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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Visual properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shades_and_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shades_and_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shades and variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shades_and_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shades and variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shades_and_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Electric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Natural production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Synthetic production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Structure and classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Antiquity and Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>17th and 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_(invention_of_synthetic_ultramarine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_(invention_of_synthetic_ultramarine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>19th century (invention of synthetic ultramarine)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_(invention_of_synthetic_ultramarine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Permanence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Synthetic applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultramarine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramaryn" title="Ultramaryn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ultramaryn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="صبغة اللازورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صبغة اللازورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE_%DA%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C" title="توخ گؤی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توخ گؤی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ултрамарин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ултрамарин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau_d%27ultramar" title="Blau d'ultramar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blau d'ultramar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarin_tmav%C3%BD" title="Ultramarin tmavý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ultramarin tmavý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarin" title="Ultramarin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ultramarin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarin" title="Ultramarin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ultramarin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul_ultramar" title="Azul ultramar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Azul ultramar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="اطلسی (رنگ) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اطلسی (رنگ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleu_outremer" title="Bleu outremer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bleu outremer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%B0_(%EC%83%89)" title="울트라마린 (색) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="울트라마린 (색)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ուլտրամարին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուլտրամարին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नौसेना नीला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नौसेना नीला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarin" title="Ultramarin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ultramarin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramaro" title="Ultramaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ultramaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazuardi_(warna)" title="Lazuardi (warna) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lazuardi (warna)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu_oltremare" title="Blu oltremare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blu oltremare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אולטראמרין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אולטראמרין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲ್ಟ್ರಾಮರೀನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲ್ಟ್ರಾಮರೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeruleus_ultramarinus" title="Caeruleus ultramarinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caeruleus ultramarinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarinas" title="Ultramarinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ultramarinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarink%C3%A9k" title="Ultramarinkék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ultramarinkék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="നീലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നീലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarijn" title="Ultramarijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ultramarijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ウルトラマリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウルトラマリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarin" title="Ultramarin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ultramarin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramaryna" title="Ultramaryna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ultramaryna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul_ultramarino" title="Azul ultramarino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Azul ultramarino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ультрамарин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ультрамарин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="नाविकनीलः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नाविकनीलः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ultramarine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the pigment and the color. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ultramarine (disambiguation)">Ultramarine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ultramarine blue" redirects here. For the RAL color, see <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_blue_(RAL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramarine blue (RAL)">Ultramarine blue (RAL)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ultramarine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#120A8F!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultramarinepigment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ultramarinepigment.jpg/220px-Ultramarinepigment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ultramarinepigment.jpg/330px-Ultramarinepigment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ultramarinepigment.jpg/440px-Ultramarinepigment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ultramarine <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#120A8F</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(18, 10, 143)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(244°, 93%, 56%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(17, 65, 266°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">ColorHexa<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS descriptor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Deep blue</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Ultramarine</b> is a deep <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> which was originally made by grinding <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">powder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its lengthy grinding and washing process makes the natural pigment quite valuable—roughly ten times more expensive than the stone it comes from and as expensive as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name ultramarine comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ultramarinus</i></span>. The word means 'beyond the sea', as the pigment was imported by <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> traders during the <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th</a> and <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th centuries</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the expansion of ultramarine can be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> which historically was the port of entry for lapis lazuli in Europe. </p><p>Ultramarine was the finest and most expensive blue used by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> painters. It was often used for the robes of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and symbolized holiness and humility. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultramarine is a permanent pigment when under ideal preservation conditions. Otherwise, it is susceptible to discoloration and fading.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pigment consists primarily of a <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a>-based mineral containing small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">polysulfides</a>. It occurs in nature as a proximate component of <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> containing a blue cubic mineral called <a href="/wiki/Lazurite" title="Lazurite">lazurite</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a>, the pigment of ultramarine is identified as P. Blue 29 77007.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major component of lazurite is a complex sulfur-containing sodium-silicate (Na<sub>8–10</sub>Al<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>24</sub>S<sub>2–4</sub>), which makes ultramarine the most complex of all mineral <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> is often present in the crystal lattice as well. The blue color of the pigment is due to the <a href="/wiki/S3-" class="mw-redirect" title="S3-"><span class="chemf nowrap">S<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span></a> <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>, which contains an <a href="/wiki/Unpaired_electron" title="Unpaired electron">unpaired electron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_properties">Visual properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Visual properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_ultramarine_painted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Natural_ultramarine_painted.