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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saint</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Saint" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Saint" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Saint" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint (disambiguation)">Saint (disambiguation)</a>.</div> In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">holiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_God" title="Imitation of God">likeness</a>, or closeness to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>. However, the use of the term saint depends on the context and <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denomination</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> doctrine, all of their faithful deceased in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> are considered to be saints, but a select are considered worthy of greater honor or emulation.<a href="#cite_note-Woodward1996-1">[1]</a> Official <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">ecclesiastical</a> recognition, and consequently a public <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a> of <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a>, is conferred on some denominational saints through the process of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> in the Catholic Church or <a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">glorification</a> in the Eastern Orthodox Church after their approval.<a href="#cite_note-bebis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> In many <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations saint refers broadly to any holy <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>, without special recognition or selection. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_School_-_Icon_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_-_1102557_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_School_-_Icon_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_-_1102557_-_National_Trust.jpg/260px-Greek_School_-_Icon_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_-_1102557_-_National_Trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_School_-_Icon_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_-_1102557_-_National_Trust.jpg/390px-Greek_School_-_Icon_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_-_1102557_-_National_Trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_School_-_Icon_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_-_1102557_-_National_Trust.jpg/520px-Greek_School_-_Icon_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_-_1102557_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="800"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a> pictured with a <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Christian_iconography" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian iconography">Christian iconography</a>, saints may also be depicted with <a href="/wiki/Wreath_(attire)" title="Wreath (attire)">wreaths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_branch" title="Palm branch">palm branches</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_lilies" class="mw-redirect" title="White lilies">white lilies</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">attributes</a>.</figcaption></figure> While the English word saint (deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> sanctus) originated in Christianity, <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">historians of religion</a> tend to use the appellation "in a more general way to refer to the state of special holiness that many religions attribute to certain people", referring to the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Hasid" title="Hasid">ḥasīd</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">tzadik</a>, the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Wal%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Walī">walī</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakir</a>, the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishi</a>, Sikh <a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat">bhagat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Guru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Guru">guru</a>, the Shintoist <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a>, the Taoist <a href="/wiki/Shengren" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengren">shengren</a>, and the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Arhat_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arhat (Buddhism)">arhat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> also as saints.<a href="#cite_note-EoR-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saint%7CBritannica-5">[5]</a> Depending on the religion, saints are recognized either by official ecclesiastical declaration, as in the Catholic faith, or by popular acclamation (see <a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">folk saint</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ben-Ami1998-6">[6]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#General_characteristics">1 General characteristics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Christianity">2 Christianity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Catholic_Church">2.1 Catholic Church</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Stages_of_canonization">2.1.1 Stages of canonization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy">2.2 Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Oriental_Orthodoxy">2.3 Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Anglicanism">2.4 Anglicanism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Lutheranism">2.5 Lutheranism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Methodism">2.6 Methodism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other_Protestantism">2.7 Other Protestantism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">2.8 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Other_religions">3 Other religions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#African_diaspora">3.1 African diaspora</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Buddhism">3.2 Buddhism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Druze_faith">3.3 Druze faith</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Hinduism">3.4 Hinduism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Islam">3.5 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Judaism">3.6 Judaism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sikhism">3.7 Sikhism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#New_Religious_Movements">3.8 New Religious Movements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">5 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Citations">5.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sources">5.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The English word saint comes from the Latin sanctus, with the Greek equivalent being ἅγιος (hagios) 'holy'.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The word ἅγιος appears 229 times in the Greek <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and its English translation 60 times in the corresponding text of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-biblepages-8">[8]</a> The word sanctus was originally a technical one in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">ancient Roman religion</a>, but due to its <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">globalized</a> use in Christianity the modern word saint is now also used as a translation of comparable terms for persons "worthy of veneration for their holiness or sanctity" in other religions. Many religions also use similar concepts (but different terminology) to venerate persons worthy of some honor.<a href="#cite_note-EoR-4">[4]</a> Author John A. Coleman of the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Theological_Union" title="Graduate Theological Union">Graduate Theological Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, wrote that saints across various cultures and religions have the following <a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">family resemblances</a>:<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <ol><li>exemplary model</li> <li>extraordinary teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">wonder worker</a> or source of benevolent power</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercessor</a></li> <li>a life often refusing material attachments or comforts</li> <li>possession of a special and <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelatory</a> relation to the <a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">holy</a>.</li></ol> The <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> Lawrence Babb, in an article about <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> <a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a>, asks the question "Who is a saint?" and responds by saying that in the symbolic infrastructure of some religions, there is the image of a certain extraordinary spiritual person's "miraculous powers", to whom frequently a certain moral presence is attributed. These saintly figures, he asserts, are "the focal points of spiritual force-fields". They exert "powerful attractive influence on followers but touch the inner lives of others in transforming ways as well".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholic Church" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">List of Catholic saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francesco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_Francesco.jpg/220px-San_Francesco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_Francesco.jpg/220px-San_Francesco.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_Francesco.jpg/330px-San_Francesco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_Francesco.jpg/440px-San_Francesco.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A portrait depicting <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis of Assisi</a> by the Italian artist <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> (1240–1302)</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, a saint may be anyone in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>, whether recognized on Earth or not, who forms the "great cloud of witnesses" (Hebrews 12:1).<a href="#cite_note-Francis2018-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> These "may include our own mothers, grandmothers or other loved ones (cf. 2 Tim 1:5)" who may have not always lived perfect lives, but "amid their faults and failings they kept moving forward and proved pleasing to the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-Francis2018-11">[11]</a> The title Saint denotes a person who has been formally <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a>—that is, officially and authoritatively declared a saint, by the church as holder of the <a href="/wiki/Keys_of_the_kingdom" title="Keys of the kingdom">Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven</a>, and is therefore believed to be in Heaven by the <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace of God</a>. There are many persons that the church believes to be in Heaven who have not been formally canonized and who are otherwise titled saints because of the fame of their holiness.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Sometimes the word saint also denotes living Christians.<a href="#cite_note-cat2-14">[14]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, "The patriarchs, prophets, and certain other Old Testament figures have been and always will be honored as saints in all the church's liturgical traditions."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In his book Saint of the Day, editor Leonard Foley says this: the "[Saints'] surrender to God's love was so generous an approach to the total surrender of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> that the Church recognizes them as heroes and heroines worthy to be held up for our inspiration. They remind us that the Church is holy, can never stop being holy and is called to show the holiness of God by living the life of Christ."