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id="toc-Attempted_Spanish_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_Spanish_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Attempted Spanish settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_Spanish_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_contact_and_recognition_of_the_Mosquito_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_contact_and_recognition_of_the_Mosquito_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>British contact and recognition of the Mosquito Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_contact_and_recognition_of_the_Mosquito_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_British_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_British_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Early British alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_British_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_the_Mosquitos_Zambos_(Miskito_Sambu)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_the_Mosquitos_Zambos_(Miskito_Sambu)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Emergence of the Mosquitos Zambos (Miskito Sambu)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_the_Mosquitos_Zambos_(Miskito_Sambu)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociopolitical_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociopolitical_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Sociopolitical system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociopolitical_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>British settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_evacuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_evacuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>British evacuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_evacuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_interlude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_interlude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Spanish interlude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_interlude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_reorganization_and_Spanish_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_reorganization_and_Spanish_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Government reorganization and Spanish settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_reorganization_and_Spanish_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miskito_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miskito_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Miskito revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miskito_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_British_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_British_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Renewed British presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_British_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Economic expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_British_protectorate_and_American_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_British_protectorate_and_American_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Second British protectorate and American opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_British_protectorate_and_American_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Moravian_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_Moravian_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Arrival of the Moravian Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Moravian_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Managua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Managua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Treaty of Managua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Managua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annexation_to_Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_to_Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Annexation to Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_to_Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miskito_under_Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miskito_under_Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Miskito under Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miskito_under_Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miskito_separatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miskito_separatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Miskito separatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miskito_separatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miskito_Kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miskito_Kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Miskito Kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miskito_Kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhabitants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Inhabitants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Internet resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Printed sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosquito Coast</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Маскітавы бераг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маскітавы бераг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitia" title="Mosquitia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mosquitia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_de_Mosquitos" title="Costa de Mosquitos – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Costa de Mosquitos" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pob%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD_Moskyt%C5%AF" title="Pobřeží Moskytů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pobřeží Moskytů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskitok%C3%BCste" title="Miskitoküste – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miskitoküste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_de_Mosquitos" title="Costa de Mosquitos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Costa de Mosquitos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskita_Marbordo" title="Miskita Marbordo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miskita Marbordo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskitoen_kosta" title="Miskitoen kosta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miskitoen kosta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_des_Mosquitos" title="Côte des Mosquitos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Côte des Mosquitos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4%ED%86%A0_%ED%95%B4%EC%95%88" title="모스키토 해안 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모스키토 해안" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obala_komaraca" title="Obala komaraca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obala komaraca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesisir_Miskito" title="Pesisir Miskito – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesisir Miskito" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B3%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Москитон былгæрон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Москитон былгæрон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_dei_Mosquito" title="Costa dei Mosquito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costa dei Mosquito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="მოსკიტების სანაპირო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოსკიტების სანაპირო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskit%C5%B3_Krantas" title="Moskitų Krantas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moskitų Krantas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moszkit%C3%B3-part" title="Moszkitó-part – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moszkitó-part" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskitokust" title="Miskitokust – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Miskitokust" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8" title="モスキート海岸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モスキート海岸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitokysten" title="Mosquitokysten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mosquitokysten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybrze%C5%BCe_Moskit%C3%B3w" title="Wybrzeże Moskitów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybrzeże Moskitów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_dos_Mosquitos" title="Costa dos Mosquitos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Costa dos Mosquitos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Москитовый берег – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Москитовый берег" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Обала комараца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обала комараца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obala_komaraca" title="Obala komaraca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obala komaraca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskiittorannikko" title="Moskiittorannikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moskiittorannikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitokusten" title="Mosquitokusten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mosquitokusten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskito_Sahili" title="Miskito Sahili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Miskito Sahili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Москітовий берег – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosquito_Coast&params=13.379_N_83.584_W_dim:500000_region:NI"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°22′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°35′02″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.379°N 83.584°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.379; -83.584</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coastline in Central America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Central American area. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mosquito Coast (disambiguation)">Mosquito Coast (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mosquito Coast</div><div class="ib-country-names">Miskitu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Early 17th century–1894</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mosquito Nation"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mosquito Nation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1845" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquito_Coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Mosquito Nation"><img alt="Location of Mosquito Nation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mosquito_Coast.jpg/250px-Mosquito_Coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mosquito_Coast.jpg/375px-Mosquito_Coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mosquito_Coast.jpg/500px-Mosquito_Coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>English and <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> <small>(1638–1787, 1844–1860)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colony">Spanish colony</a> <small>(1787–1800, de jure 1816–1819)</small></li> <li>Territory of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">New Granada</a> <small>(1810–1816, 1819–1844)</small></li> <li>Autonomous territory of Nicaragua <small>(1860–1894)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Sandy Bay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a> <small>(after 1787)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a></li> <li>English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayangna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayangna language">Mayangna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coast_Creole" title="Miskito Coast Creole">Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">King</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 1650–1687 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oldman_(king)" title="Oldman (king)">Oldman</a> <small>(first known)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1842–1860 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Frederic_II" title="George Augustus Frederic II">George Augustus Frederic II</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hereditary Chief</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1860–1865 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Frederic_II" title="George Augustus Frederic II">George Augustus Frederic II</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1890–1894 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Clarence" title="Robert Henry Clarence">Robert Henry Clarence</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Early 17th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1894</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mosquito Coast</b> (also known as the <b>Mosquitia</b> or <b>Mosquito Shore</b>) is an area along the eastern coast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. It was named after the local <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito Nation</a> and was long dominated by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> interests and known as the <b>Mosquito Kingdom</b>. From 1860 suzerainty of the area was transferred to Nicaragua with the name <b>Mosquito Reserve</b>, and in November 1894 the Mosquito Coast was militarily incorporated into Nicaragua. However, in 1960, the northern part was granted to Honduras by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mosquito Coast was generally defined as the domain of the Miskito Kingdom and expanded or contracted with that domain. During the 19th century, the question of the kingdom's borders was a serious issue of international diplomacy between Britain, the United States, Nicaragua, and Honduras. Conflicting claims regarding both the kingdom's extent and arguable nonexistence were pursued in diplomatic exchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British and Miskitu definition applied to the whole eastern seaboard of Nicaragua and even to <a href="/wiki/La_Mosquitia_(Honduras)" title="La Mosquitia (Honduras)">La Mosquitia</a> in Honduras: i.e., the coast region as far west as the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Negro_(Honduras/Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Negro (Honduras/Nicaragua)">Río Negro</a> or Tinto. