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aria-controls="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Eritrea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.6</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.7</span> <span>Kosovo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.8</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.9</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.10</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.11</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.12</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.13</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyrgyzstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyrgyzstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Kyrgyzstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyrgyzstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nature reserve</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurreservaat" title="Natuurreservaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Natuurreservaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturschutzgebiet" title="Naturschutzgebiet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Naturschutzgebiet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محمية طبيعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمية طبيعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res%C3%A8rva_natur%C3%A8la" title="Resèrva naturèla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Resèrva naturèla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoruq" title="Qoruq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qoruq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suaka_Alam" title="Suaka Alam – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Suaka Alam" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Ҡурсаулыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡурсаулыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Запаведнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Запаведнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Запаведнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Запаведнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="नेचर रिजर्व – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेचर रिजर्व" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Резерват – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Резерват" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_natural" title="Reserva natural – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reserva natural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADrodn%C3%AD_rezervace" title="Přírodní rezervace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přírodní rezervace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturreservat" title="Naturreservat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naturreservat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturschutzgebiet" title="Naturschutzgebiet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naturschutzgebiet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looduskaitseala" title="Looduskaitseala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Looduskaitseala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Φυσικό καταφύγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσικό καταφύγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_natural" title="Reserva natural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reserva natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturrezervejo" title="Naturrezervejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naturrezervejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_erreserba" title="Natura erreserba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Natura erreserba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="ذخیره‌گاه طبیعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذخیره‌گاه طبیعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_naturelle" title="Réserve naturelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réserve naturelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natoergebiet" title="Natoergebiet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Natoergebiet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_natural" title="Reserva natural – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reserva natural" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EB%B3%B4%EC%A0%84%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD" title="자연보전지역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연보전지역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Արգելոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արգելոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संरक्षित प्रकृतिक्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संरक्षित प्रकृतिक्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_rezervat" title="Prirodni rezervat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prirodni rezervat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezervajo" title="Rezervajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rezervajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagar_alam" title="Cagar alam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cagar alam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B2%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BD" title="Æрдзæвæрæн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрдзæвæрæн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0land" title="Friðland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Friðland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_naturale_protetta" title="Area naturale protetta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Area naturale protetta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2" title="שמורת טבע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמורת טבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suaka_Alam" title="Suaka Alam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Suaka Alam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნაკრძალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაკრძალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Қорық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қорық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Корук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Корук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%ABl%C4%ABgti%C5%86s" title="Nūlīgtiņs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Nūlīgtiņs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabas_rezerv%C4%81ts" title="Dabas rezervāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dabas rezervāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturschutzgebitt" title="Naturschutzgebitt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Naturschutzgebitt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draustinis" title="Draustinis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Draustinis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="محميه طبيعيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محميه طبيعيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagar_alam" title="Cagar alam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cagar alam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurreservaat" title="Natuurreservaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurreservaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%8C%BA" title="自然保護区 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然保護区" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturreservat" title="Naturreservat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturreservat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturreservat" title="Naturreservat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Naturreservat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Заповедник – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Заповедник" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BBriqxona" title="Qoʻriqxona – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoʻriqxona" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezerwat_przyrody" title="Rezerwat przyrody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rezerwat przyrody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_natural" title="Reserva natural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reserva natural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qor%C4%B1qxana" title="Qorıqxana – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qorıqxana" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezerva%C8%9Bie_natural%C4%83" title="Rezervație naturală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rezervație naturală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Заповедник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заповедник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nature reserve" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADrodn%C3%A1_rezerv%C3%A1cia" title="Prírodná rezervácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prírodná rezervácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naravni_rezervat" title="Naravni rezervat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naravni rezervat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Резерват природе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Резерват природе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_rezervat" title="Prirodni rezervat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prirodni rezervat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagar_alam" title="Cagar alam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cagar alam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonnonpuisto" title="Luonnonpuisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luonnonpuisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturreservat" title="Naturreservat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naturreservat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тыюлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тыюлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్రకృతి రిజర్వ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రకృతి రిజర్వ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%AF%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%A3" title="Мамнӯъгоҳи табиӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мамнӯъгоҳи табиӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fa_koruma_alan%C4%B1" title="Doğa koruma alanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğa koruma alanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Природний заповідник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Природний заповідник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rea_natura%C5%82e_protezesta" title="Àrea naturałe protezesta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àrea naturałe protezesta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_b%E1%BA%A3o_t%E1%BB%93n_thi%C3%AAn_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eban%C3%A9_pol_nateure" title="Ebané pol nateure – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ebané pol nateure" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8C%BA" title="自然保护区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然保护区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8C%BA" title="自然保护区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自然保护区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Biological reserve" redirects here. For use of the term specific to Brazil, see <a href="/wiki/Biological_reserve_(Brazil)" title="Biological reserve (Brazil)">Biological reserve (Brazil)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Biosphere reserve" redirects here. For use of the term specific to UNESCO, see <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and the Biosphere Programme</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_Memorial_Forest-Bee_Lick_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jefferson_Memorial_Forest-Bee_Lick_Creek.jpg/220px-Jefferson_Memorial_Forest-Bee_Lick_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jefferson_Memorial_Forest-Bee_Lick_Creek.jpg/330px-Jefferson_Memorial_Forest-Bee_Lick_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jefferson_Memorial_Forest-Bee_Lick_Creek.jpg/440px-Jefferson_Memorial_Forest-Bee_Lick_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Bee Lick Creek in the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial_Forest" title="Jefferson Memorial Forest">Jefferson Memorial Forest</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a> wildlife refuge</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>nature reserve</b> (also known as a <b>wildlife refuge</b>, <b>wildlife</b> <b>sanctuary</b>, <b>biosphere reserve</b> or <b>bioreserve</b>, <b>natural</b> or <b>nature preserve</b>, or <b>nature conservation area</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected area</a> of importance for <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funga" title="Funga">funga</a>, or features of <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservation</a> and to provide special opportunities for study or <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>. They may be designated by <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities and research <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a>. Nature reserves fall into different <a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN categories</a> depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws. Normally it is more strictly protected than a <a href="/wiki/Nature_park" title="Nature park">nature park</a>. Various jurisdictions may use other terminology, such as <b>ecological protection area</b> or <a href="/wiki/Private_protected_area" title="Private protected area">private protected area</a> in legislation and in official titles of the reserves. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Waterton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Charles_Waterton.jpg/170px-Charles_Waterton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Charles_Waterton.jpg/255px-Charles_Waterton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Charles_Waterton.jpg/340px-Charles_Waterton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Waterton" title="Charles Waterton">Charles Waterton</a> established the first nature reserve in 1821.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cultural practices that roughly equate to the establishment and maintenance of reserved areas for animals date back to antiquity, with King <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Devanampiya Tissa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> establishing <a href="/wiki/Mihintale" title="Mihintale">Mihintale</a> wildlife sanctuary, one of the world's earliest <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuary">wildlife sanctuaries</a>, in the 3rd-century-BC Anuradhapura Ancient Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Surveyor_Department_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surveyor_Department-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early reservations often had a religious underpinning, such as the 'evil forest' areas of West Africa which were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there. Sacred areas taboo from human entry to fishing and hunting are known by many ancient cultures worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Waterton" title="Charles Waterton">Charles Waterton</a> around his estate in <a href="/wiki/Walton_Hall,_West_Yorkshire" title="Walton Hall, West Yorkshire">Walton Hall, West Yorkshire</a>. He spent £9000 on the construction of a three-mile long, 9 ft tall wall to enclose his park against <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poachers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried to encourage bird life by planting trees and hollowing out trunks for <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> to nest in. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drachenfels_(Siebengebirge)_from_Rh%C3%B6ndorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Drachenfels_%28Siebengebirge%29_from_Rh%C3%B6ndorf.jpg/220px-Drachenfels_%28Siebengebirge%29_from_Rh%C3%B6ndorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Drachenfels_%28Siebengebirge%29_from_Rh%C3%B6ndorf.jpg/330px-Drachenfels_%28Siebengebirge%29_from_Rh%C3%B6ndorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Drachenfels_%28Siebengebirge%29_from_Rh%C3%B6ndorf.jpg/440px-Drachenfels_%28Siebengebirge%29_from_Rh%C3%B6ndorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drachenfels_(Siebengebirge)" title="Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)">Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Waterton invented artificial <a href="/wiki/Nest_box" title="Nest box">nest boxes</a> to house <a href="/wiki/Common_starling" title="Common starling">starlings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_jackdaw" title="Western jackdaw">western jackdaws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand_martin" title="Sand martin">sand martins</a>; and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce <a href="/wiki/Little_owl" title="Little owl">little owls</a> from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waterton allowed local people access to his reserve and was described by <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> as "one of the first people anywhere to recognise not only that the natural world was of great importance but that it needed protection as humanity made more and more demands on it".