culture">Colombia in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colombia" title="Outline of Colombia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colombia-related_articles" title="Index of Colombia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colombia" title="Category:Colombia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Sanctuary</small></li> <li><small>National Archeological Park of</small> <a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li> <li><small>Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments,</small> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_Archaeological_Park" title="San Agustín Archaeological Park">San Agustín</a> <small>Archeological Park</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee-Growers_Axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee-Growers Axis">Coffee-Growers Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiribiquete_National_Park" title="Chiribiquete National Park">Chiribiquete National Park</a> <small>“The Maloca of the Jaguar”</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Treasures_of_Colombia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Treasures_of_Colombia" title="Template:Treasures of Colombia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Treasures_of_Colombia" title="Template talk:Treasures of Colombia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treasures_of_Colombia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Treasures of Colombia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treasures_of_Colombia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treasures of Colombia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Magia_Salvaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombia Magia Salvaje">Colombia magia salvaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Monuments_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Monuments of Colombia">National monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_of_Colombia" title="Category:National parks of Colombia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Heritage_of_humanity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heritage of humanity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="25px_Bolívar" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_(Colombia).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Mompox" title="Santa Cruz de Mompox">Mompox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="National_heritage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National heritage</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/25px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/38px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/50px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puente_de_Occidente" title="Puente de Occidente">Puente de Occidente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg/25px-Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg/38px-Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg/50px-Flag_of_Atl%C3%A1ntico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Department" title="Atlántico Department">Atlántico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complejo_Cultural_de_la_Antigua_Aduana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana (page does not exist)">Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/25px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/38px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/50px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B3mulo_Rozo_Cultural_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rómulo Rozo Cultural Palace (page does not exist)">Estación de Chiquinquirá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Swamp_Lancers" title="Vargas Swamp Lancers">Vargas Swamp Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_de_Leyva" title="Villa de Leyva">Villa de Leyva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Caldas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/25px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/38px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/50px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Caldas_Department" title="Caldas Department">Caldas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palacio_de_la_Gobernaci%C3%B3n_de_Caldas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palacio de la Gobernación de Caldas (page does not exist)">Palacio de la Gobernación de Caldas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamina,_Caldas" title="Salamina, Caldas">Salamina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cauca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n" title="Popayán">Popayán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Bol%C3%ADvar,_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza Bolívar, Bogotá">Plaza Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Moneda_de_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa de Moneda de Colombia">Casa de Moneda de Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Sabana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estación de la Sabana (page does not exist)">Estación de la Sabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Museum,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Gold Museum, Bogotá">Museo del Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian National Museum">Museo Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_Church,_Bogot%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Francisco Church, Bogotá (page does not exist)">San Francisco Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Francisco Palace (page does not exist)">San Francisco Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Clara_Church,_Bogot%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Clara Church, Bogotá (page does not exist)">Santa Clara Church and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santamar%C3%ADa_Bullring" title="Santamaría Bullring">Santamaría Bullring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_de_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Teatro de Cristóbal Colón">Teatro Colón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Huila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/25px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/38px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/50px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Huila_Department" title="Huila Department">Huila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_Archaeological_Park" title="San Agustín Archaeological Park">San Agustín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/25px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/38px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/50px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department" title="Quindío Department">Quindío</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parque_del_Caf%C3%A9" title="Parque del Café">Parque del Café</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg/25px-Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg/38px-Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg/50px-Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Santander_Department" title="Santander Department">Santander</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Gir%C3%B3n" title="San Juan de Girón">San Juan de Girón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_religious_complex,_Cali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Francisco religious complex, Cali (page does not exist)">San Francisco Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Architectural,_artistic_and_archaeological_treasures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Architectural, artistic and archaeological treasures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/25px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/38px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/50px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Antioquia" title="Museum of Antioquia">Botero Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/25px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/38px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/50px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1quira" title="Ráquira">Ráquira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Caldas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/25px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/38px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/50px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Caldas_Department" title="Caldas Department">Caldas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Rosary,_Manizales" title="Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Rosary, Manizales">Manizales Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monserrate_Sanctuary" title="Monserrate Sanctuary">Monserrate Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_de_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Quinta de Bolívar">Quinta de Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Cathedral_of_Zipaquir%C3%A1" title="Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá">Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Magdalena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/25px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/38px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/50px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Perdida" title="Ciudad Perdida">Ciudad Perdida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_de_San_Pedro_Alejandrino" title="Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino">Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/38px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/50px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Lajas_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Lajas Shrine">Las Lajas Shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/25px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/38px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/50px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Department" title="Norte de Santander Department">Norte de Santander</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/25px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/38px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/50px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department" title="Quindío Department">Quindío</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Risaralda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/25px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/38px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/50px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Risaralda_Department" title="Risaralda Department">Risaralda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg/25px-Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg/38px-Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg/50px-Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Santander_Department" title="Santander Department">Santander</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barichara" title="Barichara">Barichara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tolima.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/25px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/38px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/50px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tolima_Department" title="Tolima Department">Tolima</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Ermita_Church,_Cali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Ermita Church, Cali (page does not exist)">La Ermita Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacienda_El_Para%C3%ADso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacienda El Paraíso (page does not exist)">Hacienda El Paraíso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Haciendas cafeteras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="National_natural_parks_and_treasures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National natural parks and treasures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Amazonas_(Colombia).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Amazonas_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amacayacu_National_Park" title="Amacayacu National Park">Amacayacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angostura_del_Caquet%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angostura del Caquetá (page does not exist)">Angostura del Caquetá</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araracuara_Canyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Araracuara Canyon (page does not exist)">Araracuara Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Chorrera,_Colombia" title="La Chorrera, Colombia">La Chorrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_River" title="Putumayo River">Putumayo River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raudal_de_Jirijirimo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raudal de Jirijirimo (page does not exist)">Raudal de Jirijirimo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/25px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/38px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg/50px-Flag_of_Antioquia_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Kat%C3%ADos_National_Park" title="Los Katíos National Park">Los Katíos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Guatap%C3%A9" title="El Peñón de Guatapé">Piedra del Peñol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Arauca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Arauca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Arauca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Arauca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Arauca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Arauca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Arauca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_del_Cocuy" title="Sierra Nevada del Cocuy">Sierra Nevada del Cocuy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_(Colombia).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28Colombia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosario_Islands" title="Rosario Islands">Rosario Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/25px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/38px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg/50px-Flag_of_Boyac%C3%A1_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Iguaque" title="Lake Iguaque">Lake Iguaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocet%C3%A1_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Ocetá Páramo">Páramo de Ocetá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_del_Cocuy" title="Sierra Nevada del Cocuy">Sierra Nevada del Cocuy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siscuins%C3%AD_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siscuinsí Lake (page does not exist)">Siscuinsí Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tota" title="Lake Tota">Lake Tota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Caldas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/25px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/38px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Caldas.svg/50px-Flag_of_Caldas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Caldas_Department" title="Caldas Department">Caldas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Nevados_National_Natural_Park" title="Los Nevados National Natural Park">Los Nevados</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg/25px-Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg/38px-Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg/50px-Flag_of_Caquet%C3%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="504" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Caquet%C3%A1_Department" title="Caquetá Department">Caquetá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angostura_del_Caquet%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angostura del Caquetá (page does not exist)">Angostura del Caquetá</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araracuara_Canyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Araracuara Canyon (page does not exist)">Araracuara Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1o_Paujil_(Caquet%C3%A1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caño Paujil (Caquetá)">Caño Paujil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiribiquete_National_Park" title="Chiribiquete National Park">Chiribiquete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_los_Gu%C3%A1charos" title="Cueva de los Guácharos">Claro River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirit%C3%AD_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirití River (page does not exist)">Mirití River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Casanare.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Casanare.svg/25px-Flag_of_Casanare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Casanare.svg/38px-Flag_of_Casanare.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Casanare.svg/50px-Flag_of_Casanare.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Casanare_Department" title="Casanare Department">Casanare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_del_Cocuy" title="Sierra Nevada del Cocuy">Sierra Nevada del Cocuy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cauca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Cauca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cauca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorgona_Island_(Colombia)" title="Gorgona Island (Colombia)">Gorgona Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purac%C3%A9_National_Natural_Park" title="Puracé National Natural Park">Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Huila" title="Nevado del Huila">Nevado del Huila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purac%C3%A9_National_Natural_Park" title="Puracé National Natural Park">Puracé Volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cesar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cesar.svg/25px-Flag_of_Cesar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cesar.svg/38px-Flag_of_Cesar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cesar.