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apex</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apex_(Vietnamese_diacritic)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apex (Vietnamese diacritic)">Apex (Vietnamese diacritic)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>The Vietnamese <b>tilde</b> or <b>apex</b> was a curved diacritic used in the 17th century to mark final <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an adoption of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>, and should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet#Tone_marks" title="Vietnamese alphabet">tone mark <i>ngã</i></a>, which is mistakenly encoded as a tilde in Unicode but is actually an adoption of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Perispomeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Perispomeni">perispomeni</a>. <i>Apex</i> is the name used in contemporary Latin texts. </p><p>In his 1651 <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum" title="Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum">Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum</a></i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Alexandre de Rhodes">Alexandre de Rhodes</a> describes the diacritic:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The third sign, finally, is the apex, which in this language is entirely necessary because of a difference in the ending [i.e. of a word], which the apex makes entirely distinct from the ending that <i>m</i> or <i>n</i> makes, with a meaning entirely diverse in words in which it is employed. However, this sign, namely the apex, only affects <i>o᷄</i> and <i>u᷄</i>, at the end of a word, as <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">ao᷄</i></span></i> "bee", <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">ou᷄</i></span></i> "grandfather" or "lord". It is pronounced, however, such that neither the lips touch together nor the tongue touches the palate.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The apex appears atop <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>, and less commonly <span class="nowrap">⟨ơ⟩</span>. As with other accent marks, a tone mark can appear atop the apex.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to canon law historian Roland Jacques, the apex indicated a final <a href="/wiki/Labial-velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial-velar nasal">labial-velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ͡m]</span>, an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> that is peculiar to the Hanoi dialect to the present day. The apex apparently fell out of use during the mid-18th century, being unified with <span class="nowrap">⟨-ng⟩</span> (representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>), in a major simplification of the orthography, though the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipph%C3%AA_B%E1%BB%89nh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipphê Bỉnh (page does not exist)">Philipphê Bỉnh</a></i></span> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Philiphê do Rosario</i></span>) continued to use the old orthography into the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pigneau_de_Behaine" title="Pierre Pigneau de Behaine">Pierre Pigneau de Behaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Taberd" title="Jean-Louis Taberd">Jean-Louis Taberd</a>'s 1838 <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the words <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">ao᷄</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">ou᷄</i></span></i> became <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">ong</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">ông</i></span></i>, respectively. </p><p>The Middle Vietnamese apex is known as <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">dấu sóng</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">dấu lưỡi câu</i></span></i> in modern Vietnamese. The apex is often mistaken for a tilde in modern reproductions of early Vietnamese writing, such as in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BA%BF_Ng%C5%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phạm Thế Ngũ (page does not exist)">Phạm Thế Ngũ</a>'s <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Việt Nam văn học sử</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_tilde&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obtained from <a href="/wiki/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum" title="Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum">Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum</a>, a trilingual Vietnamese, Portuguese and Latin dictionary by Jesuit Alexandre de Rhodes. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum,_breve_acute_apex.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The entry for dĕóu᷄ shows distinct breves (ĕ), acutes (ó), and apices (u᷄)."><img alt="The entry for dĕóu᷄ shows distinct breves (ĕ), acutes (ó), and apices (u᷄)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_breve_acute_apex.png/120px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_breve_acute_apex.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_breve_acute_apex.png/180px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_breve_acute_apex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_breve_acute_apex.png/240px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_breve_acute_apex.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The entry for <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">dĕóu᷄</i></span></i> shows distinct breves (ĕ), acutes (ó), and apices (u᷄).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum,_u-apex-acute.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The entry for blu᷄́ shows that a vowel with an apex can take on an additional tone mark, in this case an acute."><img alt="The entry for blu᷄́ shows that a vowel with an apex can take on an additional tone mark, in this case an acute." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_u-apex-acute.png/120px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_u-apex-acute.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_u-apex-acute.png/180px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_u-apex-acute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_u-apex-acute.png/240px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_u-apex-acute.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="138" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The entry for <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">blu᷄́</i></span></i> shows that a vowel with an apex can take on an additional tone mark, in this case an acute.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum,_o-horn-apex.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The entry for bao giơ᷄ đến illustrates the difference between a horn and an apex."