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drachenfels_(Siebengebirge)" title="Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)">Drachenfels</a> was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany; the site was bought by the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> State in 1836 to protect it from further quarrying. </p><p>The first major nature reserve was <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming,_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyoming, United States">Wyoming, United States</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Park" title="Royal National Park">Royal National Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, and the <a href="/wiki/Barguzin_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Barguzin Nature Reserve">Barguzin Nature Reserve</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>, the first of <i><a href="/wiki/Zapovednik" title="Zapovednik">zapovedniks</a></i> set up by a federal government entirely for the scientific study of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-weiner_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A4me_Tower_on_Aulanko_Hill_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/H%C3%A4me_Tower_on_Aulanko_Hill_04.jpg/220px-H%C3%A4me_Tower_on_Aulanko_Hill_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/H%C3%A4me_Tower_on_Aulanko_Hill_04.jpg/330px-H%C3%A4me_Tower_on_Aulanko_Hill_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/H%C3%A4me_Tower_on_Aulanko_Hill_04.jpg/440px-H%C3%A4me_Tower_on_Aulanko_Hill_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A forest of the Aulanko Reserve<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tavastia_Proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavastia Proper">Tavastia Proper</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several national and international organizations that oversee the numerous non-profit <a href="/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">animal sanctuaries</a> and refuges to provide a general system for sanctuaries to follow. Among them, the <a href="/wiki/American_Sanctuary_Association" title="American Sanctuary Association">American Sanctuary Association</a> monitors and aids in various facilities to care for exotic wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of sanctuaries has substantially increased over the past few years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve_(Australia)" title="Nature reserve (Australia)">Nature reserve (Australia)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, a nature reserve is the title of a type of <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected area</a> used in the jurisdictions of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. The term "nature reserve" is defined in the relevant <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> used in those states and territories rather than by a single national statute. As of 2016, 1767 out of a total of 11044 protected areas listed within the Australian <a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">National Reserve System</a> used the term "nature reserve" in their names.<sup id="cite_ref-CAPAD2014-National_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAPAD2014-National-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, nature reserves are classified by the <a href="/wiki/National_System_of_Nature_Conservation_Units" title="National System of Nature Conservation Units">National System of Nature Conservation Units</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ecological_station_(Brazil)" title="Ecological station (Brazil)">ecological stations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">estações ecológicas</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Biological_reserve_(Brazil)" title="Biological reserve (Brazil)">biological reserves</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">reservas biológicas</i>). Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, excluding direct human interference. Visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the natural balance, biological diversity and natural ecological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-ICMBio_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICMBio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecological stations are also allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits (e.g. affecting no more than three percent of the area or 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres), whichever is less) for the purpose of scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_reserve_(Brazil)" title="Wildlife reserve (Brazil)">wildlife reserve in Brazil</a> is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, but products and by-products from research may be sold.<sup id="cite_ref-ICMBio_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICMBio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wildlife refuges in Brazil have as their objective the protection of natural flora and fauna where conditions are assured for the existence and reproduction of species or communities of the local flora and the resident or migratory fauna. The refuges can consist of privately owned land, as long as the objectives of the unit are compatible with the landowners' usage of the land and natural resources. Public visits are subject to the conditions and restrictions established by the management plan of the unit and are subject to authorisation by and regulations of the main administrative and scientific research body.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Niagara Escarpment and the St. Lawrence River in Ontario are among the 18 nature reserves recognized by UNESCO in Canada. </p><p>As a federal government, Canada recognizes 55 National Wildlife Areas, containing species of ecological significance. This area is protected by legislation known as the Canada Wildlife Act, which is overseen by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. About half of the habitat is marine habitat, and the remainder is terrestrial habitat. </p><p>Nature Conservancy Canada, Ducks Unlimited, and Escarpment Biosphere Conservancy, among others, protect nature reserves in Canada as well. As part of Canada's Ecological Gifts Program, these charities protect wilderness on privately owned lands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 30 nature reserves in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> which cover 12% of Egyptian land. Those nature reserves were built according to the laws no. 102/1983 and 4/1994 for protection of the Egyptian nature reserve. Egypt announced a plan from to build 40 nature reserves from 1997 to 2017, to help protect the natural resources and the culture and history of those areas. The largest nature reserve in Egypt is <a href="/wiki/Gebel_Elba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebel Elba">Gebel Elba</a> (35,600 square kilometres (13,700 sq mi)) in the southeast, on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eritrea">Eritrea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eritrea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 March 1959, the British established the <a href="/wiki/Yob_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Yob Wildlife Reserve">Yob Wildlife Reserve</a> in northern Eritrea specifically to protect significant populations of <a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex</a> in the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golyamata-Gramada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Golyamata-Gramada.jpg/220px-Golyamata-Gramada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Golyamata-Gramada.jpg/330px-Golyamata-Gramada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Golyamata-Gramada.jpg/440px-Golyamata-Gramada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>A bridged <a href="/wiki/Stone_run" title="Stone run">stone river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bistrishko_Branishte" title="Bistrishko Branishte">Bistrishko Branishte</a>, an early Bulgarian nature reserve established in 1934</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Denmark has <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Denmark" title="List of national parks of Denmark">three national parks</a> and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas. The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers 40 km<sup>2</sup> (9,900 acres) and is part of <a href="/wiki/Thy_National_Park" title="Thy National Park">Thy National Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sweden" title="List of national parks of Sweden">30 national parks</a>. The first of them was established in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden. They comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Environmental Code.