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Natural ultramarine painted</figcaption></figure> <p>The best samples of ultramarine are a uniform deep blue while other specimens are of paler color.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particle size distribution has been found to vary among samples of ultramarine from various workshops. Numerous grinding techniques used by painters have resulted in different pigment/medium ratios and particle size distributions. The grinding and purification process results in pigment with particles of various geometries. Different grades of pigment may have been used for different areas in a painting, a characteristic that is sometimes used in art authentication.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shades_and_variations">Shades and variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shades and variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Electric Ultramarine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#3F00FF!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#3F00FF</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(63, 0, 255)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(255°, 100%, 100%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(35, 133, 268°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">Maerz and Paul<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/International_Klein_Blue" title="International Klein Blue">International Klein Blue</a> (IKB) a deep blue hue first mixed by the French artist <a href="/wiki/Yves_Klein" title="Yves Klein">Yves Klein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric">Electric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Electric ultramarine</i> is the tone of ultramarine that is halfway between <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)#Color_wheel_violet" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> on the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB (HSV) color wheel</a>, the expression of the <a href="/wiki/HSV_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="HSV color space">HSV color space</a> of the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="There was no HSV in 1930. Not every color wheel is HSV. Munsell, which works much better than HSV, would've existed by then, though I'm not saying that's what the chart is. (December 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ultramarine#Dubious" title="Talk:Ultramarine">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_production">Natural production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Natural production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> stone was mined in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and shipped overseas to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A method to produce ultramarine from lapis lazuli was introduced and later described by <a href="/wiki/Cennino_Cennini" title="Cennino Cennini">Cennino Cennini</a> in the 15th century. This process consisted of grinding the lapis lazuli mineral, mixing the ground material with melted <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a>, wrapping the resulting mass in a cloth, and then kneading it in a dilute lye solution, a <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a> solution prepared by combining <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">wood ash</a> with water. The blue lazurite particles collect at the bottom of the pot, while the colorless crystalline material and other impurities remain at the top. This process was performed at least three times, with each successive extraction generating a lower quality material. The final extraction, consisting largely of colorless material as well as a few blue particles, brings forth ultramarine ash which is prized as a <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(painting_technique)" title="Glaze (painting technique)">glaze</a> for its pale blue transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This extensive process was specific to ultramarine because the mineral it comes from has a combination of both blue and colorless pigments. If an artist were to simply grind and wash lapis lazuli, the resulting powder would be a greyish-blue color that lacks purity and depth of color since lapis lazuli contains a high proportion of colorless material.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the lapis lazuli stone itself is relatively inexpensive, the lengthy process of pulverizing, sifting, and washing to produce ultramarine makes the natural pigment quite valuable and roughly ten times more expensive than the stone it comes from. The high cost of the imported raw material and the long laborious process of extraction combined has been said to make high-quality ultramarine as expensive as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_production">Synthetic production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synthetic production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, an estimated 20,000 tons of ultramarine were produced industrially. The raw materials used in the manufacture of synthetic ultramarine are the following: </p> <ul><li>white <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">sodium sulfate</a> (Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>),</li> <li>anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>),</li> <li>powdered <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>,</li> <li>powdered <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> or relatively ash-free <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Colophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Colophony">colophony</a> in lumps.<sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The preparation is typically made in steps: </p> <ul><li>The first part of the process takes place at 700 to 750 °C in a closed <a href="/wiki/Furnace_(central_heating)" title="Furnace (central heating)">furnace</a>, so that sulfur, carbon and organic substances give reducing conditions. This yields a yellow-green product sometimes used as a pigment.</li> <li>In the second step, air or sulfur dioxide at 350 to 450 °C is used to oxidize sulfide in the intermediate product to S<sub>2</sub> and S<sub><i>n</i></sub> <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a> molecules, resulting in the blue (or purple, pink or red) pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The mixture is heated in a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>, sometimes in brick-sized amounts.</li> <li>The resultant solids are then ground and washed, as is the case in any other insoluble pigment's manufacturing process; the chemical reaction produces large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">Flue-gas desulfurization</a> is thus essential to its manufacture where SO<sub>2</sub> pollution is regulated.)</li></ul> <p>Ultramarine poor in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a> is obtained by fusing a mixture of soft clay, sodium sulfate, charcoal, sodium carbonate, and sulfur. The product is at first white, but soon turns green "green ultramarine" when it is mixed with sulfur and heated. The sulfur burns, and a fine blue pigment is obtained. Ultramarine rich in silica is generally obtained by heating a mixture of pure clay, very fine white <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, sulfur, and charcoal in a <a href="/wiki/Muffle_furnace" title="Muffle furnace">muffle furnace</a>. A blue product is obtained at once, but a red tinge often results. The different ultramarines—<a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a>—are finely ground and washed with water.<sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Synthetic ultramarine is a more vivid blue than natural ultramarine, since the particles in synthetic ultramarine are smaller and more uniform than the particles in natural ultramarine and therefore <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffuse</a> light more evenly.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its color is unaffected by light nor by contact with oil or lime as used in painting. <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">Hydrochloric acid</a> immediately bleaches it with liberation of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. Even a small addition of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> to the reddish varieties especially causes a considerable diminution in the intensity of the color.<sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern, synthetic ultramarine blue is a non-toxic, soft pigment that does not need much mulling to disperse into a paint formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lapis lazuli specimen (rough), Afghanistan"><img alt="Lapis lazuli specimen (rough), Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg/262px-Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg/394px-Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg/525px-Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="1679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a> specimen (rough), Afghanistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natural ultramarine"><img alt="Natural ultramarine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg/270px-Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg/406px-Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Natural ultramarine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultramarinepigment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Synthetic ultramarine blue"><img alt="Synthetic ultramarine blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ultramarinepigment.jpg/300px-Ultramarinepigment.