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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Realism vs. anti-realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realism_vs._anti-realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categoricalism_vs._dispositionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categoricalism_vs._dispositionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Categoricalism vs. dispositionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categoricalism_vs._dispositionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physicalism,_idealism,_and_property_dualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physicalism,_idealism,_and_property_dualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Physicalism, idealism, and property dualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physicalism,_idealism,_and_property_dualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intrinsic_and_extrinsic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrinsic_and_extrinsic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Intrinsic and extrinsic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrinsic_and_extrinsic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essential_and_accidental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essential_and_accidental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Essential and accidental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essential_and_accidental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determinate_and_determinable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determinate_and_determinable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Determinate and determinable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determinate_and_determinable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pure_and_impure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_and_impure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pure and impure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_and_impure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lovely_and_suspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lovely_and_suspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Lovely and suspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lovely_and_suspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties_and_predicates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties_and_predicates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Properties and predicates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties_and_predicates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_similarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_similarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Role in similarity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_similarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82)" title="الخاصة (منطق) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخاصة (منطق)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Уласцівасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уласцівасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8D" title="Шэнжэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шэнжэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propietat_(ontologia)" title="Propietat (ontologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Propietat (ontologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Палăрăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Палăрăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenschaft" title="Eigenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eigenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omadus" title="Omadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Omadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiedad_(l%C3%B3gica)" title="Propiedad (lógica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Propiedad (lógica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco" title="Eco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%DA%AF%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87)" title="ویژگی (فلسفه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویژگی (فلسفه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(philosophie)" title="Propriété (philosophie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Propriété (philosophie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1_(%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99)" title="속성 (철학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="속성 (철학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հատկություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հատկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprajo_(filozofio)" title="Proprajo (filozofio) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Proprajo (filozofio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94)" title="תכונה (פילוסופיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תכונה (פילוסופיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Қасиет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қасиет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Мамиле (философия) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мамиле (философия)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulajdons%C3%A1g" title="Tulajdonság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tulajdonság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenschap_(filosofie)" title="Eigenschap (filosofie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eigenschap (filosofie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7" title="属性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="属性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%86%D9%87_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87)" title="ځانګړنه (فلسفه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځانګړنه (فلسفه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriedade_(filosofia)" title="Propriedade (filosofia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Propriedade (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Свойство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свойство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A5" title="Саҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlastnos%C5%A5_(charakteristika)" title="Vlastnosť (charakteristika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlastnosť (charakteristika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95)" title="تایبەتمەندی (فەلسەفە) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تایبەتمەندی (فەلسەفە)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ominaisuus" title="Ominaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ominaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Властивість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Властивість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="性质 (哲学) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="性质 (哲学)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Differentiating and characterizing feature</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>), a <b>property</b> is a characteristic of an <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">object</a>; for example, a red object is said to have the property of redness. The property may be considered a form of object in its own right, able to possess other properties. A property, however, differs from individual objects in that it may be <a href="/wiki/Instantiation_principle" title="Instantiation principle">instantiated</a>, and often in more than one object. It differs from the logical and mathematical concept of <a href="/wiki/Class_(set_theory)" title="Class (set theory)">class</a> by not having any concept of <a href="/wiki/Extensionality" title="Extensionality">extensionality</a>, and from the philosophical concept of <a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">class</a> in that a property is considered to be distinct from the objects which possess it. Understanding how different individual entities (or particulars) can in some sense have some of the same properties is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">problem of universals</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_and_usage">Terms and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terms and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A property is any member of a class of entities that are capable of being attributed to objects. Terms similar to <i>property</i> include <i>predicable</i>, <i>attribute</i>, <i>quality</i>, <i>feature</i>, <i>characteristic</i>, <i>type</i>, <i>exemplifiable</i>, <i>predicate</i>, and <i>intensional entity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally speaking, an object is said to <i>exemplify</i>, <i>instantiate</i>, <i>bear</i>, <i>have</i> or <i>possess</i> a property if the property can be truly predicated of the object. The collection of objects that possess a property is called the <i>extension</i> of the property. Properties are said to <i>characterize</i> or <i>inhere in</i> objects that possess them.