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia">Estonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarvasj%C3%B5gi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tarvasj%C3%B5gi.jpg/220px-Tarvasj%C3%B5gi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tarvasj%C3%B5gi.jpg/330px-Tarvasj%C3%B5gi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tarvasj%C3%B5gi.jpg/440px-Tarvasj%C3%B5gi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tarvasj%C3%B5gi" title="Tarvasjõgi">Tarvasjõgi river</a> at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-K%C3%B5rvemaa_Nature_Reserve" title="Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve">Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Estonia, there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Estonia">five national parks</a>, more than 100 nature reserves, and around 130 landscape protection areas. The largest nature reserve in Estonia is <a href="/wiki/Alam-Pedja_Nature_Reserve" title="Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve">Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve</a>, which covers 342 km<sup>2</sup> (85,000 acres). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> counts <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">10 national parks</a>, around 50 <a href="/wiki/Regional_nature_parks_of_France" title="Regional nature parks of France">regional nature parks</a>, and 8 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_parks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine parks (page does not exist)">marine parks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995 <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> had 5,314 nature reserves (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Naturschutzgebiete" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturschutzgebiete">Naturschutzgebiete</a></i>) covering 6,845 km<sup>2</sup> (2,643 sq mi), the largest total areas being in Bavaria with 1,416 km<sup>2</sup> (547 sq mi) and Lower Saxony with 1,275 km<sup>2</sup> (492 sq mi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Termeszetvedelmi_terulet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Termeszetvedelmi_terulet.JPG/220px-Termeszetvedelmi_terulet.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Termeszetvedelmi_terulet.JPG/330px-Termeszetvedelmi_terulet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Termeszetvedelmi_terulet.JPG/440px-Termeszetvedelmi_terulet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Nature reserve near <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, next to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Napl%C3%A1s" title="Lake Naplás">Lake Naplás</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Hungary, there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">10 national parks</a>, more than 15 nature reserves and more than 250 protected areas. <a href="/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gy_National_Park" title="Hortobágy National Park">Hortobágy National Park</a> is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe and the oldest national park in Hungary. It is situated on the eastern part of Hungary, on the plain of the Alföld. It was established in 1972. There are alkaline grasslands interrupted by marshes. They have a sizable importance because there are the fishponds. One of the most spectacular sights of the park is the autumn migration of cranes. Some famous Hungarian animal species live in Hortobágy National Park, such as the grey cattle, racka long-wool sheep living only in Hungary, Hungarian horses and buffalo. Hortobágy National Park has been a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 1 December 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kosovo">Kosovo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kosovo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kosovo" title="Protected areas of Kosovo">Protected areas of Kosovo</a></div> <p>In Kosovo, there are 2 <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>, 11 nature reserves, 99 <a href="/wiki/Natural_monument" title="Natural monument">natural monuments</a> and 3 <a href="/wiki/Protected_landscape" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected landscape">protected landscapes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national parks are <a href="/wiki/Bjeshk%C3%ABt_e_Nemuna_National_Park" title="Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park">Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharr_Mountains_National_Park" title="Sharr Mountains National Park">Sharr Mountains National Park</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna,_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat,_Rugove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg/220px-Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg/330px-Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg/440px-Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4914" data-file-height="3181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bjeshk%C3%ABt_e_Nemuna_National_Park" title="Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park">Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park</a>, one of two national parks in Kosovo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserves_in_Poland" title="Nature reserves in Poland">Nature reserves in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szczeliniec_Wielki_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Szczeliniec_Wielki_2007.jpg/220px-Szczeliniec_Wielki_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Szczeliniec_Wielki_2007.jpg/330px-Szczeliniec_Wielki_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Szczeliniec_Wielki_2007.jpg/440px-Szczeliniec_Wielki_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>Path on <a href="/wiki/Szczeliniec_Wielki" title="Szczeliniec Wielki">Szczeliniec Wielki</a>, a famous nature reserve in the <a href="/wiki/Sto%C5%82owe_Mountains" title="Stołowe Mountains">Stołowe Mountains</a> in SW Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2011, Poland has 1469 nature reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-os2012-277_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-os2012-277-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Portugal" title="Protected areas of Portugal">Protected areas of Portugal</a></div> <p>Nature reserves are one of the 11 types of protected areas in Portugal. As of 2012, Portugal had a total of 46 protected areas, which represented 6,807.89 km<sup>2</sup> (2,628.54 sq mi) of land and 463.94 km<sup>2</sup> (179.13 sq mi) of marine surfaces. Among the protected areas, nine are classified as nature reserve (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">reserva natural</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">Protected areas of Romania</a></div> <p>About 5.18% of the area of Romania has a protected status (12,360 km<sup>2</sup> (4,770 sq mi)), including the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>, which makes up half of this area (2.43% of Romania's total area). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">List of national parks of Spain</a></div> <p>There are 15 National Parks, and around 90 Natural Parks in Spain. Spain is the country with the most sites listed in the <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 4 biosphere reserves (two of them are dated 1927 and 1874) and 17 nature reserves in Ukraine, covering 160,000 ha (400,000 acres). Ukraine administers <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Ukraine">40 national parks</a>, 2632 habitat management areas, 3025 nature monuments, and 1430 other preservations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some differences between the regulations for <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, which are separately managed. </p><p>At the end of March 2004, there were 215 <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_England" title="National nature reserves in England">national nature reserves in England</a> with a total area of 879 km<sup>2</sup> (339 sq mi). The reserves are scattered through England, from <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Lizard" title="The Lizard">The Lizard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. Nearly every rural county has at least one. Many national nature reserves contain nationally important populations of rare <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, and nesting and wintering <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. Examples include unique <a href="/wiki/Alpine_plant" title="Alpine plant">alpine plants</a> at <a href="/wiki/Upper_Teesdale" title="Upper Teesdale">Upper Teesdale</a> and the field of <a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_meleagris" title="Fritillaria meleagris">snake's head fritillaries</a> at <a href="/wiki/North_Meadow,_Cricklade" title="North Meadow, Cricklade">North Meadow, Cricklade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>. </p><p>There are now over 1,050 <a href="/wiki/Local_nature_reserve" title="Local nature reserve">local nature reserves</a> in England. They range from windswept coastal headlands, ancient woodlands and flower-rich meadows to former inner-city railways, long-abandoned landfill sites and industrial areas now re-colonized by wildlife. In total, they cover almost 40,000 ha (99,000 acres)—a natural resource which makes an important contribution to England's <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. A good example is <a href="/wiki/Rye_Harbour_SSSI" title="Rye Harbour SSSI">Rye Harbour Nature Reserve</a> in East Sussex, where a network of footpaths enables visitors to explore shingle, saltmarsh, saline lagoon, reedbed, and grazing marsh habitats. </p><p>Through the Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) was established in 1992 as a government body, responsible to the Scottish Government Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament. At 31 March 2008, there were 65 <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(Scotland)" title="National nature reserve (Scotland)">Scottish national nature reserves</a> with a total area of approximately 1,330 km<sup>2</sup> (510 sq mi). Section 21 of the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_and_Access_to_the_Countryside_Act_1949" title="National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949">National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949</a> gives local authorities the exclusive statutory power to establish a <a href="/wiki/List_of_local_nature_reserves_in_Scotland" title="List of local nature reserves in Scotland">local nature reserve</a> in consultation with the SNH.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province,_Iran_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dena" title="Dena">Dena</a>, a biosphere reserve in Iran</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Iran" title="Biosphere reserves of Iran">Biosphere reserves of Iran</a></div> <p>The biosphere reserves of Iran have a total land area of 1.64 million km<sup>2</sup>. The "reserves" support more than 8,000 recorded species of plants (almost 2,421 are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>), 502 species of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, 164 species of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, 209 species of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and 375 species of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves of India</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s 18 biospheres extend over a total of 85,940 km<sup>2</sup> (33,180 sq mi) and protect larger areas than typical national parks in other countries. The first national reserve of India was established in 1986. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserves_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature reserves of Israel">Nature reserves of Israel</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s national parks are declared historic sites or nature reserves, which are mostly operated and maintained by the National Nature and Parks Authority. As of 2019, Israel maintains more than 490 nature reserves that protect 2,500 species of indigenous wild plants, 20 species of fish, 530 species of birds and 70 species of mammals. In total, they cover 6,400 km<sup>2</sup> (2,500 sq mi) of nature reserves, approximately 28% of the country's land area. In 1984, the two areas with the highest number of nature reserves were the South (15.2%) and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> (the Shomron, 13.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Nature Conservation Law, places can be designated as 'wilderness areas', 'nature conservation areas' and 'prefectural nature conservation areas'. In 1995, when the Japanese Government published its information in English, there were 5 wilderness areas, 10 nature conservation areas and 516 prefectural nature conservation areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserves_in_Jordan" title="Nature reserves in Jordan">Nature reserves in Jordan</a></div> <p>There are seven nature reserves in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. In 1966 the organization that would later start Jordan's nature reserves, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Conservation_of_Nature" title="Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature">Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature</a>, was founded. RSCN's first efforts involved bringing back severely endangered species. In 1973, RSCN was given the right to issue hunting licenses, giving RSCN an upper hand in preventing extinction. The first step was the founding of Jordan's first nature reserve, <a href="/wiki/Shaumari_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Shaumari Wildlife Reserve">Shaumari Wildlife Reserve</a>, in 1975. The primary purpose was to create means to breed endangered species, specifically: the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazelles">gazelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostriches" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostriches">ostriches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_onager" title="Persian onager">Persian onagers</a> in their natural environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Kyrgyzstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves (<a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>: <span lang="ky">корук</span>, <span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><i lang="ky-Latn">koruk</i></span>) in Kyrgyzstan covering 600,000 hectares (6,000 km<sup>2</sup>) or about three percent of the total area of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_Zealand" title="Protected areas of New Zealand">Protected areas of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramping_or_hiking_in_Aoraki_Mount_Cook_National_Park..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tramping_or_hiking_in_Aoraki_Mount_Cook_National_Park..jpg/220px-Tramping_or_hiking_in_Aoraki_Mount_Cook_National_Park..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tramping_or_hiking_in_Aoraki_Mount_Cook_National_Park..jpg/330px-Tramping_or_hiking_in_Aoraki_Mount_Cook_National_Park..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tramping_or_hiking_in_Aoraki_Mount_Cook_National_Park..jpg/440px-Tramping_or_hiking_in_Aoraki_Mount_Cook_National_Park..