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Catholic Church teaches that it does not "make" or "create" saints, but rather recognizes them. Proofs of heroic virtue required in the process of beatification will serve to illustrate in detail the general principles exposed above<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> upon proof of their holiness or likeness to God. On 3 January 993, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">Pope John XV</a> became the first pope to proclaim a person a saint from outside the diocese of Rome: on the petition of the German ruler, he had canonized Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_of_Augsburg" title="Ulrich of Augsburg">Ulrich of Augsburg</a>. Before that time, the popular "cults", or venerations, of saints had been local and spontaneous and were confirmed by the local <a href="/wiki/Catholic_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic bishop">bishop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lr12-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">Pope John XVIII</a> subsequently permitted a cult of five Polish <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lr12-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Pope Benedict VIII</a> later declared the Armenian hermit <a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Mantua" title="Simeon of Mantua">Simeon of Mantua</a> to be a saint, but it was not until the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> that the Popes reserved to themselves the exclusive authority to canonize saints, so that local bishops needed the confirmation of the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-lr12-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Pontoise" title="Walter of Pontoise">Walter of Pontoise</a> was the last person in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> to be canonized by an authority other than the Pope: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Boves" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh de Boves">Hugh de Boves</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rouen">Archbishop of Rouen</a>, canonized him in 1153.<a href="#cite_note-smith-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Thenceforth a decree of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> in 1170 reserved the prerogative of canonization to the Pope, insofar as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> was concerned.<a href="#cite_note-smith-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alban_Butler" title="Alban Butler">Alban Butler</a> published Lives of the Saints in 1756, including a total of 1,486 saints. The latest revision of this book, edited by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Thurston" title="Herbert Thurston">Herbert Thurston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Attwater" title="Donald Attwater">Donald Attwater</a>, contains the lives of 2,565 saints.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Robert Sarno, an official of the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, expressed that it is impossible to give an exact number of saints.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of saints, in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> cultus, or the "cult of the Saints", describes a particular popular devotion or entrustment of one's self to a particular saint or group of saints. Although the term <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worship</a> is sometimes used, it is only used with the older English connotation of honoring or respecting (<a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">dulia</a>) a person. According to the church, Divine worship is in the strict sense reserved only to God (<a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a>) and never to the saints. One is permitted to ask the saints to <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercede</a> or pray to God for persons still on Earth,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> just as one can ask someone on Earth to pray for him. A saint may be designated as a <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of a particular cause, profession, or locale, or invoked as a protector against specific illnesses or disasters, sometimes by popular custom and sometimes by official declarations of the church.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Saints are not believed to have power of their own, but only that granted by God. <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">Relics</a> of saints are respected, or venerated, similar to the veneration of holy images and <a href="/wiki/Icons" class="mw-redirect" title="Icons">icons</a>. The practice in past centuries of venerating relics of saints with the intention of obtaining healing from God through their intercession is taken from the early church.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> For example, an American <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> claimed in 2000 that <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> (then blessed) interceded with God to cure him of a physical illness. The deacon, Jack Sullivan, asserted that after addressing Newman he was cured of spinal stenosis in a matter of hours. In 2009, a panel of theologians concluded that Sullivan's recovery was the result of his prayer to Newman. According to the church, to be deemed a miracle, "a medical recovery must be instantaneous, not attributable to treatment, disappear for good."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Once a person has been canonized, the deceased body of the saint is considered holy as a <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newadv-28">[28]</a> The remains of saints are called holy relics and are usually used in churches. Saints' personal belongings may also be used as relics.<a href="#cite_note-newadv-28">[28]</a> Some of the saints have a special <a href="/wiki/Saint_symbology" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint symbology">symbol</a> by tradition, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a>, deacon and martyr, is identified by a gridiron because he is believed to have been burned to death on one. This symbol is found, for instance, in the Canadian heraldry of the office responsible for the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stages_of_canonization">Stages of canonization</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stages of canonization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Formal <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> is a lengthy process, often of many years or even centuries.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> There are four major steps to become a saint.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The first stage in this process is an investigation of the candidate's life by an expert. After this, the official report on the candidate is submitted to the bishop of the pertinent diocese and more study is undertaken. The information is then sent to the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> for evaluation at the universal level of the church.<a href="#cite_note-how6191-32">[32]</a> If the application is approved the candidate may be granted the title <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a> (stage 2).<a href="#cite_note-how6191-32">[32]</a> Further investigation, step 3, may lead to the candidate's <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> with the title Blessed,<a href="#cite_note-how6191-32">[32]</a> which is elevation to the class of the <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beati</a>. Next, and at a minimum, proof of two important miracles obtained from God through the intercession of the candidate are required for formal canonization as a saint. Finally, in the last stage, after all of these procedures are complete, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> may canonize the candidate as a saint<a href="#cite_note-how6191-32">[32]</a> for veneration by the universal church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="3768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Saint, 12th century fresco in <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Staraya Ladoga</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Church, a saint is defined as anyone who is in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>, whether recognized here on Earth, or not.<a href="#cite_note-bebis-2">[2]</a> By this definition, <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, the various <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a>, and archangels are all given the title of "Saint". Sainthood in the Orthodox Church does not necessarily reflect a moral model, but communion with God: there are countless examples of people who lived in great sin and became saints by humility and repentance, such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Ethiopian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dismas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Dismas">Dysmas</a>, the repentant thief who was crucified. Therefore, a more complete Eastern Orthodox definition of what a saint is, has to do with the way that saints, through their humility and their love of humankind, saved inside them the entire church, and loved all people. Orthodox belief considers that God reveals saints through answered prayers and other miracles. Saints are usually recognized by a local community, often by people who directly knew them. As their popularity grows they are often then recognized by the entire church through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. The word canonization means that a Christian has been found worthy to have his name placed in the canon (official list) of saints of the church. The formal process of recognition involves deliberation by a synod of bishops.<a href="#cite_note-bebis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Orthodox Church does not require the manifestation of miracles; what is required is evidence of a virtuous life.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> If the ecclesiastical review is successful, this is followed by a service of glorification in which the saint is given a day on the church calendar to be celebrated by the entire church.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> This does not, however, make the person a saint; the person already was a saint and the church ultimately recognized it. As a general rule, only <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> will touch relics in order to move them or carry them in procession, however, in <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> the faithful will kiss the relic to show love and respect toward the saint. The <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> in an Orthodox Church usually contains relics of saints,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> often of <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a>. Church interiors are covered with the <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> of saints. When an Orthodox Christian venerates icons of a saint he is venerating the image of God which he sees in the saint. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Onuphrius_Emmanuel_Tzanes.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Saint_Onuphrius_Emmanuel_Tzanes.png/200px-Saint_Onuphrius_Emmanuel_Tzanes.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2234" data-file-height="2857"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Saint_Onuphrius_Emmanuel_Tzanes.png/200px-Saint_Onuphrius_Emmanuel_Tzanes.png" data-width="200" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Saint_Onuphrius_Emmanuel_Tzanes.png/300px-Saint_Onuphrius_Emmanuel_Tzanes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Saint_Onuphrius_Emmanuel_Tzanes.png/400px-Saint_Onuphrius_Emmanuel_Tzanes.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Onuphrius_(Tzanes)" title="Saint Onuphrius (Tzanes)">Eremitic Saint Onuphrius</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Tzanes" title="Emmanuel Tzanes">Emmanuel Tzanes</a>, 1662</figcaption></figure> Because the church shows no true distinction between the living and the dead, as the saints are considered to be alive in Heaven, saints are referred to as if they are still alive, and are venerated, not worshipped. They are believed to be able to intercede for salvation and help mankind either through direct communion with God or by personal intervention. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the title <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὅσιος">Ὅσιος</a>, Hosios (f. Ὁσία Hosia) is also used. This is a title attributed to saints who had lived a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">eremitic</a> life equivalent to the more usual title of "Saint".