><img alt="The entry for bao giơ᷄ đến illustrates the difference between a horn and an apex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_o-horn-apex.png/120px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_o-horn-apex.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_o-horn-apex.png/180px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_o-horn-apex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_o-horn-apex.png/240px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum%2C_o-horn-apex.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The entry for <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">bao giơ᷄ đến</i></span></i> illustrates the difference between a horn and an apex.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_tilde&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacques2002" class="citation book cs1">Jacques, Roland (2002). <i>Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics</i>. Bangkok: Orchid Press. p. 91. <q>The accent mark written by the amanuensis on the first word can be read as the <i>apex</i> (or <i>tilde</i>), an abbreviation sign used in 17th and 18th century <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Quốc Ngữ</i></span> to represent the rounded nasal finals: '<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">-aõ</i></span>' (spelt today '<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">-ong</i></span>'); '<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">-oũ</i></span>' (= '<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">-ông</i></span>'), and '<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">-ũ</i></span>' (= '<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">-ung</i></span>'). Thus '<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">chã</i></span>' would stand for the word presently spelt '<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">chẳng</i></span>.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Pioneers+of+Vietnamese+Linguistics&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Orchid+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span> Note that de Rhodes called the tilde a "<a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn_Khắc_Xuyên1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn Khắc Xuyên (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112002450/http://vantuyen.net/index.php?view=story&subjectid=22131"><i>Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt của Đắc Lộ 1651</i></a> [<i>De Rhodes's Vietnamese grammar of 1651</i>] (in Vietnamese). <a href="/wiki/Garden_Grove,_California" title="Garden Grove, California">Garden Grove, California</a>: Thời điểm. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32129692">32129692</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vantuyen.net/index.php?view=story&subjectid=22131">the original</a> on November 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ng%E1%BB%AF+Ph%C3%A1p+Ti%E1%BA%BFng+Vi%E1%BB%87t+c%E1%BB%A7a+%C4%90%E1%BA%AFc+L%E1%BB%99+1651&rft.place=Garden+Grove%2C+California&rft.pub=Th%E1%BB%9Di+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83m&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32129692&rft.au=Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Kh%E1%BA%AFc+Xuy%C3%AAn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvantuyen.net%2Findex.php%3Fview%3Dstory%26subjectid%3D22131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rhodes1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Rhodes, Alexandre (1991) [1651]. "Về các dấu và dấu hiệu khác trên nguyên âm". In Hồ Lê; Cao Xuân Hạo; Hồ Tuyết Mai (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.songhuong.com.vn/fullsize.php?id=53&page=11.jpg"><i>Từ điển Annam-Lusitan-Latinh (Thường gọi Từ điển Việt-Bồ-La)</i></a> (in Vietnamese). Translated by Thanh Lãnh; Hoàng Xuân Việt; Đỗ Quang Chính. Ho Chi Minh City: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences">Social Science Publishing House</a>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V%E1%BB%81+c%C3%A1c+d%E1%BA%A5u+v%C3%A0+d%E1%BA%A5u+hi%E1%BB%87u+kh%C3%A1c+tr%C3%AAn+nguy%C3%AAn+%C3%A2m&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%AB+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+Annam-Lusitan-Latinh+%28Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+g%E1%BB%8Di+T%E1%BB%AB+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+Vi%E1%BB%87t-B%E1%BB%93-La%29&rft.place=Ho+Chi+Minh+City&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Social+Science+Publishing+House&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=de+Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.songhuong.com.vn%2Ffullsize.php%3Fid%3D53%26page%3D11.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn_Thị_Bạch_Nhạn1994" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn Thị Bạch Nhạn (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309004127/http://www.vns.edu.vn/vns/images/stories/Bai_NCKH/5_LeKhacCuong/7_lekhaccuong.pdf"><i>Sự biến đổi các hình thức chữ quốc ngữ từ 1620 đến 1877</i></a> [<i>Changes in the Vietnamese alphabet's form from 1629 to 1877</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (<abbr title="Phó tiến sĩ khoa học">PTSKH</abbr>) (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_National_University_of_Education" title="Hanoi National University of Education">Hanoi National University of Education</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vns.edu.vn/vns/images/stories/Bai_NCKH/5_LeKhacCuong/7_lekhaccuong.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=S%E1%BB%B1+bi%E1%BA%BFn+%C4%91%E1%BB%95i+c%C3%A1c+h%C3%ACnh+th%E1%BB%A9c+ch%E1%BB%AF+qu%E1%BB%91c+ng%E1%BB%AF+t%E1%BB%AB+1620+%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn+1877&rft.inst=Hanoi+National+University+of+Education&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Th%E1%BB%8B+B%E1%BA%A1ch+Nh%E1%BA%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vns.edu.vn%2Fvns%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FBai_NCKH%2F5_LeKhacCuong%2F7_lekhaccuong.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rhodes1651" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Rhodes, Alexandre (1651). "De Accentibus & aliis signis in vocalibus.". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum.pdf&page=500"><i>Dictionarium annamiticum lusitanum, et latinum</i></a> (in Latin). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith</a>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Accentibus+%26+aliis+signis+in+vocalibus.&rft.btitle=Dictionarium+annamiticum+lusitanum%2C+et+latinum&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Sacred+Congregation+for+the+Propagation+of+the+Faith&rft.date=1651&rft.aulast=de+Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%3ADictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum.pdf%26page%3D500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rhodes1651" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Rhodes, Alexandre (1651). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum.pdf&page=71"><i>cou᷒̀ la</i></a> (in Latin). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith</a>. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=cou%E1%B7%92%CC%80+la&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Sacred+Congregation+for+the+Propagation+of+the+Faith&rft.date=1651&rft.aulast=de+Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%3ADictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum.pdf%26page%3D71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacques, Roland (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/outre_0300-9513_1998_num_85_318_3600">"Le Portugal et la romanisation de la langue vietnamienne. Faut-il réécrire l'histoire ?"</a> [Portugal and the romanization of the Vietnamese language. Should we rewrite history?]. <i>Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer</i> (in French). <b>85</b> (318). Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer: 52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Foutre.1998.3600">10.3406/outre.1998.3600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27histoire+d%27outre-mer&rft.atitle=Le+Portugal+et+la+romanisation+de+la+langue+vietnamienne.+Faut-il+r%C3%A9%C3%A9crire+l%27histoire%26thinsp%3B%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=318&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Foutre.1998.3600&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Foutre_0300-9513_1998_num_85_318_3600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigneaux1838" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pigneaux, Pierre Joseph (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CylHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3">"Litterarum anamiticarum ex ordine disposita series"</a>. In Taberd, Jean-Louis (ed.). <i>Dictionarium anamitico-latinum</i> (in Latin). <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Marshman" title="Joshua Marshman">Joshua C. Marshman</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Litterarum+anamiticarum+ex+ordine+disposita+series&rft.btitle=Dictionarium+anamitico-latinum&rft.pub=Joshua+C.+Marshman&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Pigneaux&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCylHAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhạm_Thế_Ngũ1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Phạm Thế Ngũ (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvNHAAAAMAAJ"><i>Việt Nam Văn Học Sử: Giản Ước Tân Biên</i></a> [<i>History of Vietnamese Literature: New Survey</i>] (in Vietnamese). Saigon: Quốc Học Tùng Thư. p. 61 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+V%C4%83n+H%E1%BB%8Dc+S%E1%BB%AD%3A+Gi%E1%BA%A3n+%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc+T%C3%A2n+Bi%C3%AAn&rft.place=Saigon&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Qu%E1%BB%91c+H%E1%BB%8Dc+T%C3%B9ng+Th%C6%B0&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Ph%E1%BA%A1m+Th%E1%BA%BF+Ng%C5%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtvNHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFNQAQAAMAAJ">"Bulletin de l'Institut de recherches archéologiques"</a>. <i>Việt-Nam khảo-cổ tập-san: Bulletin de l'Institut de recherches historiques</i> (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Historical Research Institute: 86. 1961 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam+kh%E1%BA%A3o-c%E1%BB%95+t%E1%BA%ADp-san%3A+Bulletin+de+l%27Institut+de+recherches+historiques&rft.atitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Institut+de+recherches+arch%C3%A9ologiques&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFNQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+tilde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌́ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̋ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᷄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̆ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̑ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̧ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̈ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">other</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̇ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̣ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̀ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̏ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̉ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̡ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̢ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̛ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ͅ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̨ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̊ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̥ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">perispomene</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌῾ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᾿ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҇ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ं</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ऽ</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">྅</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ँ</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఁ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ྃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">़</span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">्</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">్</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">್</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">්</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">်</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ः</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゙</span></span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゚</span></span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a></span></span> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌’ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̸ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌: </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌, </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌. </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌˗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌′ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ^ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ° </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ~ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character)</span></span> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diacritics" title="Category:Diacritics">Category: Diacritics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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