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, the area was divided into a large number of small, egalitarian groups, possibly speaking languages related to <a href="/wiki/Sumu_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumu (people)">Sumu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paya_language" title="Paya language">Paya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a> visited the coast briefly in his fourth voyage. Detailed Spanish accounts of the region, however, only relate to the late 16th and early 17th centuries. According to their understanding of the geography, the region was divided between two "Provinces" <a href="/wiki/Taguzgalpa" title="Taguzgalpa">Taguzgalpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tologalpa" title="Tologalpa">Tologalpa</a>. Lists of "nations" left by Spanish missionaries include as many as 30 names, though careful analysis of them by Karl Offen suggests that many were duplicated and the regional geography included about a half dozen entities speaking related but distinct dialects occupying the various river basins of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_Spanish_settlement">Attempted Spanish settlement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua#Fringes_of_empire:_Eastern_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Spanish conquest of Nicaragua § Fringes of empire: Eastern Nicaragua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras#Province_of_Taguzgalpa" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Spanish conquest of Honduras § Province of Taguzgalpa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png/330px-Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png/495px-Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png/660px-Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Political map of the Caribbean around 1600.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 16th century, Spanish authorities issued various licenses to conquer Taguzgalpa and Tologalpa in 1545, 1562, 1577, and 1594, but no evidence suggests that any of these licenses resulted in even brief settlements or conquests. The Spanish were unable to conquer this region during the 16th century and in the 17th century sought to "<a href="/wiki/Indian_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reductions">reduce</a>" the region through missionary efforts. These included several attempts by <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a> between 1604 and 1612; another one led by Fray <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Salas" title="Cristóbal Martínez de Salas">Cristóbal Martinez</a> in 1622, and a third one between 1667 and 1675. None of these efforts resulted in any lasting success.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the Spanish failed to have significant influence in the region, it remained independent of outside control. This allowed the native people to continue their traditional way of life and to receive visitors from other regions. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> who preyed on Spanish ships soon found refuge in the Mosquito Coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_contact_and_recognition_of_the_Mosquito_Kingdom">British contact and recognition of the Mosquito Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043282317"><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mosquito Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1638–1787</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Flag</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a> (1745–1787)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1638–1707)</span></li> <li>Protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707–1787)</span></li></ul> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> under local rule<span style="font-size:85%;">(1638–1707)</span> </p> <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> under local rule<span style="font-size:85%;">(1707–1787)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Sandy Bay<br /><small>(King's residence)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a></li> <li>English</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 1650–1687 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oldman_(king)" title="Oldman (king)">Oldman</a><br /><small>(first known)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1776–1801 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_Frederic" title="George II Frederic">George II Frederic</a><br /><small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superintendent of the Shore</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1749–1759<sup id="cite_ref-discovery.ucl.ac.uk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovery.ucl.ac.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Hodgson, Sr. <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1775–1787 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">James Lawrie <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1630</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• British ally </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1638</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">British protectorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1740</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1786)" title="Convention of London (1786)">Convention of London</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1786</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• British evacuation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1787</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the earliest accounts do not mention it, a political entity of uncertain organization, but probably not very stratified, which the English called the "Mosquito Kingdom" was present on the coast in the early seventeenth century. One of the kings of this polity visited England around 1638 at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a> and sealed an alliance. </p><p>In subsequent years, the kingdom stood strongly against any Spanish incursions and was prepared to offer rest and asylum to any anti-Spanish groups that might come to their shores. At the very least English and French privateers and pirates did visit there, taking in water and food. A detailed account of the kingdom written by a buccaneer known only as M. W. describes its organization as being fundamentally egalitarian, with the king and some officials (usually called "Captains" in that period but later being more elaborate) being primarily military leaders, but only in time of war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_British_alliance">Early British alliance</h4></div> <p>The first British contacts with the Mosquito region started around 1630, when the agents of the English chartered <a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a>—of which the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rich,_2nd_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a> was chairman and <a href="/wiki/John_Pym" title="John Pym">John Pym</a> treasurer—occupied two small <a href="/wiki/Cay" title="Cay">cays</a> and established friendly relations with the local inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a>, the company's main base and settlement, entered into regular correspondence with the coast during the decade of company occupation, 1631–1641.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Providence Island Company sponsored the Miskito's "King's Son" visit to England during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> (1625–1649). When his father died, this son returned home and placed his country under English protection.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the capture of Providence Island by Spain in 1641, England did not possess a base close to the coast. However, shortly after the English captured <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in 1655, they recommenced relations with the coast, and <a href="/wiki/Oldman_(king)" title="Oldman (king)">Oldman</a> went to visit England. According to the testimony of his son Jeremy, taken around 1699, he was received in audience by "his brother king", <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and was given a "lac'd hat" and a commission "to kindly use and relieve such straggling Englishmen as should chance to come that way".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence_of_the_Mosquitos_Zambos_(Miskito_Sambu)"><span id="Emergence_of_the_Mosquitos_Zambos_.28Miskito_Sambu.29"></span>Emergence of the Mosquitos Zambos (Miskito Sambu)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Gracias_a_Dios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cape_Gracias_a_Dios.jpg/260px-Cape_Gracias_a_Dios.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cape_Gracias_a_Dios.jpg/390px-Cape_Gracias_a_Dios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cape_Gracias_a_Dios.jpg/520px-Cape_Gracias_a_Dios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The Wanks or Coco river, in the northern limit of the Mosquito Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>While accounts vary, the <a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a> appear to be descended from the survivors of a shipwrecked slave ship who reached this area in the mid-seventeenth century. These survivors intermarried with the local Miskito people, thereby creating a mixed-race group. They gradually adopted the language and much of the culture of their hosts. The Miskito Sambu settled near the <a href="/wiki/Coco_River" title="Coco River">Wanks (Coco) River</a>. By the late 17th century, their leader held the office of general with jurisdiction over the northern portions of the Mosquito Kingdom. In the early eighteenth century, they managed to take over the office of King, which they held for at least the rest of the century. </p><p>In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Miskitos Zambos began a series of raids that attacked Spanish-held territories and still independent indigenous groups in the area. Miskito raiders reached as far north as the Yucatán, and as far south as Costa Rica. They sold many of the captives they took as slaves to English or other British merchants; the slaves were transported to Jamaica to work on sugar plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through such raiding, the Zambo gained a more dominant position and the king's domain was inhabited primarily by Zambos. They also assisted the government of Jamaica in hunting down <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroons</a> in the 1720s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sociopolitical_system">Sociopolitical system</h4></div> <p>Although English accounts referred to the area as a "kingdom", it was relatively loosely organized. A description of the kingdom written in 1699, notes that it occupied discontinuous areas along the coast. It probably did not include a number of settlements of English traders.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although English accounts refer as well to various noble titles, Miskito social structure does not appear to have been particularly stratified. The 1699 description noted that people holding titles such as "king" and "governor" were only empowered as war leaders, and did not have the last word in judicial disputes. Otherwise, the author saw the population as living in an egalitarian state.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>M. W. mentioned titled officers in his account of 1699, but later sources define these superior offices to include the king, a <a href="/wiki/Miskito_Governor" title="Miskito Governor">governor</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Miskito_General" title="Miskito General">general</a>. In the early 18th century, the Miskito kingdom became organized into four distinct clusters of population, centered on the banks of the navigable rivers. They were integrated into a single if loosely structured political entity. The northern portions were dominated by Sambus and the southern ones by Tawira Miskitos.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king, whose domain lay from the Wanks River south to the Rio <a href="/wiki/Kukalaya_Lagoon_Natural_Reserve" title="Kukalaya Lagoon Natural Reserve">Kukalaya</a>, including the king's residence near Sandy Bay, was a Sambu, as was the general, who ruled the northern portions of the kingdom, from the <a href="/wiki/Wanks_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanks River">Wanks River</a> to nearly Trujillo. The Governor, who was a <a href="/wiki/Tawira_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawira language">Tawira</a>, controlled the southern regions, from the Cucalaya River to <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Lagoon" title="Pearl Lagoon">Pearl Key Lagoon</a>. In the later 18th century (post 1766), another title, <a href="/wiki/Miskito_Admiral" title="Miskito Admiral">Admiral</a>, was recorded; this man was also a Tawira, controlling a region on the extreme south from Pearl Key Lagoon down to around <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_settlement">British settlement</h4></div> <p>The Miskito king <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_(Moskito)" title="Edward I (Moskito)">Edward I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> concluded a formal <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">Treaty of Friendship and Alliance</a> in 1740, and Robert Hodgson, Senior was appointed as Superintendent of the Shore.