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oriental_Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodoxy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches ‒ the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Tewahedo Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Syrian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church">Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> ‒ follow a canonization process unique to each church. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, for example, has the requirement that at least 50 years must pass following a prospective saint's death before the Coptic Orthodox Church's <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">pope</a> can canonize the saint. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anglicanism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints in Anglicanism</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuing Anglicanism">Continuing Anglican</a> movement, the title of Saint refers to a person who has been elevated by popular opinion as a pious and holy person. The saints are seen as models of holiness to be imitated, and as a "cloud of witnesses" that strengthen and encourage the believer during his or her spiritual journey (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Hebrews#12:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Hebrews">Hebrews 12:1</a>). The saints are seen as elder brothers and sisters in Christ. Official Anglican creeds recognize the existence of the saints in heaven. In <a href="/wiki/High-church" class="mw-redirect" title="High-church">high-church</a> contexts, such as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a>, a saint is generally one to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated) a high level of holiness and <a href="/wiki/Sanctity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctity">sanctity</a>. In this use, a saint is therefore not merely a <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">believer</a>, but one who has been transformed by virtue. In <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, a saint is a special sign of God's activity. The veneration of saints is sometimes misunderstood to be worship, in which case it is derisively termed "hagiolatry". So far as invocation of the saints is concerned,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> one of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Articles of Religion</a> "Of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>" condemns "the Romish Doctrine concerning ...(the) Invocation of Saints" as "a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God". Anglo-Catholics in Anglican provinces using the Articles often make a distinction between a "Romish" and a "Patristic" doctrine concerning the invocation of saints, permitting the latter in accordance with Article XXII. Indeed, the theologian <a href="/w/index.php?title=E.J._Bicknell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.J. Bicknell (page does not exist)">E.J. Bicknell</a> stated that the Anglican view acknowledges that the term "invocation may mean either of two things: the simple request to a saint for his prayers (intercession), 'ora pro nobis', or a request for some particular benefit. In medieval times the saints had come to be regarded as themselves the authors of blessings. Such a view was condemned but the former was affirmed."<a href="#cite_note-Sokol2001-38">[38]</a> Some Anglicans and Anglican churches, particularly Anglo-Catholics, personally ask prayers of the saints. However, such a practice is seldom found in any official Anglican liturgy. Unusual examples of it are found in The Korean Liturgy 1938, the liturgy of the Diocese of Guiana 1959 and The Melanesian English Prayer Book. Anglicans believe that the only effective Mediator between the believer and God the Father, in terms of redemption and salvation, is God the Son, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>. Historical Anglicanism has drawn a distinction between the intercession of the saints and the invocation of the saints. The former was generally accepted in Anglican doctrine, while the latter was generally rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Sokol2001-38">[38]</a> There are some, however, in Anglicanism, who do beseech the saints' intercession. Those who beseech the saints to intercede on their behalf make a distinction between mediator and intercessor, and claim that asking for the prayers of the saints is no different in kind than asking for the prayers of living Christians. <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglican Catholics</a> understand sainthood in a more <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> way, often praying for intercessions from the saints and celebrating their feast days. According to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, a saint is one who is sanctified, as it translates in the Authorized King James Version (1611) <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles</a> 6:41: <blockquote> Now therefore arise, O LORD God, into thy resting place, thou, and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O LORD God, be clothed with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness. </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lutheranism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AugsburgConfessionXXIOfTheWorshipoftheSaints.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/AugsburgConfessionXXIOfTheWorshipoftheSaints.JPG/220px-AugsburgConfessionXXIOfTheWorshipoftheSaints.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/AugsburgConfessionXXIOfTheWorshipoftheSaints.JPG/220px-AugsburgConfessionXXIOfTheWorshipoftheSaints.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/AugsburgConfessionXXIOfTheWorshipoftheSaints.JPG/330px-AugsburgConfessionXXIOfTheWorshipoftheSaints.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/AugsburgConfessionXXIOfTheWorshipoftheSaints.JPG/440px-AugsburgConfessionXXIOfTheWorshipoftheSaints.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Scripture does not teach calling on the saints or pleading for help from them. For it sets before us Christ alone as mediator, atoning sacrifice, high priest, and intercessor."—<a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">A.C.</a> Article XXI.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Listopad_-_Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_koruny_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_na_oby%C4%8Dejn%C3%BD_rok_1867_-_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Listopad_-_Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_koruny_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_na_oby%C4%8Dejn%C3%BD_rok_1867_-_detail.jpg/220px-Listopad_-_Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_koruny_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_na_oby%C4%8Dejn%C3%BD_rok_1867_-_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="754"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Listopad_-_Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_koruny_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_na_oby%C4%8Dejn%C3%BD_rok_1867_-_detail.jpg/220px-Listopad_-_Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_koruny_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_na_oby%C4%8Dejn%C3%BD_rok_1867_-_detail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Listopad_-_Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_koruny_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_na_oby%C4%8Dejn%C3%BD_rok_1867_-_detail.jpg/330px-Listopad_-_Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_koruny_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_na_oby%C4%8Dejn%C3%BD_rok_1867_-_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Listopad_-_Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_koruny_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_na_oby%C4%8Dejn%C3%BD_rok_1867_-_detail.jpg/440px-Listopad_-_Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_koruny_%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_na_oby%C4%8Dejn%C3%BD_rok_1867_-_detail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The month of November in the Czech calendar for 1867 (detail). The calendar of saints is given not only for Catholics, but also for "Protestants".</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Church</a>, all Christians, whether in Heaven or on Earth, are regarded as saints. However, the church still recognizes and honors specific saints, including some of those recognized by the Catholic Church, but in a qualified way: according to the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> the term saint is used in the manner of the Catholic Church only insofar as to denote a person who received exceptional grace, was sustained by faith, and whose good works are to be an example to any Christian. Traditional Lutheran belief accounts that prayers to the saints are prohibited, as they are not mediators of redemption.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> But, Lutherans do believe that saints pray for the Christian Church in general.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, the author of the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, approved honoring the saints by saying they are honored in three ways: <dl><dd>1. By thanking God for examples of His mercy;</dd> <dd>2. By using the saints as examples for strengthening our faith; and</dd> <dd>3. By imitating their faith and other virtues.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></dd></dl> The Lutheran Churches also have <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">liturgical calendars</a> in which they honor individuals as saints. The intercession of saints was criticized in the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_XXI:_Of_the_Worship_of_the_Saints." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession, Article XXI: Of the Worship of the Saints</a>. This criticism was rebutted by the Catholic side in the <a href="/wiki/Confutatio_Augustana" title="Confutatio Augustana">Confutatio Augustana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> which in turn was rebutted by the Lutheran side in the Apology to the Augsburg Confession.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodism">Methodism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Methodism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></div> While Methodists as a whole do not venerate saints, they do honor and admire them. Methodists believe that all Christians are saints, but mainly use the term to refer to biblical figures, Christian leaders, and martyrs of the faith. Many Methodist churches are named after saints—such as the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, etc.—although most are named after geographical locations associated with an early <a href="/wiki/Methodist_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist circuit">circuit</a> or prominent location. Methodist congregations observe <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Many encourage the study of saints, that is, the biographies of holy people. The 14th Article of Religion in the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="United Methodist">United Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(United_Methodist)" title="Book of Discipline (United Methodist)">Book of Discipline</a> states: <blockquote>The Romish doctrine concerning purgatory, pardon, worshiping, and adoration, as well of images as of relics, and also invocation of saints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warrant of Scripture, but repugnant to the Word of God.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Protestantism"> Other Protestantism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other Protestantism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In many <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches, the word saint is used more generally to refer to anyone who is a Christian. This is similar in usage to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>'s numerous references in the New Testament of the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In this sense, anyone who is within the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a> (i.e., a professing Christian) is a saint because of their relationship with Christ Jesus. Many Protestants consider <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercessory prayers to the saints</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, since what they perceive to be an application of divine worship that should be given only to God himself is being given to other believers, dead or alive.