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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Egyptian food, see <a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Duḥkha (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈduːkə/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: दुःख, <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: dukkha) "suffering", "pain", "unease", or "unsatisfactoriness", is an important concept in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Its meaning depends on the context, and may refer more specifically to the "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease" of craving for and grasping after transient 'things' (sense objects, including thoughts), expecting pleasure from them while ignorant of this transientness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxter201610-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201526%E2%80%9331-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20131,_22_with_note_4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka_Thera200461-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Translation-5">[note 1]</a> In Buddhism, dukkha is part of the first of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a>. The term also appears in scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, in discussions of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (spiritual liberation).<a href="#cite_note-olivellebu44142-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deussen1980p497-7">[6]</a> <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of Duḥkha</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">suffering, unhappiness, pain, unsatisfactoriness, unease, stress</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">दुःख (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Duḥkha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dukkha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">দুঃখ (duḥkhô)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ဒုက္ခ (<a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: doʊʔkʰa̰)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">苦 (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: kǔ)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">苦 (<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">Rōmaji</a>: ku)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ទុក្ខ (<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: tŭkkh)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data">고 苦 (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: ko)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">တုၵ်ႉၶ ([tṵ̂kkha])</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9B_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8C%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="දුක්ඛ සත්‌යය (page does not exist)">දුක්ඛ සත්‌යය</a> [<a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9B" class="extiw" title="si:දුක්ඛ">si</a>] (dukkha satyaya)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">སྡུག་བསྔལ། (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: sdug bsngal; <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: dukngal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">துக்கம் (thukkam)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ᜇᜓᜃᜀ dukha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ทุกข์ (page does not exist)">ทุกข์</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%8C" class="extiw" title="th:ทุกข์">th</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: thuk)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">苦 khổ 災害 Bất toại</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> While the term dukkha has often been derived from the prefix du- ("bad" or "difficult") and the root kha ("empty," "hole"), meaning a badly fitting axle-hole of a cart or chariot giving "a very bumpy ride,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargeant2009303-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013289-9">[8]</a> it may actually be derived from duḥ-stha, a "dis-/ bad- + stand-", that is, "standing badly, unsteady," "unstable."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483,_entry_note:&nbsp;-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnalayo2013-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201530-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander201936-13">[12]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_meaning">1 Etymology and meaning</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Axle_hole">1.1.1 Axle hole</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#'Standing_unstable'">1.1.2 'Standing unstable'</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Translation">1.2 Translation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Buddhism">2 Buddhism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_Buddhism">2.1 Early Buddhism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Chinese_Buddhism">2.2 Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Literal_suffering_and_awakening">2.3 Literal suffering and awakening</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Hinduism">3 Hinduism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Jainism">4 Jainism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sources">8 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Duḥkha (Sanskrit: दुःख; Pali: dukkha) is a term found in the Upanishads and Buddhist texts, meaning anything that is "uneasy, uncomfortable, unpleasant, difficult, causing pain or sadness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhys_DavidsStede1921324%E2%80%93325-15">[14]</a> It is also a concept in Indian religions about the nature of transient phenomena which are innately "unpleasant", "suffering", "pain", "sorrow", "distress", "grief" or "misery."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhys_DavidsStede1921324%E2%80%93325-15">[14]</a> The term duḥkha does not have a one-word English translation, and embodies diverse aspects of unpleasant human experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201526%E2%80%9331-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhys_DavidsStede1921324%E2%80%93325-15">[14]</a> It is often understood as the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Sukha" title="Sukha">sukha</a>, meaning lasting "happiness," "comfort" or "ease."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_Locations_542-550-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axle_hole">Axle hole</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Axle hole" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The word has been explained in recent times as a derivation from Aryan terminology for an axle hole, referring to an axle hole which is not in the center and leads to a bumpy, uncomfortable ride. According to <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Sargeant" title="Winthrop Sargeant">Winthrop Sargeant</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The ancient Aryans who brought the Sanskrit language to India were a nomadic, horse- and cattle-breeding people who travelled in horse- or ox-drawn vehicles. Su- and dus- are prefixes indicating good or bad. The word kha, in later Sanskrit meaning "sky," "ether," or "space," was originally the word for "hole," particularly an axle hole of one of the Aryan's vehicles. Thus sukha ... meant, originally, "having a good axle hole," while duḥkha meant "having a poor axle hole," leading to discomfort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargeant2009303-8">[7]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">vipassana</a> teacher and writer, explains the etymology as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The word dukkha is made up of the prefix du- and the root kha. Du- means "bad" or "difficult". Kha means "empty". "Empty", here, refers to several things—some specific, others more general. One of the specific meanings refers to the empty axle hole of a wheel. If the axle fits badly into the center hole, we get a very bumpy ride. This is a good analogy for our ride through <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013289-9">[8]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="'Standing_unstable'">'Standing unstable'</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 'Standing unstable'" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a>, the actual roots of the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dukkha" class="extiw" title="wikt:dukkha">dukkha</a> appear to be <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D-" class="extiw" title="wikt:दुस्-">दुस्-</a> (dus-, "bad") + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:स्था">स्था</a> (sthā, "to stand").