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook_National_Park" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park">Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park</a> in New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>New Zealand has a variety of types of reserve, including <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_New_Zealand" title="National parks of New Zealand">national parks</a>, various types of conservation areas (including stewardship land that is yet to be officially classified), and seven specific types of "reserve", each of which prioritize various degrees of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">protection</a> to different amenities such as scenery, recreation, flora and fauna, scientific value, or history. Land is often sub-categorised beneath its general classification, as defined in law between the <i><a href="/wiki/Reserves_Act_1977" title="Reserves Act 1977">Reserves Act of 1977</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Parks_Act_1980_(New_Zealand)" title="National Parks Act 1980 (New Zealand)">National Parks Act of 1980</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Act_1987" title="Conservation Act 1987">Conservation Act of 1987</a></i>. Under these classifications, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Department_of_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Department of Conservation">Department of Conservation</a> administers more than 80,000 square kilometres (31,000 sq mi)—nearly 30% of the nation's total area—with at least some degree of protection. This land is composed of 14 National Parks, 30 Conservation Parks, and approximately 8,900 discrete areas of land in total. </p><p>Although the most public land is strongly protected for natural preservation, the term <i>nature reserve</i> is specifically defined in the Reserves Act to mean a reserve that prioritizes the protection of rare flora and fauna, to the extent that public access is by permit only. Some of these reserves include <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological Island">Ecological Islands</a>, a comparatively new concept in wildlife preservation, pioneered in New Zealand to help rebuild the populations of nearly extinct birds, and other species that are heavily threatened by introduced predators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PenasBlancas,_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve,_Jinotega_Department,_Nicaragua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/220px-PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/330px-PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/440px-PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption> Peñas Blancas, part of the <a href="/wiki/Bosaw%C3%A1s_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Bosawás Biosphere Reserve">Bosawás Biosphere Reserve</a> is the second largest rainforest in the Western Hemisphere, after the Amazonian Rainforest in Brazil. Located northeast of the city of <a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a> in Northeastern Nicaragua.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_and_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources">Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources</a> (MARENA) is in charge of environmental protection and of the study, planning, and management of Nicaragua's natural resources. Nearly one-fifth of the territory is designated as protected areas like national parks, nature reserves (including the <a href="/wiki/Bosaw%C3%A1s_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Bosawás Biosphere Reserve">Bosawás Biosphere Reserve</a>), and biological reserves. Nicaragua has <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nicaragua" title="Protected areas of Nicaragua">78 protected areas</a> that cover 22,422 km<sup>2</sup> (8,657 sq mi), about 17.3% of the nation's landmass. Private nature reserves exist with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor. For example, O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation, Or <a href="/wiki/El_Ostional" title="El Ostional">El Ostional</a> Private Wildlife Reserve, was established within the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Biological_Corridor" title="Mesoamerican Biological Corridor">Mesoamerican Biological Corridor</a> by retired <a href="/wiki/FDNY" class="mw-redirect" title="FDNY">FDNY</a> firefighter Kevin Michael Shea, who purchased 46 acres (0.19 km<sup>2</sup>) of land for the purpose of restoring the ecological system of a <a href="/wiki/Dry_tropical_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry tropical forest">dry tropical forest</a>, ravaged during the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">park</a> provides a private nature reserve, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">wildlife corridor</a> and verified <a href="/wiki/Carbon_credits" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon credits">carbon credits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zapovednik" title="Zapovednik">Zapovednik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B3.%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B3.%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B3.%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B3.%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B3.%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B3.%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B3.%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Ural_Nature_Reserve" title="South Ural Nature Reserve">South Ural Nature Reserve</a> in Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>There are around 100 nature reserves (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">заповедник</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">zapovednik</i></span>) in Russia, covering some 330,000 km<sup>2</sup> (130,000 sq mi), or about 1.4% of the country's total area. A few of them predate the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917, but most have been created during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> era. There are also natural protected areas where only certain species are protected, or only certain activities are prohibited; those are known as <i>zakaznik</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">заказник</span>). </p><p>Unofficial sanctuaries can also occur as a result of human accidents; the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Exclusion_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl Exclusion Zone">Chernobyl Exclusion Zone</a> has in practice become a wildlife refuge since very few people live in the area. Wildlife has flourished in the zone since the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCChern_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCChern-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hills_and_valleys_(207920050).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hills_and_valleys_%28207920050%29.jpg/200px-Hills_and_valleys_%28207920050%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hills_and_valleys_%28207920050%29.jpg/300px-Hills_and_valleys_%28207920050%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hills_and_valleys_%28207920050%29.jpg/400px-Hills_and_valleys_%28207920050%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Matjulu waterhole near <a href="/wiki/Berg-en-Dal_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg-en-Dal Camp">Berg-en-dal</a> in the Kruger National Park</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarens_Drive_-_Cape_Whale_Coast_-_Western_Cape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Clarens_Drive_-_Cape_Whale_Coast_-_Western_Cape.jpg/200px-Clarens_Drive_-_Cape_Whale_Coast_-_Western_Cape.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Clarens_Drive_-_Cape_Whale_Coast_-_Western_Cape.jpg/300px-Clarens_Drive_-_Cape_Whale_Coast_-_Western_Cape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Clarens_Drive_-_Cape_Whale_Coast_-_Western_Cape.jpg/400px-Clarens_Drive_-_Cape_Whale_Coast_-_Western_Cape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">With ≈9000 plant species found in ≈78km², the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a> has a concentration of plants that is greater than anywhere else on earth.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Parks" title="South African National Parks">South African National Parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="List of protected areas of South Africa">List of protected areas of South Africa</a></div> <p>South Africa is well known for its many nature reserves. The oldest nature reserve in the country (and oldest conservation area in the world) is the <a href="/wiki/Groenkloof_Nature_Reserve" title="Groenkloof Nature Reserve">Groenkloof Nature Reserve</a> that was established in 1892 in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> in the old <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> and current Republic of South Africa. </p><p>The country has many national parks but the best-known is the <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a>, which was announced in 1898, and is the largest, at nearly 2,000,000 ha (20,000 km<sup>2</sup>). The Kruger Park and <a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park" title="Table Mountain National Park">Table Mountain National Park</a> are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions, along with the <a href="/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park" title="Addo Elephant National Park">Addo Elephant National Park</a>. </p><p>South Africa also has 10 <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa">World Heritage Sites</a>, including four natural sites and one mixed site. And it has provincial <a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">game reserves</a> including <a href="/wiki/Shamwari_Game_Reserve" title="Shamwari Game Reserve">Shamwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Londolozi_Private_Game_Reserve" title="Londolozi Private Game Reserve">Londolozi</a>, Sanbona and Lalibela. The country currently has 20 national parks covering 3,700,000 ha (37,000 km<sup>2</sup>), about 3% of the total area of South Africa. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a>, which are South African territories in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, have been declared a special nature reserve. It is a highly protected area from which all human activity is excluded, except for conservation and scientific research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area around <a href="/wiki/Mihintale" title="Mihintale">Mihintale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, was a sanctuary for wildlife,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably the first of its generation in the ancient world. According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity, the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy trees within the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USFWS_cascade_head_(23768226491).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USFWS_cascade_head_%2823768226491%29.jpg/220px-USFWS_cascade_head_%2823768226491%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USFWS_cascade_head_%2823768226491%29.jpg/330px-USFWS_cascade_head_%2823768226491%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USFWS_cascade_head_%2823768226491%29.jpg/440px-USFWS_cascade_head_%2823768226491%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Head" title="Cascade Head">Cascade Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, United States, is a <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">UNESCO biosphere reserve</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, managed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>, is responsible for managing many of the federal nature reserves including the <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge System</a>. The National Wildlife Refuge System includes areas administered for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, as well as wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first North American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Merritt" title="Lake Merritt">Lake Merritt</a>, was established by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Merritt" title="Samuel Merritt">Samuel Merritt</a> and enacted in California state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first federally owned refuge in the United States is <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge</a> and was established by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in 1903 as part of his <a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a> campaign to improve the country. At the time, setting aside land for wildlife was not a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">constitutional</a> right of the president. In 2006, a bi-partisan group of <a href="/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="US House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a> members established the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Wildlife_Refuge_Caucus" title="Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus">Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus</a> to further support the needs of the National Wildlife Refuge System in <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">Congress</a>. </p><p>There are also state-level administered State Nature Reserves found throughout the country, as well as smaller reserves operated by local governments, private trusts, or even funded through public donations. Private nature reserves also exist, with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor, such as the 1,800 acres (730 ha) <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Hot_Springs" title="Wilbur Hot Springs">Wilbur Hot Springs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Fontainebleau" title="Forest of Fontainebleau">Forest of Fontainebleau</a> – Forest in France</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Half-Earth" title="Half-Earth">Half-Earth</a> – 2016 book by E.O. Wilson</i>, a proposal to increase global coverage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge_Association" title="National Wildlife Refuge Association">National Wildlife Refuge Association</a> – US non-profit organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_park" title="Nature park">Nature park</a> – Type of designation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_forest" title="Protection forest">Protection forest</a> – A forest which protects from natural hazard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_(ecology)" title="Refuge (ecology)">Refuge (ecology)</a> – Place where an organism is protected from predation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">Wildlife corridor</a> – Connecting wild territories for animals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a> – Collection of wild animals</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Surveyor_Department-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Surveyor_Department_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The National Atlas of Sri Lanka</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Survey_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Survey (Sri Lanka)">Department of Survey</a>. 2007. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-9059-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-9059-04-2"><bdi>978-955-9059-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Atlas+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Department+of+Survey&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-9059-04-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slwcs.org/">"Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (SLWCS)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028072315/http://www.slwcs.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+Wildlife+Conservation+Society+%28SLWCS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slwcs.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820082727/http://www.watertonparkhotel.co.uk/OurHotel/History.aspx">"Walton Hall history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watertonparkhotel.co.uk/OurHotel/History.aspx">the original</a> on 20 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walton+Hall+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watertonparkhotel.co.uk%2FOurHotel%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217041237/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/HistoricWakefield/People/CharlesWaterton/default.htm">"Charles Waterton (1782–1865)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/HistoricWakefield/People/CharlesWaterton/default.htm">the original</a> on 17 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Waterton+%281782%E2%80%931865%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wakefield.gov.uk%2FCultureAndLeisure%2FHistoricWakefield%2FPeople%2FCharlesWaterton%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakefield_Express2013" class="citation web cs1">Wakefield Express (23 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130226001558/http://www.wakefieldexpress.co.uk/news/local/more-wakefield-news/sir-david-attenborough-will-open-city-centre-s-new-museum-1-5439242">"Sir David Attenborough will open city centre's new museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wakefieldexpress.co.uk/news/local/more-wakefield-news/sir-david-attenborough-will-open-city-centre-s-new-museum-1-5439242">the original</a> on 26 