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Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Religion&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a cultural system of behaviors, practices and ethics. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Religion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Religion (disambiguation)">Religion (disambiguation)</a>. "Religious" redirects here. For the term describing a type of monk or nun, see <a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious (Western Christianity)</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Religious denomination</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1150407293">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style> Religion is a range of <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">cultural systems</a>, including designated <a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">behaviors</a> and practices, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldviews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">sanctified places</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">ethics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Religious_organization" title="Religious organization">organizations</a>, that generally relate humanity to <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> elements<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nongbri-3">[3]</a> Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames190231-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">sacredness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurkheim1915-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tillich,_P._1957_p.1-6">[6]</a> and a supernatural being or beings.<a href="#cite_note-vergote-7">[7]</a> <div class="ifmobile"><div class="mobile"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_religionist_symbols.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/16_religionist_symbols.png/220px-16_religionist_symbols.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/16_religionist_symbols.png/330px-16_religionist_symbols.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/16_religionist_symbols.png/440px-16_religionist_symbols.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="784"></a><figcaption>Religious symbols from left to right, top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams.<a href="#cite_note-Zeigler-8">[8]</a> Religions have <a href="/wiki/Sacred_history" title="Sacred history">sacred histories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narratives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythologies</a>, preserved in oral traditions, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred texts">sacred texts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">symbols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy places">holy places</a>, that may attempt to explain the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">origin of life</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">universe</a>, and other phenomena. Religious practices may include <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>, commemoration or veneration (of <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">feasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrimonial">matrimonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funerary" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary">funerary</a> services, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious dance">dance</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">public service</a>. There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> though nearly all of them have regionally based, relatively small followings. Four religions—<a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>—account for over 77% of the world's population, and 92% of the world either follows one of those four religions or identifies as <a href="/wiki/Nonreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonreligious">nonreligious</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EB2012-10">[10]</a> meaning that the remaining 9,000+ faiths account for only 8% of the population combined. The religiously unaffiliated demographic includes those who do not identify with any particular religion, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostics">agnostics</a>, although many in the demographic still have various religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Global_Unaffiliated_12/2012-11">[11]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/World_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="World religion">world religions</a> are also <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religions</a>, most definitively including the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a> Christianity, Islam, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, while others are arguably less so, in particular <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religions</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a>. A portion of the world's population are members of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barker1999-12">[12]</a> Scholars have indicated that <a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">global religiosity may be increasing</a> due to religious countries having generally higher birth rates.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeZuckerman-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Study_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Study of religion">study of religion</a> comprises a wide variety of academic disciplines, including <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a>, and social scientific studies. <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories of religion">Theories of religion</a> offer various explanations for its origins and workings, including the <a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> foundations of religious <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> and belief.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_history_of_concept">1 Etymology and history of concept</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Religi%C5%8D">1.1.1 Religiō</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Threskeia">1.1.2 Threskeia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#History_of_the_concept_of_the_%22religion%22">1.2 History of the concept of the "religion"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Definition">2 Definition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Modern_Western">2.1 Modern Western</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Classical">2.2 Classical</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Aspects">3 Aspects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Beliefs">3.1 Beliefs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Mythology">3.2 Mythology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Practices">3.3 Practices</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Social_organisation">3.4 Social organisation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Academic_study">4 Academic study</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Theories">4.1 Theories</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Origins_and_development">4.1.1 Origins and development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Cultural_system">4.1.2 Cultural system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Social_constructionism">4.1.3 Social constructionism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Cognitive_science">4.1.4 Cognitive science</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Comparativism">4.2 Comparativism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Classification">5 Classification</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Morphological_classification">5.1 Morphological classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Demographic_classification">5.2 Demographic classification</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Specific_religions">6 Specific religions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Abrahamic">6.1 Abrahamic</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Judaism">6.1.1 Judaism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Christianity">6.1.2 Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Islam">6.1.3 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Other">6.1.4 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#East_Asian">6.2 East Asian</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Taoism_and_Confucianism">6.2.1 Taoism and Confucianism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Folk_religions">6.2.2 Folk religions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Indian_religions">6.3 Indian religions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Hinduism">6.3.1 Hinduism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Jainism">6.3.2 Jainism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Buddhism">6.3.3 Buddhism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Sikhism">6.3.4 Sikhism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Indigenous_and_folk">6.4 Indigenous and folk</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Traditional_African">6.5 Traditional African</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Iranian">6.6 Iranian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#New_religious_movements">6.7 New religious movements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Related_aspects">7 Related aspects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Law">7.1 Law</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Science">7.2 Science</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Morality">7.3 Morality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Politics">7.4 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Impact">7.4.1 Impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Secularism">7.4.2 Secularism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Economics">7.5 Economics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Health">7.6 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Violence">7.7 Violence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#Animal_sacrifice">7.7.1 Animal sacrifice</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Superstition">7.8 Superstition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Agnosticism_and_atheism">7.9 Agnosticism and atheism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Interfaith_cooperation">7.10 Interfaith cooperation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Culture">7.11 Culture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Criticism">8 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="#Sources">12 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history_of_concept">Etymology and history of concept</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakyamuni,_Lao_Tzu,_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg/220px-Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5601" data-file-height="5758"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg/220px-Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg/330px-Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg/440px-Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> – founders of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> (Daoism) and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> – in a <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> painting</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></div> The term religion comes from both <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> (1200s <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) and means respect for sense of right, moral obligation, sanctity, what is sacred, reverence for the gods.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> It is ultimately derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <a href="/wiki/Religio" title="Religio">religiō</a>. According to Roman philosopher <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, religiō comes from relegere: re (meaning "again") + lego (meaning "read"), where lego is in the sense of "go over", "choose", or "consider carefully". Contrarily, some modern scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harpur" title="Tom Harpur">Tom Harpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a> have argued that religiō is derived from religare: re (meaning "again") + ligare ("bind" or "connect"), which was made prominent by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> following the interpretation given by <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> in Divinae institutiones, IV, 28.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of <a href="/wiki/Monastic_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic orders">monastic orders</a>: "we hear of the 'religion' of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a>, of a knight 'of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Aviz" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Aviz">religion of Avys</a>'".<a href="#cite_note-Huizinga_Middle-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religiō">Religiō</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religio" title="Religio">Religio</a></div> In classic antiquity, religiō broadly meant <a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">conscientiousness</a>, sense of <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">right</a>, moral <a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">obligation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">duty</a> to anything.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religiō was understood as an individual virtue of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> in mundane contexts; never as <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>, practice, or actual source of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Territories-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_Jon-22">[22]</a> In general, religiō referred to broad social obligations towards anything including family, neighbors, rulers, and even towards <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50_great-23">[23]</a> Religiō was most often used by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">ancient Romans</a> not in the context of a relation towards gods, but as a range of general emotions which arose from heightened attention in any mundane context such as <a href="/wiki/Hesitation" title="Hesitation">hesitation</a>, caution, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, as well as feelings of being bound, restricted, or inhibited.<a href="#cite_note-religio_roman-24">[24]</a> The term was also closely related to other terms like scrupulus (which meant "very precisely"), and some Roman authors related the term superstitio (which meant too much fear or anxiety or shame) to religiō at times.<a href="#cite_note-religio_roman-24">[24]</a> When religiō came into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> around the 1200s as religion, it took the meaning of "life bound by monastic vows" or monastic orders.<a href="#cite_note-Huizinga_Middle-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-50_great-23">[23]</a> The compartmentalized concept of religion, where religious and <a href="/wiki/Worldly" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldly">worldly</a> things were separated, was not used before the 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-50_great-23">[23]</a> The concept of religion was first used in the 1500s to distinguish the domain of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">church</a> and the domain of <a href="/wiki/Civil_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil authorities">civil authorities</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> marks such instance,<a href="#cite_note-50_great-23">[23]</a> which has been described by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Reus-Smit" title="Christian Reus-Smit">Christian Reus-Smit</a> as "the first step on the road toward a European system of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Roman general <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> used religiō to mean "obligation of an oath" when discussing captured soldiers making an oath to their captors.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Roman naturalist <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> used the term religiō to describe the apparent respect given by elephants to the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Cicero used religiō as being related to cultum deorum (worship of the gods).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Threskeia">Threskeia</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, the Greek term threskeia (θρησκεία) was loosely translated into Latin as religiō in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. Threskeia was sparsely used in classical Greece but became more frequently used in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in the 1st century CE. It was used in mundane contexts and could mean multiple things from respectful fear to excessive or harmfully distracting practices of others, to cultic practices. It was often contrasted with the Greek word deisidaimonia, which meant too much fear.<a href="#cite_note-threskeia_greece-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='History_of_the_concept_of_the_"religion"'>History of the concept of the "religion"</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline of religion</a>.</div> Religion is a modern concept.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The concept was invented recently in the English language and is found in texts from the 17th century due to events such as the splitting of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>, which involved contact with numerous foreign cultures with non-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Territories-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_Jon-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Religion_enlightenment-31">[31]</a> Some argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply the term religion to non-Western cultures,<a href="#cite_note-dubuisson-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-33">[33]</a> while some followers of various faiths rebuke using the word to describe their own belief system.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The concept of "ancient religion" stems from modern interpretations of a range of practices that conform to a modern concept of religion, influenced by early modern and 19th century Christian discourse.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The concept of religion was formed in the 16th and 17th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-Nongbri1-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Religion_enlightenment1-37">[37]</a> despite the fact that ancient sacred texts like the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, and others did not have a word or even a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> For example, there is no precise equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> One of its central concepts is <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, meaning the walk or path sometimes translated as law, which guides religious practice and belief and many aspects of daily life.<a href="#cite_note-WhitefordII2008-43">[43]</a> Even though the beliefs and traditions of Judaism are found in the ancient world, ancient Jews saw <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a> as being about an ethnic or national identity and did not entail a compulsory belief system or regulated rituals.<a href="#cite_note-Burns_Jewish-44">[44]</a> In the 1st century CE, Josephus had used the Greek term ioudaismos (Judaism) as an ethnic term and was not linked to modern abstract concepts of religion or a set of beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Nongbri-3">[3]</a> The very concept of "Judaism" was invented by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and it was in the 19th century that Jews began to see their ancestral culture as a religion analogous to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Burns_Jewish-44">[44]</a> The Greek word threskeia, which was used by Greek writers such as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and Josephus, is found in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. Threskeia is sometimes translated as "religion" in today's translations, but the term was understood as generic "worship" well into the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">medieval period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nongbri-3">[3]</a> In the Quran, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word <a href="/wiki/Din_(Arabic)" title="Din (Arabic)">din</a> is often translated as religion in modern translations, but up to the mid-1600s translators expressed din as "law".<a href="#cite_note-Nongbri-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, sometimes translated as religion,<a href="#cite_note-14.1A:_The_Nature_of_Religion-46">[46]</a> also means law. Throughout classical <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">study of law</a> consisted of concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">penance through piety</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">ceremonial as well as practical traditions</a>. Medieval Japan at first had a similar union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Though traditions, sacred texts, and practices have existed throughout time, most cultures did not align with Western conceptions of religion since they did not separate everyday life from the sacred. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, and <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religions</a> first entered the English language.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Josephson_2-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Native Americans were also thought of as not having religions and also had no word for religion in their languages either.<a href="#cite_note-Josephson_2-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> No one self-identified as a Hindu or Buddhist or other similar terms before the 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> "Hindu" has historically been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brian111-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of religion since there was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning, but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this idea.<a href="#cite_note-Invention_Japan-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-japan_Galen-57">[57]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> in the 19th century, the root of the English word religion, the Latin religiō, was originally used to mean only reverence for God or the gods, careful pondering of divine things, <a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">piety</a> (which Cicero further derived to mean diligence).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, and India, as having a similar power structure at this point in history. What is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_religion" title="Definition of religion">Definition of religion</a></div> Scholars have failed to agree on a definition of religion. There are, however, two general definition systems: the sociological/functional and the phenomenological/philosophical.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Western">Modern Western</h3></div> The concept of religion originated in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-33">[33]</a> Parallel concepts are not found in many current and past cultures; there is no equivalent term for religion in many languages.<a href="#cite_note-Nongbri-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-50_great-23">[23]</a> Scholars have found it difficult to develop a consistent definition, with some giving up on the possibility of a definition.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Others argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply it to non-Western cultures.<a href="#cite_note-dubuisson-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-33">[33]</a> An increasing number of scholars have expressed reservations about ever defining the essence of religion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> They observe that the way the concept today is used is a particularly modern construct that would not have been understood through much of history and in many cultures outside the West (or even in the West until after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The very attempt to define religion, to find some distinctive or possibly unique essence or set of qualities that distinguish the religious from the remainder of human life, is primarily a Western concern. The attempt is a natural consequence of the Western speculative, intellectualistic, and scientific disposition. It is also the product of the dominant Western religious mode, what is called the Judeo-Christian climate or, more accurately, the theistic inheritance from Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The theistic form of belief in this tradition, even when downgraded culturally, is formative of the <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomous</a> Western view of religion. That is, the basic structure of theism is essentially a distinction between a transcendent deity and all else, between the creator and his creation, between God and man.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></blockquote> The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a> defined religion as a: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeertz199387%E2%80%93125-70">[70]</a></blockquote> Alluding perhaps to Tylor's "deeper motive", Geertz remarked that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... we have very little idea of how, in empirical terms, this particular miracle is accomplished. We just know that it is done, annually, weekly, daily, for some people almost hourly; and we have an enormous ethnographic literature to demonstrate it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeertz199390-71">[71]</a></blockquote> The theologian <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Vergote" title="Antoine Vergote">Antoine Vergote</a> took the term supernatural simply to mean whatever transcends the powers of nature or human agency. He also emphasized the cultural reality of religion, which he defined as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... the entirety of the linguistic expressions, emotions and, actions and signs that refer to a supernatural being or supernatural beings.<a href="#cite_note-vergote-7">[7]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandaville" title="Peter Mandaville">Peter Mandaville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a> intended to get away from the modernist dualisms or dichotomous understandings of immanence/transcendence, spirituality/materialism, and sacredness/secularity. They define religion as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... a relatively-bounded system of beliefs, symbols and practices that addresses the nature of existence, and in which communion with others and Otherness is lived as if it both takes in and spiritually transcends socially-grounded ontologies of time, space, embodiment and knowing.<a href="#cite_note-Paul_James_and_Peter_Mandaville_2010-72">[72]</a></blockquote> According to the MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions, there is an experiential aspect to religion which can be found in almost every culture: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... almost every known culture [has] a depth dimension in cultural experiences ... toward some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for the rest of life. When more or less distinct patterns of behavior are built around this depth dimension in a culture, this structure constitutes religion in its historically recognizable form. Religion is the organization of life around the depth dimensions of experience—varied in form, completeness, and clarity in accordance with the environing culture.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></blockquote> Anthropologists Lyle Steadman and Craig T. Palmer emphasized the communication of supernatural beliefs, defining religion as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... the communicated acceptance by individuals of another individual’s “supernatural” claim, a claim whose accuracy is not verifiable by the senses.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG/220px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="4344"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG/220px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG/330px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG/440px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Budazhap Shiretorov (Будажап Цыреторов), the head shaman of the religious community Altan Serge (Алтан Сэргэ) in <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> in the late 18th century defined religion as das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl, commonly translated as "the feeling of absolute dependence".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> His contemporary <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> disagreed thoroughly, defining religion as "the Divine Spirit becoming conscious of Himself through the finite spirit."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a> defined religion in 1871 as "the belief in spiritual beings".<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-77">[77]</a> He argued that narrowing the definition to mean the belief in a supreme deity or judgment after death or <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and so on, would exclude many peoples from the category of religious, and thus "has the fault of identifying religion rather with particular developments than with the deeper motive which underlies them". He also argued that the belief in spiritual beings exists in all known societies. In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" title="The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience</a>, the psychologist <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> defined religion as "the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames190231-4">[4]</a> By the term divine James meant "any object that is godlike, whether it be a concrete deity or not"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames190234-78">[78]</a> to which the individual feels impelled to respond with solemnity and gravity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames190238-79">[79]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, in his seminal book <a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life</a>, defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurkheim1915-5">[5]</a> By sacred things he meant things "set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them". <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">Sacred things</a> are not, however, limited to gods or spirits.<a href="#cite_note-80">[note 1]</a> On the contrary, a sacred thing can be "a rock, a tree, a spring, a pebble, a piece of wood, a house, in a word, anything can be sacred".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurkheim191537-81">[80]</a> Religious beliefs, myths, dogmas and legends are the representations that express the nature of these sacred things, and the virtues and powers which are attributed to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurkheim191540%E2%80%9341-82">[81]</a> Echoes of James' and Durkheim's definitions are to be found in the writings of, for example, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Frederick Ferré">Frederick Ferré</a> who defined religion as "one's way of valuing most comprehensively and intensively".<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Similarly, for the theologian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a>, faith is "the state of being ultimately concerned",<a href="#cite_note-Tillich,_P._1957_p.1-6">[6]</a> which "is itself religion. Religion is the substance, the ground, and the depth of man's spiritual life."<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> When religion is seen in terms of sacred, divine, intensive valuing, or ultimate concern, then it is possible to understand why scientific findings and philosophical criticisms (e.g., those made by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>) do not necessarily disturb its adherents.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious beliefs">Religious beliefs</a></div> The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams.<a href="#cite_note-Zeigler-8">[8]</a> Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. The interplay between faith and reason, and their use as perceived support for religious beliefs, have been a subject of interest to philosophers and theologians.<a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/220px-Kurukshetra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="428"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/220px-Kurukshetra.