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ultramarinepigment.jpg/451px-Ultramarinepigment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ultramarinepigment.jpg/600px-Ultramarinepigment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Synthetic ultramarine blue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigment_Violet_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Synthetic ultramarine violet"><img alt="Synthetic ultramarine violet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pigment_Violet_15.jpg/292px-Pigment_Violet_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pigment_Violet_15.jpg/439px-Pigment_Violet_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Pigment_Violet_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Synthetic ultramarine violet</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_classification">Structure and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>Duplicate with <a href="#Structure">#Structure</a> and small conflict too!</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ultramarine" title="Special:EditPage/Ultramarine">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ultramarine is the aluminosilicate <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">sodalite</a> structure. Sodalite consists of interconnected aluminosilicate cages. Some of these cages contain <a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">polysulfide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">S<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i>−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>x</i></sub></span></span></span>) groups that are the chromophore (color centre). The negative charge on these ions is balanced by <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> ions that also occupy these cages.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chromophore is proposed to be <span class="chemf nowrap">S<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> or S<sub>4</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages">Antiquity and Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antiquity and Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name derives from Middle <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ultramarinus</i></span>, literally "beyond the sea" because it was imported from Asia by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, it has also been known as <i>azzurrum ultramarine</i>, <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">azzurrum transmarinum</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">azzuro oltramarino</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">azur d'Acre, pierre d'azur</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lazurstein</i></span>. The current terminology for ultramarine includes natural ultramarine (English), <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">outremer lapis</i></span> (French), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ultramarin echt</i></span> (German), <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">oltremare genuino</i></span> (Italian), and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ultramarino verdadero</i></span> (Spanish). The first recorded use of <i>ultramarine</i> as a color name in English was in 1598.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first noted use of lapis lazuli as a pigment can be seen in 6th and 7th-century paintings in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> cave temples in Afghanistan, near the most famous source of the mineral. Lapis lazuli has been identified in Chinese paintings from the 10th and 11th centuries, in Indian mural paintings from the 11th, 12th, and 17th centuries, and on <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> illuminated manuscripts from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> used lapis lazuli in solid form for ornamental applications in jewelry, however, there is no record of them successfully formulating lapis lazuli into paint.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence and early literature reveal that lapis lazuli was used as a semi-precious stone and decorative building stone from early Egyptian times. The mineral is described by the classical authors <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>. There is no evidence that lapis lazuli was used ground as a painting pigment by ancient <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a>. Like ancient Egyptians, they had access to a satisfactory blue colorant in the synthetic copper silicate pigment, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wilton_Diptych_(Right).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wilton Diptych (1395–1399) is an example of the use of ultramarine in 14th-century England"><img alt="The Wilton Diptych (1395–1399) is an example of the use of ultramarine in 14th-century England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Wilton_Diptych_%28Right%29.jpg/300px-The_Wilton_Diptych_%28Right%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Wilton_Diptych_%28Right%29.jpg/450px-The_Wilton_Diptych_%28Right%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Wilton_Diptych_%28Right%29.jpg/600px-The_Wilton_Diptych_%28Right%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Diptych" title="Wilton Diptych">Wilton Diptych</a> (1395–1399) is an example of the use of ultramarine in 14th-century <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masaccio._Madonna_and_Child._1426._National_Gallery,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The blue robes of the Virgin Mary by Masaccio (1426) were painted with ultramarine"><img alt="The blue robes of the Virgin Mary by Masaccio (1426) were painted with ultramarine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Masaccio._Madonna_and_Child._1426._National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg/250px-Masaccio._Madonna_and_Child._1426._National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Masaccio._Madonna_and_Child._1426._National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg/374px-Masaccio._Madonna_and_Child._1426._National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Masaccio._Madonna_and_Child._1426._National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg/499px-Masaccio._Madonna_and_Child._1426._National_Gallery%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The blue robes of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a> (1426) were painted with ultramarine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_cat54b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pietro Perugino economized on this painting of the Virgin Mary (about 1500) by using azurite for the underpainting of the robe, then adding a layer of ultramarine on top"><img alt="Pietro Perugino economized on this painting of the Virgin Mary (about 1500) by using azurite for the underpainting of the robe, then adding a layer of ultramarine on top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pietro_Perugino_cat54b.jpg/247px-Pietro_Perugino_cat54b.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pietro_Perugino_cat54b.jpg/371px-Pietro_Perugino_cat54b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pietro_Perugino_cat54b.jpg/494px-Pietro_Perugino_cat54b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="3360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a> economized on this painting of the Virgin Mary (about 1500) by using <a href="/wiki/Azurite_(pigment)" title="Azurite (pigment)">azurite</a> for the underpainting of the robe, then adding a layer of ultramarine on top</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 333.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 331.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titian_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titian made dramatic use of ultramarine in the sky and draperies of Bacchus and Ariadne (1520–1523)"><img alt="Titian made dramatic use of ultramarine in the sky and draperies of Bacchus and Ariadne (1520–1523)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Titian_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/497px-Titian_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="332" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Titian_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/746px-Titian_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Titian_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/995px-Titian_-_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> made dramatic use of ultramarine in the sky and draperies of <i><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_and_Ariadne" title="Bacchus and Ariadne">Bacchus and Ariadne</a></i> (1520–1523)</div> </li> </ul><p><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> was central to both the manufacturing and distribution of ultramarine during the early modern period. The pigment was imported by <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> traders during the <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th</a> and <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th centuries</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other European countries employed the pigment less extensively than in Italy; the pigment was not used even by wealthy painters in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, ultramarine was the finest and most expensive blue that could be used by painters. <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Color infrared</a> photogenic studies of ultramarine in 13th and 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Sienese</a> panel paintings have revealed that historically, ultramarine has been diluted with white lead pigment in an effort to use the color more sparingly given its high price.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15th century artist <a href="/wiki/Cennino_Cennini" title="Cennino Cennini">Cennino Cennini</a> wrote in his painters' handbook: "Ultramarine blue is a glorious, lovely and absolutely perfect pigment beyond all the pigments. It would not be possible to say anything about or do anything to it which would not make it more so."