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483,_entry_note:&nbsp;-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 2]</a> Regular phonological changes in the development of Sanskrit into the various <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrits</a> led to a shift from dus-sthā to duḥkha to dukkha. Analayo concurs, stating that dukkha as derived from duḥ-sthā, "standing badly," "conveys nuances of "uneasiness" or of being "uncomfortable."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnalayo2013-11">[10]</a> Silk Road philologist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Christopher I. Beckwith</a> elaborates on this derivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201528-18">[16]</a> According to Beckwith: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...although the sense of duḥkha in Normative Buddhism is traditionally given as 'suffering', that and similar interpretations are highly unlikely for Early Buddhism. Significantly, Monier-Williams himself doubts the usual explanation of duḥkha and presents an alternative one immediately after it, namely: duḥ-stha "'standing badly,' unsteady, disquieted (lit. and fig.); uneasy", and so on. This form is also attested, and makes much better sense as the opposite of the Rig Veda sense of sukha, which Monier-Williams gives in full.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201530-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 3]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation">Translation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The literal meaning of duḥkha, as used in a general sense is "suffering" or "painful."<a href="#cite_note-21">[note 4]</a> Its exact translation depends on the context.<a href="#cite_note-22">[note 5]</a> Contemporary translators of Buddhist texts use a variety of English words to convey the aspects of dukh. Early Western translators of Buddhist texts (before the 1970s) typically translated the Pali term dukkha as "suffering." Later translators have emphasized that "suffering" is a too limited translation for the term duḥkha, and have preferred to either leave the term untranslated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_Locations_542-550-16">[15]</a> or to clarify that translation with terms such as anxiety, distress, frustration, unease, unsatisfactoriness, not having what one wants, having what one doesn't want, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_locations_524-528-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish1993-24">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2003-25">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Translations_(contemporary)-26">[note 6]</a> In the sequence "birth is painful," dukhka may be translated as "painful."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201330-27">[21]</a> When related to <a href="/wiki/Vedana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedana">vedana</a>, "feeling," dukkha ("unpleasant," "painful") is the opposite of sukkha ("pleasure," "pleasant"), yet all feelings are dukkha in that they are impermanent, conditioned phenomena, which are unsatisfactory, incapable of providing lasting satisfaction.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The term "unsatisfactoriness" then is often used to emphasize the unsatisfactoriness of "life under the influence of afflictions and polluted karma."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama199838-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199861-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithNovak2009Kindle_location_2769-30">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_Locations_932-934-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu_Bodhi20116-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[note 7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Buddhism" class="cdx-button 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Buddhism">Early Buddhism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Buddhism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Duḥkha is one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Anitya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anitya">anitya</a> ("impermanent"), duḥkha ("unsatisfactory"), <a href="/wiki/Anatman" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatman">anatman</a> (without a lasting essence).<a href="#cite_note-34">[note 8]</a> Various sutras sum up how cognitive processes result in an aversion to unpleasant things and experiences (duḥkha), forming a corrupted process together with the complementary process of clinging to and craving for pleasure (suhkha). This is expressed as <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>, an ongoing process of death and rebirth,<a href="#cite_note-PW-36">[note 9]</a> but also more pointly and non-metaphysically in the process-formula of the five skandhas: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti_(Buddhism)" title="Jāti (Buddhism)">Birth</a> is duḥkha, maturation is duḥkha, <a href="/wiki/Jar%C4%81mara%E1%B9%87a" title="Jarāmaraṇa">aging</a> is duḥkha, <a href="/wiki/By%C4%81dhi_(Buddhism)" title="Byādhi (Buddhism)">illness</a> is duḥkha, <a href="/wiki/Jar%C4%81mara%E1%B9%87a" title="Jarāmaraṇa">death</a> is duḥkha;</li> <li>Sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair are duḥkha;</li> <li>Association with the unbeloved is duḥkha; separation from the loved is duḥkha;</li> <li>Not getting what is wanted is duḥkha.</li> <li>In conclusion, the five clinging-aggregates (<a href="/wiki/Skandhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandhas">skandhas</a>) are duḥkha.</li></ol> Early emphasis is on the importance of developing insight into the nature of duḥkha, the corrupted process of clinging and craving which starts with sense-contact, as described in the skandhas, and how this corruption can be overcome, namely by training the mind culminating in the process of the dhyanas. This is summarized in the teachings on the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> and other formulaic expressions of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist paths to awakening">Buddhist way</a> to <a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awakening (Buddhism)">awakening</a>. Within the Buddhist sutras, duḥkha has a broad meaning, and has also been specified in three categories:<a href="#cite_note-37">[28]</a> <ul><li>Dukkha-dukkha, aversion to physical suffering – this includes the physical and mental sufferings of <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti_(Buddhism)" title="Jāti (Buddhism)">birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jar%C4%81mara%E1%B9%87a" title="Jarāmaraṇa">aging</a>, <a href="/wiki/By%C4%81dhi_(Buddhism)" title="Byādhi (Buddhism)">illness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jar%C4%81mara%E1%B9%87a" title="Jarāmaraṇa">dying</a>; distress due to what is not desirable.</li> <li>Viparinama-dukkha, the frustration of disappearing happiness – this is the duḥkha of pleasant or happy experiences changing to unpleasant when the causes and conditions that produced the pleasant experiences cease.