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Within some Protestant traditions, saint is also used to refer to any <a href="/wiki/Born_again_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again Christianity">born-again Christian</a>. Many emphasize the traditional <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> meaning of the word, preferring to write "saint" to refer to any believer, in continuity with the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The use of "saint" within <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) is similar to the Protestant tradition. In the New Testament, saints are all those who have entered into the Christian covenant of baptism. The qualification "latter-day" refers to the doctrine that members are living in the latter days before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Second Coming of Christ</a>, and is used to distinguish the members of the church, which considers itself the restoration of the ancient Christian church.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Members are therefore often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a>" or "LDS", and among themselves as "saints".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other religions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> In some theological literature, the use of the term saint tends to be used in non-Christian contexts as well. In many religions, there are people who have been recognized within their tradition as having fulfilled the highest aspirations of religious teaching. In English, the term saint is often used to translate this idea from many <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religions</a>. The jewish ḥasīd or tsaddiq, the islamic qidees, the Zoroastrian Fravashi, the Hindu Shadhus, the Buddhist Arahant or Bodhisattva, the Daoist Shengren, the Shinto Kami, and others have all been referred to as saints.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_diaspora">African diaspora</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: African diaspora" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div> Cuban <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha-Shango</a>, Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>, and other similar <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretist</a> religions adopted the Catholic saints, or at least the images of the saints, and applied their own spirits/deities to them. They are worshipped in churches (where they appear as saints) and in religious festivals, where they appear as the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a>. The name santería was originally a pejorative term for those whose worship of saints deviated from Catholic norms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></div> Buddhists in both the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> traditions hold the <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhats</a> in special esteem, as well as highly developed <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhists</a> hold the <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulkus</a> (reincarnates of deceased eminent practitioners) as living saints on earth.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze_faith">Druze faith</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Druze faith" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christian influence on Druze faith</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Christian_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian saints">Christian saints</a> become the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>'s favorite venerated figures: <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> and Saint <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-57">[57]</a> Thus, in all the villages inhabited by Druzes and Christians in central <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> a Christian church or Druze maqam is dedicated to either one of them.<a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-57">[57]</a> According to scholar Ray Jabre Mouawad the Druzes appreciated the two saints for their bravery: <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George because he confronted the dragon</a> and Saint Elijah because he competed with the pagan priests of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> and won over them.<a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-57">[57]</a> In both cases the explanations provided by Christians is that Druzes were attracted to <a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">warrior saints</a> that resemble their own militarized society.<a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hinduism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_saints" title="Hindu saints">Hindu saints</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanua_Baba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanua_Baba.jpg/220px-Kanua_Baba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanua_Baba.jpg/220px-Kanua_Baba.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanua_Baba.jpg/330px-Kanua_Baba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanua_Baba.jpg/440px-Kanua_Baba.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of the saintly <a href="/wiki/Kanua_Baba" title="Kanua Baba">Kanua</a>, a Hindu <a href="/wiki/Baba_(honorific)" title="Baba (honorific)">baba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, India, also pictured with a halo encircling his head.</figcaption></figure> Hindu saints are those recognized by <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> as showing a great degree of holiness and sanctity. Hinduism has a long tradition of stories and poetry about saints. There is no formal <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> process in Hinduism, but over time, many men and women have reached the status of saints among their followers and among Hindus in general. Unlike in Christianity, Hinduism does not canonize people as saints after death, but they can be accepted as saints during their lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Hindu saints have often renounced the world, and are variously called <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devarishi" title="Devarishi">devarishis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajarshi" title="Rajarshi">rajarshis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saptarishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptarishi">saptarishis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmarshi" title="Brahmarshi">brahmarshis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">swamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pundits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purohit" class="mw-redirect" title="Purohit">purohits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">pujaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pravaras" title="Pravaras">pravaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">yoginis</a>, and other names.<a href="#cite_note-Rinehart2004-59">[59]</a> Some Hindu saints are given god-like status, being seen as <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">incarnations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, and other aspects of the Divine—this can happen during their lifetimes, or sometimes many years after their deaths. This explains another common name for Hindu saints: godmen, is invention of western Abrahamic media to a Pagan Ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Woodward2001-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></div> Besides prophets, according to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, saints possess <a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">blessings</a> (Arabic: بركة, "baraka") and can perform <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">miracles</a> (Arabic: كرامات, Karāmāt). Saints rank lower than prophets, and they do not intercede for people on the Day of Judgment. However, both the tombs of prophets and saints are visited frequently (<a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a>). People would seek the advice of a saint in their quest for spiritual fulfilment. Unlike saints in Christianity, Muslim saints are usually acknowledged informally by consensus of common people, not by scholars. Unlike prophets, women like <a href="/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabia of Basra">Rabia of Basra</a> were accepted as saints.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Saints are recognized as having specific traits they can be identified through. These include: floating lights appearing above their tomb, the body not decaying, a pleasant and miraculous odor coming from the body, appearing in the dreams of others who they pray on behalf of, appearing in two places at once, and having normally impossible knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Islam has had a rich history of veneration of saints (often called <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a>, which literally means 'Friend [of God]'),<a href="#cite_note-See_John_Renard_2008-63">[63]</a> which has declined in some parts of the Islamic world in the twentieth century due to the influence of the various streams of <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, the veneration of saints became a very common form of devotion early on,<a href="#cite_note-See_John_Renard_2008-63">[63]</a> and saints came to be defined in the eighth-century as a group of "special people chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work miracles."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64">[64]</a> The classical Sunni scholars came to recognize and honor these individuals as venerable people who were both "loved by God and developed a close relationship of love to Him."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64">[64]</a> "Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) ... [became a] requirement in Sunni Islam [during the classical period],"<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> with even medieval critics of the ubiquitous practice of <a href="/wiki/Ziyara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyara">grave visitation</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> emphatically declaring: "The miracles of saints are absolutely true and correct, and acknowledged by all Muslim scholars. The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> has pointed to it in different places, and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">sayings of the Prophet</a> have mentioned it, and whoever denies the miraculous power of saints are innovators or following innovators."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The vast majority of saints venerated in the classical Sunni world were the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a>, who were all Sunni mystics who belonged to one of the <a href="/wiki/Maddhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Maddhab">four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Veneration of saints eventually became one of the most widespread Sunni practices for more than a millennium, before it was opposed in the twentieth century by the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a>, whose various streams regard it as "being both un-Islamic and backwards ... rather than the integral part of Islam which they were for over a millennium."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In a manner similar to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> the specific traditional practices which <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> has tried to curtail in both <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> contexts include those of <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">the veneration of saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziyara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyara">visiting their graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">seeking their intercession</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">honoring their relics</a>. As Christopher Taylor has remarked: "[Throughout Islamic history] a vital dimension of Islamic piety was the veneration of Muslim saints ... [Due, however to] certain strains of thought within the Islamic tradition itself, particularly pronounced in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries ... [some modern day] Muslims have either resisted acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or have viewed their presence and veneration as unacceptable deviations."