<sup id="cite_ref-Troy68_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troy68-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of the treaty includes what amounts to a surrender of sovereignty, and is often taken by historians as an indication that a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> was established over the Mosquito Kingdom. </p><p>Britain's primary motive and the most immediate result of the treaty was to secure an alliance between the Miskito and British for the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>, and the Miskito and British cooperated in attacks on Spanish settlements during the war. The most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Matina" title="Raid on Matina">Raid on Matina</a> in August by 1747 – the main fort (Fuerte de San Fernando de Matina) was captured and the <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cacao</a> rich area was subsequently ravaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Troy83_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troy83-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This military cooperation would prove important as Miskito forces were vital to protecting not only British interests in the Mosquito Kingdom but also for British holdings in <a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>). </p><p>A more lasting result of this formal relation was that Edward I and other Miskito rulers who followed him allowed the British to establish settlements and plantations within his realm, and issued the first land grants to this effect in 1742. British settlement concentrated especially in the Black River area, Cape Gracias a Dios, and <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a>. The British plantation owners used their estates to grow some export crops and as bases for the exploitation of timber resources, especially mahogany. Most of the labor on the estates was supplied by African slaves and by indigenous slaves captured in Miskito and British raids into Spanish territory. By 1786, there were several hundred British residents on the shore and several thousand slaves, mostly African. </p><p>The Miskito kings received regular gifts from the British in the form of weapons and consumer goods, and provided security against slave revolts and capturing runaways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_evacuation">British evacuation</h4></div> <p>Spain, which claimed the territory, suffered considerably from the Miskito attacks which continued during peacetime. When the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> broke out, Spanish forces attempted to eliminate the British presence, seizing the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(settlement)" title="Black River (settlement)">settlement at Black River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roat%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Roatán">driving British settlers</a> from the isle of <a href="/wiki/Roat%C3%A1n" title="Roatán">Roatán</a>; however, this ultimately failed when armed settlers led by the Anglo-Irish soldier <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Edward Despard</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Black_River" title="Battle of the Black River">retook the settlements</a>. </p><p>Although Spain had been unable to drive the British from the coast or occupy any position, in the course of the diplomatic negotiations following the war, Britain found itself making concessions to Spain. In the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1786)" title="Convention of London (1786)">1786 Convention of London</a>, Britain agreed to evacuate British settlers and their slaves from the Mosquito Coast to their as yet informal colony in what was to become British Honduras; later treaties recognized Britain's commercial, but never territorial rights in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the settlers and their slaves remained after they swore loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-García_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_interlude">Spanish interlude</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_reorganization_and_Spanish_settlement">Government reorganization and Spanish settlement</h4></div> <p>The Mosquito Coast was initially annexed (or from the Spanish point of view, re-annexed) to the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a>. Since the beginning, however, poor land communication with <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> made easier for the Miskito elites to sail to <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a> and swear fealty to Spain before the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of New Granada">Viceroy of New Granada</a> instead. Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gil_de_Taboada" title="Francisco Gil de Taboada">Francisco Gil de Taboada</a> even suggested that government over the Mosquito Coast should be transferred to <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana, Cuba">Havana, Cuba</a>, mirroring the long-standing relation that the Mosquito Kingdom had earlier with <a href="/wiki/British_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="British Jamaica">British Jamaica</a>, but this idea was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Crown">Spanish Crown</a>. Guatemala protested the perceived unruliness of the Spanish appointed governor at <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a>, who was none other but a former British Superintendent of the Mosquito Coast who had sworn recent fealty to Spain, Robert Hodgson Jr., but his loyalty and good work were defended by the New Granadan Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_de_Ezpeleta" class="mw-redirect" title="José Manuel de Ezpeleta">José Manuel de Ezpeleta</a>, who succeeded Taboada in 1789 and considered that Hodgson's influence among the Miskito was vital to avoid a revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Cap._XII_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cap._XII-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hodgson Jr. was the son of Robert Hodgson Sr., the first British appointed Superintendent in 1749–1759, and he had occupied himself this post from 1767 to 1775, when his political enemies persuaded <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Germain">Lord George Germain</a> to replace him with James Lawrie, the last British Superintendent before the evacuation and a declared adversary of Hodgson.<sup id="cite_ref-discovery.ucl.ac.uk_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovery.ucl.ac.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish hoped to win over support of the Miskito elite by offering presents like the British had and educating their youth in Guatemala, as many Miskito had been educated previously in Jamaica. <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> also travelled to the Coast with the aim of converting the native population in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Cap._XII_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cap._XII-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acceptance of the new order was unequal and often influenced by the underlying tensions within the own Miskito elites, divided between the northern regions controlled by the Sambu, loyal to King <a href="/wiki/George_II_Frederic" title="George II Frederic">George II Frederic</a> who remained himself friendly to the British, and the Tawira southerners aligned with Admiral Briton, who developed closer ties with Spain and adopted the name <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a> Carlos Antonio Castilla after his own conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Cap._XII_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cap._XII-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish also sought to occupy the positions formerly held by British settlers with their own colonists. Beginning in 1787, around 1,200 settlers were brought in from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>. They settled in Sandy Bay, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Gracias_a_Dios" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Gracias a Dios">Cape Gracias a Dios</a> and Black River, but not in the new capital Bluefields.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miskito_revolt">Miskito revolt</h4></div> <p>The new colony suffered setbacks as a result of many of the settlers dying en route and the Miskito Crown showing its dissatisfaction with the gifts offered by the Spanish. The Miskito resumed trade with Jamaica and, when news of another <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> arrived in 1797, George II raised an army to attack Bluefields, deposing Hodgson, and drove the Spanish out of the kingdom on September 4, 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the king died suddenly in 1801. According to British George Henderson, who visited the Mosquito Coast in 1804, many in the kingdom believed that George II had been poisoned by his brother Stephen as part of a deal with the Spanish. In order to prevent Stephen from seizing power for himself, General Robinson spirited George II's young heir <a href="/wiki/George_Frederic_Augustus_I" title="George Frederic Augustus I">George Frederic Augustus I</a> to Jamaica by way of <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> and established a regency in his name.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Spanish power over the Mosquito Coast vanished and British influence rapidly returning, the Captaincy General of Guatemala sought full control of the shore from Spain. The Colombian Ricardo S. Pereira, writing in 1883, considered this act a miscalculation on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Real Audiencia of Guatemala</a>, and if they had simply raised an army and marched on the Mosquito Coast, nobody would have questioned that the area was part of the Captaincy General once Spanish power was fully restored. Instead, the Spanish government heeded the old advice espoused by Gil de Taboada and Ezpeleta, and decided against Guatemala's request on November 30, 1803, reaffirming the control of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina</a> (used by New Granadan coast guards as a base against British privateers, often coming from the Mosquito Coast itself), and transferring sovereignty of the Mosquito Coast over to New Granada and considering the area a dependency of San Andrés. While Spanish rule was never restored over the Mosquito Coast (instead, the British occupied the Archipelago itself in 1806 during the course of the war against Spain), the Royal Decree of 1803 became the reason for territorial disputes between the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of Central America">United Provinces of Central America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> after <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Latin American independence</a>, and between Nicaragua and Colombia for the rest of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime George II's brother Stephen made some overtures to Spain, who reciprocated by calling Stephen king and giving him the traditional gifts (albeit less frequently than to George II),<sup id="cite_ref-García_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he later changed allegiances and raided Spanish held territory. In 1815, Stephen, styling himself "King Regent [...] of the Shore", and 33 other Miskito notables gave their "consent, assent, and declaration to, for, and of" George Frederic Augustus I as their "Sovereign King".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His coronation in Belize on January 16, 1816,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a deliberate move to secure British support, marked the end of the regency. Meanwhile, Spain lost rule over New Granada in 1819 and over Central America in 1821, when the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> was proclaimed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_British_presence">Renewed British presence</h3></div> <p>As internecine conflicts seized both Gran Colombia and Central America post-independence, the potential of any regional power to threaten the Miskito kingdom declined. Miskito Kings renewed their alliance with Great Britain, which in 1801 had merged with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, and Belize replaced Jamaica as the principal British connection to the kingdom. George Frederic Augustus I's 1816 coronation in Belize was imitated by his successor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Frederic" title="Robert Charles Frederic">Robert Charles Frederic</a> in 1845. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_expansion">Economic expansion</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Port_of_Black_River_in_the_Territory_of_Poyais.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_of_the_Port_of_Black_River_in_the_Territory_of_Poyais.png/220px-View_of_the_Port_of_Black_River_in_the_Territory_of_Poyais.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_of_the_Port_of_Black_River_in_the_Territory_of_Poyais.png/330px-View_of_the_Port_of_Black_River_in_the_Territory_of_Poyais.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_of_the_Port_of_Black_River_in_the_Territory_of_Poyais.png/440px-View_of_the_Port_of_Black_River_in_the_Territory_of_Poyais.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>A panoramic view of Black River in the (fictional) Territory of Poyais</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Wellington_on_the_Black_River,_mid_1840s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fort_Wellington_on_the_Black_River%2C_mid_1840s.jpg/220px-Fort_Wellington_on_the_Black_River%2C_mid_1840s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fort_Wellington_on_the_Black_River%2C_mid_1840s.jpg/330px-Fort_Wellington_on_the_Black_River%2C_mid_1840s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fort_Wellington_on_the_Black_River%2C_mid_1840s.jpg/440px-Fort_Wellington_on_the_Black_River%2C_mid_1840s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Fort Wellington on the Black River (Engraving showing Fort Wellington (Poyais) on the Black River, Mosquito Coast, mid 1840s.