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankhara">Sankhara</a>-dukkha, the unsatisfactoriness of changing and impermanent "things" – the incapability of conditioned things to give us lasting happiness. This includes "a basic unsatisfactoriness pervading all existence, all forms of life, because all forms of life are changing, impermanent and without any inner core or substance."<a href="#cite_note-38">[29]</a> On this level, the term indicates a lack of lasting satisfaction, or a sense that things never measure up to our expectations or standards.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chinese Buddhism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chinese Buddhist tradition has been influenced by Taoism and Confucian theory that advocates that duhkha (古:十Ten directions, 口 hole or opening) is associated to the theory of seven emotions of endogenous disease through the formation of the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Hun_and_po" title="Hun and po">po</a> a term that relates to the Western psychological notion of <a href="/wiki/Ego_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ego (psychology)">ego</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> reference to the human <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>. This theory is expounded in the application of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment and prevention of pain and suffering from illness, disease and ignorance.<a href="#cite_note-39">[30]</a> <a href="#cite_note-40">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literal_suffering_and_awakening">Literal suffering and awakening</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literal suffering and awakening" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Awakening, that is, awakening to one's true mind of emptiness and compassion, does not necessarily end physical suffering. In the Buddhist tradition, suffering after awakening is often explained as the working-out or untangling of karma of one's previous present life. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hinduism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> In Hinduism, duḥkha encompasses many meanings such as the phenomenological senses of pain and grief, a deep-seated dissatisfaction with the limitations of worldly existence, and the devastation of impermanence.<a href="#cite_note-41">[32]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> scriptures, the earliest <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upaniṣads</a> — the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chāndogya</a> — in all likelihood predate the advent of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-42">[note 10]</a> In these scriptures of Hinduism, the Sanskrit word duḥkha (दुःख) appears in the sense of "suffering, sorrow, distress", and in the context of a spiritual pursuit and liberation through the knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> ('essence').<a href="#cite_note-olivellebu44142-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deussen1980p497-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[33]</a> The concept of sorrow and suffering, and self-knowledge as a means to overcome it, appears extensively with other terms in the pre-Buddhist Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-44">[34]</a> The term Duhkha also appears in many other middle and later post-Buddhist Upanishads such as the verse 6.20 of <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, all in the contexts of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[note 11]</a> The term also appears in the foundational Sutras of the six schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, such as the opening lines of Samkhya karika of the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-49">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-colebrookesktrans-50">[39]</a> The Samkhya school identifies three types of suffering.<a href="#cite_note-51">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a> state that "for one who has discrimination, everything is suffering" (duḥkham eva sarvaṁ vivekinaḥ).<a href="#cite_note-52">[41]</a> Some of the Hindu scripture verses referring to duhkha are: <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hindu Scripture </th> <th>Sanskrit </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (Verse 4.4.14) </td> <td>ihaiva santo 'tha vidmas tad vayaṃ na ced avedir mahatī vinaṣṭiḥ ye tad vidur amṛtās te bhavanty athetare duḥkham evāpiyanti<a href="#cite_note-53">[42]</a> </td> <td>While we are still here, we have come to know it [<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a>]. If you've not known it, great is your destruction. Those who have known it – they become immortal. As for the rest – only suffering awaits them.<a href="#cite_note-olivellebu44142-6">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chāndogya Upaniṣad (Verse 7.26.2) </td> <td>na paśyo mṛtyuṃ paśyati na rogaṃ nota duḥkhatām sarvaṃ ha paśyaḥ paśyati sarvam āpnoti sarvaśaḥ<a href="#cite_note-54">[43]</a> </td> <td>When a man rightly sees, he sees no death, no sickness or distress.<a href="#cite_note-56">[note 12]</a> When a man rightly sees, he sees all, he wins all, completely.<a href="#cite_note-57">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[note 13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhagavad Gita (Verse 2.56) </td> <td>duḥkheṣhv-anudvigna-manāḥ sukheṣhu vigata-spṛihaḥ vīta-rāga-bhaya-krodhaḥ sthita-dhīr munir uchyate </td> <td>One whose mind remains undisturbed amidst misery, who does not crave for pleasure, and who is free from attachment, fear, and anger, is called a sage of steady wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-59">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhagavad Gita (Verse 8.15) </td> <td>mām upetya punar janma duḥkhālayam aśāśvatam nāpnuvanti mahātmānaḥ saṁsiddhiṁ paramāṁ gatāḥ </td> <td>Reaching me, these great souls never again experience birth in this temporal abode of misery, for they have attained the ultimate perfection.<a href="#cite_note-60">[47]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Jainism">Jainism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jainism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Duḥkha is explained in the <a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a>, an authoritative Jain scripture from the 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-61">[48]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Sanskrit </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="sa" class="poem"> samyagdarśanaśuddhaṃ yo jñānaṃ viratim eva cāpnoti duḥkhanimittam apīdaṃ tena sulabdhaṃ bhavati janma </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> [For] him who obtains knowledge, which is pure through right worldview, and indeed non-passion, for him there is good birth,even though this is the cause of pain.<a href="#cite_note-62">[49]</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existential_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential despair">Existential despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirodha" title="Nirodha">Nirodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudaya">Samudaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sickness_Unto_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sickness Unto Death">The Sickness Unto Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukha" title="Sukha">Sukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Translation-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Translation_5-0">^</a> Translations of duhkha: * <a href="#CITEREFNyanatiloka_Thera2004">Nyanatiloka Thera 2004</a>, p. 61: dukkha (1) 'pain', painful feeling, which may be bodily and mental [...] 2. 