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/330px-Kurukshetra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/440px-Kurukshetra.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A manuscript depicting the climactic <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu epic">Hindu epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. The Mahabharata is the longest epic poem known and a key source of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>.</figcaption></figure> The word myth has several meanings: <ol><li>A traditional story of ostensibly historical events that serves to unfold part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon;</li> <li>A person or thing having only an imaginary or unverifiable existence; or</li> <li>A metaphor for the spiritual potentiality in the human being.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></li></ol> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> religions, such as those of Greece, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, are usually categorized under the heading of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>. Religions of pre-industrial peoples, or <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> in development, are similarly called myths in the <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">anthropology of religion</a>. The term myth can be used pejoratively by both religious and non-religious people. By defining another person's religious stories and beliefs as mythology, one implies that they are less real or true than one's own religious stories and beliefs. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a> remarked, "Mythology is often thought of as other people's religions, and religion can be defined as misinterpreted mythology."<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In sociology, however, the term myth has a non-pejorative meaning. There, myth is defined as a story that is important for the group, whether or not it is objectively or provably true.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> of their real-life founder <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, which, to Christians, explains the means by which they are freed from sin, is symbolic of the power of life over death, and is also said to be a historical event. But from a mythological outlook, whether or not the event actually occurred is unimportant. Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a> of the death of an old life and the start of a new life is most significant. Religious believers may or may not accept such symbolic interpretations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practices">Practices</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Religious behaviour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">Cult (religious practice)</a></div> The practices of a religion may include <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>, commemoration or veneration of a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> (god or <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">feasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funerary services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matrimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrimony">matrimonial services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">religious art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_dance" title="Sacred dance">sacred dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">public service</a>, or other aspects of human culture.<a href="#cite_note-OD-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_organisation">Social organisation</h3></div> Religions have a societal basis, either as a living tradition which is carried by lay participants, or with an organized <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, and a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Academic_study">Academic study</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classifications_of_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></div> A number of disciplines study the phenomenon of religion: <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">history of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">evolutionary origin of religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">anthropology of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">psychology of religion</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Neurotheology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotheology">neuroscience of religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">evolutionary psychology of religion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Law_and_religion" title="Law and religion">law and religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a>. Daniel L. Pals mentions eight classical theories of religion, focusing on various aspects of religion: <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">E.B. Tylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/J.G._Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="J.G. Frazer">J.G. Frazer</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psycho-analytic</a> approach of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>; and further <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.E._Evans-Pritchard" class="mw-redirect" title="E.E. Evans-Pritchard">E.E. Evans-Pritchard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPals2006-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stausberg" title="Michael Stausberg">Michael Stausberg</a> gives an overview of contemporary theories of religion, including <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">cognitive</a> and biological approaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStausberg2009-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories">Theories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories of religion">Theories of religion</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">anthropological</a> theories of religion generally attempt to explain the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of religion">origin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Social function">function of religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> These theories define what they present as universal characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">religious belief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">practice</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/250px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1315"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/250px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/375px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/500px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a> sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, with the twelve gods of the underworld</figcaption></figure> The origin of religion is uncertain. There are a number of theories regarding the subsequent origins of religious practices. According to <a href="/wiki/Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropologists">anthropologists</a> John Monaghan and Peter Just, "Many of the great world religions appear to have begun as revitalization movements of some sort, as the vision of a charismatic prophet fires the imaginations of people seeking a more comprehensive answer to their problems than they feel is provided by everyday beliefs. Charismatic individuals have emerged at many times and places in the world. It seems that the key to long-term success—and many movements come and go with little long-term effect—has relatively little to do with the prophets, who appear with surprising regularity, but more to do with the development of a group of supporters who are able to institutionalize the movement."<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Development_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of religion">development of religion</a> has taken different forms in different cultures. Some religions place an emphasis on belief, while others emphasize practice. Some religions focus on the subjective experience of the religious individual, while others consider the activities of the religious community to be most important. Some religions claim to be universal, believing their <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> to be binding for everyone, while others are intended to be practiced only by a closely defined or localized group. In many places, religion has been associated with public institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> hierarchies.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-95">[94]</a> Anthropologists John Monoghan and Peter Just state that, "it seems apparent that one thing religion or belief helps us do is deal with problems of human life that are significant, persistent, and intolerable. One important way in which religious beliefs accomplish this is by providing a set of ideas about how and why the world is put together that allows people to accommodate anxieties and deal with misfortune."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_system">Cultural system</h4></div> While religion is difficult to define, one standard model of religion, used in <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> courses, was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>, who simply called it a "cultural system".<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> A critique of Geertz's model by <a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a> categorized religion as "an <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> category".<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Richard Niebuhr's (1894–1962) five-fold classification of the relationship between Christ and culture, however, indicates that religion and culture can be seen as two separate systems, though with some interplay.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_constructionism">Social constructionism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions#Social_constructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Social constructionism</a></div> One modern academic theory of religion, <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social constructionism</a>, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> practice and <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> follows a model similar to the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings.<a href="#cite_note-vergote_89-99">[98]</a> Among the main proponents of this theory of religion are Daniel Dubuisson, Timothy Fitzgerald, Talal Asad, and Jason Ānanda Josephson. The social constructionists argue that religion is a modern concept that developed from Christianity and was then applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cognitive_science">Cognitive science</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science of religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_schizophrenia" title="Religion and schizophrenia">Religion and schizophrenia</a></div> Cognitive science of religion is the study of religious thought and behavior from the perspective of the cognitive and evolutionary sciences.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The field employs methods and theories from a very broad range of disciplines, including: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology" title="Cognitive anthropology">cognitive anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurobiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>. Scholars in this field seek to explain how human minds acquire, generate, and transmit religious thoughts, practices, and schemas by means of ordinary cognitive capacities. <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucinations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_delusion" title="Religious delusion">delusions related to religious content</a> occurs in about 60% of people with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>. While this number varies across cultures, this had led to theories about a number of influential religious phenomena and possible relation to psychotic disorders. A number of prophetic experiences are consistent with psychotic symptoms, although <a href="/wiki/Retrospective_diagnosis" title="Retrospective diagnosis">retrospective diagnoses</a> are practically impossible.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Schizophrenic episodes are also experienced by people who do not have belief in gods.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Religious content is also common in <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Atheistic content is also found to be common with temporal lobe epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-Heilman-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparativism">Comparativism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></div> Comparative religion is the branch of the <a href="/wiki/Study_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Study of religions">study of religions</a> concerned with the systematic comparison of the doctrines and practices of the world's religions. In general, the comparative study of religion yields a deeper understanding of the fundamental philosophical concerns of religion such as <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, and the nature and form of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>. Studying such material is meant to give one a richer and more sophisticated understanding of human beliefs and practices regarding the <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">numinous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In the field of comparative religion, a common geographical classification<a href="#cite_note-EB-110">[109]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">main world religions</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern religions">Middle Eastern religions</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian religions</a>, African religions, American religions, Oceanic religions, and classical Hellenistic religions.<a href="#cite_note-EB-110">[109]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prevailing_religious_population_by_country_percentage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Prevailing_religious_population_by_country_percentage.svg/440px-Prevailing_religious_population_by_country_percentage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Prevailing_religious_population_by_country_percentage.svg/440px-Prevailing_religious_population_by_country_percentage.svg.png" data-width="440" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Prevailing_religious_population_by_country_percentage.svg/660px-Prevailing_religious_population_by_country_percentage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Prevailing_religious_population_by_country_percentage.svg/880px-Prevailing_religious_population_by_country_percentage.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">major denominations and religions of the world</a></figcaption></figure> In the 19th and 20th centuries, the academic practice of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> divided religious belief into philosophically defined categories called world religions. Some academics <a href="/wiki/Study_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Study of religion">studying the subject</a> have divided religions into three broad categories: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World religions</a>, a term which refers to <a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">transcultural</a>, international religions;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religions">Indigenous religions</a>, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">New religious movements</a>, which refers to recently developed religions.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></li></ol> Some recent scholarship has argued that not all types of religion are necessarily separated by mutually exclusive philosophies, and furthermore that the utility of ascribing a practice to a certain philosophy, or even calling a given practice religious, rather than cultural, political, or social in nature, is limited.<a href="#cite_note-pennington-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The current state of psychological study about the nature of religiousness suggests that it is better to refer to religion as a largely invariant phenomenon that should be distinguished from cultural norms (i.e. religions).<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphological_classification">Morphological classification</h3></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religion scholars</a> classify religions as either <a href="/wiki/Universalizing_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Universalizing religion">universal religions</a> that seek worldwide acceptance and actively look for new <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converts</a>, such as the Baháʼí Faith, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Jainism, while <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a> are identified with a particular ethnic group and do not seek converts.<a href="#cite_note-Hinnells-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Others reject the distinction, pointing out that all religious practices, whatever their philosophical origin, are ethnic because they come from a particular culture.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_classification">Demographic classification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major 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class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Via_Dolorosa%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/183px-Via_Dolorosa%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="993"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 183px;height: 102px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Via_Dolorosa%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/183px-Via_Dolorosa%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="183" data-height="102" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Via_Dolorosa%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/275px-Via_Dolorosa%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Via_Dolorosa%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/366px-Via_Dolorosa%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a 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data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/240px-Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/320px-Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Incense-LE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Incense-LE.jpg/160px-Incense-LE.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Incense-LE.jpg/160px-Incense-LE.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Incense-LE.jpg/240px-Incense-LE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Incense-LE.jpg/320px-Incense-LE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/147px-Sikh_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="911"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 147px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/147px-Sikh_people.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="147" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/221px-Sikh_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/294px-Sikh_people.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Wall,_Jerusalem,_(16037897867).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Wall%2C_Jerusalem%2C_%2816037897867%29.jpg/172px-Western_Wall%2C_Jerusalem%2C_%2816037897867%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 172px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Wall%2C_Jerusalem%2C_%2816037897867%29.jpg/172px-Western_Wall%2C_Jerusalem%2C_%2816037897867%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="172" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Wall%2C_Jerusalem%2C_%2816037897867%29.jpg/258px-Western_Wall%2C_Jerusalem%2C_%2816037897867%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Wall%2C_Jerusalem%2C_%2816037897867%29.jpg/344px-Western_Wall%2C_Jerusalem%2C_%2816037897867%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Example of followers of popular and <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religions</a>, from top-left: <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.</div></div></div></div> The five largest religious groups by world population, estimated to account for 5.8 billion people and 84% of the population, are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism (with the relative numbers for Buddhism and Hinduism dependent on the extent of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>), and traditional folk religions. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Five largest religions </th> <th>2015 (billion)<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> </th> <th>2015 (%) </th> <th>Demographics </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>31% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christianity by country</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>24% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>15% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>6.9% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>5.7% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>83% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Religions_by_country" title="Religions by country">Religions by country</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Dharma.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Abraham_Dharma.png/220px-Abraham_Dharma.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="638"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Abraham_Dharma.png/220px-Abraham_Dharma.png" data-width="220" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Abraham_Dharma.png/330px-Abraham_Dharma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Abraham_Dharma.png/440px-Abraham_Dharma.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A rough split of the world among belief systems: <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> in pink, <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a> in yellow.</figcaption></figure> A global poll in 2012 surveyed 57 countries and reported that 59% of the world's population identified as religious, 23% as <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">not religious</a>, 13% as convinced <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>, and also a 9% decrease in identification as religious when compared to the 2005 average from 39 countries.<a href="#cite_note-gia-122">[121]</a> A follow-up poll in 2015 found that 63% of the globe identified as religious, 22% as not religious, and 11% as convinced atheists.<a href="#cite_note-GallupInt2015-123">[122]</a> On average, women are more religious than men.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Some people follow multiple religions or multiple religious principles at the same time, regardless of whether or not the religious principles they follow traditionally allow for <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Unaffiliated populations are projected to drop, even when taking disaffiliation rates into account, due to differences in birth rates.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Scholars have indicated that <a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">global religiosity may be increasing</a> due to religious countries having higher birth rates in general.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeZuckerman2-130">[129]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Specific_religions">Specific religions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">List of religions and spiritual traditions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moln%C3%A1r_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_kik%C3%B6lt%C3%B6z%C3%A9se_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Moln%C3%A1r_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_kik%C3%B6lt%C3%B6z%C3%A9se_1850.jpg/220px-Moln%C3%A1r_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_kik%C3%B6lt%C3%B6z%C3%A9se_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1043"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Moln%C3%A1r_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_kik%C3%B6lt%C3%B6z%C3%A9se_1850.jpg/220px-Moln%C3%A1r_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_kik%C3%B6lt%C3%B6z%C3%A9se_1850.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Moln%C3%A1r_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_kik%C3%B6lt%C3%B6z%C3%A9se_1850.jpg/330px-Moln%C3%A1r_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_kik%C3%B6lt%C3%B6z%C3%A9se_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Moln%C3%A1r_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_kik%C3%B6lt%C3%B6z%C3%A9se_1850.jpg/440px-Moln%C3%A1r_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_kik%C3%B6lt%C3%B6z%C3%A9se_1850.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The patriarch <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Moln%C3%A1r_(painter)" title="József Molnár (painter)">József Molnár</a>)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> are <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religions which believe they descend from <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Torah_and_pointer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Open_Torah_and_pointer.jpg/220px-Open_Torah_and_pointer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Open_Torah_and_pointer.jpg/220px-Open_Torah_and_pointer.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Open_Torah_and_pointer.jpg/330px-Open_Torah_and_pointer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Open_Torah_and_pointer.jpg/440px-Open_Torah_and_pointer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> is the primary sacred text of Judaism.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> is the oldest Abrahamic religion, originating in the people of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">ancient Israel and Judah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-131">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> is its foundational text, and is part of the larger text known as the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. It is supplemented by oral tradition, set down in written form in later texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Within Judaism there are a variety of movements, most of which emerged from <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, which holds that God revealed his laws and <a href="/wiki/613_Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Mitzvot">commandments</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> in the form of both the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Written</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>; historically, this assertion was challenged by various groups. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> were scattered after the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> in 70 CE. Today there are about 13 million Jews, about 40 per cent living in Israel and 40 per cent in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish religious movements</a> are <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg/220px-ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg/220px-ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg/330px-ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg/440px-ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jesus is the central figure of Christianity.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is based on the life and teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> of Nazareth (1st century) as presented in the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-Christianity-133">[132]</a> The Christian faith is essentially faith in Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Christianity-133">[132]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Savior</a> and Lord. Almost all Christians believe in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, which teaches the unity of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (Jesus Christ), and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> as three persons in <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">one Godhead</a>. Most Christians can describe their faith with the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>. As the religion of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in the first millennium and of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> during the time of colonization, Christianity has been propagated throughout the world via <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missionary work</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spread-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charity-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Service-136">[135]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's largest religion</a>, with about 2.3 billion followers as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The main divisions of Christianity are, according to the number of adherents:<a href="#cite_note-history.com-138">[137]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> and the bishops worldwide in communion with him, is a <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> of 24 Churches <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> and 23 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-history.com-138">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, separated from the Catholic Church in the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and is split into thousands of <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denominations</a>. Major branches of Protestantism include <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, though each of these contain many different denominations or groups.<a href="#cite_note-history.com-138">[137]</a></li></ul> There are also smaller groups, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a>, the belief that Christianity should be restored (as opposed to reformed) along the lines of what is known about the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">apostolic early church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saint_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saint movement">Latter-day Saint movement</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> in the late 1820s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, founded in the late 1870s by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba,_Makkah6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kaaba%2C_Makkah6.jpg/220px-Kaaba%2C_Makkah6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kaaba%2C_Makkah6.jpg/220px-Kaaba%2C_Makkah6.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kaaba%2C_Makkah6.jpg/330px-Kaaba%2C_Makkah6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kaaba%2C_Makkah6.jpg/440px-Kaaba%2C_Makkah6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> <a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">circumambulating</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">most sacred site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a><a href="#cite_note-Islam-139">[138]</a> religion based on the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Islam-139">[138]</a> one of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">holy books</a> considered by Muslims to be <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">revealed</a> by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">teachings (hadith)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, a major political and religious figure of the 7th century CE. Islam is based on the unity of all religious philosophies and accepts all of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> prophets of Judaism, Christianity and other Abrahamic religions before <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. It is the most widely practiced religion of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a> also exist in parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. There are also several <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. With about 1.8 billion followers (2015), almost a quarter of <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">earth's population</a> are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is the largest denomination within Islam and follows the Qur'an, the ahadith (plural of Hadith) which record the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a>, whilst placing emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">sahabah</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> is the second largest denomination of Islam and its adherents believe that <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> succeeded Muhammad and further places emphasis on Muhammad's family.