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Miskito kings allowed the settlement of foreigners in their lands as long as their sovereignty was respected, opportunity that was seized by British merchants and <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras" title="Trujillo, Honduras">Trujillo, Honduras</a>. Between 1820 and 1837 the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Con_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Con man">con man</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregor_MacGregor" title="Gregor MacGregor">Gregor MacGregor</a> pretended to have been named "<a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">Cacique</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poyais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poyais">Poyais</a>" by George Frederic Augustus I and sold forged land rights to eager settlers and investors in Britain and France. Most settlers suffered from the lack of infrastructure and died from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical diseases">tropical diseases</a>, MacGregor having led them to believe that the area was already developed and just in need of skilled workers. In the 1830s and 40s King Robert Charles Frederic also appointed small traders, notably William Hodgson and brothers Peter and Samuel Shepherd, as his agents to administer his claims to tribute and taxes from lands as far south as <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluefields_Mosquito_Coast_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bluefields_Mosquito_Coast_1845.jpg/300px-Bluefields_Mosquito_Coast_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bluefields_Mosquito_Coast_1845.jpg/450px-Bluefields_Mosquito_Coast_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bluefields_Mosquito_Coast_1845.jpg/600px-Bluefields_Mosquito_Coast_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Dwellings in Bluefields in 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a> trade peaked in Europe, but the supply in Belize, a main exporter, was becoming scarce. The Miskito Kingdom became an alternative source to Belize-based traders and wood cutting companies, who acquired concessions and land grants from Robert Charles Frederic. In 1837, Britain formally recognized the Mosquito Kingdom as an independent state, and took diplomatic measures to prevent the new nations that left the imploding <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> in 1838–1841 from interfering with the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of the economy attracted and benefitted from the arrival of capital from the United States, and immigrants from the States, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, Europe, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and China.<sup id="cite_ref-García_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially abundant was the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Afro-Caribbeans</a> following the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a> in 1841, who settled mainly in and around Bluefields, merging with the descendants of the slaves that had not been evacuated in 1786 and giving origin to the <a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coast_Creole" title="Miskito Coast Creole">Miskito Coast Creoles</a>. Because of their greater knowledge of English, the Creoles soon became the workers most sought by foreign companies, occupying the intermediate levels in the businesses and relegating the native Miskitu to the worst paid occupations at the base.<sup id="cite_ref-García_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1841, a British ship, without knowledge of London, carried the Miskito King Robert Charles Frederic and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">British Governor of Belize</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_MacDonald_(superintendent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander MacDonald (superintendent) (page does not exist)">Alexander MacDonald</a>, to occupy Nicaragua's only Caribbean port in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_del_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan del Norte">San Juan del Norte</a>, placed at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a> and likely endpoint of a <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua canal">possible future transoceanic canal through Nicaragua</a>, and claimed it for the Mosquito Kingdom. The commander of the port was kidnapped and abandoned in a deserted beach, and the civilian population was told to leave the place by March 1842. The Nicaraguan government protested and the British did not carry on the threatened evacuation of the port, but neither did they take action against MacDonald for the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_British_protectorate_and_American_opposition">Second British protectorate and American opposition</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043282317"><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Miskito Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1844–1860</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Miskito Coast"><img alt="Coat of arms of Miskito Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1845" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a><sup id="cite_ref-García_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English<br /><a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">King</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1842–1860 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Frederic_II" title="George Augustus Frederic II">George Augustus Frederic II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consul-General<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Consul <small>(after 1851)</small></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1844–1848 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Patrick Walker <small>(first)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1849–1860 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">James Green <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Protectorate declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1844</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexation of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_del_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan del Norte">San Juan del Norte</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Greytown" title="Bombardment of Greytown">Bombardment of Greytown</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1854</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Managua" title="Treaty of Managua">Treaty of Managua</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 28 1860</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Managua" title="Treaty of Managua">Treaty of Managua</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281866-1898%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1844, the British government declared a new protectorate over the Mosquito Kingdom and appointed a consul-general of the Mosquito Coast, Patrick Walker with seat in Bluefields. The proclamation was motivated by the state of anarchy in the Mosquito Kingdom after the death of Robert Charles Frederic, but also by the impending American <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Texas">annexation of Texas</a> and the British desire to build a canal through Central America before the United States did.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protectorate was claimed to extend from Cape Honduras in the north to the mouth of the San Juan River in the south, including San Juan del Norte. Nicaragua protested again and sent forces to San Juan del Norte, which the Miskito King <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Frederic_II" title="George Augustus Frederic II">George Augustus Frederic II</a> replied to with an ultimatum demanding all Nicaraguan forces to leave before January 1, 1848. Nicaragua appealed to the United States, but the Americans, then <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">at war with Mexico</a>, did not answer. After the ultimatum expired, Miskito-British forces led by the King and Patrick Walker, and backed by two British warships, seized San Juan del Norte. They also destroyed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serapaqui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serapaqui (page does not exist)">Serapaqui</a>, where the British prisoners captured during the first attempt on San Juan del Norte were interned, and advanced to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>, during which Walker drowned. On March 7 Nicaragua signed a peace treaty where it ceded San Juan del Norte to the Mosquito Kingdom, who renamed it Greytown after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Grey" title="Charles Edward Grey">Charles Edward Grey</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Mexican–American War concluded, the new US delegate in Central America, <a href="/wiki/E._G._Squier" title="E. G. Squier">E. G. Squier</a>, tried to get Nicaragua, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and Honduras to form a common front against the British, who were now threatening to annex <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Island" title="Tiger Island">Tiger Island</a> (<i>El Tigre</i>) in Honduras' Pacific coast. After British and American forces nearly clashed in El Tigre, both governments reprimanded the commanders of their forces there and concluded the <a href="/wiki/Clayton%E2%80%93Bulwer_Treaty" title="Clayton–Bulwer Treaty">Clayton–Bulwer Treaty</a> on April 18, 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this document the two powers pledged themselves to guarantee the neutrality and equal use of the proposed canal, and to not "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, the Mosquito Coast or any part of Central America", nor make use of any protectorate or alliance, present or future, to such ends.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States assumed that this meant the immediate British evacuation of the Mosquito Coast, while the British argued that it only bound them to not expand further in Central America and that both the 1844 protectorate and the 1848 peace treaty were still valid. On November 21, the American steamer <i>Prometheus</i> was fired upon by a British warship for not paying port tariffs at Greytown. One of the passengers was <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>, business magnate and one of the richest people in the United States. The British government apologized after the United States sent two armed <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a> to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More incidents happened in the following years. In 1852, Britain occupied the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> off the coast of Honduras and rebuffed the American protests claiming that they had been part of Belize before the treaty. The American representative in Nicaragua, <a href="/wiki/Solon_Borland" title="Solon Borland">Solon Borland</a>, considered the treaty breached and argued openly for the US annexation of Nicaragua and the rest of Central America, for which he was forced to resign. In 1853, the buildings of the US-owned Accessory Transit Company in Greytown were looted and destroyed by the locals. In 1854, an American steamer captain killed a Greytown Creole, and Borland, who had remained in Greytown after his resignation, stopped the arrest for murder by threatening the marshal and his men with a rifle, arguing that they had no power to arrest an American citizen. Though he held no office, Borland ordered 50 American passengers bound for New York to remain on land and "protect US interests" while he sailed to the United States for help. In an example of <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a>, the Americans sent then the <a href="/wiki/USS_Cyane_(1837)" title="USS Cyane (1837)">USS <i>Cyane</i></a> and demanded 24,000 <a href="/wiki/American_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="American dollar">dollars</a> in damages, an apology and a pledge of good behavior in the future. When the terms weren't met, the crew <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Greytown" title="Bombardment of Greytown">bombarded Greytown</a>, then landed and burnt the town to the ground. Damage was extensive but no one was killed. With its attention seized by the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> and the firm opposition of Britain's merchant class to a war with the United States, the British government only protested and demanded an apology that was never received.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1859 British opinion was no longer supportive of their nation's presence in the Mosquito Coast. The British government returned the Bay Islands and ceded the northern part of the Mosquito Coast to Honduras, negotiating with <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> to enlarge the British territory in Belize as compensation. The next year, Britain signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Managua" title="Treaty of Managua">Treaty of Managua</a>, ceding the rest of the Mosquito Coast to Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_of_the_Moravian_Church">Arrival of the Moravian Church</h4></div> <p>In the 1840s, two British citizens who travelled Europe advertising the sale of land in Cabo Gracias a Dios attracted the interest of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_of_Prussia" title="Prince Charles of Prussia">Prince Charles of Prussia</a>. Charles' first plan was to establish a Prussian settlement in the area and sent three German merchants to study this possibility on the ground. Their dictamen was against colonization, but their suggestion to evangelize the Mosquito Coast was taken up by the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nburg-Waldenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schönburg-Waldenburg">Schönburg-Waldenburg</a>, who delegated the task in the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>. The first missionaries arrived in 1848 with a letter of recommendation from <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> and began to work in 1849 in Bluefields, targeting the royal family and the Creoles before expanding to the rest of the Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-García_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, the mission saw a membership of 1,030 made up of mostly urban creoles. By 1890, the membership was 3,924 and made up of mostly Miskito and rural natives.