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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дасія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дасія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus_asper" title="Spiritus asper – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spiritus asper" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus_asper" title="Spiritus asper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spiritus asper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δασεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δασεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%ADritu_%C3%A1spero" title="Espíritu áspero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espíritu áspero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espritu_r%C3%BAspiru" title="Espritu rúspiru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Espritu rúspiru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit_rude" title="Esprit rude – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esprit rude" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus" title="Spiritus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spiritus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_napas_kasar" title="Tanda napas kasar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanda napas kasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirito_aspro" title="Spirito aspro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spirito aspro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%97%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7" title="有気記号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有気記号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus_asper" title="Spiritus asper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spiritus asper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przydech_mocny" title="Przydech mocny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przydech mocny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_%C3%A1spero" title="Espírito áspero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espírito áspero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дасия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дасия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus_asper" title="Spiritus asper – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Spiritus asper" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus_asper" title="Spiritus asper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spiritus asper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus_asper" title="Spiritus asper – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spiritus asper" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%B0%94%E7%AC%A6" title="粗气符 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="粗气符" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diacritical mark used in polytonic orthography</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">Difficulty breathing</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rough_breathing&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rough+breathing%22">"Rough breathing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rough+breathing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rough+breathing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rough+breathing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rough+breathing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rough+breathing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">◌̔</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Rough breathing</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0314</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">̔</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">See also</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">Smooth breathing</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">polytonic orthography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, the <b>rough breathing</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">δασὺ πνεῦμα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dasỳ pneûma</i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δασεῖα</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">daseîa</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">spiritus asper</i>) character is a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritical mark</a> used to indicate the presence of an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> sound before a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>, or after <a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">rho</a>. It remained in the polytonic orthography even after the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Hellenistic</a> period, when the sound disappeared from the Greek language. In the <a href="/wiki/Monotonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonic orthography">monotonic orthography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a>, in use since 1982, it is not used at all. </p><p>The absence of an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> sound is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a>. </p><p>The character, or those with similar shape such as <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BB</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʻ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA</span>, have also been used for a similar sound by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Wade" title="Thomas Francis Wade">Thomas Wade</a> (and others) in the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Herbert Giles</a> and others have used a left (opening) curved single <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> for the same purpose; the <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backtick" title="Backtick">backtick</a>, and visually similar characters are often seen as well. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough_breathing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heta_uc_lc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Heta_uc_lc.svg/100px-Heta_uc_lc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Heta_uc_lc.svg/150px-Heta_uc_lc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Heta_uc_lc.svg/200px-Heta_uc_lc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tack-shaped archaic consonantal Heta, together with a lowercase variant designed for <a href="/wiki/Modern_typography" title="Modern typography">modern typography</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The rough breathing comes from the left-hand half of the letter H.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">archaic Greek alphabets</a>, the letter was used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Heta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heta (letter)">Heta</a>), and this usage survives in the Latin letter <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>. In other dialects, it was used for the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a>), and this usage survives in the modern system of writing <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough_breathing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rough breathing ( ̔ ) is placed over an initial vowel, or over the second vowel of an initial diphthong. </p> <ul><li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αἵρεσις</span></span> <i>haíresis</i> 'choice' (→ Latin <i>haeresis</i> → English <i>heresy</i>)</li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἥρως</span></span> <i>hḗrōs</i> 'hero'</li></ul> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">rho</a><sup id="cite_ref-rho_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rho-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the beginning of a word always takes a rough breathing. </p> <ul><li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕμνος</span></span> <i>hýmnos</i> 'hymn'</li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥυθμός</span></span> <i>rhythmós</i> 'rhythm'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inside_a_word">Inside a word</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough_breathing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inside a word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some writing conventions, the rough breathing is written on the second of two rhos in the middle of a word.<sup id="cite_ref-rho_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rho-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is transliterated as <i>rrh</i> in Latin. </p> <ul><li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διάῤῥοια</span></span> <i>diárrhoia</i> '<a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhoea</a>'</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a> (contraction of two words), when the second word has a rough breathing, the contracted vowel does not take a rough breathing. Instead, the consonant before the contracted vowel changes to the <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> equivalent (i.e., π → φ, τ → θ, κ → χ),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if possible, and the contracted vowel takes the <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing#Coronis" title="Smooth breathing">coronis</a> (identical to the <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a>). </p> <ul><li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τὸ ἕτερον → θοὔτερον (not *τοὕτερον)</span></span> 'the other one' <dl><dd><i>tò héteron</i> → <i>thoúteron</i></dd></dl></li></ul> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaizing</a> influence of <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>, this change has been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> coined on the basis of ancient words, e.g. πρωθυπουργός ('prime minister'), from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πρῶτος</span></span> ('first') and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑπουργός</span></span> ('minister'), where the latter was originally aspirated. </p><p>In the ancient Laconian dialect, medial intervocalic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σ</span></span> would become a rough breathing: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐνῑ́κᾱἑ</span></span> for Attic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐνῑ́κησε</span></span>. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_notes">Technical notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough_breathing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technical notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a> assigned to the rough breathing is <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0314</span> </span><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:1em"> ̔</span>  <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE</span>. It is intended to be used in all alphabetic scripts (including Greek and Latin). </p><p>It was also used in the original Latin transcription of Armenian for example with <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0074</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">t</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER T</span> in <big style="font-size:150%">t̔</big>. </p><p>The pair of space + combining rough breathing is <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BD</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌ʽ</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA</span>. It may bind typographically with the letter encoded <i>before</i> it to its left, to create ligatures for example with <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0074</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">t</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER T</span> in <big style="font-size:150%">tʽ</big>, and it is used for the modern Latin transcription of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (which no longer uses the combining version). </p><p>It is also encoded for compatibility as <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1FFE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌῾</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK DASIA</span> mostly for usage in the Greek script, where it may be used <i>before</i> Greek capital letters to its right and aligned differently, e.g. with <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0391</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">῾Α</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA</span>, where the generic space+combining <i>dasia</i> should be used <i>after</i> the letter it modifies to its left (the space is inserted so that the dasia will be to the left instead of above that letter). Basically, U+1FFE was encoded for full roundtrip compatibility with legacy 8-bit encodings of the Greek script in documents where dasia was encoded before the Greek capital letter it modifies (it is then not appropriate for transliterating Armenian and Semitic scripts to the Latin script). </p><p>When <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1FFE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">῾</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK DASIA</span> is used incorrectly after a Latin letter it is supposed to modify, for example with <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0074</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">t</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER T</span> in <big style="font-size:150%">t῾d</big>, a visible small gap will occur between the leading Latin letter <i>t</i> and the Greek dasia, and the Greek dasia may interact typographically with the Latin letter <i>d</i> following it to suppress this gap, like in Greek.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is a polytonic Greek code range in Unicode, covering precomposite versions (i.e. breathing mark + vowel or rho, or vowel with pitch accent and/or iota subscript): Ἁ ἁ, Ἇ ἇ, ᾏ ᾇ, ᾉ ᾁ, Ἑ ἑ, Ἡ ἡ, Ἧ ἧ, ᾟ ᾗ, ᾙ ᾑ, Ἱ ἱ, Ἷ ἷ, Ὁ ὁ, Ῥ ῥ, Ὑ ὑ, Ὗ ὗ, Ὡ ὡ, Ὧ ὧ, ᾯ ᾧ, and ᾩ ᾡ. </p><p>The rough breathing was also used in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">early Cyrillic alphabet</a> when writing the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> language. In this context it is encoded as Unicode <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0485</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">҅</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING CYRILLIC DASIA PNEUMATA</span> </p><p>In Latin transcription of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, either <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BD</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʽ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA</span> or <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_left_half_ring" title="Modifier letter left half ring">a symbol similar to it</a>, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌ʿ</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING</span>, is used to represent the letter <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a>. This left half ring may also be used for the Latin transcription of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (though the Armenian aspiration is phonetically nearer to the Greek <i>dasia</i> than the Semitic <i>ayin</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough_breathing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">Smooth breathing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a> ( ʿ )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOkina" title="ʻOkina">ʻOkina</a> ( ʻ )</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rough_breathing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Herbert Weir Smyth</a>, Greek Grammar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/smyth_1a_uni.htm#14">par. 14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/smyth_1a_uni.htm#10">par. 10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rho-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rho_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rho_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/smyth_1a_uni.htm#13">par. 13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/smyth_1c_uni.htm#64">par. 64</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agreekgrammarfo02smytgoog/page/10/mode/2up">not. 9D</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌́ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̋ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᷄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̆ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̑ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̧ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̈ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">other</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̇ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̣ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̀ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̏ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̉ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̡ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̢ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̛ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ͅ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̨ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̊ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̥ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">perispomene</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌῾ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᾿ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҇ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ं</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ऽ</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">྅</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ँ</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఁ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ྃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">़</span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">्</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">్</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">್</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">්</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">်</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ः</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゙</span></span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゚</span></span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a></span></span> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌’ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̸ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌: </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌, </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌. </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌˗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌′ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ^ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ° </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ~ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character)</span></span> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> 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