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Judaism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a></div> The term Tzadik, 'righteous', and its associated meanings developed in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic thought</a> from its <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> contrast with <a href="/wiki/Hasid_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasid (term)">Ḥasīd</a>, 'pious', to its exploration in <a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">ethical literature</a>, and its esoteric spiritualization in <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Ḥasidic Judaism</a>, the institution of the Tzadik assumed central importance, combining former elite mysticism with social movement for the first time. In Muslim majority countries, particularly <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, Jewish saint veneration resembles local Muslim practices. However, the ideas and rituals in this specific context are still thoroughly situated within Judaism. The bodies of the saintly dead are treated like <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Torah scrolls</a>, with their shrines being their ark, and pilgrimages taking on the ritual trappings of a Torah service. Icons of saints also are paralleled to Torah scrolls; both are manifestations of the sacred. They are also given frames made from velvet in the same style as Torah mantles, and are physically handled in similar ways. The stories and poems produced about saints match the conventions of other Rabbinic literature. Saints may be venerated by both Jews and Muslims, and are typically Torah scholars, miracle workers, and divine mediators. The similarities of Moroccan Jewish and Muslim practices, including saint veneration, were used by colonial powers to claim Morocco was unified and consisted of a distinct nation, but were not sufficiently united to resist imperialism. Today, these similarities are used to emphasize and display tolerance of religious minorities.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sikhism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant (religion)</a></div> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">sant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat">bhagat</a> is found in North Indian religious thought including <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>. Figures such as <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, and others are known as Sants or Bhagats. The term Sant is applied in the Sikh and related communities to beings that have attained enlightenment through God realization and spiritual union with God via repeatedly reciting the name of God (<a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a>). Countless names of God exist. In Sikhism, Naam (spiritual internalization of God's name) is commonly attained through the name of <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a>, which translates to "Wondrous Guru". Sikhs are encouraged to follow the congregation of a Sant (Sadh Sangat) or "The Company of the Holy". Sants grace the Sadh Sangat with knowledge of the Divine God, and how to take greater steps towards obtaining spiritual enlightenment through Naam. Sants are to be distinguished from "Guru" (such as <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>) who have compiled the path to God enlightenment in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Sikhism states however, that any beings that have become one with God are considered synonymous with God. As such, the fully realized Sant, Guru, and God are considered one.<a href="#cite_note-Khalsa-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Religious_Movements">New Religious Movements</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New Religious Movements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> is a new religious movement with a list of saints including individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaczynski_2010_p._265-73">[73]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">Communion of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallow">Hallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mar (disambiguation)">Mar (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">List of bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of canonizations">List of canonizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints" title="List of saints">List of Christian saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_from_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of saints from Africa">List of saints from Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_saints_and_beatified_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American saints and beatified people">List of American saints and beatified people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Breton_saints" title="List of Breton saints">List of Breton saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Catholic_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian Catholic saints">List of Canadian Catholic saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="List of saints of the Canary Islands">List of Canarian saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">List of Coptic saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cornish_saints" title="List of Cornish saints">List of Cornish saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saints">List of Eastern Orthodox saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_India" title="List of saints of India">List of saints of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians#Saints_and_Blesseds" title="Augustinians">List of saints of the Augustinian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Benedictine_saints" title="Category:Benedictine saints">List of saints of the Benedictine Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carmelite_saints" title="Category:Carmelite saints">List of saints of the Carmelite Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Dominican_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="List of saints of the Dominican Order">List of saints of the Dominican Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Franciscan_saints" title="Category:Franciscan saints">List of saints of the Franciscan Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="List of saints of the Society of Jesus">List of saints of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian saints">List of Russian saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">List of Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">List of Sufi saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sage (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Companions" title="Saint Companions">Saint Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_saint" title="Secular saint">Secular saint</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Woodward1996-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodward1996_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_L._Woodward" title="Kenneth L. Woodward">Woodward, Kenneth L.</a> (1996). Making Saints. Simon & Sachier. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81530-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81530-5"><bdi>978-0-684-81530-5</bdi></a>. <q>Among other Christian churches, the Russian Orthodox retains a vigorous devotion to the saints, especially the early church fathers and martyrs. On rare occasions, new names (usually monks or bishops) are grafted onto their traditional list of saints ... Something like the cult continues among Anglicans and Lutherans, who maintain feast days and calendars of saints. But while the Anglicans have no mechanism for recognizing new saints, the Lutherans from time to time do informally recommend new names (Da Hammarskjold, Dietrick Bonhoeffer, and Pope John XXIII are recent additions) for thanksgiving and remembrance by the faithful. The saint, then, is a familiar figure in all world religions. But only the Roman Catholic Church has a formal, continuous, and highly rationalized process for 'making' saints.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Saints&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Sachier&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81530-5&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bebis-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bebis_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bebis_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bebis_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBebisn.d." class="citation web cs1">Bebis, George (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/resources/saints">"The Lives of the Saints"</a>. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.aulast=Bebis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fresources%2Fsaints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/fs/glorification-of-saints">"The Glorification of the Saints in the Orthodox Church"</a>. www.oca.org. Retrieved 1 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=The+Glorification+of+the+Saints+in+the+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Ffs%2Fglorification-of-saints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoR-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoR_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoR_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005). "Sainthood". Thomson Gale Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 8033. <q>Historians of religion have liberated the category of sainthood from its narrower Christian associations and have employed the term in a more general way to refer to the state of special holiness that many religions attribute to certain people. The Jewish ḥasīd or tsaddiq, the Muslim waliy, the Zoroastrian fravashi, the Hindu rsi or guru, the Buddhist arahant or bodhisattva, the Daoist shengren, the Shinto kami and others have all been referred to as saints.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sainthood&rft.btitle=Thomson+Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=8033&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saint|Britannica-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Saint%7CBritannica_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustav" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mensching" title="Gustav Mensching">Gustav, Mensching</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/saint">"Saint – Encyclopedia Britannica"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 January 2020. <q>Shintō, the native Japanese religion, is concerned with the veneration of nature and with ancestor worship; it does not have saints according to the standards of ethical perfection or of exceptionally meritorious performance. According to Shintō belief, every person after his death becomes a kami, a supernatural being who continues to have a part in the life of the community, nation, and family. Good men become good and beneficial kamis, bad men become pernicious ones. Being elevated to the status of a divine being is not a privilege peculiar to those with saintly qualities, for evil men also become kamis. There are in Shintō, however, venerated mythical saints—such as Ōkuninushi ("Master of the Great Land") and Sukuma-Bikona (a dwarf deity)—who are considered to be the discoverers and patrons of medicine, magic, and the art of brewing rice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Gustav&rft.aufirst=Mensching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsaint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-Ami1998-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Ami1998_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami1998" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami, Issachar (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk9wCuiT7bEC&pg=PA13">Saint Veneration Among the Jews in Morocco</a>. Wayne State University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2198-0"><bdi>978-0-8143-2198-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2012. <q>Veneration of saints is a universal phenomenon. All monotheistic and polytheistic creeds contain something of its religious dimension ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Veneration+Among+the+Jews+in+Morocco&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2198-0&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Issachar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHk9wCuiT7bEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/fs/canonization">"Canonization"</a>. oca.org. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Canonization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Ffs%2Fcanonization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblepages-8"><a href="#cite_ref-biblepages_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblepages.net/gg03.htm">"What does the word 'saint' mean in the Bible?"</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+the+word+%27saint%27+mean+in+the+Bible%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblepages.net%2Fgg03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Coleman, John A. "Conclusion: After sainthood", in Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1987. pp. 214–217. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06163-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06163-2">0-520-06163-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Babb, Lawrence A. "Sathya Sai Baba's Saintly Play", in Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1987. pp. 168–170. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06163-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06163-2">0-520-06163-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis2018-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2018_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2018_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20180319_gaudete-et-exsultate.html">"Gaudete et exsultate: Apostolic Exhortation on the call to holiness in today's world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaudete+et+exsultate%3A+Apostolic+Exhortation+on+the+call+to+holiness+in+today%27s+world&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Fapost_exhortations%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20180319_gaudete-et-exsultate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Cotter" class="citation web cs1">Kevin Cotter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focusoncampus.org/content/how-does-someone-become-a-saint-a-5-step-process">"How Does Someone Become a Saint? A 5-Step Process"</a>. focusoncampus, CHURCH. Retrieved 23 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=focusoncampus%2C+CHURCH&rft.atitle=How+Does+Someone+Become+a+Saint%3F+A+5-Step+Process&rft.au=Kevin+Cotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocusoncampus.org%2Fcontent%2Fhow-does-someone-become-a-saint-a-5-step-process&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991013120338/http://www.catholic-pages.com/saints/explained.asp">What is a saint? Vatican Information Service</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-pages.com/saints/explained.asp">the original</a> on 13 October 1999</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+a+saint%3F+Vatican+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-pages.com%2Fsaints%2Fexplained.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cat2-14"><a href="#cite_ref-cat2_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p123a9p5.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church (Second Edition)"</a>. Scborromeo.org. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.pub=Scborromeo.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp123a9p5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Catechism of the Catholic Church Chapter 2, Article 1, 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Saint of the Day, edited by Leonard Foley, OFM, (Cincinnati: St. Anthony Messenger Press, 2003), xvi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86716-535-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86716-535-9">0-86716-535-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kofc.org/un/catechism/getsection.action?part=1&sec=2&chap=3&art=9&parasec=3&subsec=2&hdr=0&par=828&paratype=a">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812112425/http://www.kofc.org/un/catechism/getsection.action?part=1&sec=2&chap=3&art=9&parasec=3&subsec=2&hdr=0&par=828&paratype=a">Archived</a> 12 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a> site </li> <li id="cite_note-lr12-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lr12_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lr12_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lr12_18-2">c</a> Luscombe, David and Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 2004. New Cambridge Medieval History: c.1024–c.1198, Volume 5. p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_19-1">b</a> William Smith, Samuel Cheetham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adictionarychri00cheegoog">A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities</a> (Murray, 1875), 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/AlexanderIII/biography.html">"Alexander III"</a>. Saint-mike.org. 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Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+2%2C565+Saints&rft.date=1956-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C862347%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/keeping-saints-alive/">"Keeping Saints Alive"</a>. CBS News. 4 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Keeping+Saints+Alive&rft.date=2010-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fkeeping-saints-alive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/library/Intercession_of_the_Saints.asp">The Intercession of the Saints</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619002648/http://www.catholic.com/library/Intercession_of_the_Saints.asp">Archived</a> 19 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Catholic.com </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Patron_Saints" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Patron Saints">Patron Saints</a> from Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) on Wikisource.org </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Acts of the Apostles, 19: 11–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-50032640">"Cardinal Newman declared a saint by the Pope"</a>. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Newman+declared+a+saint+by+the+Pope&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-50032640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Jenna Russell, "Marshfield man's prayer an answer in sainthood query", The Boston Globe, 28 April 2009, B1, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-newadv-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newadv_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadv_28-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12734a.htm">Relics</a> Catholic Encyclopedia on NewAdvent.org </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/index_saints_en.html">Table of the Canonizations during the Pontificate of His Holiness John Paul II</a> on Vatican.va </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mic.com/articles/53125/john-paul-ii-sainthood-4-steps-to-becoming-a-catholic-saint">"John Paul II Sainthood: 4 Steps to Becoming a Catholic Saint"</a>. Mic. 6 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mic&rft.atitle=John+Paul+II+Sainthood%3A+4+Steps+to+Becoming+a+Catholic+Saint&rft.date=2013-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.com%2Farticles%2F53125%2Fjohn-paul-ii-sainthood-4-steps-to-becoming-a-catholic-saint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030024209/https://www.catholichawaii.org/media/314379/canonization_4_steps_to_becoming_a_saint.pdf">"4 Steps to Becoming a Saint"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholichawaii.org/media/314379/canonization_4_steps_to_becoming_a_saint.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4+Steps+to+Becoming+a+Saint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholichawaii.org%2Fmedia%2F314379%2Fcanonization_4_steps_to_becoming_a_saint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-how6191-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-how6191_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-how6191_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-how6191_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-how6191_32-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.howstuffworks.com/question6191.htm">"The Steps of Canonization"</a>. HowStuffWorks. 20 April 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=The+Steps+of+Canonization&rft.date=2001-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.howstuffworks.com%2Fquestion6191.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/-/the-saints-of-the-orthodox-church">"The Saints of the Orthodox Church"</a>. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 1 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Saints+of+the+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2F-%2Fthe-saints-of-the-orthodox-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Frawley J <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oca.org/FS.NA-Document.asp?ID=83">The Glorification of the Saints in the Orthodox Church</a> at Orthodox Church in America, Syosset, New York </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Hopko T "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/worship/the-church-building/altar-table">The Orthodox Faith</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotsonis1994" class="citation book cs1">Cotsonis, John A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhGH8gRUYyUC&dq=Hosios+saint&pg=PA70">Byzantine Figural Processional Crosses</a>. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884022282" title="Special:BookSources/9780884022282"><bdi>9780884022282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Figural+Processional+Crosses&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780884022282&rft.aulast=Cotsonis&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhGH8gRUYyUC%26dq%3DHosios%2Bsaint%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eskimo.com/~lhowell/bcp1662/articles/articles.html#22">"Article XXII"</a>. Eskimo.com. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+XXII&rft.pub=Eskimo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eskimo.com%2F~lhowell%2Fbcp1662%2Farticles%2Farticles.html%2322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sokol2001-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sokol2001_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sokol2001_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokol2001" class="citation book cs1">Sokol, David F. (2001). The Anglican Prayer Life: Ceum Na Corach', the True Way. iUniverse. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-19171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-19171-0"><bdi>978-0-595-19171-0</bdi></a>. <q>In 1556 Article XXII in part read ... "The Romish doctrine concerning ... invocation of saints, is a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the word of God." The term "doctrina Romanensium" or Romish doctrine was substituted for the "doctrina scholasticorum" of the doctrine of the school authors in 1563 to bring the condemnation up to date subsequent to the Council of Trent. As E.J. Bicknell writes, invocation may mean either of two things: the simple request to a saint for his prayers (intercession), 'ora pro nobis', or a request for some particular benefit. In medieval times the saints had come to be regarded as themselves the authors of blessings. Such a view was condemned but the former was affirmed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Prayer+Life%3A+Ceum+Na+Corach%27%2C+the+True+Way&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-595-19171-0&rft.aulast=Sokol&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ig5PF6Tf07UC&pg=PA59&dq">Augsburg Confession, Article 21, "Of the Worship of the Saints"</a>. trans. Kolb, R., Wengert, T., and Arand, C. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> A Confession of Faith Presented in Augsburg by certain Princes and Cities to His Imperial Majesty Charles V in the Year 1530 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a> XXI 14–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a>-II 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a> XXI 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a> XXI 4–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=s&word=SAINTS.VENERATIONOF">"Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod – Christian Cyclopedia"</a>. lcms.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcms.org&rft.atitle=Lutheran+Church+%E2%80%93+Missouri+Synod+%E2%80%93+Christian+Cyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyclopedia.lcms.org%2Fdisplay.asp%3Ft1%3Ds%26word%3DSAINTS.VENERATIONOF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> XXI 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/confutatio.php#article21">"1530 Roman Confutation"</a>. bookofconcord.org. 28 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bookofconcord.org&rft.atitle=1530+Roman+Confutation&rft.date=2019-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Fconfutatio.php%23article21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Apology to the Augsburg Confession, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/defense_20_saints.php#article21">Article XXI : Of the Invocation of Saints</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.methodist.org.uk/our-faith/the-bible/a-word-in-time/2016/30-october-5-november-2016/tuesday/">"Daily Bible Study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church in Britain">Methodist Church in Britain</a>. Retrieved 15 June 2019. <q>[T]day we reach one of the high points of the Christian Year – All Saints Day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Bible+Study&rft.pub=Methodist+Church+in+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Four-faith%2Fthe-bible%2Fa-word-in-time%2F2016%2F30-october-5-november-2016%2Ftuesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church. <a href="/wiki/Cokesbury" title="Cokesbury">Cokesbury</a>. 2016. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-501-83321-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-501-83321-2"><bdi>978-1-501-83321-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Discipline+of+the+United+Methodist+Church&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cokesbury&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-501-83321-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/new-testament-gospel-doctrine-teachers-manual/lesson-36-beloved-of-god-called-to-be-saints">"Beloved of God, Called to Be Saints"</a>, New Testament Gospel Doctrine Teacher's Manual. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/p38.htm">"The Sin of Idolatry and the Catholic Concept of Iconic Participation"</a>. Philvaz.com. Retrieved 25 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sin+of+Idolatry+and+the+Catholic+Concept+of+Iconic+Participation&rft.pub=Philvaz.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philvaz.com%2Fapologetics%2Fp38.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Smith Jr">Smith, Joseph Jr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000817204117/http://www.lds.org/library/display/0,4945,106-1-2-1,FF.html">"Pearl of Great Price"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lds.org/library/display/0,4945,106-1-2-1,FF.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pearl+of+Great+Price&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Jr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flds.org%2Flibrary%2Fdisplay%2F0%2C4945%2C106-1-2-1%2CFF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> M. Russell Ballard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/2007/10/faith-family-facts-and-fruits?lang=eng">"Faith, Family, Facts, and Fruits"</a>, Ensign, Nov 2007, 25–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay_Jones2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). Thomson Gale Encyclopedia of Religion (in Tajik). Vol. Sainthood (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. p. 8033.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomson+Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=8033&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Ray, Reginald A. "Some Aspects of the Tulku Trrdition in Tibet". The Tibet Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, 1986, pp. 35–69. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43300222. Accessed 14 August 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaurepaire-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_57-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaurepaire2017" class="citation book cs1">Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017). Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries. Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351722179" title="Special:BookSources/9781351722179"><bdi>9781351722179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Interactions+in+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+World%3A+Coexistence+and+Dialogue+from+the+12th+to+the+20th+Centuries&rft.pages=310-314&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351722179&rft.aulast=Beaurepaire&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaskarananda2002" class="citation book cs1">Bhaskarananda, Swami (2002). The Essentials of Hinduism. Seattle: The Vedanta Society of Western Washington. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884852-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884852-04-6"><bdi>978-1-884852-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=The+Vedanta+Society+of+Western+Washington&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-884852-04-6&rft.aulast=Bhaskarananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rinehart2004-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Rinehart2004_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Rinehart2004" class="citation book cs1">Robin Rinehart (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA88">Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 87–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-905-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism%3A+Ritual%2C+Culture%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=87-90&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-905-8&rft.au=Robin+Rinehart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMPYnfS_R90C%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward2001-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodward2001_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_L._Woodward2001" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth L. Woodward (10 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e951hHwu3X0C&pg=PA267">The Book of Miracles: The Meaning of the Miracle Stories in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0029-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0029-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-0029-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Miracles%3A+The+Meaning+of+the+Miracle+Stories+in+Christianity%2C+Judaism%2C+Buddhism%2C+Hinduism+and+Islam&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001-07-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0029-5&rft.au=Kenneth+L.+Woodward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De951hHwu3X0C%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Josef W. Meri The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria OUP Oxford, 14.11.2002 isbn 9780191554735 pp. 60-81 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Hans Alexander. Ghost Riders of Upper Egypt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Riders+of+Upper+Egypt&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Hans+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-See_John_Renard_2008-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-See_John_Renard_2008_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-See_John_Renard_2008_63-1">b</a> See John Renard, Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); Idem., Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-1">b</a> Radtke, B., "Saint", in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Jonathan A.C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints", Journal of Sufi Studies 1 (2012), p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Ibn Taymiyyah, Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Masriyya (al-Madani Publishing House, 1980), p. 603 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> John Renard, Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 600 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> See Jonathan A.C. Brown, Misquoting Muhammad (London: Oneworld Publications, 2015), p. 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Christopher Taylor, In the Vicinity of the Righteous (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Beyond Exoticism and Syncretism: Situating Moroccan Pilgrimage in Jewish Studies by Oren Kosansky </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalsa-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Khalsa_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalsa,_Sant_Singh2007" class="citation book cs1">Khalsa, Sant Singh (2007). Sri Guru Granth Sahib: English Translation of Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Arizona: Hand Made Books (Mandeep Singh). pp. 12–263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Guru+Granth+Sahib%3A+English+Translation+of+Sri+Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft.place=Arizona&rft.pages=12-263&rft.pub=Hand+Made+Books+%28Mandeep+Singh%29&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Khalsa%2C+Sant+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaczynski_2010_p._265-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaczynski_2010_p._265_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaczynski2010" class="citation book cs1">Kaczynski, R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlEvfflQZbIC&pg=PA265">Perdurabo, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Life of Aleister Crowley</a>. North Atlantic Books. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-899-8"><bdi>978-1-55643-899-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perdurabo%2C+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition%3A+The+Life+of+Aleister+Crowley&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-899-8&rft.aulast=Kaczynski&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlEvfflQZbIC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Beyer, Jürgen, et al., eds. Confessional sanctity (c. 1550 – c. 1800). Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2003.</li> <li>Cunningham, Lawrence S. The Meaning of Saints. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980.</li> <li>Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06163-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06163-2">0-520-06163-2</a>.</li> <li>Hein, David. "Saints: Holy, Not Tame". Sewanee Theological Review 49 (2006): 204–217.</li> <li>Jean-Luc Deuffic (ed.), Reliques et sainteté dans l'espace médiéval <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pecia.fr/#/pecia-8-11/3544065">[1]</a></li> <li>O'Malley, Vincent J. Ordinary Suffering of Extraordinary Saints, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-893-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-893-6">0-87973-893-6</a>.</li> <li>Perham, Michael. The Communion of Saints. London: Alcuin Club/SPCK, 1980.</li> <li>Woodward, Kenneth L. Making Saints. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelehaye1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Delehaye" title="Hippolyte Delehaye">Delehaye, Hippolyte</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Saint">"Saint" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 1010–1011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1010-1011&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Delehaye&rft.aufirst=Hippolyte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gallick, Sarah (2014). 50 Saints Everyone Should Know. Wise Media Group. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007UI2LDE">B007UI2LDE</a>. E-book.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebert2004" class="citation book cs1">Hebert, Alber (15 October 2004). Saints Who Raised the Dead: True Stories of 400 Resurrection Miracles. Illinois: TAN Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-798-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-798-8"><bdi>978-0-89555-798-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+Who+Raised+the+Dead%3A+True+Stories+of+400+Resurrection+Miracles&rft.place=Illinois&rft.pub=TAN+Books&rft.date=2004-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-89555-798-8&rft.aulast=Hebert&rft.aufirst=Alber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigilioBrighenti2010" class="citation book cs1">Trigilio, John; Brighenti, Kenneth (2010). Saints for Dummies. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-53358-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-53358-1"><bdi>978-0-470-53358-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+for+Dummies&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-53358-1&rft.aulast=Trigilio&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Brighenti%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saints" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saints">Saints</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/saint" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/saint">saint</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saints.sqpn.com/today-on-the-calendar/">Today's Saints on the Calendar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saintsbooks.net/BooksList.html#General">Saints' Books Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oodegr.com/english/istorika/britain/British_saints.htm">Orthodox Saints and Martyrs of the Ancient Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15324coll10/id/1245/rec/420">Saints and Their Legends: A Selection of Saints</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.om-guru.com/">Biographies of Saints and Gurus in the Indian Tradition</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint&oldid=1258554805">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint&oldid=1258554805</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 09:47 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige" title="Heilige – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heilige" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliger" title="Heiliger – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Heiliger" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanct" title="Sanct – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sanct" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="قديس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قديس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santu" title="Santu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Santu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s" title="Müqəddəs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_(%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE)" title="সন্ত (খ্রিস্টধর্ম) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সন্ত (খ্রিস্টধর্ম)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Святы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Святы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Сьвяты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьвяты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Светец – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Светец" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant" title="Sant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant" title="Sant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btec" title="Světec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi" title="Santi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Santi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant" title="Sant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgen" title="Helgen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Helgen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliger" title="Heiliger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heiliger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BChak" title="Pühak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pühak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άγιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanktulo" title="Sanktulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sanktulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santu" title="Santu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Santu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="قدیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halgimenni" title="Halgimenni – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Halgimenni" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" title="Saint – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillige" title="Hillige – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hillige" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomh" title="Naomh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Naomh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomh" title="Naomh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Naomh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Бодь – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бодь" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B8_(%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90)" title="성인 (종교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성인 (종교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սրբեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սրբեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetac" title="Svetac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svetac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancto" title="Sancto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sancto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDrlingur" title="Dýrlingur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýrlingur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9_(%D7%93%D7%AA)" title="קדוש (דת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קדוש (דת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="წმინდანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წმინდანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Әулие адам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әулие адам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtakatifu" title="Mtakatifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtakatifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sanctus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93tais" title="Svētais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ventasis" title="Šventasis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šventasis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige" title="Heilige – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Heilige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant" title="Sant – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sant" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent" title="Szent – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Светец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Светец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olo-masina" title="Olo-masina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olo-masina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="संत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="قديس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قديس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_(christendom)" title="Heilige (christendom) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heilige (christendom)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA" title="聖人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgen" title="Helgen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helgen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgen" title="Helgen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Helgen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" title="Saint – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Saint" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="بزرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بزرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" title="Saint – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Saint" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty" title="Święty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellije" title="Hellije – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hellije" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2nt" title="Sfânt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfânt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santu" title="Santu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Santu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Святый – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Святый" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Святой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Святой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunt" title="Saunt – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saunt" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenjtori" title="Shenjtori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shenjtori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="සාන්තුවරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාන්තුවරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" title="Saint – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saint" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4tec" title="Svätec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svätec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetnik" title="Svetnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svetnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Светац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Светац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetac" title="Svetac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svetac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyhimys" title="Pyhimys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhimys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgon" title="Helgon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helgon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="புனிதர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புனிதர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="เซนต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz" title="Aziz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aziz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Святий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Святий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="بزرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بزرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1nh_nh%C3%A2n" title="Thánh nhân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thánh nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint" title="Sint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BA%BA" title="圣人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA" title="聖人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BA%BA" title="圣人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%9Bhw%C3%A8" title="Yɛhwè – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Yɛhwè" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sante" title="Sante – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sante" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2dn4","wgBackendResponseTime":202,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.127","walltime":"1.529","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5550,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":192064,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2847,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":212859,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1211.590 1 -total"," 31.50% 381.622 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.78% 191.231 16 Template:Cite_book"," 10.71% 129.811 5 Template:Lang"," 10.52% 127.509 1 Template:Commons_category"," 10.24% 124.115 2 Template:Sister_project"," 10.04% 121.605 2 Template:Side_box"," 9.28% 112.488 1 Template:Christianity_footer"," 6.66% 80.680 17 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-16T21:26:04Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T09:47:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b0\/Greek_School_-_Icon_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_-_1102557_-_National_Trust.jpg","headline":"person who has been recognized for having an exceptional degree of holiness, sanctity, and virtue; may or may not be a canonised saint"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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