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Managua">Treaty of Managua</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043282317"><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mosquito Reserve</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Reserva Mosquitia</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1860–1894</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_(1881-1894).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mosquito Coast"><img alt="Flag of Mosquito Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Mosquito_Reserve_%281881-1894%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mosquito Coast"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mosquito Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mosquito_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1845" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hermosa_Soberana" title="Hermosa Soberana">Hermosa Soberana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Autonomous territory of Nicaragua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a><br />English<br /><a href="/wiki/Mayangna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayangna language">Mayangna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hereditary Chief</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1860-1865 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Frederic_II" title="George Augustus Frederic II">George Augustus Frederic II</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1890-1894 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Clarence" title="Robert Henry Clarence">Robert Henry Clarence</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Managua" title="Treaty of Managua">Treaty of Managua</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 28 1860</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexation to Nicaragua </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1894</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_peso" title="Nicaraguan peso">Nicaraguan peso</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mosquitia.svg/20px-Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mosquitia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mosquitia.svg/30px-Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mosquitia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mosquitia.svg/40px-Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mosquitia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_British_protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Second British protectorate">Second British protectorate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281858-1889_and_1893-1896%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and Nicaragua signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Managua" title="Treaty of Managua">Treaty of Managua</a> on January 28, 1860, which transferred <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over the Caribbean coast between Cabo Gracias a Dios and Greytown to Nicaragua. Attempts to decide the sovereignty over the northern bank of the Wanks/Coco River which cuts Cabo Gracias a Dios in half, began in 1869, but would not be settled until ninety-one years later when the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> decided in favor of Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1860 treaty also recognized that the Mosquito Kingdom, now reduced to the territory around Bluefields, would become an autonomous Miskito reserve, usually called <i>Mosquito Reservation</i> or <i>Mosquito Reserve</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The municipal constitution of the reserve, signed on September 13, 1861, confirmed <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Frederic_II" title="George Augustus Frederic II">George Augustus Frederic II</a> as ruler of the territory and its inhabitants, but only as hereditary chief and not king, a title that, along those of general, admiral and governor, was abolished; and that the hereditary chief would be advised by a council of 41 members elected for a period of eight years. The composition of this council was not limited to Miskito: instead, the first council included a number of Moravian missionaries and its first session started with an oration in this denomination. In compensation for his losses, George Augustus Frederic II would be paid £1000 yearly and until 1870 by the Nicaraguan government.<sup id="cite_ref-García_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of George Augustus Frederic II in 1865, after only half that time had passed, led to a dispute between Nicaragua and the reserve's government. As indicated in its name, the position of hereditary chief was not completely elective like the title of King that preceded it, but had to be occupied by a member of George Augustus Frederic II's lineage of full Miskito ancestry. The council argued that none of George Augustus Frederic II's wives was Miskito and that none of their children was eligible as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-García_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election of <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Clarence" title="William Henry Clarence">William Henry Clarence</a> as new chief, George Augustus Frederic II's nephew by his second sister, was not recognized by Nicaragua. William Henry Clarence asked for support to Great Britain, accusing Nicaragua of not abiding to the terms of the 1860 treaty and threatening the Miskitu's autonomy, and complaining both about increasing Nicaraguan immigration and the political instability in Nicaragua proper, which threatened the peace within the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-García_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1881, Nicaragua and Britain agreed to subject the most disputed points of the 1860 treaty to the arbitration of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_Joseph_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Joseph I">Francis Joseph I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. His decision, released on June 2, agreed largely with the interests of the Miskito—and by extension, the British. The arbitration decided that:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sovereignty over the Mosquito Coast belonged to Nicaragua, but it was largely limited by the autonomy of the Miskito, as recognized in the 1860 treaty.</li> <li>Nicaragua had the right to fly its flag in any part of the Mosquito Coast.</li> <li>Nicaragua could maintain a <a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">Commissioner</a> on the Mosquito Coast to defend her national interests.</li> <li>The Miskito could also fly their own flag on the Mosquito Coast, so long as said flag included some sign of Nicaraguan suzerainty. A compromise was reached by using the flag used during the British protectorate (designed by Patrick Walker),<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Canton_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton (country subdivision)">canton</a> replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nicaragua" title="Flag of Nicaragua">flag of Nicaragua</a>.</li> <li>Nicaragua could not make concessions to the exploitation of natural resources in the Mosquito Coast. That right alone corresponded to the Miskito government.</li> <li>Nicaragua could not regulate the Miskito's trade, nor tax importations to or exportations from the Mosquito Coast.</li> <li>Nicaragua had to pay the money overdue to the Miskito king.</li> <li>Nicaragua could not limit the goods imported or exported through the port of San Juan del Norte (Greytown), unless these goods went to or came from Nicaraguan territory outside the reserve.</li></ul> <p>From 1883, the land and capital in the reserve began to be agglutinated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by an increasingly small<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> number of US citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-García_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annexation_to_Nicaragua">Annexation to Nicaragua</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Crisis_of_1895" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Crisis of 1895">Nicaragua Crisis of 1895</a></div> <p>When in 1894, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rigoberto_Cabezas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rigoberto Cabezas (page does not exist)">Rigoberto Cabezas</a> led a campaign to annex the reserve, natives responded with vigorous protest, an appeal to Britain to protect them, and more militant resistance<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – to little avail. The situation was such that, from July 6 to August 7, the US <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_history_events" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military history events">occupied Bluefields</a> to 'protect US interests'. After enjoying almost complete autonomy for fourteen years, on 20 November 1894 their territory formally became incorporated into that of the republic of Nicaragua by Nicaraguan president <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Zelaya" title="José Santos Zelaya">José Santos Zelaya</a>. The former Mosquito Coast was established as the Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Department_(subnational_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department (subnational entity)">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zelaya_(Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelaya (Nicaragua)">Zelaya</a>. During the 1980s, the department was dissolved and substituted by the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Autonomous Region">North Atlantic Autonomous Region</a> (RAAN) and <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic Autonomous Region">South Atlantic Autonomous Region</a> (RAAS), autonomous regions with a certain degree of self-government. Those regions were renamed the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCN) and the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCS) in 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miskito_under_Nicaragua">Miskito under Nicaragua</h3></div> <p>The Miskito continued to enjoy a certain autonomy under Nicaragua, though there was considerable tension between the claims of the government and those of the indigenous people. This tension was expressed openly during <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> rule, which sought greater state control. The Miskito were strong supporters of U.S. efforts to undermine the Sandinistas and were important allies of the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miskito_separatism">Miskito separatism</h3></div> <p>Miskito dissidents declared the independence of the unrecognized Communitarian Nation of Moskitia in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement is led by Reverend Hector Williams, who was elected as "Wihta Tara" (Great Judge) of Moskitia by the Council of Elders, its governing body<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> composed of traditional leaders from within the Miskito community. The council advocates for independence and has considered a referendum, seeking international recognition. It also addresses the needs of the impoverished Moskitian communities, such as drug addiction among youth as the coast is slowly gaining influence as a corridor for drug trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the allure of possible Narco funding might be a tempting method of supporting independence should the movement find no support.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement was backed by a 400-man "indigenous army" made up of veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>, which captured the YAMATA party headquarters in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miskito_Kings">Miskito Kings</h2></div> <ul><li>c. 1650–c. 1687 <a href="/wiki/Oldman_(king)" title="Oldman (king)">Oldman</a></li> <li>c. 1687–1718 <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_I" title="Jeremy I">Jeremy I</a></li> <li>1718–1729 <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">H.M.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_II" title="Jeremy II">Jeremy II</a></li> <li>1729–1755 H.M. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_(Moskito)" title="Edward I (Moskito)">Edward I</a></li> <li>1755–1776 H.M. <a href="/wiki/George_I_(Miskito)" title="George I (Miskito)">George I</a></li> <li>1776–1800 H.M. <a href="/wiki/George_II_Frederic" title="George II Frederic">George II Frederic</a></li> <li>1800–1824 H.M. <a href="/wiki/George_Frederic_Augustus_I" title="George Frederic Augustus I">George Frederic Augustus I</a></li> <li>1824–1841 H.M. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Frederic" title="Robert Charles Frederic">Robert Charles Frederic</a></li> <li>1841–1865 H.M. <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Frederic_II" title="George Augustus Frederic II">George Augustus Frederic II</a></li> <li>1865–1879 <a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">H.E.