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural ultramarine is a difficult pigment to grind by hand, and for all except the highest quality of mineral, sheer grinding and washing produces only a pale grayish blue powder.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pigment was most extensively used during the 14th through 15th centuries, as its brilliance complemented the <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> of illuminated manuscripts and Italian panel paintings. It was valued chiefly on account of its brilliancy of tone and its inertness in opposition to sunlight, oil, and slaked <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a>. It is, however, extremely susceptible to even minute and dilute mineral <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> and acid vapors. Dilute HCl, HNO<sub>3</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> rapidly destroy the blue color, producing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H<sub>2</sub>S) in the process. <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a> attacks the pigment at a much slower rate than mineral acids. </p><p>Ultramarine was only used for <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> when it was applied <i><a href="/wiki/Fresco-secco" title="Fresco-secco">secco</a></i> because frescoes' absorption rate made its use cost prohibitive. The pigment was mixed with a binding medium like egg to form a <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> and applied over dry plaster, such as in <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a>'s frescos in the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_degli_Scrovegni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappella degli Scrovegni">Cappella degli Scrovegni</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena Chapel">Arena Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>. </p><p>European artists used the pigment sparingly, reserving their highest quality blues for the robes of <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christ_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ child">Christ child</a>, possibly in an effort to show piety, spending as a means of expressing devotion. As a result of the high price, artists sometimes economized by using a cheaper blue, <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a>, for under painting. Most likely imported to Europe through <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, the pigment was seldom seen in German art or art from countries north of Italy. Due to a shortage of azurite in the late 16th and 17th century, the price for the already-expensive ultramarine increased dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-The_blue_color2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_blue_color2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sassoferrato's depiction of the Blessed Virgin Mary, The Virgin in Prayer, c. 1654. Her blue cloak is painted in ultramarine.[30]"><img alt="Sassoferrato's depiction of the Blessed Virgin Mary, The Virgin in Prayer, c. 1654. Her blue cloak is painted in ultramarine.[30]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg/358px-Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg/537px-Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg/715px-Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Salvi_da_Sassoferrato" title="Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato">Sassoferrato</a>'s depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_in_Prayer" title="The Virgin in Prayer">The Virgin in Prayer</a></i>, c. 1654. Her blue cloak is painted in ultramarine.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girl with a Pearl Earring, by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1665)"><img alt="Girl with a Pearl Earring, by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1665)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg/376px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg/564px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg/752px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring" title="Girl with a Pearl Earring">Girl with a Pearl Earring</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> (c. 1665)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lady Standing at a Virginal, by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1675)"><img alt="Lady Standing at a Virginal, by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1675)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg/395px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg/593px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg/791px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3713" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal" title="Lady Standing at a Virginal">Lady Standing at a Virginal</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> (c. 1675)</div> </li> </ul><p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> made extensive use of ultramarine in his paintings. The turban of the <i><a href="/wiki/Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring" title="Girl with a Pearl Earring">Girl with a Pearl Earring</a></i> is painted with a mixture of ultramarine and lead white, with a thin glaze of pure ultramarine over it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Lady Standing at a Virginal</i>, the young woman's dress is painted with a mixture of ultramarine and green earth, and ultramarine was used to add shadows in the flesh tones.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific analysis by the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> in London of <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal" title="Lady Standing at a Virginal">Lady Standing at a Virginal</a></i> showed that the ultramarine in the blue seat cushion in the foreground had degraded and become paler with time; it would have been a deeper blue when originally painted.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_(invention_of_synthetic_ultramarine)"><span id="19th_century_.28invention_of_synthetic_ultramarine.29"></span>19th century (invention of synthetic ultramarine)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 19th century (invention of synthetic ultramarine)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of the development of artificial ultramarine blue is known from <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>. In about 1787, he observed the blue deposits on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> near <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. He was aware of the use of these glassy deposits as a substitute for lapis lazuli in decorative applications. He did not mention if it was suitable to grind for a pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1814, <a href="/wiki/Tassaert_family" title="Tassaert family">Tassaert</a> observed the spontaneous formation of a blue compound, very similar to ultramarine, if not identical with it, in a lime kiln at St. Gobain.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1824, this caused the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27encouragement_pour_l%27industrie_nationale" title="Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale">Societé pour l'Encouragement d'Industrie</a></i></span> to offer a prize for the artificial production of the precious color. Processes were devised by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Guimet">Jean Baptiste Guimet</a> (1826) and by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gmelin" title="Christian Gmelin">Christian Gmelin</a> (1828), then professor of chemistry in Tübingen. While Guimet kept his process a secret, Gmelin published his, and became the originator of the "artificial ultramarine" industry.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permanence">Permanence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Permanence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Easel paintings and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> have revealed natural ultramarine in a perfect state of preservation even though the art may be several centuries old. In general, ultramarine is a permanent pigment. Although it is a <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-containing compound from which sulfur is readily emitted as H<sub>2</sub>S, historically, it has been mixed with <a href="/wiki/Lead_white" title="Lead white">lead white</a> with no reported occurrences of the lead pigment blackening to become <a href="/wiki/Lead_sulfide" title="Lead sulfide">lead sulfide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A plague known as "ultramarine sickness" has occasionally been observed among ultramarine oil paintings as a grayish or yellowish gray discoloration of the paint surface. This can occur with artificial ultramarine that is used industrially. The cause of this has been debated among experts, however, potential causes include atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a>, acidity of an oil- or oleo-resinous paint medium, or slow drying of the oil during which time water may have been absorbed, creating swelling, opacity of the medium, and therefore whitening of the paint film.