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+David+Attenborough+will+open+city+centre%27s+new+museum&rft.date=2013-02-23&rft.au=Wakefield+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wakefieldexpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmore-wakefield-news%2Fsir-david-attenborough-will-open-city-centre-s-new-museum-1-5439242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiner-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weiner_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1988" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Douglas R. (1988). <i>Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation, and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5733-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5733-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-5733-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+of+Nature%3A+Ecology%2C+Conservation%2C+and+Cultural+Revolution+in+Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-5733-1&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalparks.fi/aulanko/directions">Directions to Aulanko</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053954/https://www.nationalparks.fi/aulanko/directions">Archived</a> 29 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Nationalparks.fi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yellowstonewildlifesanctuary.org/accreditation">"Accreditation"</a>. <i>Yellowstone Wildlife Sanctuary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208050204/https://www.yellowstonewildlifesanctuary.org/accreditation">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAPAD+2014&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+Protected+Areas+in+Australia+by+Type+%282014%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpages%2Fd00ca066-1c8c-412a-9e16-2a37647454a7%2Ffiles%2Fcapad2014national.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICMBio-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICMBio_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICMBio_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/categorias"><i>Categorias</i></a> (in Portuguese), <a href="/wiki/ICMBio" class="mw-redirect" title="ICMBio">ICMBio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713092433/http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/categorias">archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Categorias&rft.pub=ICMBio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icmbio.gov.br%2Fportal%2Funidadesdeconservacao%2Fcategorias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEcological_Station_–_ISA" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080037/https://uc.socioambiental.org/en/prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o-integral/ecological-station/"><i>Ecological Station</i></a>, ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uc.socioambiental.org/en/prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o-integral/ecological-station/">the original</a> on 23 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Station&rft.pub=ISA%3A+Instituto+Socioambiental&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuc.socioambiental.org%2Fen%2Fprote%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-integral%2Fecological-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330014401/http://uc.socioambiental.org/sites/uc.socioambiental.org/files/snuc_sistema%20nacional%20de%20unidades%20de%20conservacao.pdf">"Brazil 2000. Federal Law Nº 9.985 of 07/18/2000. Regulates article 225 of the Federal Constitution and institutes the National System of Units of Conservation and other provisions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uc.socioambiental.org/sites/uc.socioambiental.org/files/snuc_sistema%20nacional%20de%20unidades%20de%20conservacao.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil+2000.+Federal+Law+N%C2%BA+9.985+of+07%2F18%2F2000.+Regulates+article+225+of+the+Federal+Constitution+and+institutes+the+National+System+of+Units+of+Conservation+and+other+provisions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuc.socioambiental.org%2Fsites%2Fuc.socioambiental.org%2Ffiles%2Fsnuc_sistema%2520nacional%2520de%2520unidades%2520de%2520conservacao.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sverigesnationalparker.se/en/national-park-facts/">"Sveriges nationalparker"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510173045/https://www.sverigesnationalparker.se/en/national-park-facts/">Archived</a> 10 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 16 July 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sverigesnationalparker.se/en/national-park-facts/protected-nature-in-sweden/">"Sveriges nationalparker"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604000403/https://www.sverigesnationalparker.se/en/national-park-facts/protected-nature-in-sweden/">Archived</a> 4 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 14 May 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020083934/http://www.landscapeonline.de/wp-content/uploads/DOI103097-LO201545.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20171020083934/http://www.landscapeonline.de/wp-content/uploads/DOI103097-LO201545.pdf</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landscapeonline.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDOI103097-LO201545.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-os2012-277-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-os2012-277_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDariusz_Bochenek" class="citation journal cs1">Dariusz Bochenek (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/se_ochrona_srodowiska_2012.pdf">"Ochrona środowiska 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ochrona Środowiska</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ochrona+%C5%9Arodowiska&rft.atitle=Ochrona+%C5%9Brodowiska+2012&rft.pages=277&rft.issn=0867-3217&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2Fse_ochrona_srodowiska_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">List of Protected areas in Mainland Portugal, Portuguese Forest and Nature Conservation Institute: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104221419/http://www.icnf.pt/portal/ap">"Áreas Protegidas"</a>. <i>INCF</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wildlife+defies+Chernobyl+radiation&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft.aulast=Mulvey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4923342.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankaLibrary2006" class="citation web cs1">LankaLibrary (11 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?p=3609">"Mihintale – The first sanctuary in the world"</a>. <i>LankaLibrary Forum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033034/http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?p=3609">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LankaLibrary+Forum&rft.atitle=Mihintale+%E2%80%93+The+first+sanctuary+in+the+world&rft.date=2006-06-11&rft.au=LankaLibrary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lankalibrary.com%2FphpBB%2Fviewtopic.php%3Fp%3D3609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/planning/glossary/index.html#R">"Glossary"</a>. <i>www.fws.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Oakland&rft.atitle=Lake+Merritt+%E2%80%93+Wildlife+Sanctuary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.oaklandnet.com%2FGovernment%2Fo%2Fopr%2Fs%2FParks%2FOAK032395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/21px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/42px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/19px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/29px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/38px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/12px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/19px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179049#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179049#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179049#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090196">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935584x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935584x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="přírodní rezervace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124936&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007792">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\N\A\Naturepreserves">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&oldid=1255962109">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_reserve&oldid=1255962109</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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