</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Clarence" title="William Henry Clarence">William Henry Clarence</a>, Hereditary Chief of Miskito</li> <li>1879–1888 H.E. <a href="/wiki/George_William_Albert_Hendy" title="George William Albert Hendy">George William Albert Hendy</a>, Hereditary Chief of Miskito</li> <li>1888–1889 H.E. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hendy" title="Andrew Hendy">Andrew Hendy</a>, Hereditary Chief of Miskito</li> <li>1889–1890 H.E. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Charles_Frederick" title="Jonathan Charles Frederick">Jonathan Charles Frederick</a>, Hereditary Chief of Miskito</li> <li>1890–1905 H.E. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Clarence" title="Robert Henry Clarence">Robert Henry Clarence</a>, Hereditary Chief of Miskito</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inhabitants">Inhabitants</h2></div> <p>The Mosquito Coast was a sparsely populated territory. </p><p>Today, what used to be the Miskito Coast of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> has a population of 400,000 inhabitants, consisting of 57% <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito</a>, 22% <a href="/wiki/Creole_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole (people)">Creoles</a> (Afro-Europeans), 15% <a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people">Ladinos</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/Sumo_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumo (people)">Sumu</a> (Amerindian), 1% <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna</a> (Afro-Indians), 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> and 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Rama_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama (people)">Rama</a> (Amerindian).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> gained a significant following in the Mosquito Coast. </p><p>Early history of the Mosquito Coast also saw minor involvement from the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Douglas_Burden" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Douglas Burden">W. Douglas Burden</a> describes an expedition in search of a silver mine along the coast. The relevant chapters are "an Outlandish Land" and "Blake's Story" in <i>Look to the Wilderness</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/32px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/48px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/64px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Honduras" title="Portal:Honduras">Honduras portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Miskito (disambiguation)">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mosquitia_(Honduras)" title="La Mosquitia (Honduras)">La Mosquitia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mosquito_Coast_(film)" title="The Mosquito Coast (film)">The Mosquito Coast</a></i> - a 1986 US movie</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141401/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9372678/Mosquito-Coast">"Mosquito Coast"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9372678/Mosquito-Coast">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Mosquito+Coast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconcise.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9372678%2FMosquito-Coast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naylor, Robert A.; <i>Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire</i>, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 95–102, 110–112, 144–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 319–372 [pp. 328–333]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00141801-49-2-319">10.1215/00141801-49-2-319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162255599">162255599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=The+Sambo+and+Tawira+Miskitu%3A+The+Colonial+Origins+and+Geography+of+Intra-Miskitu+Differentiation+in+Eastern+Nicaragua+and+Honduras&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=319-372+pp.+328-333&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00141801-49-2-319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162255599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Offen&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAñoveros1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Añoveros, Jesus Maria Garcia (1988). "La presencia franciscana en la Taguzgalpa y la Tologalpa (La Mosquitia)". <i>Mesoamérica</i> (in Spanish). <b>9</b>: 58–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mesoam%C3%A9rica&rft.atitle=La+presencia+franciscana+en+la+Taguzgalpa+y+la+Tologalpa+%28La+Mosquitia%29&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=58-63&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=A%C3%B1overos&rft.aufirst=Jesus+Maria+Garcia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discovery.ucl.ac.uk-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-discovery.ucl.ac.uk_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-discovery.ucl.ac.uk_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorsby, William Shuman; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317875/1/295143.pdf"><i>The British Superintendency of the Mosquito Shore, 1749–1787</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102807/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317875/1/295143.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PhD thesis, Faculty of Arts, University College, London, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ordal_Kupperman" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen Ordal Kupperman">Kupperman, Karen Ordal</a>; <i>Providence Island: The Other Puritan Colony, 1631–41</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Sloane, Hans</a>; <i>A Voyage to the Islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica ...</i>, B. M., London, 1707, pp. lxxvi–lxxvii. According to a conversation held with Jeremy, the future king in about 1688.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. W.; "The Mosqueto Indian and his Golden River". in <a href="/wiki/Ansham_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansham Churchill">Churchill, Ansham</a>; <i>A Collection of Voyages and Travels</i>, London, 1732, vol. 6, p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1983" class="citation journal cs1">Helms, Mary (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population". <i>Journal of Anthropological Research</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 179–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fjar.39.2.3629966">10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629966">3629966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163683579">163683579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Research&rft.atitle=Miskito+Slaving+and+Culture+Contact%3A+Ethnicity+and+Opportunity+in+an+Expanding+Population&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-197&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163683579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3629966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fjar.39.2.3629966&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romero Vargas, German; <i>Las Sociedades del Atlántico de Nicaragua en los siglos XVII y XVIII</i>, Banco Nicaraguënse, Managua, 1995, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. W.; "The Mosqueto Indian and His Golden River", in Churchill, Anshaw; <i>A Collection of Voyages and Travels</i>, London, 1728, vol. 6, pp. 285–290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. W.; "Mosketo Indian", p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 319–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00141801-49-2-319">10.1215/00141801-49-2-319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162255599">162255599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=The+Sambo+and+Tawira+Miskitu%3A+The+Colonial+Origins+and+Geography+of+Intra-Miskitu+Differentiation+in+Eastern+Nicaragua+and+Honduras&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=319-372&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00141801-49-2-319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162255599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Offen&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlien1998" class="citation journal cs1">Olien, Michael (1998). "General, Governor and Admiral: Three Miskito Lines of Succession". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 278–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F483061">10.2307/483061</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/483061">483061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=General%2C+Governor+and+Admiral%3A+Three+Miskito+Lines+of+Succession&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=278-318&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F483061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F483061%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Olien&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troy68-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Troy68_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Troy" class="citation book cs1">Floyd, Troy S (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJhnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826300362" title="Special:BookSources/9780826300362"><bdi>9780826300362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Spanish+Struggle+for+Mosquitia&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780826300362&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Troy+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJhnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troy83-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Troy83_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd1967" class="citation book cs1">Floyd, Troy S. (December 26, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJhnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826300362" title="Special:BookSources/9780826300362"><bdi>9780826300362</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Spanish+Struggle+for+Mosquitia&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1967-12-26&rft.isbn=9780826300362&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Troy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJhnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, Robert L.; <i>Latin America's Wars</i>, vol. 1, <i>The Age of the </i>caudillo<i>, 1791–1899</i>, Potomac Books, Inc., Washington (DC), 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-García-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-García_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">García, Claudia; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sti7L6DXoAcC">Etnogénesis, hibridación y consolidación de la identidad del pueblo miskitu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107193732/https://books.google.com/books?id=sti7L6DXoAcC">Archived</a> 2022-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> CSIC Press, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cap._XII-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cap._XII_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cap._XII_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cap._XII_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_de_Ezpeleta,_1st_Count_of_Ezpeleta_de_Beire" class="mw-redirect" title="José Manuel de Ezpeleta, 1st Count of Ezpeleta de Beire">Ezpeleta, Joseph de</a>; <i>Nota del Virrey Ezpeleta sobre Pacificación de la Costa de Mosquitos</i>, 1790, in Pereira, Ricardo S.; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/6890/">Documentos sobre límites de los Estados-Unidos de Colombia: copiados de los originales que se encuentran en el Archivo de Indias de Sevilla, y acompañados de breves consideraciones sobre el verdadero Uti possidetis juris de 1810</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083734/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/6890/">Archived</a> 2014-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Camacho Roldan y Tamayo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1883, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781141811274" title="Special:BookSources/9781141811274">9781141811274</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/6890/123/capitulo_xii_costa_de_mosquitos.pdf">Cap. XII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102711/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/6890/123/capitulo_xii_costa_de_mosquitos.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedrote, Enrique S.; <i>El Coronel Hodgson y la Expedición a la Costa de Mosquitos</i>, Anuario de Estudios Americanos, vol. 23, 1967, pp. 1205–1235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorsby, William Shuman; <i>Spanish Colonization of the Mosquito Coast, 1787–1800</i>, Revista de Historia de América, vol. 73/74, 1972, pp. 145–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, Frank; <i>The Evacuation of the Mosquito Shore and the English Who Stayed Behind, 1786–1800</i>, The Americas, vol. 55, no. 1, 1998, pp. 63–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, George; <i>An Account of the British Settlement of Honduras [...]</i>, R. Baldwin, London, 1811 (2nd ed.), p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pereira, Ricardo S.; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/6890/">Documentos sobre límites de los Estados-Unidos de Colombia: copiados de los originales que se encuentran en el Archivo de Indias de Sevilla, y acompañados de breves consideraciones sobre el verdadero Uti possidetis juris de 1810</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083734/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/6890/">Archived</a> 2014-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Camacho Roldan y Tamayo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1883, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781141811274" title="Special:BookSources/9781141811274">9781141811274</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/6890/123/capitulo_xii_costa_de_mosquitos.pdf">Cap. XII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102711/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/6890/123/capitulo_xii_costa_de_mosquitos.