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cesar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg/25px-Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg/38px-Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg/50px-Flag_of_Choc%C3%B3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabo_Marzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabo Marzo (page does not exist)">Cabo Marzo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensenada_de_Utr%C3%ADa_National_Natural_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensenada de Utría National Natural Park (page does not exist)">Ensenada de Utría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Kat%C3%ADos_National_Park" title="Los Katíos National Park">Los Katíos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chingaza_National_Natural_Park" title="Chingaza National Natural Park">Chingaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Guatavita" title="Lake Guatavita">Lake Guatavita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suesca" title="Suesca">Rocas de Suesca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg/25px-Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg/38px-Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg/50px-Flag_of_Guain%C3%ADa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Department" title="Guainía Department">Guainía</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atabapo_River" title="Atabapo River">Atabapo River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerros_de_Mavecure" title="Cerros de Mavecure">Cerros de Mavecure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg/25px-Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg/38px-Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg/50px-Flag_of_La_Guajira.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Department" title="La Guajira Department">La Guajira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guajira_Peninsula" title="Guajira Peninsula">Alta Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_la_Vela" title="Cabo de la Vela">Cabo de la Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Flamencos_Sanctuary" title="Los Flamencos Sanctuary">Los Flamencos Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaure,_La_Guajira" title="Manaure, La Guajira">Salinas de Manaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guaviare.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Guaviare.svg/25px-Flag_of_Guaviare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Guaviare.svg/38px-Flag_of_Guaviare.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Guaviare.svg/50px-Flag_of_Guaviare.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerro_Pintado,_Guaviare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerro Pintado, Guaviare (page does not exist)">Cerro Pintado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiribiquete_National_Park" title="Chiribiquete National Park">Chiribiquete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciudades_de_Piedra_del_Guaviare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciudades de Piedra del Guaviare (page does not exist)">Ciudades de Piedra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=In%C3%ADrida_River_Raudales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inírida River Raudales (page does not exist)">Inírida River Raudales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Huila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/25px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/38px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Huila.svg/50px-Flag_of_Huila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Huila_Department" title="Huila Department">Huila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_los_Gu%C3%A1charos" title="Cueva de los Guácharos">Claro River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estrecho_del_Magdalena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estrecho del Magdalena (page does not exist)">Estrecho del Magdalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purac%C3%A9_National_Natural_Park" title="Puracé National Natural Park">Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Huila" title="Nevado del Huila">Nevado del Huila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatacoa_Desert" title="Tatacoa Desert">Tatacoa Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Magdalena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/25px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/38px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Magdalena.svg/50px-Flag_of_Magdalena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9naga_Grande_de_Santa_Marta" title="Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta">Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Meta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Meta.svg/25px-Flag_of_Meta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Meta.svg/38px-Flag_of_Meta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Meta.svg/50px-Flag_of_Meta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1o_Cristales" title="Caño Cristales">Caño Cristales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingaza_National_Natural_Park" title="Chingaza National Natural Park">Chingaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/38px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg/50px-Flag_of_Nari%C3%B1o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbal_Volcano" title="Cumbal Volcano">Cumbal Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeras" title="Galeras">Galeras Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_la_Cocha" title="Laguna de la Cocha">Laguna de la Cocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azufral" title="Azufral">Laguna Verde del Azufral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_River" title="Putumayo River">Putumayo River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanquianga_National_Natural_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanquianga National Natural Park (page does not exist)">Sanquianga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/25px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/38px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg/50px-Flag_of_Norte_de_Santander.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Department" title="Norte de Santander Department">Norte de Santander</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Estoraques_Unique_Natural_Area" title="Los Estoraques Unique Natural Area">Los Estoraques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Putumayo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Putumayo.svg/25px-Flag_of_Putumayo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Putumayo.svg/38px-Flag_of_Putumayo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Putumayo.svg/50px-Flag_of_Putumayo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascada_del_Indio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cascada del Indio (page does not exist)">Cascada del Indio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Paya_National_Natural_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Paya National Natural Park (page does not exist)">La Paya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_River" title="Putumayo River">Putumayo River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/25px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/38px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg/50px-Flag_of_Quind%C3%ADo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department" title="Quindío Department">Quindío</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocora_Valley" title="Cocora Valley">Cocora Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Nevados_National_Natural_Park" title="Los Nevados National Natural Park">Los Nevados</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Risaralda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/25px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/38px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Risaralda.svg/50px-Flag_of_Risaralda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Risaralda_Department" title="Risaralda Department">Risaralda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Nevados_National_Natural_Park" title="Los Nevados National Natural Park">Los Nevados</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg/25px-Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg/38px-Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg/50px-Flag_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés y Providencia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providencia_Island,_Colombia" title="Providencia Island, Colombia">Providencia Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg/25px-Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg/38px-Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg/50px-Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Santander_Department" title="Santander Department">Santander</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicamocha_Canyon" title="Chicamocha Canyon">Chicamocha Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Gallineral_Natural_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Gallineral Natural Park (page does not exist)">El Gallineral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tolima.