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both natural and artificial ultramarine are stable to <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and caustic <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalis</a> in ordinary conditions. Artificial ultramarine has been found to fade when in contact with lime when it is used to color concrete or plaster. These observations have led experts to speculate if the natural pigment’s fading may be the result of contact with the lime plaster of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthetic_applications">Synthetic applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Synthetic applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic ultramarine, being very cheap, is used for wall painting, the printing of paper hangings, and <a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">calico</a>. It also is used as a corrective for the yellowish tinge often present in things meant to be white, such as <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bluing_(fabric)" title="Bluing (fabric)">Bluing</a> or "laundry blue" is a suspension of synthetic ultramarine, or the chemically different <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>, that is used for this purpose when washing white clothes. It is often found in makeup such as <a href="/wiki/Mascara" title="Mascara">mascaras</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eye_shadow" title="Eye shadow">eye shadows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large quantities are used in the manufacture of paper, and especially for producing a kind of pale blue writing paper which was popular in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> painted the outer <a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">roundels</a> with a color made from ultramarine blue. This became BS 108(381C) aircraft blue. It was replaced in the 1960s by a new color made on <a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine blue">phthalocyanine blue</a>, called BS110(381C) roundel blue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultramarine is a blue made from natural <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, or its synthetic equivalent which is sometimes called "French Ultramarine".<sup id="cite_ref-dic12_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dic12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally "ultramarine blue" can refer to a vivid blue. </p><p>The term ultramarine can also refer to other pigments. Variants of the pigment such as "ultramarine red," "ultramarine green," and "ultramarine violet" all resemble ultramarine with respect to their chemistry and crystal structure.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "ultramarine green" indicates a dark green while <a href="/wiki/Barium_chromate" title="Barium chromate">barium chromate</a> is sometimes referred to as "ultramarine yellow".<sup id="cite_ref-dic12_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dic12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultramarine pigment has also been termed "Gmelin's Blue," "Guimet's Blue," "New blue," "Oriental Blue," and "Permanent Blue".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_pigments" title="Blue pigments">Blue pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAL_5002_Ultramarine_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="RAL 5002 Ultramarine blue">RAL 5002 Ultramarine blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Klein_Blue" title="International Klein Blue">International Klein Blue</a> – Deep blue pigment first mixed by the French artist Yves Klein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_pigments" title="List of inorganic pigments">List of inorganic pigments</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colorhexa.com/120a8f">"Ultramarine / #120a8f hex color"</a>. <i>ColorHexa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+is+Creation&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Art+Pigment+Database%3A+Pigment+Blue+%E2%80%93+PB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artiscreation.com%2Fblue.html%23pb29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlesters1966" class="citation journal cs1">Plesters, Joyce (1966). 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Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.n20_n02">10.1002/14356007.n20_n02</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pigments%2C+Inorganic%2C+3.+Colored+Pigments&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.n20_n02&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Buxbaum&rft.aufirst=Gunter&rft.au=Printzen%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Mansmann%2C+Manfred&rft.au=R%C3%A4de%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Trenczek%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Wilhelm%2C+Volker&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Wienand%2C+Henning&rft.au=Adel%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Adrian%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Karl&rft.au=Cork%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Winkeler%2C+Heinrich&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Wielfried&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Ashok. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/artists-pigments-vol2.pdf">"Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Gallery of Art</i>. <b>2</b>: 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.atitle=Artists%27+Pigments%3A+A+Handbook+of+Their+History+and+Characteristics&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=38&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fngaweb%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fpdfs%2Fartists-pigments-vol2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer1974" class="citation journal cs1">Boer, J. R. J. Van Asperen De (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1505730">"An Examination of Particle Size Distributions of Azurite and Natural Ultramarine in Some Early Netherlandish Paintings"</a>. <i>Studies in Conservation</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 233–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1505730">10.2307/1505730</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3630">0039-3630</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1505730">1505730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conservation&rft.atitle=An+Examination+of+Particle+Size+Distributions+of+Azurite+and+Natural+Ultramarine+in+Some+Early+Netherlandish+Paintings&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=233-243&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0039-3630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1505730%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1505730&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+J.+Van+Asperen+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1505730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called <i>ultramarine</i> in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul <i>A Dictionary of Color</i> New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color <i>ultramarine</i> is displayed on page 105, Plate 41, Color Sample F12 and is shown as the color lying exactly halfway between blue and violet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/international-klein-blue">"All You Need to Know About the International Klein Blue | Widewalls"</a>. <i>www.widewalls.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.widewalls.ch&rft.atitle=All+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+International+Klein+Blue+%7C+Widewalls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.widewalls.ch%2Fmagazine%2Finternational-klein-blue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maerz and Paul <i>A Dictionary of Color</i> New York:1930--McGraw Hill Color Sample of Ultramarine: Page 105, Plate 41, Color Sample F12. Ultramarine is shown as being one of the colors on the bottom of the plate representing the most highly saturated colors between blue and violet (the colors on the right of the plate represent the most highly saturated colors between violet and rose); ultramarine is shown as being situated at a position exactly one-half of the way between blue and violet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lara Broecke, <i>Cennino Cennini's </i>Il Libro dell'Arte<i>: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription</i>, Archetype 2015, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlesters1966" class="citation journal cs1">Plesters, Joyce (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1505446">"Ultramarine Blue, Natural and Artificial"</a>. <i>Studies in Conservation</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 62–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1505446">10.2307/1505446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3630">0039-3630</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1505446">1505446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conservation&rft.atitle=Ultramarine+Blue%2C+Natural+and+Artificial&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62-91&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=0039-3630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1505446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1505446&rft.aulast=Plesters&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1505446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB19112-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ultramarine" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ultramarine">Ultramarine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ultramarine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2441952.pdf">"Manufacture of ultramarine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.freepatentsonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freepatentsonline.com&rft.atitle=Manufacture+of+ultramarine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepatentsonline.com%2F2441952.