'Suffering', 'ill'. * <a href="#CITEREFHuxter2016">Huxter 2016</a>, p. 10: "dukkha (unsatisfactoriness or suffering) (....) In the Introduction I wrote that dukkha is probably best understood as unsatisfactoriness." :<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20131,_22_with_note_4-3">[3]</a> "(...) the three characteristics of samsara/sankhara (the realm of rebirth): anicca (impermance), dukkha (pain) and anatta (no-self)." See also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.086.than.html">Anuradha Sutta: To Anuradha</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1899">Monier-Williams 1899</a>, p. 483, entry note: : "according to grammarians properly written dush-kha and said to be from duḥ- and kha [cf. su-khá]; but more probably a Prākritized form for duḥ-sthā, q.v." </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Beckwith notes <a href="/wiki/Similarities_between_Pyrrhonism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism">similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism</a>, and argues that the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a> (c. 360 – c. 270 BC) based his new philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a>, on elements of <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Early Buddhism</a>, most particularly the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a>. According to Beckwith, Pyrrho translated dukkha into Greek as astathmēta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201522-23-19">[17]</a> Becwith's views are not supported by mainstream scholarship. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey (2013</a>, p. 30): ""suffering" is an appropriate translation only in a general, inexact sense [...] In the passage on the first True Reality, dukkha in "birth is dukkha" is an adjective [...] The best translation here is by the English adjective "painful," which can apply to a range of things." </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Gombrich, What the Buddha Thought, p.10: "there has been a lot of argument over how to translate the word dukkha; and again, the choice of translation must depend heavily on the context. </li> <li id="cite_note-Translations_(contemporary)-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Translations_(contemporary)_26-0">^</a> Contemporary translators have used a variety of English words to translate the term duḥkha; translators commonly use different words to translate aspects of the term. For example, duḥkha has been translated as follows in many contexts: <ul><li>Suffering (Harvey, Williams, Keown, Anderson, Gombrich, Thich Nhat Hanh, Ajahn Succito, Chogyam Trungpa, Rupert Gethin, Dalai Lama, et al.)</li> <li>Pain (Harvey, Williams, Keown, Anderson, Huxter, Gombrich, et al)</li> <li>Unsatisfactoriness (Dalai Lama, Bhikkhu Bodhi, Rupert Gethin, et al.)</li> <li>Stress (<a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.086.than.html">Anuradha Sutta</a> bottom)</li> <li>Sorrow</li> <li>Anguish</li> <li>Affliction (Brazier)</li> <li>Dissatisfaction (Pema Chodron, Chogyam Trunpa)</li> <li>Distress (Walpola Rahula)</li> <li>Frustration (Dalai Lama, Four Noble Truths, p. 38)</li> <li>Misery</li> <li>Anxiety (Chogyam Trungpa, The Truth of Suffering, pp. 8–10)</li> <li>Uneasiness (Chogyam Trungpa)</li> <li>Unease (Rupert Gethin)</li> <li>Unhappiness</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Unsatisfactory: <ul><li>Analayo (2013), Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization: "Dukkha is often translated as “suffering”. Suffering, however, represents only one aspect of dukkha, a term whose range of implications is difficult to capture with a single English word [...] In order to catch the various nuances of “dukkha”, the most convenient translation is “unsatisfactoriness”, though it might be best to leave the term untranslated."</li> <li>Gombrich, How Buddhism Began: "The first Noble Truth is the single word dukkha, and it is explicated to mean that everything in our experience of life is ultimately unsatisfactory";</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Dalai Lama, Thubten Chodron, Approaching the Buddhist Path, p.279 note 2: "Duhkha (P. dukkha) is often translated as "suffering," but this translation is misleading. Its meaning is more nuanced and refers to all unsatisfactory states and experiences, many of which are not explicitly painful. While the Buddha says that life under the influence of afflictions and polluted karma is unsatisfactory, he does not say that life is suffering."</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Roderick Bucknell, Martin Stuart-Fox, The Twilight Language, p.161: "Thus dukkha at the most subtle level appears to refer to a normally unperceived unsatisfactory quality";</li> <li>Gombrich, What the Buddha Thought, p.10: "there has been a lot of argument over how to translate the word dukkha; and again, the choice of translation must depend heavily on the context. But what is being expressed is that life as we normally experience it is unsatisfactory."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Beckwith: "The Buddha says All dharmas [= pragmata] are anitya "impermanent" dukkha "unsatisfactory, imperfect, unstable" anatman "without an innate self-identity"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander201936-13">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PW-36"><a href="#cite_ref-PW_36-0">^</a> Paul Williams: "All rebirth is due to karma and is impermanent. Short of attaining enlightenment, in each rebirth one is born and dies, to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with the completely impersonal causal nature of one's own karma. The endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath, is samsara."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274-75-35">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> (1996), Upaniṣads (Oxford: Oxford University Press), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283576-5">978-0-19-283576-5</a>, p. xxxvi: "The scholarly consensus, well-founded I think, is that the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka</a> and the Chāndogya are the two earliest <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upaniṣads</a>.... The two texts as we have them are, in all likelihood, pre-Buddhist; placing them in the seventh to sixth centuries BCE may be reasonable, give or take a century or so." </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> See Bhagavad Gita verses 2.56, 5.6, 6.22-32, 8.15, 10.4, 13.6-8, 14.16, 17.9, 18.8, etc; <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargeant2009-47">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> translates Duḥkhatām in this verse as "pain".<a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> This statement is comparable to the Pali Canon's <a href="/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 56.11) where sickness and death are identified as examples of dukkha. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxter201610-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxter201610_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuxter2016">Huxter (2016)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201526–31-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201526%E2%80%9331_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201526%E2%80%9331_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2015">Harvey (2015)</a>, p. 26–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20131,_22_with_note_4-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20131,_22_with_note_4_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20131,_22_with_note_4_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2013">Anderson (2013)</a>, p. 1, 22 with note 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka_Thera200461-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka_Thera200461_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyanatiloka_Thera2004">Nyanatiloka Thera (2004)</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-olivellebu44142-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olivellebu44142_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivellebu44142_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivellebu44142_6-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> 4 April 2014, trans. Patrick Olivelle (1996), p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deussen1980p497-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deussen1980p497_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deussen1980p497_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Deussen1980" class="citation book cs1">Paul Deussen (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PR497">Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1</a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). pp. 482–485, 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads+of+the+Veda%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E482-%3C%2Fspan%3E485%2C+497&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted%29&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1468-4&rft.au=Paul+Deussen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mSpQo9q-tIC%26pg%3DPR497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESargeant2009303-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESargeant2009303_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESargeant2009303_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSargeant2009">Sargeant 2009</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013289-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013289_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2013289_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein2013">Goldstein 2013</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483,_entry_note:&nbsp;-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483,_entry_note:&nbsp;_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483,_entry_note:&nbsp;_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1899">Monier-Williams 1899</a>, p. 483, entry note: . </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnalayo2013-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnalayo2013_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnalayo2013_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnalayo2013">Analayo (2013)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201530-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201530_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201530_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2015">Beckwith (2015)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander201936-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander201936_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander201936_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander2019">Alexander (2019)</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1899">Monier-Williams 1899</a>, p. 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhys_DavidsStede1921324–325-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhys_DavidsStede1921324%E2%80%93325_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhys_DavidsStede1921324%E2%80%93325_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhys_DavidsStede1921324%E2%80%93325_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhys_DavidsStede1921">Rhys Davids & Stede (1921)</a>, p. 324–325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_Locations_542-550-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_Locations_542-550_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_Locations_542-550_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalpola_Rahula2007">Walpola Rahula 2007</a>, Kindle Locations 542-550. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201528-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201528_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2015">Beckwith (2015)</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201522-23-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201522-23_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2015">Beckwith (2015)</a>, p. 22-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_locations_524-528-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpola_Rahula2007Kindle_locations_524-528_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalpola_Rahula2007">Walpola Rahula 2007</a>, Kindle locations 524-528. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish1993-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish1993_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrebish1993">Prebish 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2003-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2003_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2003">Keown 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201330-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201330_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey (2013)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama199838-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama199838_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalai_Lama1998">Dalai Lama 1998</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199861-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199861_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithNovak2009Kindle_location_2769-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithNovak2009Kindle_location_2769_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithNovak2009">Smith & Novak 2009</a>, Kindle location 2769. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_Locations_932-934-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_Locations_932-934_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2000">Keown 2000</a>, Kindle Locations 932-934. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu_Bodhi20116-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhikkhu_Bodhi20116_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhikkhu_Bodhi2011">Bhikkhu Bodhi 2011</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274-75-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274-75_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2002">Williams 2002</a>, p. 74-75. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "What Are the Three Kinds of Suffering?"<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.lionsroar.com/buddhism-by-the-numbers-the-three-kinds-of-suffering/">https://www.lionsroar.com/buddhism-by-the-numbers-the-three-kinds-of-suffering/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Bikkhu Bodhi, dead link </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666312/">"Huang di nei jing su wen"</a>. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=Huang+di+nei+jing+su+wen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2021666312%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoothillHodous2006" class="citation book cs1">Soothill, William Edward; Hodous, Lewis (2006). A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index (Repr. - Transferred to digital printing ed.). London New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1455-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1455-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1455-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Chinese+Buddhist+terms%3A+with+Sanskrit+and+English+equivalents+and+a+Sanskrit-Pali+index&rft.place=London+New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Repr.