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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Werk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Werk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Werk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Werk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schandaal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schandaal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schandaal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schandaal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Externe 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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Susumu Tonegawa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 55 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سوسومو تونيغاوا – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سوسومو تونيغاوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سوسومو تونيجاوا – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سوسومو تونيجاوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سوسومو تونگاوا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوسومو تونگاوا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сусуму Танегава – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусуму Танегава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сусуму Тонегава – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сусуму Тонегава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="সুসুমু তোনেগাওয়া – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুসুমু তোনেগাওয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Σουσούμου Τονεγκάουα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουσούμου Τονεγκάουα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سوسومو تونگاوا – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوسومو تونگاوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="סוסומו טונגאווה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוסומו טונגאווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonegava_Szuszumu" title="Tonegava Szuszumu – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tonegava Szuszumu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%A0%B9%E5%B7%9D%E9%80%B2" title="利根川進 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="利根川進" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="სუძუმი ტონეგავა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუძუმი ტონეგავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Судзуми Тонегава – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Судзуми Тонегава" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EA%B0%80%EC%99%80_%EC%8A%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%AC%B4" title="도네가와 스스무 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도네가와 스스무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سوسومو تونگاوا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوسومو تونگاوا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonegawa_Susumu" title="Tonegawa Susumu – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tonegawa Susumu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سوسومو ٹونیگاوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوسومو ٹونیگاوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Тонегава, Судзуми – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тонегава, Судзуми" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegava" title="Susumu Tonegava – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Susumu Tonegava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сусуму Тонегава – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сусуму Тонегава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сусуму Тонегава – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сусуму Тонегава" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Тонеґава Сусуму – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тонеґава Сусуму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سسوموٹونیگوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سسوموٹونیگوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonegawa_Susumu" title="Tonegawa Susumu – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tonegawa Susumu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Susumu Tonegawa" 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelprijswinnaar"><img alt="Nobelprijswinnaar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>  Susumu Tonegawa </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/6_september" title="6 september">6 september</a> <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Susumu_Tonegawa_Photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Susumu Tonegawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Susumu_Tonegawa_Photo.jpg/266px-Susumu_Tonegawa_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Susumu_Tonegawa_Photo.jpg/399px-Susumu_Tonegawa_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Susumu_Tonegawa_Photo.jpg/532px-Susumu_Tonegawa_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="2545" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Susumu Tonegawa</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2">Fysiologie of Geneeskunde </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1987 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">Voor de ontdekking hoe de grote diversiteit aan <a href="/wiki/Antilichamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilichamen">antilichamen</a> genetisch wordt geproduceerd </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemicus)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemicus)">Stanley Cohen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/James_Whyte_Black" title="James Whyte Black">James Whyte Black</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Elion" title="Gertrude Elion">Gertrude Elion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Hitchings" class="mw-redirect" title="George Hitchings">George Hitchings</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Geneeskunde" title="Portaal:Geneeskunde">Geneeskunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Susumu Tonegawa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japans" title="Japans">Japans</a>: 利根川進, <i>Tonegawa Susumu</i>) (<a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/6_september" title="6 september">6 september</a> <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>) is een <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanse</a> wetenschapper die in <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a> de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a> won voor de ontdekking hoe de grote diversiteit aan <a href="/wiki/Antilichamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilichamen">antilichamen</a> genetisch wordt geproduceerd. Hoewel hij dus een <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs" title="Nobelprijs">Nobelprijs</a> won voor zijn werk op het gebied van de <a href="/wiki/Immunologie" title="Immunologie">immunologie</a>, is Tonegawa van oorsprong opgeleid tot <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">moleculair bioloog</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susumu Tonegawa werd geboren in de Japanse stad Nagoya als tweede