<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Followers of <a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Alexius Meinong</a> assert the existence of two kinds of predication: existent objects <i>exemplify</i> properties, while nonexistent objects are said to <i>exemplify</i>, <i>satisfy</i>, <i>immanently contain</i> or <i>be consubstantiated by</i> properties that are <i>actually</i> possessed and are said to <i>encode</i>, <i>be determined by</i>, <i>be consociated with</i> or <i>be constituted by</i> properties that are <i>merely</i> ascribed to objects. For example, since <a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a> is merely mythical, Pegasus encodes the property of being a horse, but Pegasus exemplifies the property of being a character of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/E._J._Lowe_(philosopher)" title="E. J. Lowe (philosopher)">Edward Jonathan Lowe</a> even treated <i>instantiation</i>, <i>characterization</i> and <i>exemplification</i> as three separate kinds of predication.<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broadly construed, examples of properties include redness, the property of being two,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the property of being nonexistent,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the property of being identical to <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the property of being a desk,<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the property of being a property,<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the property of being both round and square,<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the property of being <a href="/wiki/Heterological" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterological">heterological</a>. Some philosophers refuse to treat <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> as a property, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a> suggested that one should deny the existence of certain "properties" so as to avoid paradoxes such as <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grelling%E2%80%93Nelson_paradox" title="Grelling–Nelson paradox">Grelling–Nelson paradox</a>, though such moves remain controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphysical_debates">Metaphysical debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metaphysical debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> there are several debates about the fundamental nature of properties. These center around questions such as: Are properties universals or particulars? Are properties real? Are they categorical or dispositional? Are properties physical or mental? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universals_vs._particulars">Universals vs. particulars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Universals vs. particulars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least since <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, properties are viewed by numerous philosophers as <a href="/wiki/Universals" class="mw-redirect" title="Universals">universals</a>, which are typically capable of being instantiated by different objects. Philosophers opposing this view regard properties as <a href="/wiki/Particulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulars">particulars</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Trope_(philosophy)" title="Trope (philosophy)">tropes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realism_vs._anti-realism">Realism vs. anti-realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Realism vs. anti-realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A realist about properties asserts that properties have genuine, mind-independent existence.<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way to spell this out is in terms of exact, repeatable, instantiations known as <a href="/wiki/Universals" class="mw-redirect" title="Universals">universals</a>. The other realist position asserts that properties are particulars (tropes), which are unique instantiations in individual objects that merely resemble one another to various degrees. Transcendent realism, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and favored by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, asserts that properties exist even if uninstantiated.<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immanent realism, defended by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">David Malet Armstrong</a>, contends that properties exist only if instantiated.<sup id="cite_ref-sep_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anti-realist position, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a> claims that properties are names we attach to particulars. The properties themselves have no existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categoricalism_vs._dispositionalism">Categoricalism vs. dispositionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Categoricalism vs. dispositionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Properties are often classified as either <i>categorical</i> and <i>dispositional</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Borchert2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borchert2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kriegel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kriegel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Categorical properties concern what something is like, e.g. what qualities it has. Dispositional properties, on the other hand, involve what powers something has, what it is able to do, even if it is not actually doing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Borchert2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borchert2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the shape of a sugar cube is a categorical property while its tendency to dissolve in water is a dispositional property. For many properties there is a lack of consensus as to how they should be classified, for example, whether colors are categorical or dispositional properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <b>categoricalism</b>, dispositions reduce to causal bases.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this view, the fragility of a wine glass, a dispositional property, is not a fundamental feature of the glass since it can be explained in terms of the categorical property of the glass's micro-structural composition. <b>Dispositionalism</b>, on the other hand, asserts that a property is nothing more than a set of causal powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragility, according to this view, identifies a real property of the glass (e.g. to shatter when dropped on a sufficiently hard surface). Several intermediary positions exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Identity view states that properties are both categorical (qualitative) and dispositional; these are just two ways of viewing the same property. One hybrid view claims that some properties are categorical and some are dispositional. A second hybrid view claims that properties have both a categorical (qualitative) and dispositional part, but that these are distinct ontological parts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physicalism,_idealism,_and_property_dualism"><span id="Physicalism.2C_idealism.2C_and_property_dualism"></span>Physicalism, idealism, and property dualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physicalism, idealism, and property dualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Property_dualism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Property_dualism.jpg/250px-Property_dualism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Property_dualism.