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primaryinfo.com/projects/ultramarine-blue-pigment.htm">"Ultramarine-Blue-Pigment – Analysis, Applications, Process, Patent, Consultants, Company Profiles, Suppliers, Market, Report"</a>. <i>www.primaryinfo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.primaryinfo.com&rft.atitle=Ultramarine-Blue-Pigment+%E2%80%93+Analysis%2C+Applications%2C+Process%2C+Patent%2C+Consultants%2C+Company+Profiles%2C+Suppliers%2C+Market%2C+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primaryinfo.com%2Fprojects%2Fultramarine-blue-pigment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf">"The History of Blue Pigments in the Fine Arts: Painting, From the Perspective of a Paint Maker"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales</i>. <b>153</b>: 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+%26+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Blue+Pigments+in+the+Fine+Arts%3A+Painting%2C+From+the+Perspective+of+a+Paint+Maker&rft.volume=153&rft.pages=173&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsoc.org.au%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Fjournal%2F153-2-04Patterson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maerz and Paul <i>A Dictionary of Color</i> New York:1930--McGraw Hill Page 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf">"The History of Blue Pigments in the Fine Arts: Painting, From the Perspective of a Paint Maker"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales</i>. <b>153</b>: 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+%26+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Blue+Pigments+in+the+Fine+Arts%3A+Painting%2C+From+the+Perspective+of+a+Paint+Maker&rft.volume=153&rft.pages=167&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsoc.org.au%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Fjournal%2F153-2-04Patterson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Ashok. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/artists-pigments-vol2.pdf">"Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Gallery of Art</i>. <b>2</b>: 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.atitle=Artists%27+Pigments%3A+A+Handbook+of+Their+History+and+Characteristics&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=40&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fngaweb%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fpdfs%2Fartists-pigments-vol2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoeniger1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hoeniger, Cathleen (1991-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179/019713691806066782">"The Identification of Blue Pigments in Early Sienese Paintings by Color Infrared Photography"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Institute for Conservation</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 115–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F019713691806066782">10.1179/019713691806066782</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-1360">0197-1360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+for+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+Identification+of+Blue+Pigments+in+Early+Sienese+Paintings+by+Color+Infrared+Photography&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-124&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F019713691806066782&rft.issn=0197-1360&rft.aulast=Hoeniger&rft.aufirst=Cathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1179%2F019713691806066782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lara Broecke, <i>Cennino Cennini's </i>Il Libro dell'Arte<i>, a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription</i>, Archetype 2015, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialvermeer.com/palette/palette_grinding_and_materials.html#.VINmSjGG-9E">"Palette grinding and_materials"</a>. <i>www.essentialvermeer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.essentialvermeer.com&rft.atitle=Palette+grinding+and_materials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essentialvermeer.com%2Fpalette%2Fpalette_grinding_and_materials.html%23.VINmSjGG-9E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_blue_color2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_blue_color2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artelisaart.blogspot.se/2012/03/famous-blue-history-of-color-in-middle.html">"The blue color"</a>. artelisaart.blogspot.se. 2012-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+blue+color&rft.pub=artelisaart.blogspot.se&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartelisaart.blogspot.se%2F2012%2F03%2Ffamous-blue-history-of-color-in-middle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/sassoferrato-the-virgin-in-prayer">"assoferrato-the-virgin-in-prayer"</a>. www.nationalgallery.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=assoferrato-the-virgin-in-prayer&rft.pub=www.nationalgallery.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fpaintings%2Fsassoferrato-the-virgin-in-prayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.girl-with-a-pearl-earring.info/palette.htm">Description of the painting at www.girl-with-a-pear-earring.info/pallette.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/research/about-research/the-meaning-of-making/vermeer-and-technique/vermeers-palette">"National Gallery of London discussion of Vermeer's palette"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Gallery+of+London+discussion+of+Vermeer%27s+palette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fabout-research%2Fthe-meaning-of-making%2Fvermeer-and-technique%2Fvermeers-palette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/research/about-research/the-meaning-of-making/vermeer-and-technique/altered-appearance-of-ultramarine">"National Gallery essay on the altered appearance of ultramarine in the paintings of Vermeer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Gallery+essay+on+the+altered+appearance+of+ultramarine+in+the+paintings+of+Vermeer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fabout-research%2Fthe-meaning-of-making%2Fvermeer-and-technique%2Faltered-appearance-of-ultramarine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoethe1914" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goethe, Wolfgang (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/goethesitalienis00goetuoft#page/264/mode/2up"><i>Italiensche Reise</i></a> [<i>Italian Journey</i>] (in German). Leipzig, Germany: Insel Verlag. p. 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italiensche+Reise&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+Germany&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Insel+Verlag&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Goethe&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgoethesitalienis00goetuoft%23page%2F264%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 265: "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Doch wissen sie, außer diesen beiden, … andern kirchlichen Verzierungen mit Glück angewendet.</i></span>" (Yet they [viz, the stone cutters of Palermo] know, besides these two [types of stone], still more about a material, a product of the fire of their lime kilns. In these is found, after roasting [the lime], a type of glassy <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a>, which passes from the brightest blue color to the darkest, even to the blackest. These lumps, like other rocks, are cut into thin slabs, appraised according to the level of their color and purity, and, with luck, used instead of lapis lazuli in the inlaying of altars, tombs, and other church decorations.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsner1841" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elsner, L. (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101076785466;view=1up;seq=399">"Chemische Untersuchung über die blaue Färbung des Ultramarins"</a> [Chemical investigation of the blue color of ultramarine]. <i>Journal für Praktische Chemie</i> (in German). <b>24</b>: 385–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fprac.18410240157">10.1002/prac.18410240157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+Praktische+Chemie&rft.atitle=Chemische+Untersuchung+%C3%BCber+die+blaue+F%C3%A4rbung+des+Ultramarins&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=385-397&rft.date=1841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fprac.18410240157&rft.aulast=Elsner&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101076785466%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span> From pp. 385–386: "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Allein es scheint weniger bekannt zu sein, … von Altären u.s.w. gebraucht würde.</i></span>" (Yet it seems to be less well known that von Göthe in the year 1787 during his stay in Palermo (see his <i>Italian Journey</i>) cited a similar observation, as he recounted that in the Sicilian lime ovens, a product of fire, a sort of glassy flux, is found, [which is] of a light blue to dark blue color, [and] which was used as <i>lapis lazuli</i> by local artisans during the inlaying of altars, etc.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tessaërt gave a sample of the pigment to the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a> for analysis: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVauquelin1814" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vauquelin (1814). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433062722727;view=1up;seq=98">"Note sur une couleur bleue artificielle analogue à l'outremer"</a> [Note on an artificial blue color similar to ultramarine]. <i>Annales de Chimie et de Physique</i> (in French). <b>89</b>: 88–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie+et+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Note+sur+une+couleur+bleue+artificielle+analogue+%C3%A0+l%27outremer&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=88-91&rft.date=1814&rft.au=Vauquelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433062722727%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmelin1828" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gmelin, C.G. (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjArAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA191">"Ueber die künstliche Darstellung einer dem Ultramarin ähnlichen Farbe"</a> [On the artificial preparation of a pigment similar to ultramarine]. <i>Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. Herausgeben von Einer Gesellschaft in Würtemberg (Scientific Essays. Published by a Society in Würtemberg)</i> (in German). <b>2</b> (10): 191–224. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1828AnP....90..363.">1828AnP....90..363.