van de vier kinderen van Tsutomu en Miyoko Masuko Tonegawa. Vanwege het werk van zijn vader woonde Susumu en zijn oudere broer in bij een oom in Tokio. Hij behaalde in <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a> zijn bachelor aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit" title="Universiteit">universiteit</a> van <a href="/wiki/Kioto_(stad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kioto (stad)">Kyoto</a>. Hij promoveerde aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Californi%C3%AB" title="Universiteit van Californië">Universiteit van Californië</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_(Californi%C3%AB)" title="San Diego (Californië)">San Diego</a>, waarna hij post-doctoraal werk deed aan het Salk Institute in die stad, in het laboratorium van Renato Dulbecco. Vervolgens werkte hij voor het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basel_institute_for_immunology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basel institute for immunology (de pagina bestaat niet)">Basel Institute for Immunology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bazel_(Zwitserland)" title="Bazel (Zwitserland)">Bazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwitserland" title="Zwitserland">Zwitserland</a>, waar hij zijn belangrijkste onderzoek verrichtte. In <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a> werd hij aangesteld aan het prestigieuze <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), waar hij het Picower Institute for Learning and Memory oprichtte en daar leiding aan gaf. In <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a> won hij samen met <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> (Nobelprijswinnaar in <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>) de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (de pagina bestaat niet)">Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Columbia-universiteit" title="Columbia-universiteit">Columbia-universiteit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Werk">Werk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Werk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Werk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonegawa gaf de aanzet voor de oplossing van het probleem hoe de miljoenen verschillende eiwitten aan door <a href="/wiki/B-cel" title="B-cel">B-cellen</a> geproduceerde antilichamen in het <a href="/wiki/Desoxyribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxyribonucleïnezuur">DNA</a> worden gecodeerd. In 1976 toonde hij aan de hand van experimenten op muizen aan, dat genetisch materiaal zichzelf kan 'reorganiseren', en zo op een efficiënte manier de grote diversiteit aan <a href="/wiki/Antilichaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilichaam">antilichamen</a> te vormen die nodig is in de afweer tegen <a href="/wiki/Pathogeen" title="Pathogeen">ziekteverwekkers</a>. Het proces staat tegenwoordig bekend als <a href="/wiki/V(D)J-recombinatie" title="V(D)J-recombinatie">V(D)J-recombinatie</a>. Hij vergeleek het DNA van B-cellen (een type <a href="/wiki/Witte_bloedcel" title="Witte bloedcel">witte bloedcel</a>) in volwassen muizen met dat in muis<a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>'s. Daaruit bleek dat de <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genen</a> in de volgroeide B-cellen van de volwassen muizen bewogen, gecombineerd en verwijderd werden om zo de diversiteit aan verschillende antistoffen te vormen. Daarnaast vond hij dat de basis voor de codering van essentiële elementen van een antilichaam in het embryonale DNA lag, maar dat ook somatische combinatie en somatische mutatie een rol in dit proces spelen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schandaal">Schandaal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Schandaal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Schandaal"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> werd Tonegawa ervan beschuldigd de aanstelling van een vrouwelijke kandidate, Alla Karpova, voor een positie in het McGovern Institute for Brain Research (een andere, eveneens op neurologisch onderzoek gerichte groep binnen MIT) te hebben tegengewerkt, door haar te hebben laten weten dat zij mogelijk concurrenten zouden worden binnen het MIT. Elf vrouwelijk collega-docenten verzochten de directrice van MIT daarop in een brief om een onderzoek in te stellen naar mogelijk onethisch handelen door Tonegawa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoewel een interne commissie concludeerde dat er geen bewijs was voor seksuele discriminatie, legde Tonegawa desalniettemin zijn functie als directeur van het Picower Institute for Learning en Memory neer.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/biology/www/facultyareas/facresearch/tonegawa.html">Website van de faculteit biologie van het MIT</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/picowercenter/faculty/tonegawa.html">Beschrijving van het onderzoek aan het Picower Institute for Learning and Memory</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/">Officiële site van de Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Newton, David E.</span> (1995). "Susumu Tonegawa". <i>Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists</i>.  Detroit: Gale Research Inc. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0810391819" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0810391819">ISBN 978-0810391819 </a></span>.</li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/07/15/mit_star_accused_by_11_colleagues"><i>MIT star accused by 11 colleagues, Boston Globe 2006</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/11/17/mit_neuroscience_center_head_quits"><i>MIT neuroscience center head quits,</i> Boston Globe 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/tonegawa-statements.html"><i>Statements by Susumu Tonegawa (official)</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output 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informatie">Bibliografische informatie</a></div><div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content plainlist ta-left"><ul style="column-width:36em"><li><b><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02619754?l=en">DA02619754</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1169182828">1169182828</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000082025009">0000 0000 8202 5009</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88048874">n88048874</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheek_van_het_Japanse_parlement" title="Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement">Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00174087">00174087</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië">Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0251230&CON_LNG=ENG">xx0251230</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_en_Universitaire_bibliotheek_Zagreb" title="Nationale en Universitaire bibliotheek Zagreb">Nationale en Universitaire bibliotheek