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Correspondence Respecting the Mosquito Shore [...]</i>, House of Commons of Great Britain, London, 1848, p. 46. The names of the signatories are printed on pp. 46-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Honduras Almanack for the year of our Lord 1829</i>, Legislative Assembly, Belize, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naylor, Robert A.; <i>Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire</i>, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His grants to them are found in <i>British and Foreign State Papers (1849–50)</i>, vol. 38, London, 1862, pp. 687 and 689</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor1967" class="citation journal cs1">Naylor, Robert A. (1967). "The Mahogany Trade as a Factor in the British Return to the Mosquito Shore in the Second Quarter of the Nineteenth Century". <i>Jamaica Historical Journal</i>. <b>7</b>: 63–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Mahogany+Trade+as+a+Factor+in+the+British+Return+to+the+Mosquito+Shore+in+the+Second+Quarter+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=63-64&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naylor, Robert A.; <i>Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire</i>, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 103–117; 122–123 on the concessions</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pletcher, David M.; <i>The diplomacy of trade and investment: American economic expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865-1900</i>, University of Missouri Press, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877868655"><i>The awakening coast : an anthology of Moravian writings from Mosquitia and eastern Nicaragua, 1849-1899</i></a>. Karl Offen, Terry Rugeley. Lincoln. 2014. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5449-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-5449-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/877868655">877868655</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508142719/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877868655">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+awakening+coast+%3A+an+anthology+of+Moravian+writings+from+Mosquitia+and+eastern+Nicaragua%2C+1849-1899&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F877868655&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-5449-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F877868655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/120/13719.pdf"><i>Memorial Submitted by the Government of Nicaragua, vol. I: Maritime delimitation between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102817/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/120/13719.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Court of Justice, 21 March 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1895" class="citation book cs1">United States Department of State (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeErAAAAYAAJ"><i>Foreign Relations of the United States: Nicaragua (Mosquito Territory), 1894</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%3A+Nicaragua+%28Mosquito+Territory%29%2C+1894&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1895&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeErAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaracco2018" class="citation book cs1">Baracco, Luciano (2018-11-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIl-DwAAQBAJ"><i>Indigenous Struggles for Autonomy: The Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5882-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5882-2"><bdi>978-1-4985-5882-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Struggles+for+Autonomy%3A+The+Caribbean+Coast+of+Nicaragua&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-5882-2&rft.aulast=Baracco&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIl-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varela, Raúl; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pueblosoriginarios.com/biografias/jefes_miskitos.html">Jefes Hereditarios Miskitos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424063628/http://pueblosoriginarios.com/biografias/jefes_miskitos.html">Archived</a> 2015-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Pueblos Originarios de América: Biografías</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1994" class="citation web cs1">Hale, Charles R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26389196">"Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987"</a>. Stanford (CA): Stanford University. p. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resistance+and+Contradiction%3A+Miskitu+Indians+and+the+Nicaraguan+State%2C+1894-1987&rft.place=Stanford+%28CA%29&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D26389196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2009" class="citation news cs1">Gibbs, Stephen (3 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8181209.stm">"Nicaragua's Miskitos seek independence"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704142922/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8181209.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nicaragua%27s+Miskitos+seek+independence&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F8181209.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617160218/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1894376,00.html">"Mosquito Coast Bites Nicaragua's Ortega"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 1 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1894376,00.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Mosquito+Coast+Bites+Nicaragua%27s+Ortega&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1894376%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2011" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, Tim (2011-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13210289">"Drugs dilemma on Nicaragua's Mosquito coast"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101140730/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13210289">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Drugs+dilemma+on+Nicaragua%27s+Mosquito+coast&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-13210289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Rogers, Tim (2011-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130608190247/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2063261,00.html">"Narco-Dividends: White Lobsters on the Mosquito Coast"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2063261,00.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Narco-Dividends%3A+White+Lobsters+on+the+Mosquito+Coast&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C2063261%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schnews.org.uk/archive/news677.htm"><i>Mosquito bite as a swarm of Miskitos takes over the coast of Nicaragua</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031909/http://www.schnews.org.uk/archive/news677.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SchNEWS, no. 677, 2009-05-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.rincondelvago.com/files_pdf/6/6/9/00004669.pdf">"Lenguas indigenas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Salamanca: El Rincón del Vago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenguas+indigenas&rft.place=Salamanca&rft.pub=El+Rinc%C3%B3n+del+Vago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.rincondelvago.com%2Ffiles_pdf%2F6%2F6%2F9%2F00004669.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurden1956" class="citation book cs1">Burden, W. Douglas (1956). <i>Look to the Wilderness</i>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 197–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Look+to+the+Wilderness&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=197-245&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Burden&rft.aufirst=W.+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_references">Sources and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_resources">Internet resources</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050506032019/http://www.flag.de/FOTW/flags/ni-mc.html">Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua)</a> – Mosquito Coast flag</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1867" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, James (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130704084923/http://www.transactions.morrin.org/docsfromclient/books/196/196.html">"Account of the attempt to form a settlement in 1823, on the Mosquito Shore"</a>. <i>Transactions</i>. New Series (5). Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transactions.morrin.org/docsfromclient/books/196/196.html">the original</a> on 2013-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions&rft.atitle=Account+of+the+attempt+to+form+a+settlement+in+1823%2C+on+the+Mosquito+Shore&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transactions.morrin.org%2Fdocsfromclient%2Fbooks%2F196%2F196.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3></div> <ul><li>Cwik, Christian; <i>Displaced minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito people</i>, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, Ed.: Steven Ratuva. (London, New York, Singapure, Palgrave Macmillan 2019) url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-130242-8_117-1"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i></i></span></sup></a><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>] </li> <li>Dozier, Craig; <i>Nicaragua's Mosquito Shore: The Years of British and American Presence</i>, University of Alabama Press, 1985</li> <li>Floyd, Troy S.; <i>The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia</i>, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (NM), 1967</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1994" class="citation web cs1">Hale, Charles R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26389196">"Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987"</a>. Stanford (CA): Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resistance+and+Contradiction%3A+Miskitu+Indians+and+the+Nicaraguan+State%2C+1894-1987&rft.place=Stanford+%28CA%29&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D26389196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1969" class="citation journal cs1">Helms, Mary (1969). "The Cultural Ecology of a Colonial Tribe". <i>Ethnology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 76–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3772938">10.2307/3772938</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3772938">3772938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Ecology+of+a+Colonial+Tribe&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-84&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3772938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3772938%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1983" class="citation journal cs1">Helms, Mary (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population". <i>Journal of Anthropological Research</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 179–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fjar.39.2.3629966">10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629966">3629966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163683579">163683579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Research&rft.atitle=Miskito+Slaving+and+Culture+Contact%3A+Ethnicity+and+Opportunity+in+an+Expanding+Population&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-197&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163683579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3629966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fjar.39.2.3629966&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1986" class="citation journal cs1">Helms, Mary (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/M_Helms_Kings_1986.pdf">"Of Kings and Contexts: Ethnohistorical Interpretations of Miskito Political Structure and Function"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 506–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1986.13.3.02a00070">10.1525/ae.1986.13.3.02a00070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Of+Kings+and+Contexts%3A+Ethnohistorical+Interpretations+of+Miskito+Political+Structure+and+Function&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=506-523&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1986.13.3.02a00070&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibres.uncg.edu%2Fir%2Funcg%2Ff%2FM_Helms_Kings_1986.