</li> <li>There are also Muslim revivalist movements such as <a href="/wiki/Muwahhidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhidism">Muwahhidism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>.</li></ul> Other denominations of Islam include <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> is the dominant Muslim <a href="/wiki/Maddhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Maddhab">schools of thought</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div> Whilst Judaism, Christianity and Islam are commonly seen as the only three Abrahamic faiths, there are smaller and newer traditions which lay claim to the designation as well.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg/220px-Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5070" data-file-height="3380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg/220px-Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg/330px-Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg/440px-Lotus_Temple_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> Lotus Temple in Delhi</figcaption></figure> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> is a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> that has links to the major Abrahamic religions as well as other religions (e.g., of Eastern philosophy). Founded in 19th-century Iran, it teaches the unity of all religious philosophies<a href="#cite_note-bahai.org-142">[141]</a> and accepts all of the prophets of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as additional prophets (Buddha, Mahavira), including its founder <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>. It is an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a>. One of its divisions is the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Orthodox Baháʼí Faith">Orthodox Baháʼí Faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a>: 48–49 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The shrine of <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">Nabi Shu'ayb</a> complex is revered as the foremost religious site in the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> religion</figcaption></figure> Even smaller regional Abrahamic groups also exist, including <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a> (primarily in Israel and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a> (primarily in Jamaica), and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> (primarily in <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Israel</a>). The Druze faith originally developed out of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, and it has sometimes been considered an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic school</a> by some Islamic authorities, but Druze themselves do not identify as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Incorporated-1996-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Scholars classify the Druze faith as an independent Abrahamic religion because it developed its own unique doctrines and eventually separated from both Isma'ilism and Islam altogether.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> One of these doctrines includes the belief that <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, sometimes also known as Sabianism (after the mysterious <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a> mentioned in the Quran, a name historically claimed by several religious groups),<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mandaens-152">[151]</a>: 4 <a href="#cite_note-Ginza-153">[152]</a>: 1 Its adherents, the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, consider <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> to be their chief prophet.<a href="#cite_note-Mandaens-152">[151]</a> Mandaeans are the last surviving Gnostics from antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian">East Asian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian religions</a></div> East Asian religions (also known as Far Eastern religions or Taoic religions) consist of several religions of East Asia which make use of the concept of Tao (in Chinese), Dō (in Japanese or Korean) or Đạo (in Vietnamese). They include: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taoism_and_Confucianism">Taoism and Confucianism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_China_Hall-of-Prayer-for-Good-Harvests-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Beijing_China_Hall-of-Prayer-for-Good-Harvests-01.jpg/220px-Beijing_China_Hall-of-Prayer-for-Good-Harvests-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3601" data-file-height="2783"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Beijing_China_Hall-of-Prayer-for-Good-Harvests-01.jpg/220px-Beijing_China_Hall-of-Prayer-for-Good-Harvests-01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Beijing_China_Hall-of-Prayer-for-Good-Harvests-01.jpg/330px-Beijing_China_Hall-of-Prayer-for-Good-Harvests-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Beijing_China_Hall-of-Prayer-for-Good-Harvests-01.jpg/440px-Beijing_China_Hall-of-Prayer-for-Good-Harvests-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a>, a Taoist <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> complex in Beijing</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, as well as Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese religion influenced by Chinese thought.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folk_religions">Folk religions</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>: the indigenous religions of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, or, by <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>, of all the populations of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese cultural sphere">Chinese cultural sphere</a>. It includes the syncretism of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuism">Wuism</a>, as well as many new religious movements such as <a href="/wiki/Chen_Tao_(UFO_religion)" title="Chen Tao (UFO religion)">Chen Tao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a>. Other folk and new religions of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chondogyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondogyo">Chondogyo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeung San Do</a> in Korea; <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">indigenous Philippine folk religions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shugendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shugendo">Shugendo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a> in Japan; <a href="/wiki/Satsana_Phi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsana Phi">Satsana Phi</a> in Laos; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a> in Vietnam. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> are practiced or were founded in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. They are sometimes classified as the dharmic religions, as they all feature <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, the specific law of reality and duties expected according to the religion.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram,_kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/220px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/220px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/330px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/440px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a> is a significant temple of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, India.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is also called Vaidika Dharma, the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2010-156">[155]</a> although many practitioners refer to their religion as <a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tana_Dharma" title="Sanātana Dharma">Sanātana Dharma</a> ("the Eternal Dharma") which refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>. Vaidika Dharma is a <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> describing the similar philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">related groups</a> practiced or founded in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Concepts most of them share in common include <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">darśana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[note 2]</a> Deities in Hinduism are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a> (masculine) and <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (feminine).<a href="#cite_note-monierdevi-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Major deities include <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>. These deities have distinct and complex personalities yet are often viewed as aspects of the same Ultimate Reality called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-avatars-162">[note 3]</a> Hinduism is one of the most ancient of still-active religious belief systems,<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> with origins perhaps as far back as prehistoric times.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Therefore, Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/220px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="3376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/220px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/330px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg/440px-Shravanabelagola_Bahubali_wideframe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 10th century <a href="/wiki/Gommateshwara_statue" title="Gommateshwara statue">Gommateshwara statue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, taught primarily by <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a> (the founder of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>) is an ancient Indian religion that prescribes a path of <a href="/wiki/Non-violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violence">non-violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">anekantavada</a> for all forms of living beings in this universe; which helps them to eliminate all the <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karmas</a>, and hence to attain freedom from the cycle of birth and death (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">saṃsāra</a>), that is, achieving <a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">nirvana</a>. Jains are found mostly in India. According to Dundas, outside of the Jain tradition, historians date the <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> as about contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> in the 5th-century BCE, and accordingly the historical <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>, based on the c. 250-year gap, is placed in 8th or 7th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200230%E2%80%9331-166">[163]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> Jainism (or sky-clad) is mainly practiced in South India. Their holy books are <a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samayasara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samayasara">Samayasara</a> written by their Prophets <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amritchandra" title="Amritchandra">Amritchandra</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(Digambara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Digambara)">original canon</a> is lost.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Shwetambara">Shwetambara</a> Jainism (or white-clad) is mainly practiced in Western India. Their holy books are <a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a>, written by their Prophet <a href="/wiki/Sthulibhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthulibhadra">Sthulibhadra</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_front_door_over_Wat_Mixay_and_praying_bhikkhus,_Vientiane,_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Open_front_door_over_Wat_Mixay_and_praying_bhikkhus%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/220px-Open_front_door_over_Wat_Mixay_and_praying_bhikkhus%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Open_front_door_over_Wat_Mixay_and_praying_bhikkhus%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/220px-Open_front_door_over_Wat_Mixay_and_praying_bhikkhus%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Open_front_door_over_Wat_Mixay_and_praying_bhikkhus%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/330px-Open_front_door_over_Wat_Mixay_and_praying_bhikkhus%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Open_front_door_over_Wat_Mixay_and_praying_bhikkhus%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/440px-Open_front_door_over_Wat_Mixay_and_praying_bhikkhus%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wat Mixay Buddhist shrine in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, Laos</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddhartha Gautama</a> in the 5th century BCE. Buddhists generally agree that Gotama aimed to help <a href="/wiki/Sentient_beings_(Buddhism)" title="Sentient beings (Buddhism)">sentient beings</a> end their <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">suffering (dukkha)</a> by understanding the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">true nature of phenomena</a>, thereby escaping the cycle of suffering and rebirth (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">saṃsāra</a>), that is, achieving <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism, which is practiced mainly in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and Southeast Asia alongside folk religion, shares some characteristics of Indian religions. It is based in a large collection of texts called the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism (or the Great Vehicle) under which are a multitude of doctrines that became prominent <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">in China</a> and are still relevant <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">in Europe and the United States</a>. Mahayana Buddhism includes such disparate teachings as <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buda_souvenir_over_a_shelf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Buda_souvenir_over_a_shelf.jpg/220px-Buda_souvenir_over_a_shelf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4694" data-file-height="3129"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Buda_souvenir_over_a_shelf.jpg/220px-Buda_souvenir_over_a_shelf.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Buda_souvenir_over_a_shelf.jpg/330px-Buda_souvenir_over_a_shelf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Buda_souvenir_over_a_shelf.jpg/440px-Buda_souvenir_over_a_shelf.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Buddha in a wood shelf in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism first appeared in India in the 3rd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> It is currently most prominent in the Himalaya regions<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> and extends across all of Asia<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">Mikkyō</a>).</li> <li>Two notable new Buddhist sects are <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a>), which were developed separately in the 20th century.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniature_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Astronomical_treatise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Miniature_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Astronomical_treatise.jpg/220px-Miniature_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Astronomical_treatise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Miniature_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Astronomical_treatise.jpg/220px-Miniature_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Astronomical_treatise.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Miniature_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Astronomical_treatise.jpg/330px-Miniature_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Astronomical_treatise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Miniature_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Astronomical_treatise.jpg/440px-Miniature_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Astronomical_treatise.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An 1840 miniature of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Panentheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panentheistic">panentheistic</a> religion founded on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> and ten successive <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a> in 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">fifth-largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a> in the world, with approximately 30 million Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> are expected to embody the qualities of a Sant-Sipāhī—a saint-soldier, have control over one's internal <a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">vices</a> and be able to be constantly immersed in virtues clarified in the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>. The principal beliefs of Sikhi are faith in <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a>—represented by the phrase <a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">ik ōaṅkār</a>, one cosmic divine actioner (God), who prevails in everything, along with a <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> in which the Sikh is enjoined to engage in social reform through the pursuit of justice for all human beings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_and_folk">Indigenous and folk</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickasaw_Stomp_Dance_Demonstration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chickasaw_Stomp_Dance_Demonstration.jpg/220px-Chickasaw_Stomp_Dance_Demonstration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chickasaw_Stomp_Dance_Demonstration.jpg/220px-Chickasaw_Stomp_Dance_Demonstration.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chickasaw_Stomp_Dance_Demonstration.jpg/330px-Chickasaw_Stomp_Dance_Demonstration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chickasaw_Stomp_Dance_Demonstration.jpg/440px-Chickasaw_Stomp_Dance_Demonstration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chickasaw Native cultural/religious dancing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_976_of_%22Bulletin%22_(1901).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Image_from_page_976_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281901%29.jpg/220px-Image_from_page_976_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281901%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Image_from_page_976_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281901%29.jpg/220px-Image_from_page_976_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281901%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Image_from_page_976_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281901%29.jpg/330px-Image_from_page_976_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281901%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Image_from_page_976_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281901%29.jpg/440px-Image_from_page_976_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281901%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Peyotists with their ceremonial tools</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg/180px-SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="607"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg/180px-SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg/270px-SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg/360px-SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Altay shaman in Siberia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%96%87%E6%BE%B3_%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E6%96%87%E6%BE%B3_%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F.jpg/220px-%E6%96%87%E6%BE%B3_%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2513"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E6%96%87%E6%BE%B3_%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F.jpg/220px-%E6%96%87%E6%BE%B3_%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E6%96%87%E6%BE%B3_%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F.jpg/330px-%E6%96%87%E6%BE%B3_%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E6%96%87%E6%BE%B3_%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F.jpg/440px-%E6%96%87%E6%BE%B3_%E5%9F%8E%E9%9A%8D%E5%BB%9F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Temple to the <a href="/wiki/City_God_(China)" title="City God (China)">city god</a> of Wenao in <a href="/wiki/Magong" title="Magong">Magong</a>, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religions">Indigenous religions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">folk religions</a> refers to a broad category of traditional religions that can be characterised by <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>, where traditional means "indigenous, that which is aboriginal or foundational, handed down from generation to generation…".<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> These are religions that are closely associated with a particular group of people, ethnicity or tribe; they often have no formal creeds or sacred texts.<a href="#cite_note-pew_global-173">[170]</a> Some faiths are <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a>, fusing diverse religious beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-174">[171]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal religions</a>.</li> <li>Folk religions of the Americas: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religions</a></li></ul> Folk religions are often omitted as a category in surveys even in countries where they are widely practiced, e.g., in China.<a href="#cite_note-pew_global-173">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_African">Traditional African</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_1992.133.4_Figure_of_Shango_on_Horseback.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shango</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> of fire, lightning, and thunder, in the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a>, depicted on horseback</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">Traditional African religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_diasporic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="African diasporic religions">African diasporic religions</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">African traditional religion</a> encompasses the traditional religious beliefs of people in Africa. In West Africa, these religions include the <a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahomey_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahomey mythology">Dahomey (Fon) mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion (A ƭat Roog)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti (Pygmy) mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko mythology</a> come from central Africa. Southern African traditions include <a href="/wiki/Akamba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamba mythology">Akamba mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai mythology">Masai mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka mythology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulu mythology">Zulu mythology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu mythology</a> is found throughout central, southeast, and southern Africa. In north Africa, these traditions include <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian</a>. There are also notable <a href="/wiki/African_diasporic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="African diasporic religions">African diasporic religions</a> practiced in the Americas, such as <a href="/wiki/Santeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santeria">Santeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candomble" class="mw-redirect" title="Candomble">Candomble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Vodun">Vodun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucumi_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucumi religion">Lucumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macumba" title="Macumba">Macumba</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_fuego,_Baku,_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n,_2016-09-27,_DD_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg/220px-Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8383" data-file-height="4861"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg/220px-Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg/330px-Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg/440px-Templo_de_fuego%2C_Baku%2C_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-27%2C_DD_34.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sacred flame at the <a href="/wiki/Ateshgah_of_Baku" title="Ateshgah of Baku">Ateshgah of Baku</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian">Iranian</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a> are ancient religions whose roots predate the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a>. Nowadays these religions are practiced only by minorities. <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> is based on the teachings of prophet <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> in the 6th century BCE. Zoroastrians worship the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>. In Zoroastrianism, good and evil have distinct sources, with evil trying to destroy the creation of Mazda, and good trying to sustain it. <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kurdistan" title="Religion in Kurdistan">Kurdish religions</a> include the traditional beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birg%C3%BCl-176">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahl-e_Haqq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl-e Haqq">Ahl-e Haqq</a>. Sometimes these are labeled <a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_religious_movements">New religious movements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">List of new religious movements</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> teaches the unity of all religious philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-bahai.org-142">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> religion, established in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> religion with the purpose of making God an everyday reality in one's life.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a> is a Hellenistic philosophy that is considered by many of its practitioners as a type of (sometimes non-theistic) religious identity. It has its own scriptures, a monthly "feast of reason" on the Twentieth and considers friendship to be holy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaminarayan Faith">Swaminarayan Faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a>, are examples of new religious movements within Indian religions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a> (shinshukyo) is a general category for a wide variety of religious movements founded in Japan since the 19th century. These movements share almost nothing in common except the place of their founding. The largest religious movements centered in Japan include <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seicho-No-Ie" class="mw-redirect" title="Seicho-No-Ie">Seicho-No-Ie</a> among hundreds of smaller groups.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">non-trinitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> Reformist movement sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Millenarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Millenarian">millenarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">Neo-Druidism</a> is a religion promoting harmony with nature,<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> named after but not necessarily connected to the Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern pagan">Modern pagan</a> movements attempting to reconstruct or revive ancient <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> practices, such as <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kemeticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemeticism">Kemeticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a> is a monotheistic ideology based on the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> and on their traditional interpretations within Rabbinic Judaism.</li> <li>Some forms of <a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">parody religion</a> or fiction-based religion<a href="#cite_note-Davidsen2013-185">[182]</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastafarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastafarianism">Pastafarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudeism" title="Dudeism">Dudeism</a>, "Tolkien religion",<a href="#cite_note-Davidsen2013-185">[182]</a> and others often develop their own writings, traditions, and cultural expressions, and end up behaving like traditional religions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> is a broad category of religions that, for example, worship Satan as a deity (<a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic Satanism</a>) or use Satan as a symbol of carnality and earthly values (<a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a>).<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> is defined as a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">scam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scientology_as_a_business" title="Scientology as a business">commercial business</a>, or a new religious movement.<a href="#cite_note-sciento-193">[190]</a> Its mythological framework is similar to a <a href="/wiki/UFO_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO cult">UFO cult</a> and includes references to <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">aliens</a>, but it is kept secret from most followers. It charges a fee for its central activity, on the basis of which it has been characterised as a commercial enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-Bei03-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-She20-189">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO Religion">UFO Religions</a> in which extraterrestrial entities are an element of belief, such as <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Vian_Summers" title="Marshall Vian Summers">Marshall Vian Summers</a>'s New Message from God.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a> is a religion characterized by support for a free and responsible search for truth and meaning, and has no accepted <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> is a neo-pagan religion first popularised in 1954 by British civil servant <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>, involving the worship of a God and Goddess.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Related_aspects">Related aspects</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_and_religion" title="Law and religion">Law and religion</a></div> The study of law and religion is a relatively new field, with several thousand scholars involved in law schools, and academic departments including political science, religion, and history since 1980.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Scholars in the field are not only focused on strictly legal issues about religious freedom or non-establishment, but also study religions as they are qualified through judicial discourses or legal understanding of religious phenomena. Exponents look at canon law, natural law, and state law, often in a comparative perspective.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Specialists have explored themes in Western history regarding Christianity and justice and mercy, rule and equity, and discipline and love.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Common topics of interest include marriage and the family<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> and human rights.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Outside of Christianity, scholars have looked at law and religion links in the Muslim Middle East<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> and pagan Rome.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> Studies have focused on <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> In particular, the issue of wearing religious symbols in public, such as headscarves that are banned in French schools, have received scholarly attention in the context of human rights and feminism.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> acknowledges reason and <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>; and religions include <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">sacredness</a> whilst also acknowledging philosophical and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a> explanations with regard to the study of the universe. Both science and religion are not monolithic, timeless, or static because both are complex social and cultural endeavors that have changed through time across languages and cultures.