Zagreb</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000096033&local_base=nsk10">000096033</a></span></li><li><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1006" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1006">Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p268194386">268194386</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2839-8228">0000-0003-2839-8228</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x96n7k">w6x96n7k</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_Scholar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantic Scholar (de pagina bestaat niet)">Semantic Scholar</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/35148817">35148817</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16309697">16309697</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/16309697">16309697</a></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" data-expandtext="Uitklappen" data-collapsetext="Inklappen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <p>1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> · 1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> · 1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov" title="Ilja Iljitsj Metsjnikov">Mechnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> · 1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> · 1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> · 1914: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> · 1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> · 1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> · 1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(medicus)" title="John Macleod (medicus)">Macleod</a> · 1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> · 1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Fibiger</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> · 1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> · 1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Hopkins</a> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> · 1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Adrian</a> · 1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> · 1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Murphy" title="William Murphy">Murphy</a> · 1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneel_Heymans" title="Corneel Heymans">Heymans</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Gasser</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> · 1947: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C. Cori</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G. Cori</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Houssay</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a> · 1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(arts)" title="Hans Krebs (arts)">Krebs</a>,<a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Lipmann</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles" title="John Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Lynen</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michael_Lwoff" title="André Michael Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Huggins</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Svante_von_Euler" title="Ulf Svante von Euler">Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland jr.">Sutherland</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Porter" title="Rodney Porter">Porter</a> · 1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niko_Tinbergen" title="Niko Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">De Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> · 1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Temin</a> · 1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> · 1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Yalow</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Othanel_Smith" title="Hamilton Othanel Smith">Smith</a> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> · 1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Karl_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Karl Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Ingemar_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" title="John Robert Vane">Vane</a> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J.F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J.F. Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> · 1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein" title="Joseph Goldstein">Goldstein</a> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemicus)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemicus)">Cohen</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a></span> · 1987: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tonegawa</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Whyte_Black" title="James Whyte Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Elion" title="Gertrude Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Bishop" title="John Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray_(chirurg)" title="Joseph Murray (chirurg)">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> · 1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Gerhard_Krebs" title="Edwin Gerhard Krebs">Krebs</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Roberts" title="Richard John Roberts">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Sharp</a> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman" title="Alfred Goodman Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> · 1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Prusiner</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> · 1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> · 2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Sulston" title="John Edward Sulston">Sulston</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Mello</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Zur Hausen</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré–Sinoussi</a>,</span> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(fysioloog)" title="Robert Edwards (fysioloog)">Edwards</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Moser</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(wetenschapper)" title="William C. Campbell (wetenschapper)">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Omura" title="Satoshi Omura">Omura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youyou_Tu" title="Youyou Tu">Tu</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Osumi" title="Yoshinori Osumi">Osumi</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/James_Allison" title="James Allison">Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_jr." title="William Kaelin jr.">Kaelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a> </p> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&oldid=64009854">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&oldid=64009854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Japans_immunoloog" title="Categorie:Japans immunoloog">Japans immunoloog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Winnaar_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Categorie:Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:20e-eeuws_medicus" title="Categorie:20e-eeuws medicus">20e-eeuws medicus</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 18 mrt 2023 om 01:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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