+-+Transferred+to+digital+printing&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1455-1&rft.aulast=Soothill&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft.au=Hodous%2C+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrebeGrössl2023" class="citation book cs1">Grebe, Matthias; Grössl, Johannes (13 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVu7EAAAQBAJ">T&T Clark Handbook of Suffering and the Problem of Evil</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68245-1"><bdi>978-0-567-68245-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Handbook+of+Suffering+and+the+Problem+of+Evil&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-567-68245-1&rft.aulast=Grebe&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ssl%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVu7EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n281/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 261-262 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Deussen1980" class="citation book cs1">Paul Deussen (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC">Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1</a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). pp. 112, 161, 176, 198, 202–203, 235, 455, etc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads+of+the+Veda%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=112%2C+161%2C+176%2C+198%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203%2C+235%2C+455%2C+etc.&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted%29&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1468-4&rft.au=Paul+Deussen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mSpQo9q-tIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Deussen1980" class="citation book cs1">Paul Deussen (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PR326">Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1</a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads+of+the+Veda%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted%29&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1468-4&rft.au=Paul+Deussen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mSpQo9q-tIC%26pg%3DPR326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Deussen1980" class="citation book cs1">Paul Deussen (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PR305">Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1</a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads+of+the+Veda%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted%29&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1468-4&rft.au=Paul+Deussen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mSpQo9q-tIC%26pg%3DPR305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESargeant2009-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESargeant2009_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSargeant2009">Sargeant 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Original Sanskrit: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_major_works/IshvarakRiShNasAnkyakArikA.pdf">Samkhya karika</a> Compiled and indexed by Ferenc Ruzsa (2015), Sanskrit Documents Archives; Second Translation (Verse 1): Ferenc Ruzsa (1997), The triple suffering - A note on the Samkhya karika, Xth World Sanskrit Conference: Bangalore, University of Hungary, Budapest; Third Translation (all Verses): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hinduphilosophys00davi#page/12/mode/2up">Samkhyakarika of Iswara Krishna</a> John Davis (Translator), Trubner, London, University of Toronto Archives </li> <li id="cite_note-colebrookesktrans-50"><a href="#cite_ref-colebrookesktrans_50-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/transclusions/18/37/1837_SankhyaKarikaHTColebrook.pdf">Samkhya karika</a> by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGächter1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gächter, Othmar (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40464839">"Evil and Suffering in Hinduism"</a>. Anthropos. 93 (4/6): 393–403. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0257-9774">0257-9774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40464839">40464839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=Evil+and+Suffering+in+Hinduism&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4%2F6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40464839%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0257-9774&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4chter&rft.aufirst=Othmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40464839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(Indologist)" title="Edwin Bryant (Indologist)">Bryant, Edwin</a> (2009). The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. North Point Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865477360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865477360"><bdi>978-0865477360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0865477360&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, Retrieved 16 May 2016 from "SanskritDocuments.Org" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brinew-proofed.html?lang=sa">Brihadaranyaka IV.iv.14</a>, Original: इहैव सन्तोऽथ विद्मस्तद्वयं विद्मस् तद् वयम्न चेदवेदिर्महती विनष्टिः । ये तद्विदुरमृतास्ते भवन्त्य् अथेतरे दुःखमेवापियन्ति ॥ १४ ॥ </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> 7,26.2. Retrieved 16 May 2016 from <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%AA">Wikisource छान्दोग्योपनिषद् ४ ॥ षड्विंशः खण्डः ॥</a>, Quote: तदेष श्लोको न पश्यो मृत्युं पश्यति न रोगं नोत दुःखताँ सर्वँ ह पश्यः पश्यति सर्वमाप्नोति सर्वश इति । </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/124/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad 7.26.2</a>, Max Muller (Translator), Oxford University Press, page 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> 7.26.2, trans. Patrick Olivelle (1996), p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukundananda" class="citation web cs1">Mukundananda, Swami. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/2/verse/56">"BG 2.56: Chapter 2, Verse 56 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda"</a>. www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org&rft.atitle=BG+2.56%3A+Chapter+2%2C+Verse+56+%E2%80%93+Bhagavad+Gita%2C+The+Song+of+God+%E2%80%93+Swami+Mukundananda&rft.aulast=Mukundananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holy-bhagavad-gita.org%2Fchapter%2F2%2Fverse%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.V._Tripurari" class="citation web cs1">B.V. Tripurari, Swami. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swamitripurari.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/bhagavad_gita.pdf">"BG 8.15: Chapter 8, Verse 15 – Bhagavad Gita, Its Feeling and Philosophy – Swami B.V. Tripurari"</a> (PDF). www.swamitripurari.com. 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Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Duhkha%2C+Du%E1%B8%A5kha%2C+Du%E1%B8%A5kh%C4%81%3A+31+definitions&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fduhkha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Boer, L. den. Early Jaina Epistemology: a Study of the Philosophical Chapters of the Tattvārthādhigama; With an English Translation of the Tattvārthādhigamabhāṣya I, II.8 25, and V. 2020. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <dl><dt>Printed sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2019" class="citation cs2">Alexander, James (2019), "The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics", in Kos, Eric S. (ed.), Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State, Springer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+State+Is+the+Attempt+to+Strip+Metaphor+Out+of+Politics&rft.btitle=Michael+Oakeshott+on+Authority%2C+Governance%2C+and+the+State&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnalayo2013" class="citation cs2">Analayo (2013), Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization, Windhorse Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satipatthana.