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18280901022">10.1002/andp.18280901022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaftliche+Abhandlungen.+Herausgeben+von+Einer+Gesellschaft+in+W%C3%BCrtemberg+%28Scientific+Essays.+Published+by+a+Society+in+W%C3%BCrtemberg%29&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+k%C3%BCnstliche+Darstellung+einer+dem+Ultramarin+%C3%A4hnlichen+Farbe&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=191-224&rft.date=1828&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18280901022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1828AnP....90..363.&rft.aulast=Gmelin&rft.aufirst=C.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjArAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmelin1828" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gmelin, C.G. (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00316722w;view=1up;seq=377">"Ueber die künstliche Darstellung einer dem Ultramarin ähnlichen Farbe"</a> [On the artificial preparation of a pigment similar to ultramarine]. <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 2nd series (in German). <b>14</b> (10): 363–371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1828AnP....90..363.">1828AnP....90..363.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18280901022">10.1002/andp.18280901022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+k%C3%BCnstliche+Darstellung+einer+dem+Ultramarin+%C3%A4hnlichen+Farbe&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=363-371&rft.date=1828&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18280901022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1828AnP....90..363.&rft.aulast=Gmelin&rft.aufirst=C.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d00316722w%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1869" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Henry (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVNOaYdeSXgC&pg=PA937">"Ultramarine"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences</i>. Vol. 5. London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ultramarine&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Chemistry+and+the+Allied+Branches+of+Other+Sciences&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=937&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVNOaYdeSXgC%26pg%3DPA937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-dic12-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dic12_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dic12_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2003" class="citation cs2">Paterson, Ian (2003), <i>A dictionary of colour</i>, pp. 35, 169, 228, 396</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+colour&rft.pages=35%2C+169%2C+228%2C+396&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastaughWalshChaplinSiddall2008" class="citation cs2">Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (2008), <i>Pigment Compendium – A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments</i>, Routledge, pp. 585–587, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8980-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8980-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-8980-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pigment+Compendium+%E2%80%93+A+Dictionary+and+Optical+Microscopy+of+Historical+Pigments&rft.pages=585-587&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8980-9&rft.aulast=Eastaugh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Valentine&rft.au=Chaplin%2C+Tracey&rft.au=Siddall%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyJudd1976" class="citation cs2">Kelly, Kenneth Low; Judd, Deane Brewster (1976), <i>Color: Universal Language and Dictionary of Names</i>, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, p. 150</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color%3A+Universal+Language+and+Dictionary+of+Names&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Low&rft.au=Judd%2C+Deane+Brewster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomford2000" class="citation book cs1">Bomford, David (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colour0000bomf"><i>A Closer Look – Colour</i></a></span>. National Gallery Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-442-8"><bdi>978-1-85709-442-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Closer+Look+%E2%80%93+Colour&rft.pub=National+Gallery+Company+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85709-442-8&rft.aulast=Bomford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolour0000bomf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroecke2015" class="citation book cs1">Broecke, Lara (2015). <i><span></span></i>Cennino Cennini's <i>Il Libro dell'Arte</i>: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription<i><span></span></i>. Archetype. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909492-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909492-28-8"><bdi>978-1-909492-28-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cennino+Cennini%27s+Il+Libro+dell%27Arte%3A+a+New+English+Translation+and+Commentary+with+Italian+Transcription&rft.pub=Archetype&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-909492-28-8&rft.aulast=Broecke&rft.aufirst=Lara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltramarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mangla, Ravi (8 June 2015), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2015/06/08/true-blue/">True blue: a brief history of ultramarine</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review"><i>Paris Review</i>—Daily</a>.</li> <li>Plesters, J. (1993), "Ultramarine Blue, Natural and Artificial", in <i>Artists’ Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 2</i>: A. Roy (Ed.) <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 37–66</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramarine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ultramarine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ultramarine">Ultramarine</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic30-02-001.html">Discussion of ultramarine</a> in an article on blue pigments in early Sienese paintings from <i>The Journal of the American Institute for Conservation</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719191247/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/research/meaning-of-making/vermeer-and-technique/altered-appearance-of-ultramarine">National Gallery essay</a> on the altered appearance of ultramarine in the paintings of Vermeer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/project/ultramarine-natural/">Ultramarine natural</a>, ColourLex</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/project/ultramarine-artificial/">Ultramarine artificial</a>, ColourLex</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.htmlcsscolor.com/hex/120A8F">Shades and tints and color harmonies of ultramarine</a>, HTMLCSScolor.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.htmlcsscolor.com/hex/3117A7">More shades and tints and color harmonies of ultramarine</a>, HTMLCSScolor.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/17-4037-TPX">An alternative ultramarine color (#5A7CC2) from</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a>, pantone.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Shades of blue</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0"><table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_blue#Aero" title="Air Force blue">Aero</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_blue" title="Air Force blue">Air Force blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_blue#Air_superiority_blue/PRU_blue" title="Air Force blue">Air superiority blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Alice_blue" title="Alice blue">Alice Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Argentinian_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Argentinian Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(color)" title="Aquamarine (color)">Aquamarine</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">Azure</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Spanish_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Azul</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Baby_blue" title="Baby blue">Baby blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Berkeley_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Berkeley Blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#00B9E8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#5D8AA8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#72A0C1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F0F8FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6CB4EE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7FFFD4!important;border:1px 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azure">Celtic Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cerulean" title="Cerulean">Cerulean</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Chefchaouen_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Chefchaouen Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Chrysler blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">Cobalt blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_blue" title="Columbia blue">Columbia blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#85B09A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7BAFD4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4997D0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7070CC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#246BCE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td 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(Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Dark_blue" title="Shades of blue">Dark blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Deep_Sky_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Deep Sky Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Delft_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Delft Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indigo#Denim" title="Indigo">Denim</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Dodger_blue" title="Dodger blue">Dodger blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#93CCEA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6495ED!