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> The concepts of science and religion are a recent invention: the term religion emerged in the 17th century in the midst of colonization and globalization and the Protestant Reformation.<a href="#cite_note-Nongbri-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Territories-21">[21]</a> The term science emerged in the 19th century out of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> in the midst of attempts to narrowly define those who studied nature (<a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Territories-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cahan_Natural_Philosophy-208">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSACM-209">[206]</a> and the phrase religion and science emerged in the 19th century due to the reification of both concepts.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Territories-21">[21]</a> It was in the 19th century that the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism first emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Territories-21">[21]</a> In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin roots of both science (scientia) and religion (religio) were understood as inner qualities of the individual or virtues, never as doctrines, practices, or actual sources of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Territories-21">[21]</a> In general, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> gains knowledge by testing hypotheses to develop <a href="/wiki/Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories">theories</a> through elucidation of facts or evaluation by <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a> and thus only answers <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmological</a> questions about the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> that can be observed and measured. It develops <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theories</a> of the world which best fit physically observed evidence. All scientific knowledge is subject to later refinement, or even rejection, in the face of additional evidence. Scientific theories that have an overwhelming preponderance of favorable evidence are often treated as <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> verities in general parlance, such as the theories of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> to explain respectively the mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. Religion does not have a method per se partly because religions emerge through time from diverse cultures and it is an attempt to find meaning in the world, and to explain humanity's place in it and relationship to it and to any posited entities. In terms of Christian theology and ultimate truths, people rely on reason, experience, scripture, and tradition to test and gauge what they experience and what they should believe. Furthermore, religious models, understanding, and metaphors are also revisable, as are scientific models.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> Regarding religion and science, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> states (1940): "For science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be, and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Republic-211">[208]</a> Religion, on the other hand, deals only with evaluations of human thought and action; it cannot justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Republic-211">[208]</a>…Now, even though the realms of religion and science in themselves are clearly marked off from each other, nevertheless there exist between the two strong reciprocal relationships and dependencies. Though religion may be that which determine the goals, it has, nevertheless, learned from science, in the broadest sense, what means will contribute to the attainment of the goals it has set up."<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morality">Morality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morality_and_religion" title="Morality and religion">Morality and religion</a></div> Many religions have value frameworks regarding personal behavior meant to guide adherents in determining between right and wrong. These include the <a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> of Jainism, Judaism's <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, Islam's <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, Catholicism's <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a>, Buddhism's <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>, and Zoroastrianism's <a href="/wiki/Theological_Aspects_of_the_Avesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological Aspects of the Avesta">good thoughts, good words, and good deeds</a> concept, among others.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Religion and morality are not synonymous. While it is often assumed in Christian thought that morality is ultimately based in religion, it can also have a <a href="/wiki/Secular_morality" title="Secular morality">secular basis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Elements_of_Moral_Philosophy-214">[211]</a> The study of religion and morality can be contentious due to ethnocentric views on morality, failure to distinguish between in group and out group altruism, and inconsistent definitions of religiosity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact">Impact</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div> Religion has had a significant impact on the political system in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Notably, most Muslim-majority countries adopt various aspects of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, the Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> Some countries even define themselves in religious terms, such as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">The Islamic Republic of Iran</a>. The sharia thus affects up to 23% of the global population, or 1.57 billion people who are <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslims</a>. However, religion also affects political decisions in many western countries. For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, 51% of voters would be less likely to vote for a presidential candidate who did not believe in God, and only 6% more likely.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> Christians make up 92% of members of the US Congress, compared with 71% of the general public (as of 2014). At the same time, while 23% of U.S. adults are religiously unaffiliated, only one member of Congress (<a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a>, D-Arizona), or 0.2% of that body, claims no religious affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> In most European countries, however, religion has a much smaller influence on politics<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> although it used to be much more important. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> were illegal in many European countries until recently, following Christian (usually <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a>) doctrine. Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_atheists_in_politics_and_law" title="List of atheists in politics and law">European leaders are atheists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s former president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">Francois Hollande</a> or Greece's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Alexis Tsipras</a>). In Asia, the role of religion differs widely between countries. For instance, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is still one of the most religious countries and religion still has a strong impact on politics, given that Hindu nationalists have been targeting minorities like the Muslims and the Christians, who historically[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] belonged to the lower castes.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> By contrast, countries such as <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a> are largely secular and thus religion has a much smaller impact on politics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secularism">Secularism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjitsingh.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ranjitsingh.gif/170px-Ranjitsingh.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ranjitsingh.gif/170px-Ranjitsingh.gif" data-width="170" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Ranjitsingh.gif 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> established <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh#Secular_Sikh_rule" title="Ranjit Singh">secular rule</a> over <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> in the early 19th century.</figcaption></figure> Secularization is the transformation of the politics of a society from close identification with a particular religion's values and institutions toward nonreligious values and <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> institutions. The purpose of this is frequently modernization or protection of the population's religious diversity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_religion" title="Economics of religion">Economics of religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Religion and business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth and religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religion_economy.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Religion_economy.png/350px-Religion_economy.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Religion_economy.png/350px-Religion_economy.png" data-width="350" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Religion_economy.png/525px-Religion_economy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Religion_economy.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Average income correlates negatively with (self-defined) religiosity.<a href="#cite_note-gia-122">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> One study has found there is a negative correlation between self-defined religiosity and the wealth of nations.<a href="#cite_note-WIN-Gallup-221">[218]</a> In other words, the richer a nation is, the less likely its inhabitants to call themselves religious, whatever this word means to them (Many people identify themselves as part of a religion (not irreligion) but do not self-identify as religious).<a href="#cite_note-WIN-Gallup-221">[218]</a> Sociologist and political economist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> has argued that Protestant Christian countries are wealthier because of their <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> According to a study from 2015, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> (5.8%), <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> (3.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth (while making up only about 20% of the world population, see section on classification).<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">Religion and health</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> researchers examined the association between religious involvement and spirituality, and physical health, mental health, health-related quality of life, and other health outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> The authors reported that: "Most studies have shown that religious involvement and spirituality are associated with better health outcomes, including greater longevity, coping skills, and health-related quality of life (even during terminal illness) and less anxiety, depression, and suicide."<a href="#cite_note-Religion_and_Medicine-225">[222]</a> The authors of a subsequent study concluded that the influence of religion on health is largely beneficial, based on a review of related literature.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> According to academic James W. Jones, several studies have discovered "positive correlations between religious belief and practice and mental and physical health and longevity."<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> An analysis of data from the 1998 US General Social Survey, whilst broadly confirming that religious activity was associated with better health and well-being, also suggested that the role of different dimensions of spirituality/religiosity in health is rather more complicated. The results suggested "that it may not be appropriate to generalize findings about the relationship between spirituality/religiosity and health from one form of spirituality/religiosity to another, across denominations, or to assume effects are uniform for men and women.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity and violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism and violence</a></div> Critics such as <a href="/wiki/Hector_Avalos" title="Hector Avalos">Hector Avalos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Regina_Schwartz" title="Regina Schwartz">Regina Schwartz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReginaSchwartz-230">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hitchens_2007-231">[228]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawkins_2006-232">[229]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] have argued that religions are inherently violent and harmful to society by using violence to promote their goals, in ways that are endorsed and exploited by their leaders. Anthropologist Jack David Eller asserts that religion is not inherently violent, arguing "religion and violence are clearly compatible, but they are not identical." He asserts that "violence is neither essential to nor exclusive to religion" and that "virtually every form of religious violence has its nonreligious corollary."<a href="#cite_note-CruelCreeds1-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-CruelCreeds2-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></div> Some (but not all) religions practise <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> killing and offering of an animal to appease or maintain favour with a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>. It has been banned in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superstition">Superstition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></div> Greek and Roman pagans, who saw their relations with the gods in political and social terms, scorned the man who constantly trembled with fear at the thought of the gods (deisidaimonia), as a slave might fear a cruel and capricious master. The Romans called such fear of the gods superstitio.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> Ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> described superstition in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Instrumentum_regni" title="Instrumentum regni">instrumentum regni</a>, an instrument of maintaining the cohesion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Superstition has been described as the non-rational establishment of cause and effect.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Religion is more complex and is often composed of social institutions and has a moral aspect. Some religions may include superstitions or make use of magical thinking. Adherents of one religion sometimes think of other religions as superstition.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deists">deists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skeptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptics">skeptics</a> regard religious belief as superstition. The Roman Catholic Church considers superstition to be sinful in the sense that it denotes a lack of trust in the divine providence of God and, as such, is a violation of the first of the Ten Commandments. The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> states that superstition "in some sense represents a perverse excess of religion" (para. #2110). "Superstition," it says, "is a deviation of religious feeling and of the practices this feeling imposes. It can even affect the worship we offer the true God, e.g., when one attributes an importance in some way magical to certain practices otherwise lawful or necessary. To attribute the efficacy of prayers or of sacramental signs to their mere external performance, apart from the interior dispositions that they demand is to fall into superstition. Cf. Matthew 23:16–22" (para. #2111) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agnosticism_and_atheism">Agnosticism and atheism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></div> The terms <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> (lack of belief in gods) and agnostic (belief in the unknowability of the existence of gods), though specifically contrary to theistic (e.g., Christian, Jewish, and Muslim) religious teachings, do not by definition mean the opposite of religious. The true opposite of religious is the word irreligious. <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> describes an absence of any religion; <a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">antireligion</a> describes an active opposition or aversion toward religions in general. There are religions (including Buddhism and Taoism) that classify some of their followers as agnostic, atheistic, or <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">nontheistic</a>. For example, in ancient India, there were large atheistic movements and traditions (<a href="/wiki/Hindu_atheism" title="Hindu atheism">Nirīśvaravāda</a>) that rejected the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, such as the atheistic <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a> which taught agnosticism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaith_cooperation">Interfaith cooperation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">Interfaith dialogue</a></div> Because religion continues to be recognized in Western thought as a universal impulse,<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> many religious practitioners[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> have aimed to band together in <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith</a> dialogue, cooperation, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">religious peacebuilding</a>. The first major dialogue was the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> at the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World's Fair</a>, which affirmed universal values and recognition of the diversity of practices among different cultures.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> The 20th century has been especially fruitful in use of interfaith dialogue as a means of solving ethnic, political, or even religious conflict, with <a href="/wiki/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation" title="Christian–Jewish reconciliation">Christian–Jewish reconciliation</a> representing a complete reverse in the attitudes of many Christian communities towards Jews.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> Recent interfaith initiatives include A Common Word, launched in 2007 and focused on bringing Muslim and Christian leaders together,<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> the "C1 World Dialogue",<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> the Common Ground initiative between Islam and Buddhism,<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> sponsored "World Interfaith Harmony Week".<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> Culture and religion have usually been seen as closely related.<a href="#cite_note-14.1A:_The_Nature_of_Religion-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> looked at religion as the soul of culture and culture as the form or framework of religion.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> In his own words: <blockquote>Religion as ultimate concern is the meaning-giving substance of culture, and culture is the totality of forms in which the basic concern of religion expresses itself. In abbreviation: religion is the substance of culture, culture is the form of religion. Such a consideration definitely prevents the establishment of a dualism of religion and culture. Every religious act, not only in organized religion, but also in the most intimate movement of the soul, is culturally formed.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a>, similarly, looked at culture as the soil of religion and thought that, therefore, transplanting a religion from its original culture to a foreign culture would kill it in the same manner that transplanting a plant from its natural soil to an alien soil would kill it.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> However, there have been many attempts in the modern pluralistic situation to distinguish culture from religion.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> Domenic Marbaniang has argued that elements grounded on beliefs of a metaphysical nature (religious) are distinct from elements grounded on nature and the natural (cultural). For instance, language (with its grammar) is a cultural element while sacralization of language in which a particular religious scripture is written is more often a religious practice. The same applies to music and the arts.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div> Criticism of religion is <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">criticism</a> of the ideas, the truth, or the practice of religion, including its political and social implications.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index of religion-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">Life stance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_with_religious_symbolism" title="List of foods with religious symbolism">List of foods with religious symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religion-related_awards" title="List of religion-related awards">List of religion-related awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts" title="List of religious texts">List of religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Religion" title="Museum of the History of Religion">Museum of the History of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontheistic religions">Nontheistic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Religion and happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conditioning" title="Social conditioning">Social conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_religions" title="Theology of religions">Theology of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_there_is_anything_at_all" class="mw-redirect" title="Why there is anything at all">Why there is anything at all</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> That is how, according to Durkheim, Buddhism is a religion. "In default of gods, Buddhism admits the existence of sacred things, namely, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">four noble truths</a> and the practices derived from them" <a href="#CITEREFDurkheim1915">Durkheim 1915</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Hinduism is variously defined as a religion, set of religious beliefs and practices, religious tradition etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Gavin Flood (2003), pp. 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Study_of_the_Hindu_doctrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines">Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines</a> (1921 ed.), Sophia Perennis, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900588-74-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-900588-74-8">0-900588-74-8</a>, proposes a definition of the term religion and a discussion of its relevance (or lack of) to Hindu doctrines (part II, chapter 4, p. 58). </li> <li id="cite_note-avatars-162"><a href="#cite_ref-avatars_162-0">^</a> [a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkDeLisser2011" class="citation book cs1">Hark, Lisa; DeLisser, Horace (2011). Achieving Cultural Competency. John Wiley & Sons. <q>Three gods, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, and other deities are considered manifestations of and are worshipped as incarnations of Brahman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Achieving+Cultural+Competency&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hark&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=DeLisser%2C+Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> [b] <a href="#CITEREFToropovBuckles2011">Toropov & Buckles 2011</a>: The members of various Hindu sects worship a dizzying number of specific deities and follow innumerable rites in honor of specific gods. Because this is Hinduism, however, its practitioners see the profusion of forms and practices as expressions of the same unchanging reality. The panoply of deities are understood by believers as symbols for a single transcendent reality. [d] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlando_O._Espín,_James_B._Nickoloff2007" class="citation book cs1">Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff (2007). An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies. Liturgical Press. <q>While Hindus believe in many devas, many are monotheistic to the extent that they will recognise only one Supreme Being, a God or Goddess who is the source and ruler of the devas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Dictionary+of+Theology+and+Religious+Studies&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Orlando+O.+Esp%C3%ADn%2C+James+B.+Nickoloff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion">"Religion – Definition of Religion by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312024948/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+Religion+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Freligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorreallSonn2013" class="citation book cs1">Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2013). "Myth 1: All Societies Have Religions". 50 Great Myths of Religion. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a>-Blackwell. pp. 12–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8"><bdi>978-0-470-67350-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth+1%3A+All+Societies+Have+Religions&rft.btitle=50+Great+Myths+of+Religion&rft.pages=12-17&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67350-8&rft.aulast=Morreall&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nongbri-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNongbri2013" class="citation book cs1">Nongbri, Brent (2013). Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15416-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15416-0"><bdi>978-0-300-15416-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Religion%3A+A+History+of+a+Modern+Concept&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15416-0&rft.aulast=Nongbri&rft.aufirst=Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames190231-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames190231_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames190231_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1902">James 1902</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurkheim1915-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurkheim1915_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurkheim1915_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDurkheim1915">Durkheim 1915</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tillich,_P._1957_p.1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tillich,_P._1957_p.1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tillich,_P._1957_p.1_6-1">b</a> Tillich, P. (1957) Dynamics of faith. Harper Perennial; (p. 1). </li> <li id="cite_note-vergote-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vergote_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vergote_7-1">b</a> Vergote, A. (1996) Religion, Belief and Unbelief. A Psychological Study, Leuven University Press. (p. 16) </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeigler-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeigler_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeigler_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeigler2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Zeigler, David (January–February 2020). "Religious Belief from Dreams?". <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>. Vol. 44, no. 1. Amherst, NY: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a>. pp. 51–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+from+Dreams%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-54&rft.date=2020-01%2F2020-02&rft.aulast=Zeigler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrican_Studies_AssociationUniversity_of_Michigan2005" class="citation book cs1">African Studies Association; University of Michigan (2005). History in Africa. Vol. 32. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+in+Africa&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2005&rft.au=African+Studies+Association&rft.au=University+of+Michigan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2012-10"><a href="#cite_ref-EB2012_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">"The Global Religious Landscape"</a>. 18 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719060225/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Global_Unaffiliated_12/2012-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Global_Unaffiliated_12/2012_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx">"Religiously Unaffiliated"</a>. The Global Religious Landscape. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>: Religion & Public Life. 18 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730043126/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2022. <q>The religiously unaffiliated include atheists, agnostics and people who do not identify with any particular religion in surveys. However, many of the religiously unaffiliated have some religious beliefs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.atitle=Religiously+Unaffiliated&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barker1999-12"><a href="#cite_ref-barker1999_12-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Barker" title="Eileen Barker">Eileen Barker</a>, 1999, "New Religious Movements: their incidence and significance", New Religious Movements: challenge and response, Bryan Wilson and Jamie Cresswell editors, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20050-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20050-4">0-415-20050-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeZuckerman-13"><a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeZuckerman_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Phil (2006). "3 – Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns". In Martin, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. pp. 47–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521842700.004">10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13900-118-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13900-118-2"><bdi>978-1-13900-118-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3+%E2%80%93+Atheism%3A+Contemporary+Numbers+and+Patterns&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&rft.pages=47-66&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL0521842700.004&rft.isbn=978-1-13900-118-2&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37278937">"What Does It Mean Ontologically to Be Religious?"</a>. In Stephen Ames; Ian Barns; John Hinkson; Paul James; Gordon Preece; Geoff Sharp (eds.). Religion in a Secular Age: The Struggle for Meaning in an Abstracted World. Arena Publications. pp. 56–100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214151335/https://www.academia.edu/37278937">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Does+It+Mean+Ontologically+to+Be+Religious%3F&rft.btitle=Religion+in+a+Secular+Age%3A+The+Struggle+for+Meaning+in+an+Abstracted+World&rft.pages=56-100&rft.pub=Arena+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37278937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=religion">"religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=religion&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dreligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Religion" Oxford English Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/161944">https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/161944</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003070115/https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/161944">Archived</a> 3 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> In The Pagan Christ: Recovering the Lost Light. Toronto. Thomas Allen, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88762-145-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88762-145-7">0-88762-145-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Myth" title="The Power of Myth">The Power of Myth</a>, with Bill Moyers, ed. Betty Sue Flowers, New York, Anchor Books, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-41886-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-41886-8">0-385-41886-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huizinga_Middle-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huizinga_Middle_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huizinga_Middle_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1924" class="citation book cs1">Huizinga, Johan (1924). <a href="/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="The Autumn of the Middle Ages">The Waning of the Middle Ages</a>. Penguin Books. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waning+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dreligio">"Religio"</a>. Latin Word Study Tool. Tufts University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155206/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dreligio">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latin+Word+Study+Tool&rft.atitle=Religio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0060%253Aentry%253Dreligio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison_Territories-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_Territories_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_Territories_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_Territories_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_Territories_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_Territories_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_Territories_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_Territories_21-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2015" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18448-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18448-7"><bdi>978-0-226-18448-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+Science+and+Religion&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-18448-7&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_Jon-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_Jon_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_Jon_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jon (2011). "10. Science and Religion". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.). Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31783-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31783-0"><bdi>978-0-226-31783-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+Science+and+Religion&rft.btitle=Wrestling+with+Nature%3A+From+Omens+to+Science&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31783-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50_great-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-50_great_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-50_great_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-50_great_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-50_great_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-50_great_23-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorreallSonn2013" class="citation book cs1">Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2013). "Myth 1: All Societies Have Religions". 50 Great Myths about Religions. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 12–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8"><bdi>978-0-470-67350-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth+1%3A+All+Societies+Have+Religions&rft.btitle=50+Great+Myths+about+Religions&rft.pages=12-17&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67350-8&rft.aulast=Morreall&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religio_roman-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religio_roman_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religio_roman_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonBoyarin2016" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Carlin; Boyarin, Daniel (2016). "1. 'Religio' without "Religion"". Imagine No Religion : How Modern Abstractions Hide Ancient Realities. Fordham University Press. pp. 15–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-7120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-7120-7"><bdi>978-0-8232-7120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+%27Religio%27+without+%22Religion%22&rft.btitle=Imagine+No+Religion+%3A+How+Modern+Abstractions+Hide+Ancient+Realities&rft.pages=15-38&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-7120-7&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Carlin&rft.au=Boyarin%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReus-Smit2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reus-Smit, Christian (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/struggles-for-individual-rights-and-the-expansion-of-the-international-system/9D4AB3695056FA85DCDE1D90D3C551B3">"Struggles for Individual Rights and the Expansion of the International System"</a>. International Organization. 65 (2): 207–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818311000038">10.1017/S0020818311000038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-5088">1531-5088</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145668420">145668420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Struggles+for+Individual+Rights+and+the+Expansion+of+the+International+System&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-242&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145668420%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1531-5088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818311000038&rft.aulast=Reus-Smit&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-organization%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fstruggles-for-individual-rights-and-the-expansion-of-the-international-system%2F9D4AB3695056FA85DCDE1D90D3C551B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesar2007" class="citation book cs1">Caesar, Julius (2007). "Civil Wars – Book 1". The Works of Julius Caesar: Parallel English and Latin. Translated by McDevitte, W.A.; Bohn, W.S. Forgotten Books. pp. 377–378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-355-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-355-3"><bdi>978-1-60506-355-3</bdi></a>. <q>Sic terror oblatus a ducibus, crudelitas in supplicio, nova religio iurisiurandi spem praesentis deditionis sustulit mentesque militum convertit et rem ad pristinam belli rationem redegit." – (Latin); "Thus the terror raised by the generals, the cruelty and punishments, the new obligation of an oath, removed all hopes of surrender for the present, changed the soldiers' minds, and reduced matters to the former state of war."- (English)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+Wars+%E2%80%93+Book+1&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Julius+Caesar%3A+Parallel+English+and+Latin&rft.pages=377-378&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60506-355-3&rft.aulast=Caesar&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1">Pliny the Elder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D1">"Elephants; Their Capacity"</a>. The Natural History, Book VIII. Tufts University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507142052/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021. <q>maximum est elephans proximumque humanis sensibus, quippe intellectus illis sermonis patrii et imperiorum obedientia, officiorum quae didicere memoria, amoris et gloriae voluptas, immo vero, quae etiam in homine rara, probitas, prudentia, aequitas, religio quoque siderum solisque ac lunae veneratio." "The elephant is the largest of them all, and in intelligence approaches the nearest to man. It understands the language of its country, it obeys commands, and it remembers all the duties which it has been taught. It is sensible alike of the pleasures of love and glory, and, to a degree that is rare among men even, possesses notions of honesty, prudence, and equity; it has a religious respect also for the stars, and a veneration for the sun and the moon."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elephants%3B+Their+Capacity&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History%2C+Book+VIII&rft.pub=Tufts+University&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0137%253Abook%253D8%253Achapter%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Cicero, De natura deorum Book II, Section 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-threskeia_greece-29"><a href="#cite_ref-threskeia_greece_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonBoyarin2016" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Carlin; Boyarin, Daniel (2016). "8. Imagine No 'Threskeia': The Task of the Untranslator". Imagine No Religion : How Modern Abstractions Hide Ancient Realities. Fordham University Press. pp. 123–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-7120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-7120-7"><bdi>978-0-8232-7120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Imagine+No+%27Threskeia%27%3A+The+Task+of+the+Untranslator&rft.btitle=Imagine+No+Religion+%3A+How+Modern+Abstractions+Hide+Ancient+Realities&rft.pages=123-134&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-7120-7&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Carlin&rft.au=Boyarin%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasquier2023" class="citation book cs1">Pasquier, Michael (2023). Religion in America: The Basics. Routledge. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367691806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367691806"><bdi>978-0367691806</bdi></a>. <q>Religion is a modern concept. It is an idea with a history that developed, most scholars would agree, out of the social and cultural disruptions of Renaissance and Reformation Europe. From the fourteenth to the seventeenth century, at a time of unprecedented political transformation and scientific innovation, it became possible for people to differentiate between things religious and things not religious. Such a dualistic understanding of the world was simply not available in such clear terms to ancient and medieval Europeans, to say nothing of people from the continents of North America, South America, Africa, and Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+America%3A+The+Basics&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0367691806&rft.aulast=Pasquier&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion_enlightenment-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Religion_enlightenment_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1990" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Peter (1990). 'Religion' and the Religions in the English Enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89293-3"><bdi>978-0-521-89293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Religion%27+and+the+Religions+in+the+English+Enlightenment&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89293-3&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubuisson-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubuisson_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubuisson_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubuisson2007" class="citation book cs1">Dubuisson, Daniel (2007). The Western Construction of Religion: Myths, Knowledge, and Ideology. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8756-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8756-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-8756-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Construction+of+Religion%3A+Myths%2C+Knowledge%2C+and+Ideology&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8756-7&rft.aulast=Dubuisson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2007" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Timothy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discourseoncivil00fitz">Discourse on Civility and Barbarity</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discourseoncivil00fitz/page/n57">45</a>–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530009-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530009-3"><bdi>978-0-19-530009-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourse+on+Civility+and+Barbarity&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530009-3&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscourseoncivil00fitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Cantwell_Smith" title="Wilfred Cantwell Smith">Smith, Wilfred Cantwell</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meaningendofre00smit/page/125/mode/2up">The Meaning and End of Religion</a>. New York: MacMillan. pp. 125–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+and+End+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Cantwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeaningendofre00smit%2Fpage%2F125%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRüpke2013" class="citation book cs1">Rüpke, Jörg (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-cwmAEACAAJ">Religion: Antiquity and its Legacy</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195380774" title="Special:BookSources/9780195380774"><bdi>9780195380774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+Antiquity+and+its+Legacy&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780195380774&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCpke&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-cwmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nongbri1-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri1_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNongbri2013" class="citation book cs1">Nongbri, Brent (2013). Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept. Yale University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15416-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15416-0"><bdi>978-0-300-15416-0</bdi></a>. <q>Although the Greeks, Romans, Mesopotamians, and many other peoples have long histories, the stories of their respective religions are of recent pedigree. The formation of ancient religions as objects of study coincided with the formation of religion itself as a concept of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Religion%3A+A+History+of+a+Modern+Concept&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15416-0&rft.aulast=Nongbri&rft.aufirst=Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion_enlightenment1-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Religion_enlightenment1_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1990" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Peter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionreligion00harr">'Religion' and the Religions in the English Enlightenment</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionreligion00harr/page/n11">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89293-3"><bdi>978-0-521-89293-3</bdi></a>. <q>That there exist in the world such entities as 'the religions' is an uncontroversial claim...However, it was not always so. The concepts 'religion' and 'the religions', as we presently understand them, emerged quite late in Western thought, during the Enlightenment. Between them, these two notions provided a new framework for classifying particular aspects of human life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Religion%27+and+the+Religions+in+the+English+Enlightenment&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89293-3&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionreligion00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNongbri2013" class="citation book cs1">Nongbri, Brent (2013). "2. Lost in Translation: Inserting "Religion" into Ancient Texts". Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15416-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15416-0"><bdi>978-0-300-15416-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Lost+in+Translation%3A+Inserting+%22Religion%22+into+Ancient+Texts&rft.btitle=Before+Religion%3A+A+History+of+a+Modern+Concept&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15416-0&rft.aulast=Nongbri&rft.aufirst=Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorreallSonn2013" class="citation book cs1">Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2013). 50 Great Myths about Religions. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8"><bdi>978-0-470-67350-8</bdi></a>. <q>Many languages do not even have a word equivalent to our word 'religion'; nor is such a word found in either the Bible or the Qur'an.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Great+Myths+about+Religions&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67350-8&rft.aulast=Morreall&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPluralism_Project,_Harvard_University2015" class="citation book cs1">Pluralism Project, Harvard University (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/files/rpl/files/judaism_pluralism_project_harvard_university_religious_literacy_project_harvard_divinity_school_march_24_2015.pdf?m=1660591091#:~:text=In%20the%20English%2Dspeaking%20Western,and%20practices%20associated%20with%20a">Judaism - Introductory Profiles</a> (PDF). Harvard University. p. 2. <q>In the English-speaking Western world, "Judaism" is often considered a "religion," but there are no equivalent words for "Judaism" or for "religion" in Hebrew; there are words for "faith," "law," or "custom" but not for "religion" if one thinks of the term as meaning solely the beliefs and practices associated with a relationship with God or a vision of transcendence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+-+Introductory+Profiles&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Pluralism+Project%2C+Harvard+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frpl.hds.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Frpl%2Ffiles%2Fjudaism_pluralism_project_harvard_university_religious_literacy_project_harvard_divinity_school_march_24_2015.pdf%3Fm%3D1660591091%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520the%2520English%252Dspeaking%2520Western%2Cand%2520practices%2520associated%2520with%2520a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluralism.org/god-torah-and-israel">"God, Torah, and Israel"</a>. Pluralism Project - Judaism. Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pluralism+Project+-+Judaism&rft.atitle=God%2C+Torah%2C+and+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluralism.org%2Fgod-torah-and-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Hershel Edelheit, Abraham J. Edelheit, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/history-of-zionism-a-handbook-and-dictionary-by-abfaham-j-edelheit-hershel-edelheit.jsp">History of Zionism: A Handbook and Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624015852/http://www.questia.com/library/book/history-of-zionism-a-handbook-and-dictionary-by-abfaham-j-edelheit-hershel-edelheit.jsp">Archived</a> 24 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 3, citing <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Zeitlin" title="Solomon Zeitlin">Solomon Zeitlin</a>, The Jews. Race, Nation, or Religion? (Philadelphia: Dropsie College Press, 1936). </li> <li id="cite_note-WhitefordII2008-43"><a href="#cite_ref-WhitefordII2008_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitefordTrotter_II2008" class="citation book cs1">Whiteford, Linda M.; Trotter II, Robert T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeokAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Ethics for Anthropological Research and Practice</a>. Waveland Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-1059-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-1059-5"><bdi>978-1-4786-1059-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610090106/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeokAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+for+Anthropological+Research+and+Practice&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4786-1059-5&rft.aulast=Whiteford&rft.aufirst=Linda+M.&rft.au=Trotter+II%2C+Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeokAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns_Jewish-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_Jewish_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_Jewish_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2015" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Joshua Ezra (2015). "3. Jewish ideologies of Peace and Peacemaking". In Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael (eds.). Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-95342-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-95342-6"><bdi>978-1-118-95342-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Jewish+ideologies+of+Peace+and+Peacemaking&rft.btitle=Peacemaking+and+the+Challenge+of+Violence+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-95342-6&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyarin2019" class="citation book cs1">Boyarin, Daniel (2019). Judaism: The Genealogy of a Modern Notion. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7161-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-7161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism%3A+The+Genealogy+of+a+Modern+Notion&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-7161-4&rft.aulast=Boyarin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14.1A:_The_Nature_of_Religion-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-14.1A:_The_Nature_of_Religion_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-14.1A:_The_Nature_of_Religion_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/14%3A_Religion/14.01%3A_The_Nature_of_Religion/14.1A%3A_The_Nature_of_Religion#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20the%20Sanskrit%20word,and%20ceremonial%20and%20practical%20traditions.&text=Some%20religions%20place%20an%20emphasis%20on%20belief%20while%20others%20emphasize%20practice.">"14.1A: The Nature of Religion"</a>. Social Sci LibreTexts. 15 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112070302/https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book:_Sociology_(Boundless)/14:_Religion/14.01:_The_Nature_of_Religion/14.1A:_The_Nature_of_Religion#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20the%20Sanskrit%20word,and%20ceremonial%20and%20practical%20traditions.&text=Some%20religions%20place%20an%20emphasis%20on%20belief%20while%20others%20emphasize%20practice.">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Sci+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=14.1A%3A+The+Nature+of+Religion&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FSociology%2FBook%253A_Sociology_%28Boundless%29%2F14%253A_Religion%2F14.01%253A_The_Nature_of_Religion%2F14.1A%253A_The_Nature_of_Religion%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFor%2520example%252C%2520the%2520Sanskrit%2520word%2Cand%2520ceremonial%2520and%2520practical%2520traditions.%26text%3DSome%2520religions%2520place%2520an%2520emphasis%2520on%2520belief%2520while%2520others%2520emphasize%2520practice.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuroda1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toshio_Kuroda_(Shinto_professor)" title="Toshio Kuroda (Shinto professor)">Kuroda, Toshio</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030323095019/https://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/477.pdf">"The Imperial Law and the Buddhist Law"</a> (PDF). Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Stone" title="Jacqueline Stone">Jacqueline I. Stone</a>: 23.3–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/477.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 March 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Law+and+the+Buddhist+Law&rft.pages=23.3-4&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kuroda&rft.aufirst=Toshio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2FSHUBUNKEN%2Fpublications%2Fjjrs%2Fpdf%2F477.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Neil McMullin. Buddhism and the State in Sixteenth-Century Japan. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1984. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2015" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. University of Chicago Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18448-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18448-7"><bdi>978-0-226-18448-7</bdi></a>. <q>The first recorded use of "Boudhism" was 1801, followed by "Hindooism" (1829), "Taouism" (1838), and "Confucianism" (1862) (see figure 6). By the middle of the nineteenth century these terms had secured their place in the English lexicon, and the putative objects to which they referred became permanent features of our understanding of the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+Science+and+Religion&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-18448-7&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephson_2-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josephson_2_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephson_2_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason Ananda (2012). The Invention of Religion in Japan. University of Chicago Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41234-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41234-4"><bdi>978-0-226-41234-4</bdi></a>. <q>The early nineteenth century saw the emergence of much of this terminology, including the formation of the terms Boudhism (1801), Hindooism (1829), Taouism (1839), Zoroastri-anism (1854), and Confucianism (1862). This construction of "religions" was not merely the production of European translation terms, but the reification of systems of thought in a way strikingly divorced from their original cultural milieu. The original discovery of religions in different cultures was rooted in the assumption that each people had its own divine "revelation," or at least its own parallel to Christianity. In the same period, however, European and American explorers often suggested that specific African or Native American tribes lacked religion altogether. Instead these groups were reputed to have only superstitions and as such they were seen as less than human.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion+in+Japan&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-41234-4&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jason+Ananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorreallSonn2013" class="citation book cs1">Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2013). 50 Great Myths about Religions. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8"><bdi>978-0-470-67350-8</bdi></a>. <q>The phrase "World Religions" came into use when the first Parliament of the World's Religions was held in Chicago in 1893. Representation at the Parliament was not comprehensive. Naturally, Christians dominated the meeting, and Jews were represented. Muslims were represented by a single American Muslim. The enormously diverse traditions of India were represented by a single teacher, while three teachers represented the arguably more homogenous strains of Buddhist thought. The indigenous religions of the Americas and Africa were not represented. Nevertheless, since the convening of the Parliament, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism have been commonly identified as World Religions. They are sometimes called the "Big Seven" in Religious Studies textbooks, and many generalizations about religion have been derived from them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Great+Myths+about+Religions&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67350-8&rft.aulast=Morreall&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1991" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodes, John (January 1991). "An American Tradition: The Religious Persecution of Native Americans". Montana Law Review. 52 (1): 13–72. <q>In their traditional languages, Native Americans have no word for religion. This absence is very revealing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montana+Law+Review&rft.atitle=An+American+Tradition%3A+The+Religious+Persecution+of+Native+Americans&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-72&rft.date=1991-01&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorreallSonn2013" class="citation book cs1">Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2013). 50 Great Myths about Religions. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67350-8"><bdi>978-0-470-67350-8</bdi></a>. <q>Before the British colonized India, for example, the people there had no concept "religion" and no concept "Hinduism." There was no word "Hindu" in classical India, and no one spoke of "Hinduism" until the 1800s. Until the introduction of that term, Indians identified themselves by any number of criteria—family, trade or profession, or social level, and perhaps the scriptures they followed or the particular deity or deities upon whose care they relied in various contexts or to whom they were devoted. But these diverse identities were united, each an integral part of life; no part existed in a separate sphere identified as "religious." Nor were the diverse traditions lumped together under the term "Hinduism" unified by sharing such common features of religion as a single founder, creed, theology, or institutional organization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Great+Myths+about+Religions&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67350-8&rft.aulast=Morreall&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brian111-54"><a href="#cite_ref-brian111_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennington2005" class="citation cs1">Pennington, Brian K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7drluePK-acC&pg=PA111">Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 111–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803729-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803729-3"><bdi>978-0-19-803729-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217044908/https://books.google.com/books?id=7drluePK-acC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+Hinduism+Invented%3F%3A+Britons%2C+Indians%2C+and+the+Colonial+Construction+of+Religion&rft.pages=111-118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803729-3&rft.aulast=Pennington&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7drluePK-acC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_Ridgeon2003" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd Ridgeon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFKBAgAAQBAJ">Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present</a>. Routledge. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42935-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42935-6"><bdi>978-1-134-42935-6</bdi></a>. <q>It is often said that Hinduism is very ancient, and in a sense this is true ... . It was formed by adding the English suffix -ism, of Greek origin, to the word Hindu, of Persian origin; it was about the same time that the word Hindu, without the suffix -ism, came to be used mainly as a religious term. ... The name Hindu was first a geographical name, not a religious one, and it originated in the languages of Iran, not of India. ... They referred to the non-Muslim majority, together with their culture, as 'Hindu'. ... Since the people called Hindu differed from Muslims most notably in religion, the word came to have religious implications, and to denote a group of people who were identifiable by their Hindu religion. ... However, it is a religious term that the word Hindu is now used in English, and Hinduism is the name of a religion, although, as we have seen, we should beware of any false impression of uniformity that this might give us.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+World+Religions%3A+From+Their+Origins+to+the+Present&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42935-6&rft.au=Lloyd+Ridgeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFKBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Invention_Japan-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Invention_Japan_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason Ananda (2012). The Invention of Religion in Japan. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1, 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41234-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41234-4"><bdi>978-0-226-41234-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion+in+Japan&rft.pages=1%2C+11-12&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-41234-4&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jason+Ananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-japan_Galen-57"><a href="#cite_ref-japan_Galen_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermanGalenPasquale2016" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Phil; Galen, Luke; Pasquale, Frank (2016). "2. Secularity around the World". The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992494-3"><bdi>978-0-19-992494-3</bdi></a>. <q>It was only in response to Western cultural contact in the late nineteenth century that a Japanese word for religion (shukyo) came into use. It tends to be associated with foreign, founded, or formally organized traditions, particularly Christianity and other monotheisms, but also Buddhism and new religious sects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Secularity+around+the+World&rft.btitle=The+Nonreligious%3A+Understanding+Secular+People+and+Societies&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992494-3&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Galen%2C+Luke&rft.au=Pasquale%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>, Natural Religion, p. 33, 1889 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2340976">"Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226000346/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2340976">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewis+%26+Short%2C+A+Latin+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253D%252340976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Müller1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aM0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA28">Introduction to the Science of Religion: Four Lectures Delivered at the Royal Institution with Two Essays on False Analogies, and the Philosophy of Mythology</a>. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Science+of+Religion%3A+Four+Lectures+Delivered+at+the+Royal+Institution+with+Two+Essays+on+False+Analogies%2C+and+the+Philosophy+of+Mythology&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Max+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaM0FAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Vgl. Johann Figl: Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zentralen Themen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7022-2508-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7022-2508-0">3-7022-2508-0</a>, S. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Julia Haslinger: Die Evolution der Religionen und der Religiosität, s. <a href="#Religionsgeschichte">Literatur Religionsgeschichte</a>, S. 3–4, 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Johann Figl: Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zentralen Themen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7022-2508-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7022-2508-0">3-7022-2508-0</a>, S. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Peter Antes: Religion, religionswissenschaftlich. In: EKL Bd. 3, Sp. 1543. S. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> McKinnon, AM. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3073/1/McKinnon_Definition_of_Religion_author_version_no_format.pdf">"Sociological Definitions, Language Games and the 'Essence' of Religion"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070842/http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3073/1/McKinnon_Definition_of_Religion_author_version_no_format.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, vol 14, no. 1, pp. 61–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Josephson, Jason Ānanda. (2012) The Invention of Religion in Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2002" class="citation journal cs1">McKinnon, A.M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3073/1/McKinnon_Definition_of_Religion_author_version_no_format.pdf">"Sociological definitions, language games, and the 'essence' of religion"</a> (PDF). Method & Theory in the Study of Religion. 14 (1): 61–83. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.613.6995">10.1.1.613.6995</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006802760198776">10.1163/157006802760198776</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F3073">2164/3073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0943-3058">0943-3058</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070842/http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3073/1/McKinnon_Definition_of_Religion_author_version_no_format.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Method+%26+Theory+in+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Sociological+definitions%2C+language+games%2C+and+the+%27essence%27+of+religion&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-83&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.613.6995%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0943-3058&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F3073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006802760198776&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faura.abdn.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2164%2F3073%2F1%2FMcKinnon_Definition_of_Religion_author_version_no_format.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1978" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Wilfred Cantwell (1978). The Meaning and End of Religion. New York: Harper and Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+and+End+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Cantwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">King, W.L. (2005). "Religion (First Edition)". In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">MacMillan Reference US</a>. p. 7692.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+%28First+Edition%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=7692&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+US&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=W.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeertz199387–125-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeertz199387%E2%80%93125_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeertz1993">Geertz 1993</a>, pp. 87–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeertz199390-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeertz199390_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeertz1993">Geertz 1993</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_James_and_Peter_Mandaville_2010-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_James_and_Peter_Mandaville_2010_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesMandaville2010" class="citation book cs1">James, Paul & Mandaville, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4416072">Globalization and Culture, Vol. 2: Globalizing Religions</a>. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225133622/https://www.academia.edu/4416072">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Culture%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Globalizing+Religions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Mandaville%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4416072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> MacMillan Encyclopedia of religions, Religion, p. 7695 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteadmanPalmer2008" class="citation book cs1">Steadman, Lyle; Palmer, Craig T. 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Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 27 (5): 358–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FYCO.0000000000000080">10.1097/YCO.0000000000000080</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25046080">25046080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9075314">9075314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+role+of+religion+and+spirituality+in+mental+health.&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=358-363&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9075314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25046080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FYCO.0000000000000080&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Pargament%2C+KI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReina2014" class="citation journal cs1">Reina, Aaron (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4059423">"Faith Within Atheism"</a>. 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"Psychiatry and Spirituality". In Sadock, B; Sadock, V; Ruiz, P (eds.). Kaplan and Sadocks Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psychiatry+and+Spirituality&rft.btitle=Kaplan+and+Sadocks+Comprehensive+Textbook+of+Psychiatry&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.aulast=Favazza&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltschuler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Altschuler, EL (2004). "Temporal lobe epilepsy in the priestly source of the Pentateuch". South African Medical Journal. 11 (94): 870. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15587438">15587438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Temporal+lobe+epilepsy+in+the+priestly+source+of+the+Pentateuch&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=94&rft.pages=870&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15587438&rft.aulast=Altschuler&rft.aufirst=EL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapolsky1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sapolsky" title="Robert Sapolsky">Sapolsky, Robert M.</a> (1998). "Circling the Blanket for God". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/troublewithtesto00sapo">The Trouble with Testosterone: and Other Essays on the Biology of the Human Predicament</a>. New York: A Touchstone Book, Simon & Schuster. pp. 263–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83409-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83409-2"><bdi>978-0-684-83409-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circling+the+Blanket+for+God&rft.btitle=The+Trouble+with+Testosterone%3A+and+Other+Essays+on+the+Biology+of+the+Human+Predicament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=263-269&rft.pub=A+Touchstone+Book%2C+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83409-2&rft.aulast=Sapolsky&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftroublewithtesto00sapo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heilman-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Heilman_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmanValenstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Heilman, Kenneth M.; Valenstein, Edward (2011). Clinical Neuropsychology. Oxford University Press. p. 488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538487-1"><bdi>978-0-19-538487-1</bdi></a>. <q>Studies that claim to show no difference in emotional makeup between temporal lobe and other epileptic patients (Guerrant et al., 1962; Stevens, 1966) have been reinterpreted (Blumer, 1975) to indicate that there is, in fact, a difference: those with temporal lobe epilepsy are more likely to have more serious forms of emotional disturbance. This typical personality of temporal lobe epileptic patient has been described in roughly similar terms over many years (Blumer & Benson, 1975; Geschwind, 1975, 1977; Blumer, 1999; Devinsky & Schachter, 2009). These patients are said to have a deepening of emotions; they ascribe great significance to commonplace events. This can be manifested as a tendency to take a cosmic view; hyperreligiosity (or intensely professed atheism) is said to be common.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Neuropsychology&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538487-1&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft.au=Valenstein%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> "Human beings' relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, spiritual, and divine" <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (online, 2006), cited after <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.religionfacts.com/religion/quotes.htm">"Definitions of Religion"</a>. Religion facts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012135217/http://www.religionfacts.com/religion/quotes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+facts&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Freligion%2Fquotes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497215/classification-of-religions/38029/Normative">"Charles Joseph Adams, Classification of religions: geographical, Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202404/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497215/classification-of-religions/38029/Normative">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Joseph+Adams%2C+Classification+of+religions%3A+geographical%2C+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F497215%2Fclassification-of-religions%2F38029%2FNormative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Harvey_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)">Harvey, Graham</a> (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-pennington-112"><a href="#cite_ref-pennington_112-0">^</a> Brian Kemble Pennington Was Hinduism Invented? New York: Oxford University Press US, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516655-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516655-8">0-19-516655-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Russell T. McCutcheon. Critics Not Caretakers: Redescribing the Public Study of Religion. Albany: SUNY Press, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Nicholas Lash. The beginning and the end of 'religion'. Cambridge University Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56635-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56635-5">0-521-56635-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Joseph Bulbulia. "Are There Any Religions? An Evolutionary Explanation." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 17.2 (2005), pp. 71–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinnells-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Hinnells_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2005" class="citation book cs1">Park, Chris (2005). "Religion and Geography". In Hinnells, John R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGspjXKxIf8C">The Routledge companion to the study of religion</a>. Routledge. pp. 439–440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33311-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33311-5"><bdi>978-0-415-33311-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509023830/https://books.google.com/books?id=IGspjXKxIf8C">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Geography&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+companion+to+the+study+of+religion&rft.pages=439-440&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33311-5&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGspjXKxIf8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlügel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Flügel, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soas.ac.uk/ijjs/archive/file32517.pdf">"The Invention of Jainism: A Short History of Jaina Studies"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Jaina Studies. 1 (1): 1–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182630/https://www.soas.ac.uk/ijjs/archive/file32517.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Jaina+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+Jainism%3A+A+Short+History+of+Jaina+Studies&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCgel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Fijjs%2Farchive%2Ffile32517.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Timothy Fitzgerald. The Ideology of Religious Studies. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Craig R. Prentiss. Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity. New York: NYU Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-6701-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-6701-X">0-8147-6701-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Tomoko Masuzawa. The Invention of World Religions, or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50988-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50988-5">0-226-50988-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/pf_17-04-05_projectionsupdate_grl310px/">"Christians are the largest religious group in 2015"</a>. Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708123444/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/pf_17-04-05_projectionsupdate_grl310px/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Christians+are+the+largest+religious+group+in+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2017%2F04%2F05%2Fthe-changing-global-religious-landscape%2Fpf_17-04-05_projectionsupdate_grl310px%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gia-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gia_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gia_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906165952/https://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Global_INDEX_of_Religiosity_and_Atheism_PR__6.pdf">"Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism"</a> (PDF). WIN-Gallup International. 27 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Global_INDEX_of_Religiosity_and_Atheism_PR__6.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Index+of+Religiosity+and+Atheism&rft.pub=WIN-Gallup+International&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingia.com%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2Fricheditor%2Ffilemanager%2FGlobal_INDEX_of_Religiosity_and_Atheism_PR__6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GallupInt2015-123"><a href="#cite_ref-GallupInt2015_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430232945/https://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/290/file/290.pdf">"Losing our Religion? Two-Thirds of People Still Claim to be Religious"</a> (PDF). WIN/Gallup International. 13 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/290/file/290.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIN%2FGallup+International&rft.atitle=Losing+our+Religion%3F+Two-Thirds+of+People+Still+Claim+to+be+Religious&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingia.com%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2F290%2Ffile%2F290.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html">"Women More Religious Than Men"</a>. Live Science. 28 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708085942/http://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2013. 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The Guardian. 5 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414064511/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/05/muslim-population-overtake-christian-birthrate-20-years">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Islam+set+to+become+world%27s+largest+religion+by+2075%2C+study+suggests&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fapr%2F05%2Fmuslim-population-overtake-christian-birthrate-20-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/">"The Changing Global Religious Landscape"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Religion & Public Life Project. 5 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928225648/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F04%2F05%2Fthe-changing-global-religious-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeZuckerman2-130"><a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeZuckerman2_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Phil (2006). "3 - Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns". In Martin, Michael (ed.). 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Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101160152/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Judaism+%7C+Definition%2C+Origin%2C+History%2C+Beliefs%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FJudaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026202909/https://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton61/st02_27.pdf">"Info"</a> (PDF). www.cbs.gov.il. 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Amsterdam University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-938-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-938-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-938-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620150610/http://books.google.com/books?id=g2AtOlJMPTUC&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2007. <q>The enthusiasm for evangelization among the Christians was also accompanied by the awareness that the most immediate problem to solve was how to serve the huge number of new <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converts</a>. Simatupang said, if the number of the Christians were double or triple, then the number of the ministers should also be doubled or tripled and the role of the laity should be maximized and Christian service to society through schools, universities, hospitals and orphanages, should be increased. In addition, for him the Christian mission should be involved in the struggle for justice amid the process of modernization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim-Christian+Relations&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-938-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2AtOlJMPTUC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charity-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Charity_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Kammer2004" class="citation book cs1">Fred Kammer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmuV6g0yR3sC&pg=PA77">Doing Faith Justice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4227-9"><bdi>978-0-8091-4227-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126184216/https://books.google.com/books?id=WmuV6g0yR3sC&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2007. <q>Theologians, bishops, and preachers urged the Christian community to be as compassionate as their God was, reiterating that creation was for all of humanity. They also accepted and developed the identification of Christ with the poor and the requisite Christian duty to the poor. Religious congregations and individual charismatic leaders promoted the development of a number of helping institutions-hospitals, hospices for <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrims</a>, orphanages, shelters for unwed mothers-that laid the foundation for the modern "large network of hospitals, orphanages and schools, to serve the poor and society at large."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Faith+Justice&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4227-9&rft.au=Fred+Kammer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWmuV6g0yR3sC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Service-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Service_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dz_EM2ofIb4C&pg=PA132">Christian Church Women: Shapers of a Movement</a>. Chalice Press. March 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-0463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-0463-8"><bdi>978-0-8272-0463-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620110214/http://books.google.com/books?id=dz_EM2ofIb4C&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2007. <q>In the central provinces of India they established schools, orphanages, hospitals, and churches, and spread the gospel message in zenanas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Church+Women%3A+Shapers+of+a+Movement&rft.pub=Chalice+Press&rft.date=1994-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8272-0463-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddz_EM2ofIb4C%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/05/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe/">"World's largest religion by population is still Christianity"</a>. 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HISTORY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503051151/https://www.history.com/topics/religion/islam#:~:text=The%20word%20%E2%80%9CIslam%E2%80%9D%20means%20%E2%80%9C,of%20complete%20submission%20to%20Allah.">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2020. 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Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-1505-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-1505-7"><bdi>978-0-8239-1505-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+illustrated+encyclopedia+of+active+new+religions%2C+sects%2C+and+cults&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rosen+Pub.+Group&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-1505-7&rft.aulast=Beit-Hallahmi&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc00beit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Incorporated-1996-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Incorporated-1996_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Lewis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">James Lewis</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1615927387">The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cults%2C+Sects%2C+and+New+Religions&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.au=James+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1615927387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/">"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are"</a>. Arab America. 8 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020060455/https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+America&rft.atitle=Are+the+Druze+People+Arabs+or+Muslims%3F+Deciphering+Who+They+Are&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabamerica.com%2Fare-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_McLaurin1979" class="citation book cs1">De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-052596-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-052596-4"><bdi>978-0-03-052596-4</bdi></a>. <q>Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Role+of+Minority+Groups+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Michigan+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-03-052596-4&rft.aulast=De+McLaurin&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Stewart2008" class="citation book cs1">J. Stewart, Dona (2008). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135980795" title="Special:BookSources/9781135980795"><bdi>9781135980795</bdi></a>. <q>Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today%3A+Political%2C+Geographical+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135980795&rft.aulast=J.+Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonawala1999" class="citation journal cs1">Poonawala, Ismail K. (July–September 1999). "Review: The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning by Heinz Halm". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a>. 119 (3). <a href="/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" title="American Oriental Society">American Oriental Society</a>: 542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605981">10.2307/605981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605981">605981</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/12032032">12032032</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47785421">47785421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Fatimids+and+Their+Traditions+of+Learning+by+Heinz+Halm&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=542&rft.date=1999-07%2F1999-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47785421&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F12032032&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft.aulast=Poonawala&rft.aufirst=Ismail+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/druze-syria">"Druze in Syria"</a>. Harvard University. <q>The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Druze+in+Syria&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frpl.hds.harvard.edu%2Ffaq%2Fdruze-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1975b" class="citation journal cs1">Bryer, David R. W. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239">"The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Islam" title="Der Islam">Der Islam</a>. 52 (2): 239–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.2.239">10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0928">1613-0928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162363556">162363556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+Religion+%28Fortsetzung%29&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-262&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162363556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.2.239&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=David+R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.2.239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Blois1960–2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">De Blois, François (1960–2007). "Ṣābiʾ". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W.P.</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0952">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%A2%C4%81bi%CA%BE&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0952&rft.aulast=De+Blois&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Bladel2017" class="citation book cs1">Van Bladel, Kevin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/34389">From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004339460">10.1163/9789004339460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9"><bdi>978-90-04-33943-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601074236/https://brill.com/view/title/34389">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sasanian+Mandaeans+to+%E1%B9%A2%C4%81bians+of+the+Marshes&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004339460&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33943-9&rft.aulast=Van+Bladel&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F34389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandaens-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandaens_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandaens_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9G-zLZRMLQC&pg=PA3">"Part I: Beginnings – Introduction: The Mandaean World"</a>. The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a>. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0195153855.003.0001">10.1093/0195153855.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515385-9"><bdi>978-0-19-515385-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57385973">57385973</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208175543/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9G-zLZRMLQC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Beginnings+%E2%80%93+Introduction%3A+The+Mandaean+World&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+Ancient+Texts+and+Modern+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+on+behalf+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57385973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0195153855.003.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515385-9&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9G-zLZRMLQC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginza-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Ginza_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a>. Translated by Al-Saadi, Qais; Al-Saadi, Hamed (2nd ed.). Germany: Drabsha. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginza+Rabba&rft.place=Germany&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Drabsha&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-154"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2015" class="citation cs1">McGrath, James (23 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvv6I02MNlc">"The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans"</a>. YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104131705/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvv6I02MNlc">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouTube-A+lunchtime+talk+about+the+Mandaeans+by+Dr.+James+F.+McGrath+at+Butler+University&rft.atitle=The+First+Baptists%2C+The+Last+Gnostics%3A+The+Mandaeans&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dgvv6I02MNlc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittal2003" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, Sushil (2003). Surprising Bedfellows: Hindus and Muslims in Medieval and Early Modern India. Lexington Books. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0673-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-0673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surprising+Bedfellows%3A+Hindus+and+Muslims+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0673-0&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier2010-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2010_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2010" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC">Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition</a>. SUNY Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8011-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331192043/https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Hinduism%2C+A%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3&rft.au=Klaus+K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CVviRghVtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monierdevi-158"><a href="#cite_ref-monierdevi_158-0">^</a> Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 496 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (1998), Devi: Goddesses of India, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814912" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814912">978-8120814912</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> William K Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791435809" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791435809">978-0791435809</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-161"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_161-0">^</a> <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" class="extiw" title="no:Knut A. 