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/25px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/38px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Tolima.svg/50px-Flag_of_Tolima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tolima_Department" title="Tolima Department">Tolima</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Bravo" title="Cerro Bravo">Cerro Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Huila" title="Nevado del Huila">Nevado del Huila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Nevados_National_Natural_Park" title="Los Nevados National Natural Park">Los Nevados</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Valle_del_Cauca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farallones_de_Cali" title="Farallones de Cali">Farallones de Cali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpelo_Island" title="Malpelo Island">Malpelo Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg/25px-Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg/38px-Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg/50px-Flag_of_Vaup%C3%A9s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apaporis_River_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apaporis River Tunnel (page does not exist)">Apaporis River Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raudal_de_Jirijirimo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raudal de Jirijirimo (page does not exist)">Raudal de Jirijirimo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raudal_de_Yurupar%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raudal de Yuruparí (page does not exist)">Raudal de Yuruparí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em;white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vichada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Vichada.svg/25px-Flag_of_Vichada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Vichada.svg/38px-Flag_of_Vichada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Vichada.svg/50px-Flag_of_Vichada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Tuparro_National_Natural_Park" title="El Tuparro National Natural Park">El Tuparro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <cite id="CITEREFWills2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wills, Fernando; et al. (2001). <i>Nuestro patrimonio – 100 tesoros de Colombia</i> [<i>Our heritage – 100 treasures of Colombia</i>] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)" title="El Tiempo (Colombia)">El Tiempo</a>. pp. 1–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/958-8089-16-6" title="Special:BookSources/958-8089-16-6"><bdi>958-8089-16-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuestro+patrimonio+%E2%80%93+100+tesoros+de+Colombia&rft.pages=1-311&rft.pub=El+Tiempo&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=958-8089-16-6&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartagena%2C+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_/_Hispanic_Colonial_architecture_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Template:Spanish Colonial architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Template talk:Spanish Colonial architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Colonial architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_/_Hispanic_Colonial_architecture_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish / Hispanic Colonial architecture</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable historic centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a,_Guam" title="Hagåtña, Guam">Agaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Albuquerque" title="Old Town Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Cienfuegos" title="Historic Centre of Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Coro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ana de Coro">Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_(city)" title="Guanajuato (city)">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Havana" title="Old Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloílo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles_Historical_Monument" title="El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument">Los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Lima" title="Historic Centre of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City" title="Historic center of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Mompox" title="Santa Cruz de Mompox">Mompox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square_(New_Orleans)" title="Jackson Square (New Orleans)">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Viejo" title="Panamá Viejo">Old Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casco_Viejo,_Panama" title="Casco Viejo, Panama">Panamá City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n" title="Popayán">Popayán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito#Historic_center" title="Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Plaza_Historic_District" title="Alamo Plaza Historic District">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_San_Diego" title="Old Town, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Pampanga" title="San Fernando, Pampanga">San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission San Francisco de Asís">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_(city)" title="San Luis Potosí (city)">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Armas_(Santiago)" title="Plaza de Armas (Santiago)">Santiago de Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Colonial_(Santo_Domingo)" title="Ciudad Colonial (Santo Domingo)">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal,_Batangas" title="Taal, Batangas">Taal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayabas" title="Tayabas">Tayabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Trujillo" title="Historic Centre of Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spanish missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Spanish missions">List of Spanish missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_the_Americas#Colonial_era" title="List of oldest buildings in the Americas">Oldest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cathedrals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Argentina" title="List of cathedrals in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Bolivia" title="List of cathedrals in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Chile" title="List of cathedrals in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Colombia" title="List of cathedrals in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of cathedrals in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Cuba" title="List of cathedrals in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of cathedrals in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Ecuador" title="List of cathedrals in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_States#Guam" title="List of cathedrals in the United States">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Guatemala" title="List of cathedrals in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Honduras" title="List of cathedrals in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Mexico" title="List of cathedrals in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Nicaragua" title="List of cathedrals in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Panama" title="List of cathedrals in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Paraguay" title="List of cathedrals in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Peru" title="List of cathedrals in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cathedrals in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_States#Puerto_Rico" title="List of cathedrals in the United States">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_States#Arizona" title="List of cathedrals in the United States">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_States#California" title="List of cathedrals in the United States">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_States#Florida" title="List of cathedrals in the United States">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_States#Louisiana" title="List of cathedrals in the United States">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_States#Texas" title="List of cathedrals in the United States">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Uruguay" title="List of cathedrals in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Venezuela" title="List of cathedrals in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches and monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Churches_of_the_Philippines" title="Baroque Churches of the Philippines">Baroque Churches of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Bohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic churches in Bohol">Bohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Chilo%C3%A9" title="Churches of Chiloé">Chiloé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant_monasteries_in_Mexico" title="Mendicant monasteries in Mexico">Mendicant monasteries