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia; <i>Del arco y la flecha a las armas de fuego. Los indios mosquitos y la historia centroamericana</i>, Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 2011</li> <li>Naylor, Robert A.; <i>Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire</i>, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 319–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00141801-49-2-319">10.1215/00141801-49-2-319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162255599">162255599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=The+Sambo+and+Tawira+Miskitu%3A+The+Colonial+Origins+and+Geography+of+Intra-Miskitu+Differentiation+in+Eastern+Nicaragua+and+Honduras&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=319-372&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00141801-49-2-319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162255599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Offen&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosquito+Coast" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Olien, Michael; <i>The Miskito Kings and the Line of Succession</i>, Journal of Anthropological Research, vol. 39, no. 2, 1983, pp. 198–241</li> <li>Olien, Michael; <i>Micro/Macro-Level Linkages: Regional Political Structure on the Mosquito Coast, 1845–1864</i>, Ethnohistory, vol. 34, no. 3, 1987, pp. 256–287</li> <li>Olien, Michael; <i>General, Governor and Admiral: Three Miskito Lines of Succession</i>, Ethnohistory, vol. 45, no. 2, 1998, pp. 278–318</li> <li>Potthast, Barbara; <i>Die Mosquitoküste im Spannungsfeld Britischer und Spanischer Politik, 1502–1821</i>, Bölau., Cologne, 1988</li> <li>Romero Vargas, Germán; <i>Las Sociedades del Atlántico de Nicaragua en los siglos XVII y XVIII</i>, Banco Nicaraguënse, Managua, 1995</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Guatemala">Captaincy General <span style="font-size:85%;">(Guatemalan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras_(to_1838)" title="History of Honduras (to 1838)">History to 1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras_(1838%E2%80%931932)" title="History of Honduras (1838–1932)">1838–1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras_(1932%E2%80%931982)" title="History of Honduras (1932–1982)">1932–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Honduras (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Honduran constitutional crisis">2009 constitutional crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras" title="Coat of arms of Honduras"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="710" /></a></span> <div style="padding-top:1.0em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Honduras" title="Flag of Honduras"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/70px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/105px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/140px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Honduras" title="Geography of Honduras">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Honduras">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Honduras" title="List of ecoregions in Honduras">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Honduras" title="Category:Fauna of Honduras">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Honduras" title="Category:Flora of Honduras">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Honduras" title="List of islands of Honduras">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Honduras" title="Category:Mountains of Honduras">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Honduras" title="List of national parks of Honduras">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Honduras" title="List of rivers of Honduras">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Honduras" title="List of volcanoes in Honduras">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Honduras" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Honduras">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Honduras" title="Politics of Honduras">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Honduras">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Honduras" title="Constitution of Honduras">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Honduras" title="Foreign relations of Honduras">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Honduras" title="Human rights in Honduras">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Honduras" title="Law enforcement in Honduras">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Honduras">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Honduras" title="List of political parties in Honduras">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Honduras" title="List of presidents of Honduras">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Honduras" title="Supreme Court of Honduras">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Honduras" title="Central Bank of Honduras">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_lempira" title="Honduran lempira">Lempira <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Honduras" title="Electricity sector in Honduras">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Honduras" title="Tourism in Honduras">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Honduras" title="Transport in Honduras">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Honduras" title="Category:Society of Honduras">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Honduras" title="Crime in Honduras">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras" title="Demographics of Honduras">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Honduras" title="Health in Honduras">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Honduras" title="Languages of Honduras">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Honduras">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Honduras" title="Water supply and sanitation in Honduras">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Honduras" title="Culture of Honduras">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Honduras" title="National Anthem of Honduras">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras" title="Coat of arms of Honduras">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Honduras" title="Flag of Honduras">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Honduras" title="Libraries in Honduras">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_literature" title="Honduran literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Honduras" title="Mass media in Honduras">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Honduras" title="Public holidays in Honduras">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Honduras" title="Sport in Honduras">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Honduras" title="Outline of Honduras">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Honduras-related_articles" title="Index of Honduras-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honduras" title="Category:Honduras">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Honduras" title="Portal:Honduras">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicaragua_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicaragua_topics" title="Template:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicaragua_topics" title="Template talk:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicaragua_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicaragua_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule (1822–1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosquito Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation (1912–1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza Family (1936–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a> <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">v. Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua_(1979%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Nicaragua (1979–1990)">Sandinista period (1979–1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua#Post-Sandinista_period_(1990-)" title="History of Nicaragua">Post-Sandinista period (1990–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nicaragua" title="Climate change in Nicaragua">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of earthquakes in Nicaragua">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nicaragua" title="List of ecoregions in Nicaragua">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Nicaragua" title="Fauna of Nicaragua">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Nicaragua" title="List of islands of Nicaragua">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Nicaragua" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Mountains of Nicaragua">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua" title="Municipalities of Nicaragua">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nicaragua" title="Protected areas of Nicaragua">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nicaragua" title="List of rivers of Nicaragua">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of volcanoes in Nicaragua">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Nicaragua" title="Water resources management in Nicaragua">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua" title="Constitution of Nicaragua">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nicaragua" title="Elections in Nicaragua">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nicaragua" title="Foreign relations of Nicaragua">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua" title="Government of Nicaragua">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Human rights in Nicaragua">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nicaragua">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nicaragua" title="List of political parties in Nicaragua">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_Nicaragua" title="Territorial disputes of Nicaragua">Territorial disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nicaragua" title="Agriculture in Nicaragua">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Nicaragua" title="Banking in Nicaragua">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua" title="Central Bank of Nicaragua">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan córdoba">Córdoba <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Nicaragua" title="Electricity sector in Nicaragua">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua" title="Attempts to build a canal across Nicaragua">Nicaragua Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Nicaragua" title="Bolsa de Valores de Nicaragua">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nicaragua" title="Tourism in Nicaragua">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nicaragua" title="Transport in Nicaragua">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Society of Nicaragua">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nicaragua" title="Corruption in Nicaragua">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua" title="Demographics of Nicaragua">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nicaragua" title="Health in Nicaragua">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nicaragua" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nicaraguan_films" title="List of Nicaraguan films">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_literature" title="Nicaraguan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Nicaragua" title="Mass media in Nicaragua">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Nicaragua" title="List of museums in Nicaragua">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Nicaragua" title="National symbols of Nicaragua">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nicaragua" title="Public holidays in Nicaragua">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nicaragua" title="Outline of Nicaragua">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nicaragua" title="Bibliography of Nicaragua">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nicaragua" title="Category:Nicaragua">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_monarchies" title="Template:American monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_monarchies" title="Template talk:American monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_the_Americas" title="Monarchies in the Americas">Monarchies in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commonwealth of Nations monarchies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colla_Kingdom" title="Colla Kingdom">Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Huetar_Kingdom" title="Eastern Huetar Kingdom">Eastern Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Garabito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pacaca" title="Kingdom of Pacaca">Pacaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Huetar_Kingdom" title="Western Huetar Kingdom">Western Huetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European monarchies<br />with <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas#List_of_European_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonies in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Courland and Semigallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados (1966–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana (1966–1970)</a></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">1804–06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">1811–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">1849–59</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">1822–23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">1864–67</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs in the Americas">List of monarchs in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_last_monarchs_in_the_Americas" title="List of the last monarchs in the Americas">List of the last monarchs in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Redonda" title="Kingdom of Redonda">Kingdom of Redonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivian_monarchy" title="Afro-Bolivian monarchy">Afro-Bolivian monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucania and Patagonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165546#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165546#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165546#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/246669737">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjRVhGYPGthW8hk7Vfcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4299508-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pobřeží Moskytů (Nikaragua a Honduras)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge902931&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mosquito_Coast&params=13.379_N_83.584_W_dim:500000_region:NI"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°22′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°35′02″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.379°N 83.584°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.379; -83.584</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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