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#00FFFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#89CFF0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1F75FE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td 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href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#French_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">French blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Honolulu_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Honolulu blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Ice_blue" title="Shades of blue">Ice blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Illini blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">Indigo</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#00009C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1034A6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6082B6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1164B4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6F00FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0072BB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0076B6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#99FFFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#13294B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4B0082!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indigo#Indigo_dye_color" title="Indigo">Indigo dye</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/International_Klein_Blue" title="International Klein Blue">International Klein Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Jordy_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Jordy Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Lapis_Lazuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Lapis Lazuli</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Lavender_mist" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender mist</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Lavender_gray" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender gray</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Light_blue" title="Light blue">Light blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Light_Sky_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Light Sky Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Blue" title="Majorelle Blue">Majorelle Blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#00416A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#002FA7!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8AB9F1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#26619C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B57EDC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E6E6FA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C4C3D0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ADD8E6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#87CEFA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6050DC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_blue" title="Marian blue">Marian blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Manatee</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Maximum_Blue_Green" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Maximum Blue Green</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Maximum_Blue_Purple" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Maximum Blue Purple</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_blue" title="Maya blue">Maya blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Medium_blue" title="Shades of blue">Medium blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/X11_color_names#Medium_slate_blue" title="X11 color names">Medium slate blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Midnight_blue" title="Midnight blue">Midnight blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Blue_(Munsell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Blue (Munsell)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">Navy blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#2B4593!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8D90A1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#30BFBF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ACACE6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#73C2FB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0000CD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7B68EE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#191970!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0093AF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#000080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Blue_(NCS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Blue (NCS)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Neon_blue" title="Shades of blue">Neon blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Blue_(colour)" title="Oxford Blue (colour)">Non-photo blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Blue_(colour)" title="Oxford Blue (colour)">Oxford Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(colour)" title="Palatinate (colour)">Palatinate blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Pale_azure" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Pale azure</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Penn_blue" title="Shades of blue">Penn Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Periwinkle_(color)" title="Periwinkle (color)">Periwinkle</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Periwinkle" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Periwinkle (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_blue" title="Persian blue">Persian blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#0087BD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4666FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A4DDED!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#273BE2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#273BE2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#87D3F8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#011F5B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CCCCFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C3CDE6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1C39BB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_Blue_BN" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine Blue BN">Phthalo blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Picton_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Picton Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Polynesian_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Polynesian blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Powder_blue" title="Powder blue">Powder blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Resolution_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Resolution Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/RISD_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="RISD Blue">RISD Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_blue" title="Royal blue">Royal Blue (web color)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Royal_blue_(traditional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Royal blue (traditional)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Ruddy_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Ruddy Blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#000f89!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#45B1E8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#224C98!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#9EB9D4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#003153!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#002387!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2454FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4169E1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#002366!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#76ABDF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_(color)" title="Sapphire (color)">Sapphire</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Savoy_blue" title="Savoy blue">Savoy blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Silver_Lake_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Silver Lake Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">Sky blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cadet_grey" title="Cadet grey">Space cadet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Steel_blue" title="Steel blue">Steel blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Tang_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Tang Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="True Blue (color)">True Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tufts_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tufts Blue">Tufts Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA Blue">UCLA Blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#0F52BA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4B61D1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#5D89BA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#87CEEB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1E2952!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4682b4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0059CF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2D68C4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#3E8EDE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2774AE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 royalblue;"><div>Related topics:<div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_blue" title="St. Patrick's 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