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Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 76 (12): 1225–1235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F76.12.1225">10.4065/76.12.1225</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11761504">11761504</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809205018/https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2811%2962799-7/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Religious+Involvement%2C+Spirituality%2C+and+Medicine%3A+Implications+for+Clinical+Practice&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1225-1235&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2F76.12.1225&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11761504&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Plevak%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Rummans%2C+Teresa+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinicproceedings.org%2Farticle%2FS0025-6196%2811%2962799-7%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion_and_Medicine-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Religion_and_Medicine_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuellerPlevakRummans2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mueller, Paul S.; Plevak, David J.; Rummans, Teresa A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)62799-7/pdf">"Religious Involvement, Spirituality, and Medicine: Implications for Clinical Practice"</a>. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 76 (12): 1225–1235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F76.12.1225">10.4065/76.12.1225</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11761504">11761504</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108220203/https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)62799-7/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2010. <q>We reviewed published studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and subject reviews that examined the association between religious involvement and spirituality and physical health, mental health, health-related quality of life, and other health outcomes. We also reviewed articles that provided suggestions on how clinicians might assess and support the spiritual needs of patients. Most studies have shown that religious involvement and spirituality are associated with better health outcomes, including greater longevity, coping skills, and health-related quality of life (even during terminal illness) and less anxiety, depression, and suicide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Religious+Involvement%2C+Spirituality%2C+and+Medicine%3A+Implications+for+Clinical+Practice&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1225-1235&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2F76.12.1225&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11761504&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Plevak%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Rummans%2C+Teresa+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinicproceedings.org%2Farticle%2FS0025-6196%2811%2962799-7%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyboldHill2001" class="citation journal cs1">Seybold, Kevin S.; Hill, Peter C. (February 2001). "The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Mental and Physical Health". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 10 (1): 21–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8721.00106">10.1111/1467-8721.00106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144109851">144109851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Directions+in+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Religion+and+Spirituality+in+Mental+and+Physical+Health&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-24&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8721.00106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144109851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seybold&rft.aufirst=Kevin+S.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, James W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.gov.tr/bilimname/issue/3501/47580">"Religion, Health, and the Psychology of Religion: How the Research on Religion and Health Helps Us Understand Religion"</a>. Journal of Religion and Health. 43 (4): 317–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-004-4299-3">10.1007/s10943-004-4299-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33669708">33669708</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302181542/http://dergipark.gov.tr/bilimname/issue/3501/47580">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Health&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+Health%2C+and+the+Psychology+of+Religion%3A+How+the+Research+on+Religion+and+Health+Helps+Us+Understand+Religion&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=317-328&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10943-004-4299-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33669708%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.gov.tr%2Fbilimname%2Fissue%2F3501%2F47580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaselkoKubzansky2006" class="citation journal cs1">Maselko, Joanna; <a href="/wiki/Laura_Kubzansky" title="Laura Kubzansky">Kubzansky, Laura D.</a> (2006). "Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences and health: Results from the US General Social Survey". Social Science & Medicine. 62 (11): 2848–2860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2005.11.008">10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16359765">16359765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Gender+differences+in+religious+practices%2C+spiritual+experiences+and+health%3A+Results+from+the+US+General+Social+Survey&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2848-2860&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2005.11.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16359765&rft.aulast=Maselko&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft.au=Kubzansky%2C+Laura+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalos2005" class="citation book cs1">Avalos, Hector (2005). Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Words%3A+The+Origins+of+Religious+Violence&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Avalos&rft.aufirst=Hector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReginaSchwartz-230"><a href="#cite_ref-ReginaSchwartz_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curseofcainviole00schw">The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism By Regina M. Schwartz</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Curse+of+Cain%3A+The+Violent+Legacy+of+Monotheism+By+Regina+M.+Schwartz&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurseofcainviole00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchens_2007-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Hitchens_2007_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2007" class="citation book cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God is not Great. Twelve.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+is+not+Great&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawkins_2006-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Dawkins_2006_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruelCreeds1-233"><a href="#cite_ref-CruelCreeds1_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2010" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2010). Cruel Creeds, Virtuous Violence: Religious Violence Across Culture and History. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-218-6"><bdi>978-1-61614-218-6</bdi></a>. <q>As we have insisted previously, religion is not inherently and irredeemably violent; it certainly is not the essence and source of all violence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruel+Creeds%2C+Virtuous+Violence%3A+Religious+Violence+Across+Culture+and+History&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-218-6&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruelCreeds2-234"><a href="#cite_ref-CruelCreeds2_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2010" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2010). Cruel Creeds, Virtuous Violence: Religious Violence Across Culture and History. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-218-6"><bdi>978-1-61614-218-6</bdi></a>. <q>Religion and violence are clearly compatible, but they are not identical. Violence is one phenomenon in human (and natural existence), religion is another, and it is inevitable that the two would become intertwined. Religion is complex and modular, and violence is one of the modules—not universal, but recurring. As a conceptual and behavioral module, violence is by no means exclusive to religion. There are plenty of other groups, institutions, interests, and ideologies to promote violence. Violence is, therefore, neither essential to nor exclusive to religion. Nor is religious violence all alike... And virtually every form of religious violence has its nonreligious corollary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruel+Creeds%2C+Virtuous+Violence%3A+Religious+Violence+Across+Culture+and+History&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-218-6&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/02/india-court-bans-animal-sacrifice-hindu-temples">"Indian court bans animal sacrifice"</a>. The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 2 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827053603/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/02/india-court-bans-animal-sacrifice-hindu-temples">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Indian+court+bans+animal+sacrifice&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fsep%2F02%2Findia-court-bans-animal-sacrifice-hindu-temples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeyne,_Paul1987" class="citation book cs1">Veyne, Paul, ed. (1987). A History of Private Life I: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Private+Life+I%3A+From+Pagan+Rome+to+Byzantium&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Polybius, <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)">The Histories</a>, VI 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_R._FosterHanna_Kokko2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kevin R. Foster & Hanna Kokko (2009) [Published online 9 September 2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728042608/https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~kfoster/FosterKokko2008%20Proc%20B%20superstition.pdf">"The evolution of superstitious and superstition-like behaviour"</a> (PDF). Proc. R. Soc. B. 276 (1654): 31–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0981">10.1098/rspb.2008.0981</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2615824">2615824</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18782752">18782752</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~kfoster/FosterKokko2008%20Proc%20B%20superstition.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+R.+Soc.+B&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+superstitious+and+superstition-like+behaviour&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1654&rft.pages=31-37&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2615824%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18782752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0981&rft.au=Kevin+R.+Foster&rft.au=Hanna+Kokko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~kfoster%2FFosterKokko2008%2520Proc%2520B%2520superstition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Boyer, Pascal</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wreF80OHTicC&q=%22fang+too+were+quite+amazed%22&pg=PA297">"Why Belief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religion_Explained" title="Religion Explained">Religion Explained</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00696-0"><bdi>978-0-465-00696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Belief&rft.btitle=Religion+Explained&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00696-0&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwreF80OHTicC%26q%3D%2522fang%2Btoo%2Bwere%2Bquite%2Bamazed%2522%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2010" class="citation book cs1">David, Fitzgerald (2010). Nailed : ten Christian myths that show Jesus never existed at all. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-70991-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-70991-5"><bdi>978-0-557-70991-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701249439">701249439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nailed+%3A+ten+Christian+myths+that+show+Jesus+never+existed+at+all&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701249439&rft.isbn=978-0-557-70991-5&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Fitzgerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-structure-of-religion-in-the-u-s/">"The Structure of Religion in the U.S. | Boundless Sociology"</a>. courses.lumenlearning.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113024135/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-structure-of-religion-in-the-u-s/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Religion+in+the+U.S.+%7C+Boundless+Sociology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fboundless-sociology%2Fchapter%2Fthe-structure-of-religion-in-the-u-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaja_Juli" class="citation web cs1">Raja Juli, Antoni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_345401/s4187186_phd_sumbmission.pdf?Expires=1610295553&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=hUJPv-OD7l7Jpt4ccMX7BNlW4QFHnj8-GboiYteu5igkrj5sG4AkHix54sEaPg1oo8y7JSVMxwJL~A~09lqYk5VZSsCsLGG5IdiBquOyIyNX8LtILuovzgJe9Fta1uQWoTsrpQlxb~XgW5Zc2b1GdzBxHYGNj62-mNpflOVRltbgemo8IeIot75xdcQr03KIX8L57V4sspfryKXa7aWdbe6QR7NId7VVrhsD-CRp6JDo-s-jnxKYhionmqASyeryiUCYwCpBzyqaMXPQ~fLccofFFJFVkfPd2wazbxO4AIcEbW8MHb4oiOavkqwG9SUrbQ-D8mkIbJsQ6xEAdGRDJA__">"The Role of Religion in Peacebuilding in Conflict-Torn Society in Southeast Asia"</a> (PDF). The University of Queensland, Australia. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Religion+in+Peacebuilding+in+Conflict-Torn+Society+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=The+University+of+Queensland%2C+Australia&rft.aulast=Raja+Juli&rft.aufirst=Antoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fdata%2FUQ_345401%2Fs4187186_phd_sumbmission.pdf%3FExpires%3D1610295553%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ%26Signature%3DhUJPv-OD7l7Jpt4ccMX7BNlW4QFHnj8-GboiYteu5igkrj5sG4AkHix54sEaPg1oo8y7JSVMxwJL~A~09lqYk5VZSsCsLGG5IdiBquOyIyNX8LtILuovzgJe9Fta1uQWoTsrpQlxb~XgW5Zc2b1GdzBxHYGNj62-mNpflOVRltbgemo8IeIot75xdcQr03KIX8L57V4sspfryKXa7aWdbe6QR7NId7VVrhsD-CRp6JDo-s-jnxKYhionmqASyeryiUCYwCpBzyqaMXPQ~fLccofFFJFVkfPd2wazbxO4AIcEbW8MHb4oiOavkqwG9SUrbQ-D8mkIbJsQ6xEAdGRDJA__&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliamentofreligions.org/parliament/1893-chicago">"1893 Chicago | parliamentofreligions.org"</a>. parliamentofreligions.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127075956/https://parliamentofreligions.org/parliament/1893-chicago">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliamentofreligions.org&rft.atitle=1893+Chicago+%7C+parliamentofreligions.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparliamentofreligions.org%2Fparliament%2F1893-chicago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2018" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Leroyce (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-TEDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+20th+century+has+been+especially+fruitful+in+use+of+interfaith+dialogue+as+a+means+of+solving+ethnic,+political,+or+even+religious+conflict,+with+Christian%E2%80%93Jewish+reconciliation+representing+a+complete+reverse+in+the+attitudes+of+many+Christian+communities+towards+Jews&pg=PA6">Introduction to the Study of Religion</a>. EDTECH. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83947-363-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83947-363-0"><bdi>978-1-83947-363-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216060614/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Introduction_to_the_Study_of_Religion/A-TEDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+20th+century+has+been+especially+fruitful+in+use+of+interfaith+dialogue+as+a+means+of+solving+ethnic%2C+political%2C+or+even+religious+conflict%2C+with+Christian%E2%80%93Jewish+reconciliation+representing+a+complete+reverse+in+the+attitudes+of+many+Christian+communities+towards+Jews&pg=PA6&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=EDTECH&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-83947-363-0&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Leroyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-TEDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2B20th%2Bcentury%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Bespecially%2Bfruitful%2Bin%2Buse%2Bof%2Binterfaith%2Bdialogue%2Bas%2Ba%2Bmeans%2Bof%2Bsolving%2Bethnic%2C%2Bpolitical%2C%2Bor%2Beven%2Breligious%2Bconflict%2C%2Bwith%2BChristian%25E2%2580%2593Jewish%2Breconciliation%2Brepresenting%2Ba%2Bcomplete%2Breverse%2Bin%2Bthe%2Battitudes%2Bof%2Bmany%2BChristian%2Bcommunities%2Btowards%2BJews%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acommonword.com/">"A Common Word Between Us and You"</a>. acommonword.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210054700/https://www.acommonword.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acommonword.com&rft.atitle=A+Common+Word+Between+Us+and+You&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facommonword.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128195027/https://www.c1worlddialogue.com/">"konsoleH :: Login"</a>. c1worlddialogue.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c1worlddialogue.com/">the original</a> on 28 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c1worlddialogue.com&rft.atitle=konsoleH+%3A%3A+Login&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c1worlddialogue.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islambuddhism.com/">"Islam and Buddhism"</a>. islambuddhism.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120075808/https://www.islambuddhism.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=islambuddhism.com&rft.atitle=Islam+and+Buddhism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislambuddhism.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com/">"Home"</a>. World Interfaith Harmony Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807190033/https://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Interfaith+Harmony+Week&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldinterfaithharmonyweek.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com/world-interfaith-harmony-week-resolution/">"» World Interfaith Harmony Week UNGA Resolution A/65/PV.34"</a>. worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921082633/http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com/world-interfaith-harmony-week-resolution/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com&rft.atitle=%C2%BB+World+Interfaith+Harmony+Week+UNGA+Resolution+A%2F65%2FPV.34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldinterfaithharmonyweek.com%2Fworld-interfaith-harmony-week-resolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Edward L. Queen, Encyclopedia of American Religious History, Volume 1 Facts on File, 1996. p. vi. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Paul Tillich, Theology of Culture, Robert C. Kimball (ed), (Oxford University Press, 1959). p.42 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Eric J. Sharpe, "Religion and Cultures", An inaugural lecture delivered on 6 July 1977 by Eric J. Sharpe, Professor of Religious Studies in the University of Sydney. Accessed at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/ART/article/download/5496/6167">Openjournals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414095017/https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/ART/article/download/5496/6167">Archived</a> 14 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 22 June 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> See Taslima Nasreen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/i-say-three-cheers-for-ayaan/232289">"I Say, Three Cheers For Ayaan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622192721/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/i-say-three-cheers-for-ayaan/232289">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Outlook, The Magazine 28 August 2006. Also, Nemani Delaibatiki, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fijisun.com.fj/2017/07/08/religion-and-the-vanua/">"Religion and the Vanua"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506215535/https://fijisun.com.fj/2017/07/08/religion-and-the-vanua/">Archived</a> 6 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Fiji Sun 8 July 2017 in which the distinctive elements of culture against religion are taken from Domenic Marbaniang, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/bbs/thread.pl?tId=959">"Difference Between Culture and Religion: A Proposal Requesting Response"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165520/https://philpapers.org/bbs/thread.pl?tId=959">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 12 October 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Domenic Marbaniang, "The Gospel and Culture: Areas of Conflict, Consent, and Conversion", Journal of Contemporary Christian Vol. 6, No. 1 (Bangalore: CFCC, Aug 2014), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2231-5233">2231-5233</a> pp. 7–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckford2003" class="citation book cs1">Beckford, James A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialtheoryreli00beck">Social Theory and Religion</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialtheoryreli00beck/page/n11">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77431-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77431-4"><bdi>978-0-521-77431-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Theory+and+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77431-4&rft.aulast=Beckford&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialtheoryreli00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <dl><dt>Primary</dt></dl> <ul><li>Lao Tzu; Tao Te Ching (Victor H. Mair translator); Bantam (1998).</li> <li>The Holy Bible, King James Version; New American Library (1974).</li> <li>The Koran; Penguin (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044558-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044558-7">0-14-044558-7</a>.</li> <li>The Origin of Live & Death, African Creation Myths; Heinemann (1966).</li> <li>Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia; Penguin (1971).</li> <li>Selected Work Marcus Tullius Cicero</li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary</dt></dl> <ul><li>Yves Coppens, Origines de l'homme – De la matière à la conscience, De Vive Voix, Paris, 2010</li> <li>Yves Coppens, La preistoria dell'uomo, Jaca Book, Milano, 2011</li> <li>Descartes, René; Meditations on First Philosophy; Bobbs-Merrill (1960), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-60191-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-60191-5">0-672-60191-5</a>.</li> <li>Dow, James W. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anpere.net/2007/2.pdf">A Scientific Definition of Religion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022153443/http://www.anpere.net/2007/2.pdf">Archived</a> 22 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2002) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">The Jains</a> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122135027/https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); Our Oriental Heritage; MJF Books (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56731-012-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56731-012-5">1-56731-012-5</a>.</li> <li>Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); Caesar and Christ; MJF Books (1994), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56731-014-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56731-014-1">1-56731-014-1</a></li> <li>Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); The Age of Faith; Simon & Schuster (1980), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-01200-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-01200-2">0-671-01200-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurkheim1915" class="citation book cs1">Durkheim, Emile (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementaryformso00durkrich">The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life</a>. London: George Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elementary+Forms+of+the+Religious+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Durkheim&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementaryformso00durkrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz1993" class="citation book cs1">Geertz, Clifford (1993). "Religion as a cultural system". The interpretation of cultures: selected essays, Geertz, Clifford. London: Fontana Press. pp. 87–125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+as+a+cultural+system&rft.btitle=The+interpretation+of+cultures%3A+selected+essays%2C+Geertz%2C+Clifford&rft.place=London&rft.pages=87-125&rft.pub=Fontana+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a> 1989. The Language of the Goddess. Thames and Hudson New York</li> <li>Gonick, Larry; The Cartoon History of the Universe; Doubleday, vol. 1 (1978) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-26520-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-26520-4">0-385-26520-4</a>, vol. II (1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-42093-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-42093-5">0-385-42093-5</a>, W.W. Norton, vol. III (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05184-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05184-6">0-393-05184-6</a>.</li> <li>Haisch, Bernard The God Theory: Universes, Zero-point Fields, and What's Behind It All—discussion of science vs. religion (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204150309/https://www.thegodtheory.com/preface.html">Preface</a>), Red Wheel/Weiser, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57863-374-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57863-374-5">1-57863-374-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1902" class="citation book cs1">James, William (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/varietiesreligi02jamegoog">The Varieties of Religious Experience. A Study in Human Nature</a>. Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varieties+of+Religious+Experience.+A+Study+in+Human+Nature&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvarietiesreligi02jamegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Khanbaghi, A., The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran (IB Tauris; 2006) 268 pages. Social, political and cultural history of religious minorities in Iran, c. 226–1722 AD.</li> <li>King, Winston, Religion [First Edition]. In: Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. Vol. 11. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference US, 2005. pp. 7692–7701.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev, Andrey</a>, World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective, <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-6310-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-6310-0">0-7734-6310-0</a>.</li> <li>McKinnon, Andrew M. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3073/1/McKinnon_Definition_of_Religion_author_version_no_format.pdf">"Sociological Definitions, Language Games and the 'Essence' of Religion"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070842/http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3073/1/McKinnon_Definition_of_Religion_author_version_no_format.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Method & theory in the study of religion, vol 14, no. 1, pp. 61–83.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassignon1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Massignon, Louis</a> (1949). "Les trois prières d'Abraham, père de tous les croyants". Dieu Vivant. 13: 20–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dieu+Vivant&rft.atitle=Les+trois+pri%C3%A8res+d%27Abraham%2C+p%C3%A8re+de+tous+les+croyants&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=20-23&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Massignon&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Palmer, Spencer J., et al. Religions of the World: a Latter-day Saint [Mormon] View. 2nd general ed., tev. and enl. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, 1997. xv, 294 p., ill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8425-2350-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8425-2350-2">0-8425-2350-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPals2006" class="citation cs1">Pals, Daniel L. (2006). Eight Theories of Religion. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Theories+of+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pals&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ramsay, Michael, Abp. Beyond Religion? Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, (cop. 1964).</li> <li>Saler, Benson; Conceptualizing Religion: Immanent Anthropologists, Transcendent Natives, and Unbounded Categories (1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-219-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-219-9">1-57181-219-9</a></li> <li>Schuon, Frithjof. The Transcendent Unity of Religions, in series, Quest Books. 2nd Quest ... rev. ed. Wheaton, Ill.: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993, cop. 1984. xxxiv, 173 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8356-0587-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8356-0587-6">0-8356-0587-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegal2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Segal, Robert A (2005). "Theories of Religion". In Hinnells, John R. (ed.). The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 49–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theories+of+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=49-60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Robert+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStausberg2009" class="citation cs1">Stausberg, Michael (2009). Contemporary Theories of religion. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Theories+of+religion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Stausberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToropovBuckles2011" class="citation book cs1">Toropov, Brandon; Buckles, Luke (2011). Guide to World Religions. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Toropov&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Buckles%2C+Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Wallace, Anthony F.C.</a> 1966. Religion: An Anthropological View. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. (pp. 62–66)</li> <li>The World Almanac (annual), World Almanac Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88687-964-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88687-964-7">0-88687-964-7</a>.</li> <li>The World Almanac (for numbers of adherents of various religions), 2005</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Encyclopedias <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDsk47MeksAC">Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593392666" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593392666"><bdi>978-1593392666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1593392666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDsk47MeksAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliade1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a>, ed. (1987). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 1–16. New York: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0029094801" title="Special:BookSources/0029094801"><bdi>0029094801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0029094801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Juergensmeyer" title="Mark Juergensmeyer">Juergensmeyer, Mark</a>; Roof, Wade Clark, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Global Religion</a>. Vol. 1. Los Angeles, Ca: SAGE Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2729-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2729-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-2729-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+Ca&rft.pub=SAGE+Publ.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB105DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C">Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices</a>. Vol. 1–6 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, Ca; Denver, Co; Oxford: ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-203-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-203-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+world%3A+a+comprehensive+encyclopedia+of+beliefs+and+practices&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Ca%3B+Denver%2C+Co%3B+Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-203-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter,_Mariko_NambaNeumann_FridmanEva_Jane2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walter, Mariko Namba; Neumann Fridman; Eva Jane, eds. (2004). Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, Ca; Denver, Co; Oxford: ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576076453" title="Special:BookSources/9781576076453"><bdi>9781576076453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamanism%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+World+Beliefs%2C+Practices%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Ca%3B+Denver%2C+Co%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576076453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Monographs <ul><li>Barzilai, Gad (2007). Law and Religion; The International Library of Essays in Law and Society; Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2494-3">978-0-7546-2494-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1902). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_48">"Sermon 48: The Necessity of Religion." </a>. Sermons from the Latins. Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sermon+48%3A+The+Necessity+of+Religion.&rft.btitle=Sermons+from+the+Latins&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_F._Inglehart" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald F. Inglehart">Inglehart, Ronald F.</a>, "Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion", <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 99, no. 5 (September / October 2020), pp. 110–118.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesMandaville2010" class="citation book cs1">James, Paul & Mandaville, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4416072">Globalization and Culture, Vol. 2: Globalizing Religions</a>. London: Sage Publ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Culture%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Globalizing+Religions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publ.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Mandaville%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4416072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lang, Andrew (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofreligion00languoft/">The Making of Religion</a>. 3rd ed. Longmans, Green, and Co.</li> <li>Marx, Karl (1844). "Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right", Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.</li> <li>Noss, John B. (1980). Man's Religions, 6th ed.; New York: Macmillan. N.B.: The first ed. appeared in 1949, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-388430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-388430-6">978-0-02-388430-6</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4665144">4665144</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Religion and spirituality">Religion and spirituality</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 33px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="33" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Religion" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Religion">Religion</a> at <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Real_Good_Religion" class="extiw" title="v:Real Good Religion">Real Good Religion</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Religion <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Religion&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Religion">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Religion&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Schilbrack" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kevin Schilbrack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concept-religion/">"The Concept of Religion"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Religion&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.au=Kevin+Schilbrack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fconcept-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110065737/https://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/religion.htm">Religion Statistics</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422093857/https://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html">Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> by Adherents.com August 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iacsr.com/">IACSR – International Association for the Cognitive Science of Religion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.as.ua.edu/rel/studyingreligion.html">Studying Religion</a> – Introduction to the methods and scholars of the academic study of religion</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm#05">A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right</a> – Marx's original reference to religion as the opium of the people.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215004018/https://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss16/gunn.shtml">The Complexity of Religion and the Definition of "Religion" in International Law</a> – Harvard Human Rights Journal article from the President and Fellows of Harvard College (2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sociologyofreligion.net/">Sociology of Religion Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/map-shows-how-religion-spread-around-the-world-2015-6">Video: 5 Religions spreading across the world</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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<div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Religion&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 07:28 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godsdiens" title="Godsdiens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Godsdiens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%96%E1%89%B5" title="ሃይማኖት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃይማኖት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Адин – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Адин" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF)" title="دين (معتقد) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دين (معتقد)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relichi%C3%B3n" title="Relichión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Relichión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܘܕܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܘܕܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religie" title="Religie – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Religie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="ধৰ্ম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relix%C3%B3n" title="Relixón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Relixón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroviapy" title="Jeroviapy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jeroviapy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupaych%C3%A4wi" title="Yupaychäwi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yupaychäwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din" title="Din – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Din" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diin%C9%9B" title="Diinɛ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Diinɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="ধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chong-k%C3%A0u" title="Chong-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chong-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рэлігія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэлігія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рэлігія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэлігія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relihiyon" title="Relihiyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Relihiyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Религия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Религия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆོས་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija" title="Religija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Religija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relijion" title="Relijion – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Relijion" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3" title="Religió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Religió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD" title="Тĕн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD" title="Náboženství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náboženství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinamato" title="Chinamato – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chinamato" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riligioni" title="Riligioni – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Riligioni" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crefydd" title="Crefydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crefydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धर्म – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="धर्म" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioon" title="Religioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Religioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θρησκεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θρησκεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пазнэнь кемема – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пазнэнь кемема" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n" title="Religión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio" title="Religio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Religio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n" title="Religión – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Religión" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlijio" title="Erlijio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erlijio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharam" title="Dharam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dharam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tr%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Átrúnaður – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Átrúnaður" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religy" title="Religy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Religy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religjon" title="Religjon – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Religjon" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiligi%C3%BAn" title="Reiligiún – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Reiligiún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craueeaght" title="Craueeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Craueeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din" title="Din – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Din" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creideamh" title="Creideamh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Creideamh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relixi%C3%B3n" title="Relixión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Relixión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8" title="Ди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="宗教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धर्म – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="धर्म" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-kau" title="Chûng-kau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90" title="종교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addini" title="Addini – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Addini" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Կրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5)" title="धर्म (पंथ) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्म (पंथ)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija" title="Religija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio" title="Religio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Religio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relihion" title="Relihion – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Relihion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="ধর্ম – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkolo" title="Inkolo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkolo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAarbr%C3%B6g%C3%B0" title="Trúarbrögð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trúarbrögð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religione" title="Religione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%AA" title="דת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upperisarsiorneq" title="Upperisarsiorneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Upperisarsiorneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಧರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relihion" title="Relihion – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Relihion" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რელიგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რელიგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B0%DB%81%D9%8E%D8%A8" title="مَذہَب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مَذہَب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religij%C3%B4" title="Religijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Religijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дін – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дін" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryjyans" title="Kryjyans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kryjyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dini" title="Dini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukwikilu" title="Lukwikilu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Lukwikilu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alka" title="Alka – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Alka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relijyon" title="Relijyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Relijyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9lijyon" title="Rélijyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rélijyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEn" title="Dîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relijion" title="Relijion – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Relijion" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дин – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дин" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2" title="ສາສະໜາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາສະໜາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio" title="Religio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Religio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reli%C4%A3ija" title="Reliģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reliģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relioun" title="Relioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Relioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дин – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija" title="Religija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Religija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relizjie" title="Relizjie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Relizjie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonz%C3%A1mbe" title="Bonzámbe – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bonzámbe" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relijio" title="Relijio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Relijio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskondo" title="Uskondo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Uskondo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lijda" title="lijda – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lijda" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A1s" title="Vallás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vallás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agh%C3%A2ma" title="Aghâma – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Aghâma" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Религија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fivavahana" title="Fivavahana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fivavahana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="മതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reli%C4%A1jon" title="Reliġjon – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Reliġjon" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რელიგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რელიგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC" title="သာသနာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သာသနာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamo" title="Agamo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Agamo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ADng-g%C3%A1u" title="Cŭng-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cŭng-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relegion" title="Relegion – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Relegion" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Шашин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шашин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘာသာတရား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာသာတရား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teomatiliztli" title="Teomatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teomatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religie" title="Religie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Religie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geleuf" title="Geleuf – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Geleuf" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5)" title="धर्म (पन्थ) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="धर्म (पन्थ)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धर्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宗教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religgione" title="Religgione – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Religgione" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilijin" title="Rilijin – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Rilijin" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88rligion" title="Èrligion – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Èrligion" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religione" title="Religione – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Religione" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions" title="Religions – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Religions" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ଧର୍ମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantii" title="Amantii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Amantii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din" title="Din – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Din" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਧਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धम्म – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="धम्म" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="مذہب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مذہب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%EA%A9%BB" title="ဘာႏသာႏရေꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဘာႏသာႏရေꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="مذهب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مذهب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilijan" title="Rilijan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rilijan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="សាសនា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arligion" title="Arligion – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arligion" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotu" title="Lotu – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lotu" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia" title="Religia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o" title="Religião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din" title="Din – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Din" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din" title="Din – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Din" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religie" title="Religie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Religie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiun" title="Religiun – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Religiun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1iy" title="Iñiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Реліґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Реліґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Религия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Итэҕэл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Итэҕэл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="धर्मशास्त्रप्रविभागः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="धर्मशास्त्रप्रविभागः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religione" title="Religione – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Religione" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Releegion" title="Releegion – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Releegion" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodumedi" title="Bodumedi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Bodumedi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja" title="Feja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riliggiuni" title="Riliggiuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Riliggiuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ආගම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආගම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="مذهب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مذهب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukholo" title="Lukholo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Lukholo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstvo" title="Náboženstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Náboženstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija" title="Religija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Religija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religij%C5%8F" title="Religijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Religijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diin_(aaminaad)" title="Diin (aaminaad) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Diin (aaminaad)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Религија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Религија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija" title="Religija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Religija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageman" title="Ageman – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ageman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskonto" title="Uskonto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskonto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Religion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relihiyon" title="Relihiyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Relihiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சமயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taggayt:Asgd" title="Taggayt:Asgd – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taggayt:Asgd" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajjed" title="Ajjed – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ajjed" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="သႃႇသၼႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃႇသၼႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="మతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ศาสนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%96%E1%89%B5" title="ሃይማኖት – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሃይማኖት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din" title="Din – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Din" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din" title="Din – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Din" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwi" title="Khwi – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Релігія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Релігія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="مذہب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مذہب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ئىسلام – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسلام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyauq" title="Gyauq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gyauq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%82ijon" title="Rełijon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rełijon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religii" title="Religii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Religii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_gi%C3%A1o" title="Tôn giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tôn giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel" title="Rel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usk" title="Usk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Usk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilidjon" title="Rilidjon – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rilidjon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="宗教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relihiy%C3%B3n" title="Relihiyón – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Relihiyón" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宗教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukhongeri" title="Vukhongeri – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vukhongeri" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="רעליגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעליגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80s%C3%ACn" title="Ẹ̀sìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀sìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宗教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din" title="Din – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Din" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religie" title="Religie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Religie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viera" title="Viera – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Viera" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宗教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Amempuori_(Ghana)" title="Ŋmempuori (Ghana) – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Ŋmempuori (Ghana)" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Agama" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengarap" title="Pengarap – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pengarap" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din" title="Din – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Din" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B7" title="ⴰⵙⴳⴷ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⴳⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 07:28 (UTC).</li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xvj4r","wgBackendResponseTime":3764,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.930","walltime":"3.437","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25476,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":819909,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":35160,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":71,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":899798,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2711.545 1 -total"," 40.37% 1094.744 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.43% 472.525 85 Template:Cite_book"," 7.39% 200.382 51 Template:Cite_web"," 6.51% 176.469 31 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.45% 147.851 13 Template:Sfn"," 5.42% 146.910 34 Template:ISBN"," 5.03% 136.303 1 Template:If_mobile"," 4.61% 124.902 27 Template:Lang"," 4.47% 121.327 2 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[\"CITEREFCoyne2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Blois1960–2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_McLaurin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubuisson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurkheim1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliade1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_Mayer1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEller2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEsptein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFavazza\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrari2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlay2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlügel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFred_Kammer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeertz1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalupka2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarkDeLisser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeilmanValenstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuizinga1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntde_PuigEspersen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Stewart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesMandaville2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Lewis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephson2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_R._FosterHanna_Kokko2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuroda1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipka2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd_Ridgeon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaselkoKubzansky2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassignon1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMax_Müller1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonaghanJust2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMorreallSonn2013\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFMuellerPlevakRummans2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayCunninghamPrice2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNongbri2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNumbersLindberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlando_O._Espín,_James_B._Nickoloff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalomino2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPals2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasquier2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPliny_the_Elder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPluralism_Project,_Harvard_University2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoonawala1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachelsRachels2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaja_Juli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReina2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReus-Smit2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRüpke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSapolsky1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeyboldHill2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStausberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteadmanPalmer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenmark2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwindal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToropovBuckles2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Bladel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeyne,_Paul1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWIN-Gallup\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter,_Mariko_NambaNeumann_FridmanEva_Jane2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeberPargament2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestbrook2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitefordTrotter_II2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitte2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeigler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZepps2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZuckermanGalenPasquale2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 10,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 7,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 85,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 50,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Col div\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Google books\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 34,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 2,\n [\"If mobile\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 27,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 30,\n [\"Medical ethics\"] = 1,\n [\"Multipleimage\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Religion sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sep entry\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spirituality sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 10,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 17,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiversity\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n 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