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Property dualism: the exemplification of two kinds of property by one kind of substance</figcaption></figure><p> Property dualism describes a category of positions in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> which hold that, although the world is constituted of just one kind of <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a>—the physical kind—there exist two distinct kinds of properties: <a href="/wiki/Physical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical properties">physical properties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental properties">mental properties</a>. In other words, it is the view that non-physical, mental properties (such as beliefs, desires and emotions) inhere in some physical substances (namely brains). </p><p>This stands in contrast to physicalism and idealism. Physicalism claims that all properties, include mental properties, ultimately reduce to, or <a href="/wiki/Supervenience" title="Supervenience">supervene</a> on, physical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metaphysical idealism, by contrast, claims that "something mental (the mind, spirit, reason, will) is the ultimate foundation of all reality, or even exhaustive of reality."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrinsic_and_extrinsic">Intrinsic and extrinsic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intrinsic and extrinsic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_and_extrinsic_properties_(philosophy)" title="Intrinsic and extrinsic properties (philosophy)">Intrinsic and extrinsic properties (philosophy)</a></div> <p>An <b>intrinsic</b> property is a property that an object or a thing has of itself, independently of other things, including its context. An <b>extrinsic</b> (or <i>relational</i>) property is a property that depends on a thing's relationship with other things. The latter is sometimes also called an <i>attribute</i>, since the value of that property is <i>given</i> to the object via its relation with another object. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> is a physical intrinsic property of any <a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">physical object</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a> is an extrinsic property that varies depending on the strength of the gravitational field in which the <a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">respective</a> object is placed. Another example of a relational property is the <i>name</i> of a person (an attribute given by the person's parents). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essential_and_accidental">Essential and accidental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Essential and accidental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In classical <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> terminology, a <i>property</i> (Greek: <i>idion</i>, Latin: <i>proprium</i>) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Predicables" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicables">predicables</a>. It is a non-<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essential</a> quality of a species (like an <b><a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accident</a></b>), but a quality which is nevertheless characteristically present in members of that species. For example, "ability to laugh" may be considered a special characteristic of human beings. However, "laughter" is not an <b>essential</b> quality of the species <i>human</i>, whose Aristotelian definition of "rational animal" does not require laughter. Therefore, in the classical framework, <i>properties</i> are characteristic qualities that are not truly required for the continued existence of an entity but are, nevertheless, possessed by the entity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determinate_and_determinable">Determinate and determinable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Determinate and determinable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A property may be classified as either <b>determinate</b> or <b>determinable</b>. A determinable property is one that can get more specific. For example, color is a determinable property because it can be restricted to redness, blueness, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A determinate property is one that cannot become more specific. This distinction may be useful in dealing with issues of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_and_impure">Pure and impure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pure and impure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Impure properties</b> are properties that, unlike <b>pure properties</b>, involve reference to a particular substance in their definition.<sup id="cite_ref-Forrest_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forrest-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, for example, <i>being a wife</i> is a pure property while <i>being the wife of Socrates</i> is an impure property due to the reference to the particular "Socrates".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, the terms <i>qualitative</i> and <i>non-qualitative</i> are used instead of <i>pure</i> and <i>impure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowling_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowling-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most but not all <i>impure properties</i> are extrinsic properties. This distinction is relevant for the principle of <a href="/wiki/Identity_of_indiscernibles" title="Identity of indiscernibles">identity of indiscernibles</a>, which states that two things are identical if they are <a href="/wiki/Similarity_(philosophy)#Exact_similarity_and_identity" title="Similarity (philosophy)">indiscernible</a>, i.e. if they share all their properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Forrest_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forrest-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This principle is usually defined in terms of pure properties only. The reason for this is that impure properties are not relevant for similarity or discernibility but taking them into consideration nonetheless would result in the principle being trivially true.<sup id="cite_ref-Forrest_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forrest-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another application of this distinction concerns the problem of duplication, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Earth_thought_experiment" title="Twin Earth thought experiment">Twin Earth thought experiment</a>. It is usually held that duplication only involves qualitative identity but perfect duplicates can still differ concerning their <i>non-qualitative</i> or <i>impure</i> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowling_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowling-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lovely_and_suspect">Lovely and suspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lovely and suspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> distinguishes between <b>lovely</b> properties (such as loveliness itself), which, although they require an observer to be recognised, exist latently in perceivable objects; and <b>suspect</b> properties which have no existence at all until attributed by an observer (such as being suspected of a crime).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_predicates">Properties and predicates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Properties and predicates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ontological fact that something has a property is typically represented in language by applying a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>. However, taking any grammatical predicate whatsoever to be a property, or to have a corresponding property, leads to certain difficulties, such as <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grelling%E2%80%93Nelson_paradox" title="Grelling–Nelson paradox">Grelling–Nelson paradox</a>. Moreover, a real property can imply a host of true predicates: for instance, if X has the property of weighing more than 2 kilos, then the predicates "..weighs more than 1.9 kilos", "..weighs more than 1.8 kilos", etc., are all true of it. Other predicates, such as "is an individual", or "has some properties" are uninformative or vacuous. There is some resistance to regarding such so-called "<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_change" title="Cambridge change">Cambridge properties</a>" as legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These properties in the widest sense are sometimes referred to as <i>abundant properties</i>. They are contrasted with <i>sparse properties</i>, which include only properties "responsible for the objective resemblances and causal powers of things".<sup id="cite_ref-Orilia_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orilia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_similarity">Role in similarity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Role in similarity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional conception of <a href="/wiki/Similarity_(philosophy)#Numerical" title="Similarity (philosophy)">similarity</a> holds that properties are responsible for similarity: two objects are similar because they have a property in common. The more properties they share, the more similar they are. They resemble each other exactly if they share all their properties.