in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasteries_on_the_slopes_of_Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl">Popocatépetl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_on_the_Caribbean_Side_of_Panama:_Portobelo-San_Lorenzo" title="Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo">Caribbean coast of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_colonial_Chile" title="Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile">Coasts of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_fortifications_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_colonial_Santo_Domingo" title="List of forts in colonial Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges and roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_bridges_in_Tayabas" title="Spanish colonial bridges in Tayabas">Tayabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other building types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alh%C3%B3ndiga_(building)" title="Alhóndiga (building)">Alhóndiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">Bahay na bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconies_of_Lima" title="Balconies of Lima">Balconies of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullring" title="Bullring">Bullring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">Hacienda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haciendas_in_the_Valley_of_Ameca" title="Haciendas in the Valley of Ameca">Haciendas in the Valley of Ameca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza">Plaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecture" title="Spanish Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">Churrigueresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spanish_Baroque" title="New Spanish Baroque">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilotan_architecture" title="Chilotan architecture">Chilotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Colonial_architecture" title="Monterey Colonial architecture">Monterey Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Style" title="Territorial Style">Territorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Revival styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque#California_Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">California Churrigueresque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_Festivals_in_Latin_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_American_film_festivals" title="Template:Latin American film festivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_American_film_festivals" title="Template talk:Latin American film festivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_American_film_festivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin American film festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_Festivals_in_Latin_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Film Festivals in Latin America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar del Plata Film Festival">Mar del Plata Film Festival</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Film_Festival" title="Cartagena Film Festival">Cartagena Film Festival</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_de_Gramado" title="Festival de Gramado">Festival de Gramado</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_Paulo_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Paulo International Film Festival">Sao Paulo International Film Festival</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Film_Festival" title="Havana Film Festival">Havana Film Festival</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Film_Festival" title="Guadalajara International Film Festival">Guadalajara International Film Festival</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expresi%C3%B3n_en_Corto_International_Film_Festival" title="Expresión en Corto International Film Festival">Expresión en Corto International Film Festival</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_International_Festival_of_Independent_Cinema" title="Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema">Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FICCO" title="FICCO">Mexico City International Contemporary Film Festival</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Template:Central American and Caribbean Games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Template talk:Central American and Caribbean Games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central American and Caribbean Games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Central American and Caribbean Games">Central American and Caribbean Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central American and Caribbean Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1926_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1926 Central American and Caribbean Games">1926 Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1930 Central American and Caribbean Games">1930 Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1935 Central American and Caribbean Games">1935 San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1938 Central American and Caribbean Games">1938 Panama City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1946 Central American and Caribbean Games">1946 Barranquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1950 Central American and Caribbean Games">1950 Guatemala City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1954 Central American and Caribbean Games">1954 Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1959 Central American and Caribbean Games">1959 Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1962 Central American and Caribbean Games">1962 Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1966 Central American and Caribbean Games">1966 San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1970 Central American and Caribbean Games">1970 Panama City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1974 Central American and Caribbean Games">1974 Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1978 Central American and Caribbean Games">1978 Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1982 Central American and Caribbean Games">1982 Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1986 Central American and Caribbean Games">1986 Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1990 Central American and Caribbean Games">1990 Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1993 Central American and Caribbean Games">1993 Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1998 Central American and Caribbean Games">1998 Maracaibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="2002 Central American and Caribbean Games">2002 San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="2006 Central American and Caribbean Games">2006 Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="2010 Central American and Caribbean Games">2010 Mayagüez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="2014 Central American and Caribbean Games">2014 Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="2018 Central American and Caribbean Games">2018 Baranquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="2023 Central American and Caribbean Games">2023 San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="2026 Central American and Caribbean Games"><i>2026 Santo Domingo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2030_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2030 Central American and Caribbean Games (page does not exist)"><i>2030 TBD</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central American and Caribbean Beach Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Beach_Games" title="2022 Central American and Caribbean Beach Games">2022 Santa Marta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Beach_Games" title="2025 Central American and Caribbean Beach Games">2025 Puntarenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central American and Caribbean Junior Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2024_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Junior_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2024 Central American and Caribbean Junior Games (page does not exist)"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657461#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657461#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657461#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238517527">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207341/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvmQBXcCWhJ4qTFMhPhHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085163-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80001337">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12082848s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12082848s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cartagena (Kolumbie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128906&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451301">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557355905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059735534106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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