+The+Direct+Path+to+Realization&rft.pub=Windhorse+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Analayo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Carol (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASlTAQAAQBAJ">Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81332-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81332-0"><bdi>978-1-136-81332-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pain+and+Its+Ending%3A+The+Four+Noble+Truths+in+the+Theravada+Buddhist+Canon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81332-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASlTAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2015" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf">Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs10500.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikkhu_Bodhi2011" class="citation cs2">Bhikkhu Bodhi (2011), The Noble Eightfold Path: Way to the End of Suffering, Independent Publishers Group, Kindle Edition</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Noble+Eightfold+Path%3A+Way+to+the+End+of+Suffering&rft.pub=Independent+Publishers+Group%2C+Kindle+Edition&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Bhikkhu+Bodhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalai_Lama1998" class="citation cs2">Dalai Lama (1998), The Four Noble Truths, Thorsons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Noble+Truths&rft.pub=Thorsons&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGethin1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert Gethin">Gethin, Rupert</a> (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2013" class="citation cs2">Goldstein, Joseph (2013), Mindfulness: A Practical Guide to Awakening, Sounds True, Kindle Edition</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mindfulness%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Awakening&rft.pub=Sounds+True%2C+Kindle+Edition&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2013" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78336-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfless+Mind%3A+Personality%2C+Consciousness+and+Nirvana+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78336-4&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfPcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2015" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Peter (2015). "Dukkha, Non-Self, and the Teaching on the Four Noble Truths". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dukkha%2C+Non-Self%2C+and+the+Teaching+on+the+Four+Noble+Truths&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxter2016" class="citation book cs1">Huxter, Malcolm (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2qFCwAAQBAJ">Healing the Heart and Mind with Mindfulness: Ancient Path, Present Moment</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50540-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50540-2"><bdi>978-1-317-50540-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+the+Heart+and+Mind+with+Mindfulness%3A+Ancient+Path%2C+Present+Moment&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-50540-2&rft.aulast=Huxter&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2qFCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2000" class="citation cs2">Keown, Damien (2000), Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Kindle+Edition&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Damien_Keown" title="Damien Keown">Keown, Damien</a> (2003), Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9"><bdi>0-19-860560-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-860560-9&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1899" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0483-dut.pdf">A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</a> (PDF), London: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanpdf%2Fmw0483-dut.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyanatiloka_Thera2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka_Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanatiloka Thera">Nyanatiloka Thera</a> (2004). "dukkha". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztIxd_OGs3YC">Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines</a> (5 ed.). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789552400193" title="Special:BookSources/9789552400193"><bdi>9789552400193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=dukkha&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Dictionary%3A+Manual+of+Buddhist+Terms+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Kandy&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789552400193&rft.au=Nyanatiloka+Thera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztIxd_OGs3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrebish1993" class="citation cs2">Prebish, Charles (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000preb">Historical Dictionary of Buddhism</a>, The Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2698-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-2698-4"><bdi>0-8108-2698-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8108-2698-4&rft.aulast=Prebish&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000preb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys_DavidsStede1921" class="citation book cs1">Rhys Davids, Thomas William; Stede, William (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC&pg=PA324">Pali-English Dictionary</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali-English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.aulast=Rhys+Davids&rft.aufirst=Thomas+William&rft.au=Stede%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Guw2CnxiucC%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargeant2009" class="citation cs2">Sargeant, Winthrop (2009), The Bhagavad Gita, SUNY Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sargeant&rft.aufirst=Winthrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithNovak2009" class="citation cs2">Smith, Huston; Novak, Philip (2009), Buddhism: A Concise Introduction, HarperOne, Kindle Edition</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.pub=HarperOne%2C+Kindle+Edition&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Huston&rft.au=Novak%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpola_Rahula2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Walpola Rahula">Walpola Rahula</a> (2007), What the Buddha Taught, Grove Press, Kindle Edition</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+Taught&rft.pub=Grove+Press%2C+Kindle+Edition&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Walpola+Rahula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation cs2">Williams, Paul (2002), Buddhist Thought, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415207010" title="Special:BookSources/0-415207010"><bdi>0-415207010</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415207010&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1990" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Peter (1990). Introduction to Buddhism. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Buddhism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalupahana1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana, David J.</a> (1992). A History of Buddhist Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald S.</a> (2001). The Story of Buddhism. HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanamoli1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Nanamoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhu Nanamoli">Nanamoli, Bhikkhu</a> (1995). The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X"><bdi>0-86171-072-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Length+Discourses+of+the+Buddha%3A+A+New+Translation+of+the+Majjhima+Nikaya&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-86171-072-X&rft.aulast=Nanamoli&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Karl (2004). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. IX: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 AD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies%2C+Vol.