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this conception of similarity to work, it is important that only properties relevant to resemblance are taken into account, sometimes referred to as <i>sparse properties</i> in contrast to <i>abundant properties</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orilia_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orilia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations">Relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relation_(philosophy)" title="Relation (philosophy)">Relation (philosophy)</a></div> <p>The distinction between properties and <a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">relations</a> can hardly be given in terms that do not ultimately presuppose it.<sup id="cite_ref-rel_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations are true of several particulars, or shared amongst them. Thus the relation "... is taller than ..." holds "between" two individuals, who would occupy the two ellipses ('...'). Relations can be expressed by N-place predicates, where N is greater than 1. </p><p>Relations should be distinguished from relational properties. For example, <i>marriage</i> is a relation since it is between two people, but <i>being married to X</i> is a relational property had by a certain person since it concerns only one person.<sup id="cite_ref-rel_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are at least some apparent relational properties which are merely derived from non-relational (or 1-place) properties. For instance "A is heavier than B" is a relational <i>predicate</i>, but it is derived from the two non relational properties: the mass of A and the mass of B. Such relations are called external relations, as opposed to the more genuine internal relations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers believe that all relations are external, leading to a scepticism about relations in general, on the basis that external relations have no fundamental existence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autological_word" title="Autological word">Autological word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley%27s_regress" title="Bradley's regress">Bradley's regress</a>, a relevant philosophical problem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_internal_relations" title="Doctrine of internal relations">Doctrine of internal relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent properties">Emergent properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grelling%E2%80%93Nelson_paradox" title="Grelling–Nelson paradox">Grelling–Nelson paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_of_indiscernibles" title="Identity of indiscernibles">Identity of indiscernibles</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a>'s law")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposite (semantics)">Opposite (semantics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(mathematics)" title="Property (mathematics)">Property (mathematics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(philosophy)" title="Similarity (philosophy)">Similarity (philosophy)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sep-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sep_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/#DisTer">"Properties"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Properties&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fproperties%2F%23DisTer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReicher" class="citation web cs1">Reicher, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nonexistent-objects/#DuaCopStr">"Nonexistent Objects"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Properties&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fproperties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTversky1977" class="citation journal cs1">Tversky, Amos (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/TVEFOS">"Features of Similarity"</a>. <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>84</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.84.4.327">10.1037/0033-295X.84.4.327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=Features+of+Similarity&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295X.84.4.327&rft.aulast=Tversky&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FTVEFOS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlumson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Blumson, Ben (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BLUTCO-3">"Two Conceptions of Similarity"</a>. <i>Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>68</b> (270): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpq%2Fpqx021">10.1093/pq/pqx021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Two+Conceptions+of+Similarity&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=270&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpq%2Fpqx021&rft.aulast=Blumson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBLUTCO-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rel-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rel_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rel_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacBride" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacBride, Fraser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations/">"Relations"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=MacBride&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Frelations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a> (December 15, 1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hume.ucdavis.edu/mattey/phi156/moore.pdf">"External and Internal Relations"</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZalta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/">"Properties"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Properties&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fproperties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacBride" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacBride, Fraser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations/">"Relations"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=MacBride&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Frelations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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<li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied 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title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 200 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 1000)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1641)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1710)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1714)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1781)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1783)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1818)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1846)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lancelot" title="Claude Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Mauthner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Whorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Watzlawick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verification theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (natural language)">Modality (natural language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(n.d.)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Grammar" title="Port-Royal Grammar">Port-Royal Grammar</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1660)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Arte_Combinatoria" title="De Arte Combinatoria">De Arte Combinatoria</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1666)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1668)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alciphron_(book)" title="Alciphron (book)">Alciphron</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1732)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1921)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth,_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naming_and_Necessity" title="Naming and Necessity">Naming and Necessity</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language" title="Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language">Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1988)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy 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