+IX%3A+Buddhist+philosophy+from+350+to+600+AD&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonkin2005" class="citation book cs1">Ronkin, Noa (2005). Early Buddhist Metaphysics: the Making of a Philosophical Tradition. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Metaphysics%3A+the+Making+of+a+Philosophical+Tradition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ronkin&rft.aufirst=Noa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADu%E1%B8%A5kha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.amaravati.org/dhamma-books/everything-is-teaching-us">Everything Is Teaching Us</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a> (2018), Amaravati Publications</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823132539/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/How%20does%20mindfulness%20transform%20suffering_the%20nature%20and%20origins%20of%20dukkha_I_CB_Teasdale_2011.pdf">How does mindfulness transform suffering? I: the nature and origins of dukkha</a>, JD Teasdale, M Chaskalson (2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8880/2787">Explanations of dukkha</a>, Tilmann Vetter (1998), Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030125519/http://buddhasociety.com/online-books/what-buddha-taught-walpola-rahula-9-1">What Buddha Taught</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Walpola Rahula">Walpola Rahula</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050323233001/http://accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dukkha.html">Dukkha</a>, edited by John T. Bullitt - Access to Insight</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230041700/http://centrebouddhique.fr/the-buddhas-concept-of-dukkha/">The Buddha's Concept of Dukkha</a>, Kingsley Heendeniya</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?82.xml+id('b82e6')">Ku 苦 entry</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (use "guest" with no password for one-time login), <a href="/wiki/Digital_Dictionary_of_Buddhism" title="Digital Dictionary of Buddhism">Digital Dictionary of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pyrrhonism.medium.com/the-buddha-did-not-teach-an-end-to-suffering-2a8711709dcf">The Buddha Did Not Teach an End to Suffering</a>, Douglas C. Bates</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duḥkha&oldid=1274130723">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duḥkha&oldid=1274130723</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 5 February 2025, at 16:12 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D8%AE%D8%A7" title="دوكخا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوكخا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%96_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="দুঃখ (ভারতীয় দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুঃখ (ভারতীয় দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Duḥkha" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Дукха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дукха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%94%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="སྡུག་བསྔལ་བརྒྱད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྡུག་བསྔལ་བརྒྱད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Duḥkha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7_(%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC)" title="دوکا (رنج) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوکا (رنج)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0_(%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90)" title="고 (불교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고 (불교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D6%84%D5%B0%D5%A1" title="Դուհքհա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դուհքհա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penderitaan_(Buddhisme)" title="Penderitaan (Buddhisme) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penderitaan (Buddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Duḥkha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%94" title="דוקהה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוקהה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepasitenkinimas" title="Nepasitenkinimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nepasitenkinimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%96" title="दुःख – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुःख" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD)" title="Зовлон (Буддын шашин) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зовлон (Буддын шашин)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81" title="ဒုက္ခ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒုက္ခ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96" title="दुख – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दुख" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (仏教) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="苦 (仏教)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81" title="ទុក្ខ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទុក្ខ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhkha" title="Duhkha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Duhkha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Дуккха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дуккха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9B" title="දුක්ඛ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දුක්ඛ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Duḥkha" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AE%D8%A7" title="دوکخا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوکخا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patnja_(budizam)" title="Patnja (budizam) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Patnja (budizam)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patnja_(budizam)" title="Patnja (budizam) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patnja (budizam)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" title="Dukkha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dukkha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="துக்கம் (மெய்யியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துக்கம் (மெய்யியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%8C" title="ทุกข์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทุกข์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Дукха – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дукха" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%95_(Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o)" title="Khổ (Phật giáo) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khổ (Phật giáo)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%EF%BC%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%EF%BC%89" title="苦（佛教） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苦（佛教）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苦 (佛教)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2025, at 16:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-99zdl","wgBackendResponseTime":264,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.341","walltime":"1.647","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7551,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":263940,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16480,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":180517,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1364.311 1 -total"," 20.13% 274.619 1 Template:Buddhist_term"," 19.71% 268.939 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.73% 173.713 22 Template:Lang"," 12.56% 171.322 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.34% 154.753 20 Template:Cite_book"," 9.97% 135.970 1 Template:Buddhism"," 9.70% 132.335 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.85% 107.057 18 Template:Sfnp"," 6.90% 94.158 15 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